Certificate of Major Project

A

MAJOR PROJECT

REPORT FILE

ON

CORPORATE INETERNETWORK

IN

PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY(B.Tech.)

FROM

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2010

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Naveen Hemrajani Saurabh Sharma

Head of Department, B.Tech. Final. Year

Computer Engineering, Computer Engineering,

GVSET GVSET

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GYAN VIHAR SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,MAHAL JAGATPUTA, JAIPUR.

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CERTIFICATE Of MAJOR PROJECT

GYAN VIHAR SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

It is hereby to certify that the desertion in your hand is the work done by

SAURABH SHARMA while undergoing VIII Semester, Final Year MAJOR

PROJECT REPORT in partial fulfil lment of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.)

course in Computer Engineering with a t itle of project “CORPORATE

INTERNETWORK” and submitted to Department of Computer Science

Engineering in GYAN VIHAR SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY , JAIPUR.

SUBMITTED TO:

Mr. Naveen Hemrajani .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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I feel proud myself to acknowledgement the invaluable help rendered to our by so many people while completing our work.

Project also provide an opportunity to the student to explore many dimensions of the latest technology, also he get an opportunity to provide new dimensions to the present technology so that it can be future improved.

I would like to thank Mr. Naveen Hemrajani, HOD. Computer Science Engineering, for his invaluable guidance and advice for boosting us for creating creative thinking and helping us to be having practical approach while we also learn during the development of major project on “CORPORATE INTERNETWORK” . The gratitude that these people provided to us present this report was immense, right from searching the topic till the final stage they have been helping hand to me. I sincerely give our thanks to them.

Saurabh Sharma.

PREFACE

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After the completion of studies , most of the engineering students will have to serve for public of private sector industries. Laboratories and workshop based training and class room have their own limitations. In the open economic era of fast modernization and tough competition technical institute to produce pass out as near as job function possible.Major Project for student is one major step in this direction. Major project can create awareness of industries approach and culture. It bridges the gap between theory and practical and explanation.

The major project report was experience full itself that we will relish for rest of our life. On the basis of the information that we have collected and the guidance provided we have prepared a comprehensive project report. We wish to thank our guide for us giving best suggestion, information and help to complete this report.

Saurabh Sharma.

INDEX:

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Certificate of Major Project………………………………………………………………2Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………..3Preface……………………………………………………………………………………4INDEX…………………………………………………………………………………....5

CORPORATE INTERNETWORK……………………………………………………...61). Synopsis …………………………………………………………………………...82.) Corporate Network Topology………………………………………………………...163). Technologies Used…………………………………………………………………...184.) Introduction to Computer Networking……………………………………………....285.) Coding………………………………………………………………………………..49

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….115Bibliography…………………. …………………………………………………………117

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CORPORATEINTERNETWORK

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PROJECT NAME: CORPORATE INTERNETWORK.

BRIEF OVERVIEW: This is a project in which ,we have implemented a computer network within an organization or enterprise so that various end systems and devices able to communicate with each other following some access controls. We have tried to designed a fault tolerant network as far as possible.

RESOURCES REQUIRED:

ROUTERS : Cisco 2811 router and Cisco 1841 router.SWITCHES : Cisco 2950-24 switches.CABLES : Smart Serial Cable and Fast Ethernet Cable.PORTS : WIC-2T(WAN Interface card – 2 terminal) and Fast Ethernets.END DEVICES : Computers.

PROJECT TEAM MEMBERS:

1. SAURABH SHARMAB.Tech. Final Year Computer Engineering,GVSET.

2. SUBHASH YADAVB.Tech. Final Year Computer Engineering,GVSET.

3. ABHISHEK BHARATDWAJB.Tech. Final Year Computer Engineering,GVSET.

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Synopsis

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SYNOPSIS

1.0 Corporate Internetwork:

Corporate Network is a project that connects various end systems of an organization to each other. After the interconnectivity the various end system can communicate to each other. Together with that configuration of any internetwork devices is done from any remote host within the organization.

1.1 Goal and Objectives:

Out goal and objective is to establish an internetwork within an organization. So that various host can communicate and share information to each other.

1.2 System statement of scope:

It is a computer network project that spans a relative large geographical area. Typically a WAN consist of two or more Local Area Network situated at different location. Different location’s hosts are connected to WAN are often connected through public networks such as telephone systems. They are also connected through leased lines or satellites.

1.3 System Context:

Networking devices do various kinds of jobs like transferring the data , providing connectivity to different networks devices, transferring data in form of packets and frames from one device to another. These are central connection for all the networks equipments and handles a data type known as frame or packet. Actually frame and packet contain the source and destination address together with a data.

