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Chapter 11 & 12 Name: ________________________________Period: ______

Chordates Vertebrates belong in the phylum ______________________________

•At some point in their lives, chordates will have a _______________________,

which is a __________________________ that runs down their _______________,

and slits their ___________________ area

Notochord

•It is a ___________________ rod that supports a chordate’s _________________

•The notochord is ___________________ by a ___________________ in

___________________

Nerve Cord in Back

•All chordates have a nerve cord that runs down their _________________

•The nerve cord is the ___________________between the ___________________

and the ___________________

•For example: humans have a _______________________ with is a ____________

Slits in Throat Area

•Chordates have slits in their ___________________ area called

___________________, or ___________________

•This ___________________in most vertebrates before ___________________

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Characteristics of Vertebrates

•Have a backbone that is part of an ___________________ skeleton

–Backbones are also known as ___________________and are made up of

___________________

–Each vertebrae has a ___________________in it that allows the

_____________________________ to pass through it

Internal Skeleton

•A vertebrate’s ___________________________ does __________ need to be

replaced as it grows

–It forms an internal ___________________ that supports the body against

the ___________________ pull of ___________________

Keeping conditions stable

•Ectotherms = animals whose body ___________________produce much

internal ___________________but rather its body temperature

___________________depending on the ___________________ of its

environment

–Example: fish and reptiles

•Endotherms = animals whose body regulates its _____________ temperature

by ___________________the internal heat it ___________________

–Example: Birds and mammals

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FISHCharacteristics of Fishes

•___________________

•Lives in ___________________

•Use ___________________to move

•Are ___________________

•Obtain oxygen using ___________________

•Have ___________________

Respiration and Circulation

•Water flows into the ________________ of the fish and then ________________

its ___________________

•Oxygen moves into the ___________________and is delivered to the

___________________of the fish

Movement

•Use ___________________ to move

•Each fin has a thin ___________________ that is stretched across bony

supports

Reproduction

•Have ___________________ fertilization

–The eggs are fertilized __________________of the _________________ body

–The male hovers close to the female and spreads a ___________________of

___________________ over the eggs she releases

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Nervous System

•Helps them to find ___________________and avoid ___________________

–Example is the ___________________on a catfish

Major Groups

•There are three major groups of fishes:

–1. _____________________________________________________

–2. _____________________________________________________

–3. _____________________________________________________

Jawless Fish

•Have __________________and __________________

•Skeletons are made up of ___________________ (a tissue that is more flexible

than bone)

•Examples are ___________________and ___________________

Cartilaginous Fishes

•Have ___________________and ___________________

•Have skeletons made up of ___________________

–Example: ___________________

Bony Fishes

•Has ___________________, ___________________, a pocket on each side of the

head that holds the gills, and a skeleton of hard ___________________

•Have a _____________________________________________ which is an internal,

gas-filled sac that helps the fish stay ___________________at different

depths of water

–Example: _____________________________________________________

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AmphibiansCharacteristics

•___________________

•___________________

•Spends its ___________________ life in ___________________

•Spends its ___________________ life on land only returning to

___________________ to ___________________

•Amphibian means “__________________________________________”

Groups of Amphibians

•There are two major groups:

–1. ____________________________________

–2. ____________________________________

•You can distinguish between the two by whether it has a

___________________ in adulthood

Reproduction and Development

•Adult frogs reproduce ___________________

DRAW LIFE CYCLE

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Living on Land

•The ___________________ and ___________________ systems of adult

amphibians are adapted for life on ___________________

•___________________ amphibians have adaptations for obtaining

_______________ and ___________________

Obtaining Oxygen

•Use ___________________ to obtain oxygen from water

•During ____________________________they lose their gills and develop lungs

–Lungs are organs of air-breathing vertebrates where oxygen gas and

carbon dioxide gas are exchanged between the _________ and ___________

Circulatory System

•Has a ___________ loop system and a heart with ________________ chambers

•Two upper chambers of the heart are called __________________ and they

_______________________ ___________________

•The lower chamber is the ___________________ and it pumps blood out to

the _____________________________________

Obtaining Food

•Tadpoles are ___________________

•Salamanders, frogs and toads are carnivores that feed on

___________________ animals

Movement

•Adult amphibians have strong ___________________ and ___________________

limbs that are adapted for moving on ___________________

•Frogs and toads have ___________________ pads on their toes for

___________________ and ___________________ feet for ___________________

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Amphibians in Danger!

•Amphibian habitats are being destroyed

–An animal’s habitat is the specific environment in which it lives

•They have delicate skin, eggs without shells, and are greatly affected by

___________________ and ___________________

•How do you think we can protect these organisms?

ReptilesCharacteristics

- ___________________

- ___________________

- Has ___________________ and ___________________ skin

- Usually spend their entire lives on ___________________

- Their skin, kidneys and eggs are adapted to conserve ___________________

Skin and Kidneys

•Have ___________________ skins that are covered with ___________________

•Kidneys are organs that filter ___________________ from the

___________________

–Wastes are then excreted in a watery fluid called ___________________

Eggs with a shell

•Have ___________________ fertilization and lay their _______________on land

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•Have ___________________ eggs which is an egg with a shell and internal

