Ch. 10 Nervous system: Nervous Tissue and Brain Function of Relays messages (motor) Monitors changes...
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Transcript of Ch. 10 Nervous system: Nervous Tissue and Brain Function of Relays messages (motor) Monitors changes...
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Ch. 10 Nervous system:
Nervous Tissue and Brain
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Function of
Relays messages (motor)
Monitors changes in body systems (sensory)
Responds to stimuli (sensory)
Maintain homeostasis (sensory)
Integrative – information is brought to CNS info is put together
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Central Nervous system
Includes brain and spinal cord
Control center, coordinate body activities
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Peripheral Nervous sys.
Nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system
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Cells of the Nervous System
Neuroganglia – glial cells, nerve glue
Supports, protect and nourish the neurons
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2. Neurons
Parts of :Cell bodyDendrites – receive impulseAxon – carries impulse awayMyelin sheath- white fatty material
Schwann cells (pns) Neurilemma (outdside
the sheath) Nodes of Ranvier
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Types of Neurons
Sensory neurons (afferent) – carries impulse to brain and spinal cord.
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Types of Neurons
Motor neurons (efferent) – away from brain and spinal cord.
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Types of Neurons
Interneurons or association neurons – relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons.
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White matter vs Gray Matter
White matter White because of
myelin
Gray matter Cell bodies,
interneurons, nonmyelinated fibers
Nuclei – clusters of cells in CNS
Ganglia – cell cluster in PNS
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The Nerve Impulse
Action potential – steps in the nerve impulse
3 stages of : polarization, depolarization, repolarization
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Step 1: Polarization
Resting state of a neuron
Sodium/possium pump – sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells
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Polarization continued
Inside of the cell is – charged
Outside of cell is + charged
Due to sodium-potassium pump2 K+ ions go in as 3 Ca++ go out
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/introb.html
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Step 2: Depolarization
Due to stimulation
Inside of the neuron becomes + charged.
Na+ rushes into the cell
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Step 3: repolarization
Return to resting state
Due to the pumping out of K+.
Na+ blocked
Inside of cell negative
Continues to synapse
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Synapse
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Brain: structure and function
4 main parts of the brain:
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
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Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain
Corpus collosum - Right and left hemispheres
Cerebral cortex – gray matter covering the cerebrum
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Cerebrum Continued
Function of cerebral cortex – learning, reasoning, language, memory
Markings of: gyri (elevations) and sulci (grooves)
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Diencephalon
Thalamus – Relay station for sensory
fibers between cerebrum and lower brain.
Hypothalamus - Body Temperature Emotions Hunger Thirst Circadian Rhythms
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Cerebellum
Coordinatin of voluntary muscle movements
Muscle tone
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Brain Stem
Midbrain-relay station, hearing, vision
Pons – relay station, breathing rate
Medulla Oblongata – relay center, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
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Ventricles
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Protection
Bone
Meninges – 3 layers of connective tissue
Cerebrospinal fluid –
Blood brain barrier – cells associated with blood vessels that supply the brain with blood.
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Aging Brain
Enlargement of the ventricular system: the volume of the ventricles
Widening of sulci (the grooves) on the surface of the brain.
Reduced brain weight and brain volume: loss of neurons.
Neurological disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke are more common in the elderly.
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