1.4 Major Constraints:

A corporate network is a network created by one corporation, or enterprise for the purpose of allowing its employees to communicate each other with some access controls. Our goal and objective is to establish an internetwork within an organization.

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2.0 Functional Description:

2.1 System Architecture:

2.2.1. Architecture Model:

2.2.2 Subsystem Overview:

Subsystems contains various departments connected to a mesh of interconnected routers for fault tolerance and gain reliability using redundant network.

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2.2 Interface Description:

2.2.1. Machine Interfaces:

Interfaces to other machines (components and devices) are described.

2.2.1.1 Fast Ethernet.2.2.1.2 Auxiliary Port.2.2.1.3 Console Port.2.2.1.4 Smart Serial Port.

2.2.2. External System Devices: Interfaces to other systems, products or network are described.

2.2.2.1. Smart Serial Port.2.2.2.2 Console Port.

2.2.3. Human Interfaces:

An overview of any human interfaces to be designed for the system/product is presented

2.2.3.1 Fast Ethernet.2.2.3.2 Console Port2.2.3.3. Hyper Terminal.

3.0. Subsystem Description:

A description of each subsystem is presented.

3.1 Description for Subsystem n:

A detailed description of each subsystem is presented. Section 3.1 is repeated for each of n subsystems.

3.1.1 Subsystem Scope:

A statement of scope for subsystem n is presented. In subsystem individual location of having his own internetwork which is composed of LAN and WAN.

3.1.2 Subsystem flow diagram:

A diagram showing the flow of network is as follow.

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3.1.3. Subsystem n components:

A detailed description for each component of subsystem n is presented. Section 3.1.3 is repeated for each of k components.

3.1.3.1 Component k description.

3.1.3.1.1 Modems.3.1.3.1.2 Switches.3.1.3.1.3 Servers.3.1.3.1.4 Routers.3.1.3.1.5 Computers.

3.1.3.2. Component k interface description:

3.1.3.2.1 Fast Ethernet.3.1.3.2.2 Smart Serial Port.3.1.3.2.3 RS-232.

3.1.4. Performance Issues:

Special performance required for the subsystem is specified. The subsystem can perform to the best for 2 years. After that its up gradation is required du to technology changes.

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3.1.5. Design Constraints:

Any design constraints that will impact the subsystem are noted. Together with that system is made flexible that it can be redesigned as per technology changes.

3.1.6. Allocation for Subsystems n:

The allocation for implementation(eg. Will the subsystem be implemented in hardware, software by a human etc.) is described.

3.2 Diagrammatic Model for Subsystem n:

A diagrammatic model for each subsystem s presented. Section 32 is repeated for each of n subsystems.

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4.0 System Modeling and Simulation results:

If system modeling and simulation and/or prototyping is conducted, these are specified here.

4.1 description of system modeling approach(if used):

The system modeling approach (including tools and/or mathematical model) is described. It uses various concepts regarding graphs theory and transportation in setting up the topology of the network.

4.2 Simulation Results:

The results of any system simulation are presented with specific emphasis on data throughput, timing, performance, and/or behavior.

4.3 Special Performance Issues are Identified:

Special performance issues are identified.

4.4. Prototyping Requirements:

If a system prototyping is to be built, its specification and implementation environment are described here. First its design of Corporate Network is completed. Then the various public and private IP are to be set. After that the type of protocol are to be required are to be set. Finally, the policies are to be set and the communication between the systems is tested.

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5.0 Project Issues:

An overview of the overall system project plan is presented.

5.1 Project Development Cost:

The result of system level cost estimates are presented. The cost depends upon the components, man power and the time required for the construction.

5.2 Project Schedule:

The top level for the development project is proposed.

5.0 Appendices:

Present information that supplements the system specification.

5.1 Business Process Description:

The specification is developed for a business system, a description of relevant business processes presented here. On either side network is to be maintained by network administrator. Both follows same policies and no change will be made by any other person in organization except the network administrator.

5.2 Product Strategies:

The specification is developed for a product, a description of relevant strategy is presented here. We are using only Cisco products and the strategies will be same as developed by Cisco Inc.

******************************

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Corporate Network Topology:

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Corporate Network Topology:

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Technologies Used:

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NETWORKING DEVICESNetworking devices do various kinds of jobs like transferring the data to signals, providing connectivity to different network devices, transferring the data in form of packets or frames form one device to other. These are the central connections for all the network equipments and handles a data type known as frame or packet. Actually frames/ packet contain data and the destination address of where it is going. When a frame is received, it is amplified and then transmitted on to port of destination PC. But different networking components do this job in diff form at diff layers.

NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a circuit board that plugs into both clients and servers and controls the exchange of data between them (A specific software “driver” must be installed depending on the make of the NIC. A physical transmission medium, such as twisted pair or coaxial cable interconnects all network interface cards to network hubs or switches. Ethernet and Token Ring are common network interface cards. Today’s cards supports 10baseT and 100baseT with automatic recognition.

SWITCH

Hubs are capable of joining more than two PC but having some demerits like if two PC would want to communicate at a time then there would be a collision and the both PC would have to send the data once again. This shortcoming of Hub is overcome by Switches. Switches are intelligent devices which work on the Layer2 of the OSI model. Basically a switch keeps a record of MAC addresses of all the devices connected to it. Using this information, it builds a MAC address table. So when a frame is received, it knows exactly which port to send it to, which increases the network response time.

Basic Working Principle of Switch

1. At the time of initializing the switch the MAC address table is yet to be built up. When a frame is send by some of the PC, it recognises the source MAC address and updates the MAC address table.

2. If the destination is available in the MAC table then forward to the corresponding PC.

3. If the destination MAC address is not present in the table then forwards in all the port available expect the incoming one. The designated PC will respond for the data and it will send the acknowledge for the data received. This acknowledged data will be examined by the switch and the MAC address table would be up dated accordingly.

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If two PC simultaneously transmit there data packets and both are connected to a SWITCH, then collision will not occur, so we can say, it creates a multiple collision domain.

The switch supports broadcast. Hence we can call switches create single broadcast domain and multiple collision domains.

A 100/1000Mbps switch will allocate a full 100/1000 Mbps to each of its ports. So regardless of the no of PC’s transmitting user will always have access to max amt of bandwidth. They are usually Full-Duplex in nature.

ROUTER

For interconnecting two LAN or two or more different networks anther device known as router is used. Its main job is to route (sends) packets to other networks and to do the routing ( establishing paths between networks ) it uses the IP address. A router is typically connected to at least two networks, commonly two LAN’s or WAN’s or a LAN and its ISP’s network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. Routers to determine the best path for forwarding the packet are using forwarding tables.It is a layer 3 device i.e it operates at network layer of OSI model. The working principle of the router is totally different from a switch. Router makes a table known as routing table, which contains all the IP address in the network, the information for IP address router obtains directly ( all configured IP address on it ) or indirectly ( from neighbor routers ). When a packet is received it compares the destination IP address of the packet with the available IP addresses in its Routing table. If the IP address is not available in the routing table then it simply discard the packet instead of flooding in all the ports like a switch.(Detailed Information about router in chap )

ROUTER INTERNAL COMPONENTS

Like a computer, a router has a CPU that varies in performance and capabilities depending upon router platform. It has typically 4 types of memory in it.:

ROM- It is used to store the router’s bootstrap startup program, operating system software, and power-on diagnostic tests programs. We can also upgrade our ROM

FLASH MEMORY- It holds operating systems image(s). Flash memory is erasable, reprogrammable ROM. Our IOS software is present in this memory and we can upgrade it also. Flash content is retained even when we switch off or restart the router.

RAM- It is used to store operational information such as routing tables, router’s running configuration file. RAM also provides caching and packet buffering capabilities. Its content is lost when we switch off or restart the router. When we configure the router at that time actually we are writing in RAM.

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NVRAM- It is used to store the router’s startup configuration file. It does not lose data when power is switched off. So the contents of startup configuration files are maintained even when we switch off or restart the router.

ROUTER’S NETWORK INTERFACES

Ethernet or Token Ring interface are configured to allow connection to a LAN.

Synchronous serial interfaces are configured to allow connections to WANs.

ISDN BRI interfaces are configured to allow connection to an ISDN WAN.

All Cisco routers have a console port that provides an EIA/TIA-232 asynchronous serial connection. Console port can be connected to computers serial connection to gain terminal access to router.

Most routers also have an auxiliary port that is very similar to console port but, are typically used for modem connection for remote router management.

CONFIGURING THE ROUTER

There are three methods for configuring the router:

1) Through console port: - The console port is used for configuring a router locally with the help of a PC or a Laptop. The console port of the router is

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connected to the serial i.e COM port of the router. The detailed configuration is given in the section.

2) Through the AUX port: - The aux (auxiliary) port is accessed from a modem located faraway from a router through the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) and the configuration is done.

