1. 1 1Elaine N. Marieb The Human Body:An Orientation

2. REQUIRED TEXTBOOK Anatomy &Physiology, 4th edition Marieb BIO 2113/2114 JanyceHouse, Instructor 3. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy the structure of body parts Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental Physiology the function of body parts 4. Microscopic Anatomy Cytology Histology 5. Physiology Considers the operation of specific organsystems Renal Neurophysiology Cardiovascular Focuses on the functions of the body, often atthe cellular or molecular level 6. Physiology Understanding physiology: Physics Pathophysiology abnormal or disease bodyfunction 7. Principle of Complementarity Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on itsspecific form 8. Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organismal 9. Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cellMolecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms1 Chemical levelAtoms combine toSmoothform moleculesmuscletissue Heart3 Tissue levelCardiovascularTissues consist of systemBloodsimilar types of cells vessels Epithelial tissueSmooth Bloodmuscle vesseltissue (organ)6 Organismal levelConnectiveThe human organism is madetissueup of many organ systems 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different5 Organ system level types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs thatwork together closely Figure 1.1 10. Bio. 2113 - Organ Systems of the Body- p. 6 Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular System Nervous System 11. Bio. 2114 - Organ Systems of the Body - p. 6 &7 Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System/Immunity Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Male and Female Reproductive Systems 12. Organ Systems Interrelationships The integumentary system protects the bodyfrom the external environment Digestive and respiratory systems, in contactwith the external environment, take innutrients and oxygen 13. Organ Systems Interrelationships Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems Figure 1.2 14. Necessary Life Functions I Maintaining boundaries the internal environmentremains distinct from the external Cellular level Organismal level Movement locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), andcontractility Responsiveness Digestion 15. Necessary Life Functions II Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Cellular an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells Organismal sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person Growth 16. Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Water Maintaining normal body temperature Atmospheric pressure 17. HOMEOSTASIS STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BODY(NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS) 18. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms CONTROL MECHANISMS FOR HOMEOSTASIS: Receptor changes (stimuli) Control center determines the set point at whichthe variable is maintained Effector responds to the stimulus 19. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms3 Input: Control center 4 Output:Information Information sentsent alongalong efferentafferentpathway topathway toReceptor (sensor) Effector Change 2 detected by receptor 5 Response of effector feeds back to influence1 Stimulus:magnitude ofProduces stimulus andchange returnsin variablevariable to homeostasisVariable (in homeostasis) Figure 1.4 20. Negative Feedback In negative feedback systems, the outputshuts off the original stimulus Examples: Regulation of blood glucose levels;body temperature