membranes that keep the embryo ___________________

Lizards and Snakes

•Both are reptiles that have skin covered with ___________________ scales

•As they grow they ___________________ their skin and scales and

___________________ them with new ones

•Usually live in ___________________ areas

•Differ by body ___________________

Obtaining Food

•Most lizards are ___________________ that capture their prey by

___________________ at it

•All snakes are ___________________ that feed on ___________________

animals

Movement

•Lizards ___________________

•Snakes ___________________ by bending their body into curves

–They ___________________ or shorten their bands of muscles that are

connected to their ___________________ and ___________________

Alligators and Crocodiles

•Both are large ___________________ reptiles that ___________ for their young

•Alligators have ____________________________ snouts with only a few teeth

visible when their mouths are shut

•Crocodiles have ___________________ snouts with most of their teeth visible

when their mouths are shut

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Obtaining food

•Are all ___________________ that typically hunt at ___________________

Reproduction

•They care for their eggs and newly hatched young until they can

___________________ and protect ___________________

Turtles

•Reptiles whose body is covered by a protective ___________________ that

includes the __________ and the ___________________

•Can be ___________________ or ___________________

Extinct Reptiles … Dinosaurs

•Dinosaurs were the earliest vertebrates that had legs that were positioned

directly ___________________ their bodies

•Became extinct about ___________________ years ago

BirdsCharacteristics

•___________________

•___________________

•Have ___________________ and a ____________________________ heart

•Lay ___________________

Adaptations for flight

•The ___________________ of most birds are adapted for flight

•Bones are ___________________ (makes bird lightweight)

•Bones of a bird’s ___________________ form ___________________

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•Have large ___________________ muscles to move the wings

•Have ___________________

Types of Feathers

•1. Contour feathers = ___________________ feathers that gives

___________________ to a bird’s body

–Are ___________________ and not very ___________________

•2. Down feathers = ___________________, fluffy feathers that are

specialized to trap ___________________ and keep the bird

___________________

–Are ___________________and ___________________

Respiration and Circulation

•Have ___________________ that connect to the lungs. The air sacs help the

birds to obtain more ___________________from each breath of air

•Have a four-chambered heart (two _________________ and two

___________________) that keeps oxygen rich blood separate from oxygen

poor blood

Obtaining Food

•Use their _______________ to capture, grip and handle their _______________

•Each organ in a bird’s ___________________ system is adapted to

___________________ food

–1. Crop = an internal ___________________ tank used to store after

___________________their food

–2. Stomach = attached to the crop and has two parts. One section to

_____________________________ food.

–3. Gizzard = Second section in the stomach that is used to _____________

and ___________________ partially digested food.

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Maintaining Homeostasis

•Endotherms that need a lot of ___________________ to maintain their body

___________________

•Also use ___________________to trap ___________________

Reproduction

•Have ___________________fertilization and lay eggs

•Bird eggs are ___________________ than reptile eggs

•Bird eggs will only ___________________ at a temperature that is close to the

body temp of the ___________________bird… that is why a parent bird sits

on top of the eggs until they hatch

Birds in the Environment

•Birds are adapted for living in ___________________ environments

•Example: shapes of their legs, claws and bills all differ depending upon the

___________________ that the bird _____________ in

MammalsCharacteristics

•___________________

•___________________

•Have a _______________________________________ heart

•Have skin covered with ___________________

•Are born ___________________

•Every young mammal is fed with ___________________ produced by

___________________ in its mother’s body (___________________ glands)

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Obtaining Food

•Most have ________________that are adapted to ___________________ their

food and break it down

–Four types of teeth: ___________________, ___________________,

___________________ and ___________________

•The size, shape and hardness of a mammal’s teeth reflect its _____________

–For example: the canines of carnivores are ___________ and _____________

Obtaining Oxygen

•Breathe using their ___________________

•Use a ___________________ which is a large muscle in combination with rib

muscles to help them breathe in and out

–The diaphragm is located at the _______________ of the ________________

Maintaining Homeostasis

•They are _______________________ that need energy in _______________ to

keep a steady internal ________________________________

•Use _____________________________________________ to insulate their bodies

Movement

•Most can __________________________________________ on ____________ limbs

Nervous System

•Used to coordinate its _________________________________ and receive

__________________________________ about the environment

•Have highly developed ____________________ that allows them to __________

to where they live

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Diversity of Mammals

•There are three main groups of mammals that differ depending upon how

their ______________________________________________:

–1. ______________________________

–2. ______________________________

–3. ______________________________

Monotremes

•______________________________

•There are just ______________________ species of monotremes

–Two species of spiny _______________________ and the __________________

______________________________

Marsupials

•Their young is born at an ___________________________ of development and

they usually continue to develop in a _______________________ on their

mother’s _____________________

•Have a short ____________________________ period (length of time between

fertilization and birth)

•Examples include _______________________________________________________

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Placental Mammals

•They develop __________________________________________ until its systems

can function ________________________________

•Name comes from the fact that they have a _____________________________

(an organ in pregnant females that __________________ between the

_____________ and developing ________________)

•Are classified into groups on how they _______________ and how their

____________________________

Types of placental mammals

•There are ten major groups:

–1. _________________________________________ (Hedgehog, pygmy shrew)

–2. _________________________________________ (Bats)

–3. _________________________________________ (Walrus, tiger, grizzly bear)

–4. _________________________________________ (Anteaters, armadillos)

–5. _________________________________________ (Elephants)

–6. ________________________________________(Pigs, camels, horses, rhinos)

–7. ________________________________________(Squirrel, beaver, chipmunks)

–8. _________________________________________ (Rabbits, hares, pikas)

–9. _________________________________________ (Whales, dolphins)

–10. _______________________________________(Humans, monkeys, gorillas)