3) Through Telnet:- Line vty (virtual terminal) 0 to 4 are used for the configuring the router by telnet.

Configuring Router through Console port

We use HyperTerminal Program to open a console session and log into the router locally. This console connection allows to connect to and to communicate with router without having to connect to the network to which it belongs. Now, the PC becomes the console that allows entering commands and communicating directly with the router. To set up a console session, we use the workstation’s Windows HyperTerminal (terminal emulation) program. Now first of all we configure the COM port settings, then log into the router to interact with the IOS command line interface (CLI). These are the com port settings:

96008N1On/off

After pressing enter or OK to accept these settings, we came across a blank window. This is a session window.

The Following steps are adopted to access a router through the console port with a Windows based PC.

Access Hyper terminal: - Start Menu Programs Accessories Communication HyperTerminal

Connect to the device of the PC

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COM 1 Setting

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Hyper terminal Screen

After connecting the router that will boot and after booting the following procedures will be adopted.Router> enable

Now automatically prompt asking for password will appear on the screen like this:

Password:Now write password over here. This is done to secure access to router. After this

Router#Will appear on the screen this shows that we are in privileged mode and now we try to enter in configuration mode.

Router# configure terminalThis is done to enter configuration mode.Now starts the configuration of routerNow we will assign IP address to each and very interface connected to router. Subnet mask should be given with a proper care. Following steps are to be followed:

For configuring ethernet interface:

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Router# config terminalRouter (config)# interface ethernet 0Router (config-if)# ip address 223.8.151.1 255.255.255.0Router (config-if)# no shutdownRouter (config-if)#exit

For configuring serial interface:

Router (config)# interface serial 0Router (config-if)# ip address 204.204.7.1 255.255.255.0Router (config-if)# no shutdownRouter (config-if)#exitRouter (config)# interface serial 1Router (config-if)# ip address 199.6.13.2 255.255.255.0Router (config-if)# no shutdownRouter (config-if)# exit

ROUTING PROTOCOLS

ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP)RIP is a dynamic, distance vector routing protocol. RIP uses UDP port 520 for route updates. RIP calculates the best route based on hop count. This makes RIP very fast to convergeRIP sends full table updates at regular intervals specified by the route-update timer (30 seconds is the default). This means that a RIP router summarizes all routes it knows along glassful boundaries and sends the summary information to all other RIP routing devices. RIP updates can contain up to 25 messages.

RIP TIMERS

TIMER DEFAULT CONTROLSUpdate 30 sec. Interval between route update advertisementsTimeout 180 sec. Interval a route should stay 'live' in the routing table. This counter

is reset every time the router hears an update for this route.

The routing-update timer controls the time between routing updates. Default is usually 30 seconds, plus a small random delay to prevent all RIP routers from sending updates simultaneously.

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The route-timeout timer controls when a route is no longer available. The default is usually 180 seconds. If a router has not seen the route in an update during this specified interval, it is dropped from the router's announcements. The route is maintained long enough for the router to advertise the route as down (hop count of 16).The route-flush timer controls how long before a route is completely flushed from the routing table. The default setting is usually 120 seconds.

BASIC RIP CONFIGURATION

According to the recollection of InetDaemon, configuring a Cisco router for a basic RIP configuration would look something like this:

router> enable Password: router# conf t

router(config)#interface ethernet 0router (config-if)# ip address 192.168.42.1router(config-if)# interface ethernet 1router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.43.1router(config-if)# exitrouter(config)# router riprouter(config-router)# network 192.168.42.0router(config-router)# network 192.168.43.0router(config-router)# exitrouter(config-router)# ^zrouter#

The example above assumes that the interfaces that will be running RIP have IP addresses on them that fall within the 192.168.42.0, and 192.168.43.0 class C ranges.

IGRP

IGRP is a distance-vector routing protocol that considers a composite metric which, by default, uses bandwidth and delay as parameters instead of hop count. IGRP is not limited to the 15-hop limit of RIP. IGRP has a maximum hop limit of 100, by default, and can be configured to support a network diameter of 255.With IGRP, routers usually select paths with a larger minimum-link bandwidth over paths with a smaller hop count. Links do not have a hop count. They are exactly one hop.IGRP is available only on Cisco routersIGRP will load-balance traffic if there are several paths with equal cost to the destination

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IGRP sends its routing table to its neighbors every 90 seconds. IGRP's default update period of 90 seconds is a benefit compared to RIP, which can consume excessive bandwidth when sending updates every 30 seconds. IGRP uses an invalid timer to mark a route as invalid after 270 seconds (three times the update timer). As with RIP, IGRP uses a flush timer to remove a route from the routing table; the default flush timer is set to 630 seconds (seven times the update period and more than 10 minutes).If a network goes down or the metric for the network increases, the route is placed in holddown. The router accepts no new changes for the route until the holddown timer expires. This setup prevents routing loops in the network. The default holddown timer is 280 seconds (three times the update timer plus 10 seconds).

