Ch 11The Reformation

Begins

Europeans began to criticize the wealth and power of the Catholic Church.

1517 Monk Martin Luther questioned its authority.

Luther called for the Cathoic Church to reform. ProducedThe Protestant churches.

Church officials grew wealthy collecting taxes, some built palaces.

The church began selling indulgences. This was a Certificate to pardon a person’s sins.

English Priest John Wycliffe told Christians to recognizeJesus, not the Pope as head of the church.

Wycliffe told followers to read the Bible for Truth.

Christian Humanism. Catholics that wanted to restore faith in the Church.

Desiderius Erasmus – people should use reason to become better Christians. Be good.

1509 – Erasmus wrote Praise of Folly. Used humor to criticize the Church and the Pope.

1500’s Luther calls for Church reform.

Luther’s teachings led to a religious revolution.

Luther visited Rome and was shocked by the actions of Priests ignoring Catholic rituals.

In Germany he began to question Church policy.

1517 – became angry when Pope Leo X began selling indulgences.

Posted 95 arguments against indulgences.

Luther began to attack the Church, Bible was the only truth.

1521 – Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.

Luther’s ideas led to the creation of the Protestant Church

Lutheranism gave peasants hope. Peasants sufferedFrom poor crops and high taxes.

Peasants revolted against the nobles.

Luther supported the peasants, but feared violence. ToldPeasants to follow the government.

Some European rulers supported the Protestants.

They hoped to increase their power against the Church.

1519 – Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor. Many German Rulers became Lutheran to oppose him.

Charles went to war with the Lutherans. Could not defeatThem. Peace of Augsburg allowed a Protestant North.

Ch 11The Reformation

Begins

John Calvin – 1509. He studied law, humanism and religion in Paris.

Calvin became convinced Martin Luther was right.

He fled Paris to move to Geneva. Supported Protestantism.

Calvin believed that Faith brought salvation.

Predestination – God has already decided who will go to Heaven.

Calvinism encouraged people to work hard and behave.

Calvin felt church members should choose clergy.

In England religious change came as a result of a political disagreement between the Pope and the King.

Religious beliefs will change later.

Henry VIII King of England from 1509 – 1547.

Henry wanted a son as Heir. Asked Pope to annul marriage to Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn.

Pope refused. The Archbishop of Canterbury annulled the marriage. Henry excommunicated.

Act of Supremacy. Made the King the head of the new Church of England.

Anglican Church – Protestant ideas, Catholic Rituals.

English Catholics supported Mary. She restored theCatholic Church in England.

Over 300 Protestants arrested and burned at the stake.

Elizabeth, Protestant daughter of Henry takes the throne. Restores Anglican Church, great ruler.

Many English supported the Anglican Church, but some became Calvinists.

These later became Puritans, did not recognize theAnglican Bishops.

James I opposed the Puritans, Charles I (son) closed the Puritan churches.

Lutheranism gave peasants hope. Peasants sufferedFrom poor crops and high taxes.

Peasants revolted against the nobles.

Luther supported the peasants, but feared violence. ToldPeasants to follow the government.

Ch 11The CatholicReformation

1500’s-1600’s Catholics wanted to improve the Church.

Wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism.

The Catholic Reformation regained some areas of Europe.

Pope Paul III Called a council of Bishops. Met between1545 – 1563. Looked to reforms.

Council of Trent – ended the sale of indulgences.

Set strict rules of behavior for Bishops and Priests.

Set-up seminaries to train Priests.

1540 New order of Priests, Jesuits.

Ignatius of Loyola former soldier, founded Jesuits.

Protestant ideas were not popular in Spain.

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella united Spain in 1469

1400’s Muslims, Christians and Jews all lived in Spain.

Spain’s rulers pushed Jews and Muslims to convert toCatholicism.

The Spanish Inquisition was a religious court.

Planned to punish those guilty of Heresy.

Tomas de Torquemada led the Sp. inq. Used torture,About 2000 Spaniards killed.

1492 – All Jews ordered to convert or leave, 10 years later Muslims ordered to do the same.

Don Quixote written during this time.

Ch 11The CatholicReformation

Mid – 1500’s Northern Europe – Protestant. Southern Europe – Catholic.

Religion was used to unite Kingdoms. Kings and Queens expected their subjects to have their religion.

1500’s – Religious wars broke out between countries.

England – Protestant power. Spain Catholic power.

King Phillip of Spain invaded England.

1588 Phillip send Armada to England.

The English attacked the Spanish in the English Channel

England defeated Spain and became a powerful nation.

1500’s – France had many Catholics, but the wealthy became Protestants called Huguenots.

French nobles hoped to weaken King Henry II.

1559 – Henry died, then his son Francis II. Catherine de’ Medici became ruler.

Catherine wanted to keep a strong kingdom. Supported both Catholics and Huguenots.

1572 – violence breaks out between Catholics and Huguenots.

1589 Henry Navarre Became King Henry IV. Converted to Catholic.

Henry IV worked to end fighting.

1598, Henry IV issued The Edict of Nantes. Made Catholic official religion, but allowed Huguenots.

The most violent religious war was in Bohemia (Czech).

Protestant Nobles rebelled against the Catholic King. German Protestants joined the fight.

War lasted from 1618 – 1648. Spain and the Roman Empire supported the Catholics.

France joined the Protestants to gain territory & wealth.

1648 – Signed the Peace of Westphalia.