CEX 6 - Making of Eire

8/9/2019 CEX 6 - Making of Eire

1/27

CEX 6

The Making ofEire


2/27


3/27

Republic of Ireland: basic facts

Capital: Dublin

Other main cities: Cork, Galway, Limerick,

Waterford

Languages: Irish, English

Area: 70,273 km2

Population: 4.6 million

Population density: 66.44/km2

The Irish Act of Union (1801) created the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The unionwas dissolved in 1922, when the Anglo-Irish

Treaty created the Irish Free State. However, sixcounties in the northern province of Ulster(whose population was mostly protestant and

unionist), remained within the United Kingdom. In

1937 the new state declared its full independence

as Eire, and in 1949became the Republic ofIrelandand left the Commonwealth.The Presidents residence

at Phoenix Park, Dublin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRYQ-i3O4HEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRYQ-i3O4HEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRYQ-i3O4HE


4/27

Natural and historic landscapes

The Hill of TaraThe Boyne River and Valley

MacGillicuddysReeks, Co. Kerry The Burren, Co. Clare


5/27

Georgian Dublin

OConnell Street


6/27

Ireland: a brief history


7/27

Solve the riddle:

Why do Dubliners dress up every

16 June?

What was the original

purpose of the Bank of

Ireland building in Dublin?

What is the meaning of the Irish flag?

Why did Irishmen invade

Canada in 1866?


8/27

A timeline of Irish history

YEAR EVENT

432 A.D. Beginning of St. Patricks mission to bring Christianity to Ireland.

1170-71The Norman Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke (Strongbow), arrives in Ireland and marries Aoife,daughter of the king of Leinster. Beginning of feudal linkswith the English monarchs.

1300s Development of the Pale, a fortification limiting British influence to an area around Dublin.

1541 Henry VIII declares himself king of Ireland.

1607-8Flightof the Earls. Rebellious leaders O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and O'Donnell, Earl of Tyrconnel, aredefeated and flee to Spain. Plantation of their lands in Ulster with English Protestant settlers.

169012 July:William of Orange defeats Catholic king James II at the Battle of the Boyne. 11,000 WildGeesesoldiers sail for France.

1692 Beginning of the Penal Laws restricting the civil rights of Catholics.

1700sThe Penal Laws consolidate the position of the Protestant minority elite, theAscendancy.Anglo-Irish

culture: Jonathan Swift, Oliver Goldsmith, Edmund Burke, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Maria Edgeworth.

1801After the United Irishmen rebellion (1798), the Act of Union suppresses the Irish Parliament and creates theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

1808-34 Thomas Moore, considered the Irish counterpart of Robert Burns, publishes hisIrish Melodies.

1829Daniel OConnell, Irish Catholic lawyer and political leader, achieves Catholic Emancipation. Catholicscan enter Parliament.

1845-49 Great Irish Famine.Aboutone million Irish people die of hunger and disease, two million emigrate, mostlyto the United States. Growth of the Irish-American Diaspora.


9/27

YEAR EVENT

1879Charles Stewart Parnellbecomes leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, which campaigns for HomeRule (domestic parliament) for Ireland.

1893 Foundation of the Gaelic League to counteract the Anglicisation of Irish culture. The Gaelic Revival.

1904TheAbbey Theatrebegins operations. W. B. Yeats, Lady Gregory, G. B. Shaw, J. M. Synge, Sean OCaseyand others take part in a new moment of splendour for Irish drama.

1916 The Easter Rising. Irish revolutionaries take the General Post Office in Dublin and proclaim the IrishRepublic. Their execution attracts massive popular support for independence.

1918-20 Publication of James Joyces Ulysses.

1919-21Anglo-Irish warbetween the IRA and the British forces (Black and Tans) concludes with a Treaty declaringthe Irish Free State, but leaving part of Ulster within the United Kingdom.

1948 Ireland declares itself a republicand leaves the Commonwealth of Nations.

197230 January, Bloody Sunday. During a Catholic civil-rights demonstration in Londonderry, 13 unarmedmarchers are killed by British troops. Beginning of the Ulster Troubles and the height of IRA terrorism.

1995 Beginning of the Celtic Tiger economic boom in the South.

1998Good Friday Agreement establishes domestic parliament for Northern Ireland and a power-sharingsystem for nationalists and unionists. Relative peace.

2008 Celtic Tiger economy collapses in the context of worldwide crisis.

A timeline of Irish history


10/27

Watch theclip andexplain:

what is theproblem?

Irelands disputed identity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVgzw5QFdnA


11/27

The Hill of Tara(from Irish:Teamhair na R, "Hill of theKing" or "Place of Assembly")was the ceremonial site ofthe Celtic high kings ofIreland, and the place whereSaint Patrick is said to have

used the shamrock to explainthe mystery of the Trinity.Although it was abandoned inthe 11thc., it remained alegendary spot in the Irishnationalist imagination.

One iconic spacebecomes another:Tara as a symbolin Gone with the

Wind.