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Introduction to Computer Networking:

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS:

1). Introduction: A network is basically all of the components (software and hardware) involved in connecting computers. It is used to share data between two or more computers.

Among all of the essentials for human existence, the need to interact with others ranks just below our need to sustain life. Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, food, and shelter.

The methods that we use to share ideas and information are constantly changing and evolving. Whereas the human network was once limited to face-to-face conversations, media breakthroughs continue to extend the reach of our communications. From the printing press to television, each new development has improved and enhanced our communication.

As with every advance in communication technology, the creation and interconnection of robust data networks is having a profound effect.

Early data networks were limited to exchanging character-based information between connected computer systems. Current networks have evolved to carry voice, video streams, text, and graphics between many different types of devices. Previously separate and distinct communication forms have converged onto a common platform. This platform provides access to a wide range of alternative and new communication methods that enable people to interact directly with each other almost instantaneously.

The immediate nature of communications over the Internet encourages the formation of global communities. These communities foster social interaction that is independent of location or time zone

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2). Communication Over The Network:

Being able to reliably communicate to anyone, anywhere, is becoming increasingly important to our personal and business lives. In order to support the immediate delivery of the millions of messages being exchanged between people all over the world, we rely on a web of interconnected networks. These data or information networks vary in size and capabilities, but all networks have four basic elements in common:Rules or agreements to govern how the messages are sent, directed, received and interpreted.The messages or units of information that travel from one device to anotherA means of interconnecting these devices - a medium that can transport the messages from one device to anotherDevices on the network that exchange messages with each other

The standardization of the various elements of the network enables equipment and devices created by different companies to work together. Experts in various technologies can contribute their best ideas on how to develop an efficient network, without regard to the brand or manufacturer of the equipment.

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3). The Element of Computer Network:

The diagram shows elements of a typical network, including devices, media, and services, tied together by rules, that work together to send messages. We use the word messages as a term that encompasses web pages, e-mail, instant messages, telephone calls, and other forms of communication enabled by the Internet. In this course, we will learn about a variety of messages, devices, media, and services that allow the communication of those messages. We will also learn about the rules, or protocols, that tie these network elements together.

Networking is a very graphically oriented subject, and icons are commonly used to represent networking devices. These include various types of computers (a PC and laptop icon are shown), servers, and IP phones. On local area networks these devices are typically connected by LAN media (wired or wireless).

Generic symbols are shown for:

Switch - the most common device for interconnecting local area networksFirewall -provides security to networksRouter - helps direct messages as they travel across a network Wireless Router - a specific type of router often found in home networksCloud - used to summarize a group of networking devices, the details of which may be unimportant to the discussion at handSerial Link - one form of WAN interconnection, represented by the lightning bolt-shaped line

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For a network to function, the devices must be interconnected. Network connections can be wired or wireless. In wired connections, the medium is either copper, which carries electrical signals, or optical fiber, which carries light signals. In wireless connections, the medium is the Earth's atmosphere, or space, and the signals are microwaves. Copper medium includes cables, such as twisted pair telephone wire, coaxial cable, or most commonly, what is known as Category 5 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable. Optical fibers, thin strands of glass or plastic that carry light signals, are another form of networking media. Wireless media may include the home wireless connection between a wireless router and a computer with a wireless network card, the terrestrial wireless connection between two ground stations, or the communication between devices on earth and satellites. In a typical journey across the Internet, a message may travel across a variety of media.

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4). Converged networks:

Technology advances are enabling us to consolidate these disparate networks onto one platform - a platform defined as a converged network. The flow of voice, video, and data traveling over the same network eliminates the need to create and maintain separate networks. On a converged network there are still many points of contact and many specialized devices - for example, personal computers, phones, TVs, personal assistants, and retail point-of-sale registers - but only one common network infrastructure.

