Ch 11Ch 11

National and Regional National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844Growth, 1800–1844

National and Regional National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844Growth, 1800–1844

•Industrial growth, the Industrial growth, the expansion of slavery, and the expansion of slavery, and the development of nationalism development of nationalism and sectionalism change and sectionalism change American society.American society.

Section 1Section 1

•Early Industry and Early Industry and InventionsInventions

Early Industry and Early Industry and InventionsInventions

•New machines and factories New machines and factories change the way people live change the way people live and work in the late 1700s and work in the late 1700s and early 1800s.and early 1800s.

• Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution

Free Enterprise and Free Enterprise and FactoriesFactories

•During Industrial Revolution factory During Industrial Revolution factory machines replace hand toolsmachines replace hand tools

•Manufacturing replaces farming as Manufacturing replaces farming as main form of workmain form of work

•Factory system brings workers, Factory system brings workers, machines together under one roof machines together under one roof

Free Enterprise and Free Enterprise and FactoriesFactories

• People leave farms, move to cities People leave farms, move to cities where factories are locatedwhere factories are located

• Work for wages, have set schedules, Work for wages, have set schedules, way of life changesway of life changes

• War of 1812 leads U.S. towards War of 1812 leads U.S. towards industrializationindustrialization

• British blockade causes U.S. to British blockade causes U.S. to manufacture goods previously manufacture goods previously importedimported

Factories Come to New Factories Come to New EnglandEngland

•New England good place to set New England good place to set up successful factories because:up successful factories because:–1. fast-moving rivers1. fast-moving rivers–2. ships and access to the 2. ships and access to the

oceanocean–3. willing labor force3. willing labor force

A New Way to A New Way to ManufactureManufacture

•U.S. government hires Eli U.S. government hires Eli Whitney to make 10,000 Whitney to make 10,000 muskets for army muskets for army

•Guns are made one at a time Guns are made one at a time by gunsmiths, Whitney by gunsmiths, Whitney changes this methodchanges this method

A New Way to A New Way to ManufactureManufacture

•Uses interchangeable parts, Uses interchangeable parts, parts exactly alike, to make parts exactly alike, to make guns (1801)guns (1801)

•Speeds up production, makes Speeds up production, makes repairs easy, uses less-skilled repairs easy, uses less-skilled workersworkers

• New Methods of Transportation New Methods of Transportation

Moving People, Goods, and Moving People, Goods, and MessagesMessages

•Robert Fulton invents steamboat, Robert Fulton invents steamboat, puts Clermont on Hudson River puts Clermont on Hudson River (1807)(1807)

•Clermont makes trip from New York Clermont makes trip from New York to Albany and back in record time to Albany and back in record time

•Samuel F. B. Morse first Samuel F. B. Morse first demonstrates the telegraph in 1837 demonstrates the telegraph in 1837

Moving People, Goods, and Moving People, Goods, and MessagesMessages

•Enables people to Enables people to communicate in seconds communicate in seconds between citiesbetween cities

•By 1861, telegraph lines span By 1861, telegraph lines span U.S., brings people closer as a U.S., brings people closer as a nation nation

• Morse CodeMorse Code

Section 2Section 2

•Plantations and Slavery Plantations and Slavery SpreadSpread

Plantations and Slavery Plantations and Slavery SpreadSpread

•The invention of the cotton The invention of the cotton gin and the demand for gin and the demand for cotton cause slavery to cotton cause slavery to spread in the South.spread in the South.

• Cotton is KingCotton is King

The Cotton BoomThe Cotton Boom

•Eli Whitney invents cotton gin—Eli Whitney invents cotton gin—machine that cleans cotton (1793) machine that cleans cotton (1793)

•Makes cotton cleaning more Makes cotton cleaning more efficient, changes Southern life: efficient, changes Southern life: one person could clean 1 pound of one person could clean 1 pound of cotton a day by hand; the cotton cotton a day by hand; the cotton gin could clean 50 pounds of cotton gin could clean 50 pounds of cotton a day.a day.