Celtic Arcadia: the Hill of Tara

The L ia Fil

(Stone of Destiny)
http://eng3122.wordpress.com/group-2-main/metamorphosis/tara-plantation/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSOYTFw0JaAhttp://eng3122.wordpress.com/group-2-main/metamorphosis/tara-plantation/


12/27

Marriage of Strongbow and Aoife (DanielMaclise, 1854) (detail),

National Gallery of Ireland.

In 1167 Dermot McMurrough, king ofLeinster, asked the Anglo-Normans forsupport against other Irish kings.Richard de Clare, Strongbow, asubject of the king of England, arrived in1170, married the kings daughter, and

succeeded him to the throne a year later.The English began their gradualoccupation.

For the moment, English power, lawsand customs were restricted to a fortifiedarea around Dublin: the Pale.

Language trivia: the English phrasebeyond the pale, meaning beyond thelimits of acceptable behaviour, originatesin the English colonists view of the Irish asbarbarous and uncivilised.

c. 900 AD c. 1300 AD

The Normans arrive
http://www.nationalgallery.ie/en/Conservation/Strongbow_and_Aoife/The%20Artist/Other%20artworks%20in%20the%20collection/The%20Marriage%20of%20Strongbow%20and%20Aoife%20c1854.aspx


13/27

The Ulster Plantation

Englands adoption of Protestantismin 1529created a problem: Ireland remained Catholic. Nowthe country was a potential ally of Englands Catholicenemies in Europe, and Spainin particular. TheSpanish Emperor, Phillip II, tried to use CatholicIreland as a back door to invade England several

times, until the final disaster at the battle of Kinsale(1601).

The Ulster Scots

Successive Irish rebellions were punished withland confiscations and the plantationofEnglish and Scottish protestant settlers. Themost important one was the Plantation ofUlster, after the Flight of the Earls, ONeill andODonnell.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSerjFKVk3chttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSerjFKVk3chttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSerjFKVk3chttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tb7TSdnVj3Y


14/27

Protestantism TriumphantIn 1642 the English Civil War broke out between Charles I and hisparliament. Ireland supported the king.

In 1649 Oliver Cromwell crossed over to Ireland, defeated theroyalists, occupied the country, and gave confiscated lands to hisown soldiers. The defeated were banished To hell or toConnaught.

But the culmination of Protestant triumph was the Battle of theBoyne, 12 July 1690, when James II, a Catholic, was defeated bythe ProtestantWilliam of Orange, husband of his daughter Mary,in the wars that followed the Glorious Revolution (1688). Therewould never be another Catholic monarch in Britain.

And thus, the orange colourbecame the symbol of ProtestantIreland, and of loyalty to the British crown.

The Orange Order:

emblems andexplanation

Cromwellin Ireland
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QruqyL0KALkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QruqyL0KALkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QruqyL0KALkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QruqyL0KALkhttp://cain.ulst.ac.uk/images/symbols/unionloyal.htm


15/27

The Age of the AscendancyDuring the eighteenth century, the IrishProtestantAscendancyruled thecountry from their own IrishParliament (now the Bank of Ireland)on College Green, next to TrinityCollege Dublin.

The eighteenth century is the era of theclassical Anglo-Irish authors: JonathanSwift, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, OliverGoldsmith.

The Anglo-Irish elite, and their laterdecadence, were portrayed in the BigHouse novel genre, most famously byMaria Edgeworth.

WatchThe Storyof Ireland,episode 2,

minutes 26-32
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/The%20Story%20of%20Ireland%20-%20clip%202%20-%20The%20Irish%20Ascendancy.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/The%20Story%20of%20Ireland%20-%20clip%202%20-%20The%20Irish%20Ascendancy.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/The%20Story%20of%20Ireland%20-%20clip%202%20-%20The%20Irish%20Ascendancy.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/The%20Story%20of%20Ireland%20-%20clip%202%20-%20The%20Irish%20Ascendancy.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/The%20Story%20of%20Ireland%20-%20clip%202%20-%20The%20Irish%20Ascendancy.flvhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R53xY9KiZt8http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/The%20Story%20of%20Ireland%20-%20clip%202%20-%20The%20Irish%20Ascendancy.flv


16/27

The United Kingdom?In 1798 the secret society of the United Irishmenlaunched a revolution to establish an Irish republic,but it ended in massacre and defeat.

In an attempt to restore stability and put an end toIrish disaffection, theAct of Union (1801)suppressed the Irish Parliament and created the

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Seamus Heaney: Act

of Union

Under the Union, Catholic Irishnationalism developed around DanielOConnell (1775-1847) and the

cultural nationalists ofYoungIreland. In the early 1840s theylaunched a movement to RepealtheAct of Union and re-establish an Irishparliament.

Thomas Davis: A Nation

Once Again, version by theDubliners.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iickNtK5Ivw


17/27

Famine and Nationalism

In 1845 a fungus plague attacked the potato, whichconstituted the basic diet of the Irish rural poor.Between 1845 and 1849, about one millionpeople died of starvation, and 2 millionemigrated, mostly to the United States.

The Great Faminebrought radical changes toIrish economy, society and culture. But it also ledto the resurgence of nationalism, both in Irelandand among the Irish-American Diaspora.