Planning for the Future:

The pace at which the development of exciting new converged network applications is occurring can be attributed to the rapid expansion of the Internet. This expansion has created a wider audience and a larger consumer base for whatever message, product or service can be delivered. The underlying mechanics and processes that drive this explosive growth have resulted in a network architecture that is both resilient and scalable. As the supporting technology platform for living, learning, working, and playing in the human network, the network architecture of the Internet must adapt to constantly changing requirements for a high quality of service and security

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5). The Network Architecture:

Networks must support a wide range of applications and services, as well as operate over many different types of physical infrastructures. The term network architecture, in this context, refers to both the technologies that support the infrastructure and the programmed services and protocols that move the messages across that infrastructure. As the Internet, and networks in general, evolve, we are discovering that there are four basic characteristics that the underlying architectures need to address in order to meet user expectations: fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service, and security.

Fault Tolerance

The expectation that the Internet is always available to the millions of users who rely on it requires a network architecture that is designed and built to be fault tolerant. A fault tolerant network is one that limits the impact of a hardware or software failure and can recover quickly when such a failure occurs. These networks depend on redundant links, or paths, between the source and destination of a message. If one link or path fails, processes ensure that messages can be instantly routed over a different link transparent to the users on either end. Both the physical infrastructures and the logical processes that direct the messages through the network are designed to accommodate this redundancy. This is a basic premise of the architecture of current networks.

Fault Tolerance

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Scalability

A scalable network can expand quickly to support new users and applications without impacting the performance of the service being delivered to existing users. Thousands of new users and service providers connect to the Internet each week. The ability of the network to support these new interconnections depends on a hierarchical layered design for the underlying physical infrastructure and logical architecture. The operation at each layer enables users or service providers to be inserted without causing disruption to the entire network. Technology developments are constantly increasing the message carrying capabilities and performance of the physical infrastructure components at every layer. These developments, along with new methods to identify and locate individual users within an internetwork, are enabling the Internet to keep pace with user demand.

Scalability

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Quality of Service (QoS)

The Internet is currently providing an acceptable level of fault tolerance and scalability for its users. But new applications available to users over internetworks create higher expectations for the quality of the delivered services. Voice and live video transmissions require a level of consistent quality and uninterrupted delivery that was not necessary for traditional computer applications. Quality of these services is measured against the quality of experiencing the same audio or video presentation in person. Traditional voice and video networks are designed to support a single type of transmission, and are therefore able to produce an acceptable level of quality. New requirements to support this quality of service over a converged network are changing the way network architectures are designed and implemented.

Quality of Service (QoS)

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Security

The Internet has evolved from a tightly controlled internetwork of educational and government organizations to a widely accessible means for transmission of business and personal communications. As a result, the security requirements of the network have changed. The security and privacy expectations that result from the use of internetworks to exchange confidential and business critical information exceed what the current architecture can deliver. Rapid expansion in communication areas that were not served by traditional data networks is increasing the need to embed security into the network architecture. As a result, much effort is being devoted to this area of research and development. In the meantime, many tools and procedures are being implemented to combat inherent security flaws in the network architecture.

Security

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6). Separating Host to Common Groups: One of the major roles of the Network layer is to provide a mechanism for addressing hosts. As the number of hosts on the network grows, more planning is required to manage and address the network.

Dividing Networks

Rather than having all hosts everywhere connected to one vast global network, it is more practical and manageable to group hosts into specific networks. Historically, IP-based networks have their roots as one large network. As this single network grew, so did the issues related to its growth. To alleviate these issues, the large network was separated into smaller networks that were interconnected. These smaller networks are often called subnetworks or subnets.

Network and subnet are terms often used interchangeably to refer to any network system made possible by the shared common communication protocols of the TCP/IP model.

Similarly, as our networks grow, they may become too large to manage as a single network. At that point, we need to divide our network. When we plan the division of the network, we need to group together those hosts with common factors into the same network.

As shown in the figure, networks can be grouped based on factors that include:Geographic locationPurposeOwnership

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Grouping Hosts for Specific Purposes

Users who have similar tasks typically use common software, common tools, and have common traffic patterns. We can often reduce the traffic required by the use of specific software and tools by placing the resources to support them in the network with the users.

The volume of network data traffic generated by different applications can vary significantly. Dividing networks based on usage facilitates the effective allocation of network resources as well as authorized access to those resources. Network professionals need to balance the number of hosts on a network with the amount of traffic generated by the users. For example, consider a business that employs graphic designers who use the network to share very large multimedia files. These files consume most of the available bandwidth for most of the working day. The business also employs salespersons who only logged in once a day to record their sales transactions, which generates minimal network traffic. In this scenario, the best use of network resources would be to create several small networks to which a few designers had access and one larger network that all the salespersons used.