The Cotton BoomThe Cotton Boom•Cotton plantations spread west, Cotton plantations spread west,

triggers a move westwardtriggers a move westward

•Planters grow more cotton than Planters grow more cotton than other goods, cotton exports other goods, cotton exports increase increase

•Native Americans driven off land Native Americans driven off land taken over for cotton plantationstaken over for cotton plantations

•Slaves from the east are sold to Slaves from the east are sold to work on new cotton plantationswork on new cotton plantations

Slavery ExpandsSlavery Expands

•From 1790 to 1860, cotton From 1790 to 1860, cotton production increases greatlyproduction increases greatly

•As cotton earnings rise so does As cotton earnings rise so does price of slaves price of slaves

•Expansion of slavery has major Expansion of slavery has major impact on South’s economy, impact on South’s economy, peoplepeople

• Spread of CottonSpread of Cotton

• Southern CultureSouthern Culture

Slavery Divides the Slavery Divides the SouthSouth

•Slavery divides white Slavery divides white Southerners into:Southerners into:– those who have slavesthose who have slaves– those who do notthose who do not

•One-tenth of white families have One-tenth of white families have plantations with 20 or more plantations with 20 or more slaves slaves

Slavery Divides the Slavery Divides the SouthSouth

•Most white Southern farmers Most white Southern farmers have few or no slaves, but have few or no slaves, but support slaverysupport slavery

•Slavery has become Slavery has become necessary to increase profitsnecessary to increase profits

• Conditions of SlavesConditions of Slaves

African-Americans in the African-Americans in the SouthSouth

•Slavery divides African-American Slavery divides African-American Southerners into:Southerners into:– those who are enslavedthose who are enslaved– those who are freethose who are free

•Enslaved African-Americans are Enslaved African-Americans are one-third of South’s population one-third of South’s population (1840)(1840)

African-Americans in the African-Americans in the SouthSouth

•Most work on plantations, Most work on plantations, while some work as domestic while some work as domestic servants or craftsmenservants or craftsmen

•8 percent of African-8 percent of African-Americans in South are free Americans in South are free (1840)(1840)

Slave RebellionsSlave Rebellions

•Nat Turner leads famous slave Nat Turner leads famous slave rebellion, in Virginia (1831) rebellion, in Virginia (1831)

•Turner and his followers kill 55 Turner and his followers kill 55 white peoplewhite people

•Turner’s men are captured and Turner’s men are captured and 16 are killed. Turner is caught, 16 are killed. Turner is caught, tried, and hangedtried, and hanged

Slave RebellionsSlave Rebellions

•Rebellion spreads fear in Rebellion spreads fear in SouthSouth

•Pass harsh laws to control Pass harsh laws to control enslaved and free African-enslaved and free African-Americans Americans

Section 3Section 3

•Nationalism and Nationalism and SectionalismSectionalism

Nationalism and Nationalism and SectionalismSectionalism

•Patriotic pride unites the Patriotic pride unites the states, but tension between states, but tension between the North and South emerges the North and South emerges

Nationalism Unites the Nationalism Unites the CountryCountry

•President Madison presents President Madison presents plan, make U.S. economically plan, make U.S. economically self-sufficientself-sufficient

•Henry Clay promotes plan as Henry Clay promotes plan as the American System:the American System:–1. establish a protective tariff1. establish a protective tariff

Nationalism Unites the Nationalism Unites the CountryCountry

–2. establish a national bank2. establish a national bank–3. improve U.S. 3. improve U.S.

transportation systemstransportation systems

Roads and Canals Link Roads and Canals Link CitiesCities

•U.S. builds National Road from U.S. builds National Road from Maryland to IllinoisMaryland to Illinois

•Canals improve water Canals improve water transportation, Erie Canal is transportation, Erie Canal is completed (1825) completed (1825) – Creates water route between New Creates water route between New

