Ch 10.5Functional Groups

Definition Functional Groups

• Have specific name/formula/structure• Carry out specific Rx• Have specific characteristics

a) If they contain O, S, N: makes molecule polar, higher MP/BP, soluble in water, liquid/solid at RT

b) If they contain C and H only: makes molecule non-polar, low MP/BP, soluble in organic solvents, gases at RT

Alk-anes, enes, ynes

• Hydrocarbons with single, double, triple bonds• C-C or C=C or C=C• Caution: add enough Hydrogen to fill remaining

covalent bonds• CH3-CH3 or CH2=CH2 or CH=CH

Aromatic HC

• Molecules containing Benzene rings• substituent called Phenyl

Alcohols

• Contain hydroxyl group• - OH •

Example: Ethanol

Ethers

• Oxygen bridge in a carbon skeleton• C-O-C

• Example: Diethyl ether

Aldehyde

• Contain Carbonyl group: O double bonded to Carbon C=O

• located at the end of Carbon skeleton

Example: Propanal

Ketone

• Carbonyl at a center Carbon

Example: Propanone

Amine

• Contains Nitrogen• Three different types of amines• Primary – NH2 attached to 1 C and two H

• Secondary C-NH-C attached to two C and one H • Tertiary C-N-C attached to three C, no H! C• Raises pH of a solution

Carboxylic Acids

• Carboxyl =Alcohol and Carbonyl group at the same carbon

• Lowers pH of solution!

• Example: Ethanoic Acid

Ester

Carboxylic Acid in the center of a molecule

Ethyl ethanoate

Amide

• Like Carboxyl group, OH replaced by NH2

• Ethanamide

Thiol

• Thiol group• -SH

• Ethane thiol