Geographic Location

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Grouping Hosts for Ownership

Using an organizational (company, department) basis for creating networks assists in controlling access to the devices and data as well as the administration of the networks. In one large network, it is much more difficult to define and limit the responsibility for the network personnel. Dividing hosts into separate networks provides a boundary for security enforcement and management of each network.

Purpose:

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Grouping Hosts for Ownership

Using an organizational (company, department) basis for creating networks assists in controlling access to the devices and data as well as the administration of the networks. In one large network, it is much more difficult to define and limit the responsibility for the network personnel. Dividing hosts into separate networks provides a boundary for security enforcement and management of each network.

Ownership

7). Ping 127.0.0.1 – Testing the Local Stack:

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Ping is a utility for testing IP connectivity between hosts. Ping sends out requests for responses from a specified host address. Ping uses a Layer 3 protocol that is a part on the TCP/IP suite called Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). Ping uses an ICMP Echo Request datagram.

If the host at the specified address receives the Echo request, it responds with an ICMP Echo Reply datagram. For each packet sent, ping measures the time required for the reply.

As each response is received, ping provides a display of the time between the ping being sent and the response received. This is a measure of the network performance. Ping has a timeout value for the response. If a response is not received within that timeout, ping gives up and provides a message indicating that a response was not received.

After all the requests are sent, the ping utility provides an output with the summary of the responses. This output includes the success rate and average round-trip time to the destination.

Pinging the Local Loopback

There are some special testing and verification cases for which we can use ping. One case is for testing the internal configuration of IP on the local host. To perform this test, we ping the special reserve address of local loopback (127.0.0.1), as shown in the figure.

A response from 127.0.0.1 indicates that IP is properly installed on the host. This response comes from the Network layer. This response is not, however, an indication that the addresses,

42

masks, or gateways are properly configured. Nor does it indicate anything about the status of the lower layer of the network stack. This simply tests IP down through the Network layer of the IP protocol. If we get an error message, it is an indication that TCP/IP is not operational on the host.

We can also use ping to test the host ability to communicate on the local network. This is generally done by pinging the IP address of the gateway of the host, as shown in the figure. A ping to the gateway indicates that the host and the router's interface serving as that gateway are both operational on the local network.

For this test, the gateway address is most often used, because the router is normally always operational. If the gateway address does not respond, you can try the IP address of another host that you are confident is operational in the local network.

If either the gateway or another host responds, then the local hosts can successfully communicate over the local network. If the gateway does not respond but another host does, this could indicate a problem with the router's interface serving as the gateway.

One possibility is that we have the wrong address for the gateway. Another possibility is that the router interface may be fully operational but have security applied to it that prevents it from processing or responding to ping requests. It is also possible that other hosts may have the same security restriction applied.

We can also use ping to test the ability of the local IP host to communicate across an internetwork. The local host can ping an operational host of a remote network, as shown in the figure.

43

If this ping is successful, you will have verified the operation of a large piece of the internetwork. It means that we have verified our host's communication on the local network, the operation of the router serving as our gateway, and all other routers that might be in the path between our network and the network of the remote host.

Additionally, you have verified the same functionality of the remote host. If, for any reason, the remote host could not use its local network to communicate outside its network, then it would not have responded.

Many network administrators limit or prohibit the entry of ICMP datagrams into the corporate network. Therefore, the lack of a ping response could be due to security restrictions and not because of non-operational elements of the networks.

:

8). Devices Selection Factor:

44

To meet user requirements, a LAN needs to be planned and designed. Planning ensures that all requirements, cost factors and deployment options are given due consideration.

When selecting a device for a particular LAN, there are a number of factors that need to be considered. These factors include, but are not limited to:

CostSpeed and Types of Ports/InterfacesExpandabilityManageabilityAdditional Features and Services

Factors to Consider in Choosing a Switch

45

Although there are many factors that must be considered when selecting a switch, the next topic will explore two: cost and interface characteristics.

Cost

The cost of a switch is determined by its capacity and features. The switch capacity includes the number and types of ports available and the switching speed. Other factors that impact the cost are its network management capabilities, embedded security technologies, and optional advanced switching technologies.

Using a simple "cost per port" calculation, it may appear initially that the best option is to deploy one large switch at a central location. However, this apparent cost savings may be offset by the expense from the longer cable lengths required to connect every device on the LAN to one switch. This option should be compared with the cost of deploying a number of smaller switches connected by a few long cables to a central switch.

Another cost consideration is how much to invest in redundancy. The operation of the entire physical network is affected if there are problems with a single central switch.