York CityYork City and Buffalo, New Yorkand Buffalo, New York

Roads and Canals Link Roads and Canals Link CitiesCities

•Opens Ohio Valley and Great Opens Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region to settlers it also Lakes region to settlers it also stimulates tradestimulates trade

•Increases nationalism by Increases nationalism by uniting 2 sections of the uniting 2 sections of the countrycountry

The Era of Good FeelingsThe Era of Good Feelings

•Democratic-Republican James Democratic-Republican James Monroe wins U.S. presidency Monroe wins U.S. presidency (1816)(1816)

•Political differences give way, Political differences give way, this leads to the Era of Good this leads to the Era of Good FeelingsFeelings

• Era of Good FeelingEra of Good Feeling

The Era of Good FeelingsThe Era of Good Feelings

–People shifted their loyalty People shifted their loyalty away from the state govt. and away from the state govt. and more toward the federal govt.more toward the federal govt.

–Americans sense of Americans sense of nationalism (a feeling of pride, nationalism (a feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness loyalty, and protectiveness toward your country) started toward your country) started growinggrowing

The Era of Good FeelingsThe Era of Good Feelings

•Supreme Court decisions Supreme Court decisions strengthen federal government strengthen federal government and national unityand national unity– McCulloch v. Maryland, state McCulloch v. Maryland, state

cannot tax a national bankcannot tax a national bank– Gibbons v. Ogden, only federal Gibbons v. Ogden, only federal

government controls interstate government controls interstate commercecommerce

Sectional Tensions Sectional Tensions IncreaseIncrease•Sectionalism—loyalty to section Sectionalism—loyalty to section

of a country rather than to the of a country rather than to the nationnation

•South relies on cotton and slaves; South relies on cotton and slaves; northeast on manufacturing and northeast on manufacturing and tradetrade

•In the West, settlers want cheap In the West, settlers want cheap land and good transportationland and good transportation

Sectional Tensions Sectional Tensions IncreaseIncrease

•Interests in these sections Interests in these sections often conflictoften conflict

•Missouri applies for statehood Missouri applies for statehood (1817), people in the state (1817), people in the state want slaverywant slavery

Sectional Tensions Sectional Tensions IncreaseIncrease

•U.S. has 11 slave states, 11 U.S. has 11 slave states, 11 free statesfree states

•Adding Missouri as slave Adding Missouri as slave state would upset balance of state would upset balance of powerpower

• Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise

The Missouri The Missouri CompromiseCompromise

•Nation argues over admitting Nation argues over admitting Missouri as slave state or free Missouri as slave state or free statestate

•Henry Clay suggests the Henry Clay suggests the Missouri Compromise (1820): Missouri Compromise (1820): –1. admits Missouri as slave 1. admits Missouri as slave

statestate

The Missouri The Missouri CompromiseCompromise

•2. admits Maine as free state2. admits Maine as free state

•3. bans slavery in Louisiana 3. bans slavery in Louisiana Territory north of parallel 36º Territory north of parallel 36º 30’30’

•4. keeps balance of power 4. keeps balance of power between slave states and free between slave states and free statesstates

• Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

•Some Latin American Some Latin American countries gain independence countries gain independence from Spain and Portugalfrom Spain and Portugal

•Some European monarchs Some European monarchs plan to help Spain and plan to help Spain and Portugal regain colonies Portugal regain colonies

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

•U.S. fears their own U.S. fears their own government would be in government would be in dangerdanger

•Russian colonies in Pacific Russian colonies in Pacific Northwest almost reach San Northwest almost reach San FranciscoFrancisco

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine•President Monroe issues the President Monroe issues the

Monroe Doctrine (1823):Monroe Doctrine (1823):–1. closes Americas to further 1. closes Americas to further

colonizationcolonization–2. warns against European 2. warns against European

efforts to reestablish colonies efforts to reestablish colonies –3. promises U.S. stay out of 3. promises U.S. stay out of

European affairsEuropean affairs