From

Famine

lament to

sports

anthem:

The Fieldsof Athenry

In 1866, Irish-American nationalists(called Fenians) launched raids intoCanada, hoping to start a war betweenBritain and the United States, andproclaim a republic in Ireland. Theyfailed disastrously, but Irish-Americaninvolvement in Irish republican andnationalist causes persisted until the

20thcentury.

The Story o f Ireland,

episode 2 fragment:

The Famine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKSyimCQPU8https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLG2VmfSxNA


18/27

The Irish-American Diaspora
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFN-y5AB6fs


19/27

A brief history of

the Saint Patricks

Day parade

Icons of global Irishness:

Saint Patricks Day
http://history1800s.about.com/od/entertainmentsport/a/stpatparade.htmhttp://itthing.com/10-places-to-celebrate-saint-patricks-day/chicago


20/27

1916 to IndependenceOn Easter Monday (24 April) 1916, Irishrevolutionaries took the General Post Office onOConnell Street and proclaimed the Irish Republic.They were defeated, but their subsequent executionturned them into martyrs and created massive supportfor independence.

In 1921 the Anglo-Irish war concluded with a Treaty

establishing the Irish Free State, and the Partitionof Ulster.

What is it but nightfall?No, no, not night but death.Was it needless death after all?For England may keep faith

For all that is done and said.I write it out in a verse MacDonagh and MacBrideAnd Connolly and PearseNow and in time to be,Wherever green is worn,Are changed, changed utterly:A terrible beauty is born.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdtcI0WNcLAhttp://www.google.es/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=KV8X1T_KfsB-gM&tbnid=S8ogZ8hIQcHjJM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.amazon.ca/Easter-1916-W-Yeats-ebook/dp/B0041D8XU6&ei=6CdIUp34FLGO7AbhkYDgAg&bvm=bv.53217764,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNHyeTS__SOJisU-iZzbZj4KMjPGFQ&ust=1380546734501940


21/27

Ulster UnionismThe partition of Ulsterwas an inevitableconsequence of theparallel growth ofIrish nationalism andUlster Unionism.


22/27

Icons of Irish culture: the Irish writer

W. B. Yeats, Nobel Prize forLiterature in 1923, is only oneexample of the Irish contribution tothe canon of Literature in English;the writer has an iconic status in Irishculture, with posters and museums

dedicated to the great names. Howmuch do you know about thesewriters?

Why do Dubliners dress up every

16 June?


23/27

De Valeras IrelandIn 1932 Eamon De Valerawon the elections in the Irish Free State, and

began to dismantle the British connection.

Soon after his election he started a tariff warwith Britain.

Then in 1936 he removed the kings right to intervene in Free State affairs.

In 1937, a new constitutionabolished the Irish Free State andproclaimed the countrys full independence as Eire.

During the Second World War (or The Emergency, as the Irish calledit) Ireland remained neutral, although leaning unofficially towards the

Allies.

In 1949 Ireland declared itself a Republic and left the Commonwealth.

For most of the twentieth century, independent Ireland was an

impoverished country with low industrialisation and high emigrationrates. The Catholic Church was a pervasive presence, and managed the

crucial areas of health and education.

The Angelus onRT

Irelands

Hated Hero

extract
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fS-71kaPfSohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fS-71kaPfSohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baPF6JiJ85Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dqMxvJLmewhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fS-71kaPfSo


24/27

Meanwhile in more industrialised and prosperous Northern Ireland,

Protestants and Catholics remain segregated, with Catholics as thedisadvantaged minority.

Gerrymandering(manipulation of electoral districts to secureunionist governments), police repression and discrimination inhousing and employment led to demonstrations from the 1960swhich culminated in the events of Bloody Sunday, 30 January1972, and the Troubles.

Click on thephotos to follow

the links

Ulster and the path to the Troubles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9IiUbBV4zchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o55UrRbni50https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vhhTvcLoRwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Ejga4kJUtshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nuk8zRwIYWAhttp://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/landon.htm


25/27

The 1990s: peace and prosperityIn the early 1990s negotiations began to finda solution to the Troubles. The IRA andloyalist paramilitaries declared ceasefires,and political talks were held among theNorthern Irish parties, and between the UKand the Republic of Ireland.

Finally in 1998 the Good Fridayagreementwas signed, giving NorthernIreland a new domestic parliament atStormont(Belfast), on a power-sharingsystem: Decisions required the separateendorsement of a majority of nationalists anda majority of unionists.

Meanwhile in the Republic, economic policiesbegun during the 1960s took off and gave rise tothe Celtic Tiger phenomenon (c. 1995-2008),aperiod of unprecedented prosperity based onforeign investment and a constructionbubble.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiHVT9p3moA


26/27

Celtic Tiger Culture


27/27

After the CelticTiger

cheer-up video

Overview article: AlanRuddock, How

Ireland's economy wentfrom boom to bust

Ireland in Recession
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtYzCQp8Brohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UaO7KBKL9Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtYzCQp8Brohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtYzCQp8Brohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtYzCQp8Brohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtYzCQp8Bro

CEX 6 - Making of Eire

Documents

Transcript of CEX 6 - Making of Eire