Redundancy can be provided in a number of ways. We can provide a secondary central switch to operate concurrently with the primary central switch. We can also provide additional cabling to provide multiple interconnections between the switches. The goal of redundant systems is to allow the physical network to continue its operation even if one device fails.Speed and Types of Ports/Interfaces

46

The need for speed is ever-present in a LAN environment. Newer computers with built-in 10/100/1000 Mbps NICs are available. Choosing Layer 2 devices that can accommodate increased speeds allows the network to evolve without replacing the central devices.

When selecting a switch, choosing the number and type of ports is a critical decision. Ask yourself these questions: Would you purchase a switch with:Just enough ports for today's needs? A mixture of UTP speeds?Both UTP and fiber ports?

Consider carefully how many UTP ports will be needed and how many fiber ports will be needed. Likewise, consider how many ports will need 1 Gbps capability and how many ports only require 10/100 Mbps bandwidths. Also, consider how soon more ports will be needed.

Factors to Consider in Choosing a Router

47

When selecting a router, we need to match the characteristics of the router to its purpose. Similar to the switch, cost and interface types and speeds must be considered as well. Additional factors for choosing a router include:ExpandabilityMedia Operating System Features

Expandability

Networking devices, such as routers and switches, come in both fixed and modular physical configurations. Fixed configurations have a specific number and type of ports or interfaces. Modular devices have expansion slots that provide the flexibility to add new modules as requirements evolve. Most modular devices come with a basic number of fixed ports as well as expansion slots. Since routers can be used for connecting different numbers and types of networks, care must be taken to select the appropriate modules and interfaces for the specific media.

Operating System Features

Depending on the version of the operating system, the router can support certain features and services such as:SecurityQuality of Service (QoS)Voice over IP (VoIP)Routing multiple Layer 3 protocolsSpecial services such as Network Address Translation (NAT) and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

For the selection of devices, the budget is an important consideration. Routers can be expensive based on interfaces and features needed. Additional modules, such as fiber-optics, can increase the costs. The media used to connect to the router should be supported without needing to purchase additional modules. This can keep costs to a minimum.

48

Coding

Router0:System Bootstrap, Version 12.3(8r)T8, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

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Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.

Self decompressing the image :######################### [OK] Restricted Rights Legend

Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government issubject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - RestrictedRights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and ComputerSoftware clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.

cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, California 95134-1706

Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_teamImage text-base: 0x60080608, data-base: 0x6270CD50

This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to UnitedStates and local country laws governing import, export, transfer anduse. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not implythird-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible forcompliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product youagree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unableto comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.

A summary of U.S. laws governing Cisco cryptographic products may be found at:http://www.cisco.com/wwl/export/crypto/tool/stqrg.html

If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email [email protected].

Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.Processor board ID FTX0947Z18EM860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)191K bytes of NVRAM.

50

31360K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_team

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to administratively down%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to administratively down%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to administratively downPress RETURN to get started!

System Bootstrap, Version 12.3(8r)T8, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.

Self decompressing the image :########################################################################## [OK] Restricted Rights Legend




This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to UnitedStates and local country laws governing import, export, transfer anduse. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not implythird-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible for

51

compliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product youagree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unableto comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.



Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.Processor board ID FTX0947Z18EM860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)2 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)191K bytes of NVRAM.31360K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_team

--- System Configuration Dialog ---

Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no

Press RETURN to get started!

Router>enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#int s0/0/0Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.207.2 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#exitRouter(config)#int s0/0/0Router(config-if)#clock rate 9600Router(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int fa0/0

52

Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.209.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int fa0/1Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.210.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#router eigrp 1Router(config-router)#network 202.203.209.0Router(config-router)#network 202.203.210.0Router(config-router)#network 202.203.207.0Router(config-router)#exitRouter(config)#exit%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoleRouter#%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 1: Neighbor 202.203.207.1 (Serial0/0/0) is up: new adjacency

Router1:System Bootstrap, Version 12.3(8r)T8, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.




Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_team

53

Image text-base: 0x60080608, data-base: 0x6270CD50




Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.Processor board ID FTX0947Z18EM860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)191K bytes of NVRAM.31360K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_team




Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government issubject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph

54

(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - RestrictedRights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and ComputerSoftware clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.







55




Router>enRouter# config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#int s0/0/0Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.208.2 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int fa0/0Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.211.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int fa0/1Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.212.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)# no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#router eigrp 1Router(config-router)#network 202.203.212.0Router(config-router)#network 202.203.211.0Router(config-router)#network 202.203.208.0Router(config-router)#exitRouter(config)#%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 1: Neighbor 202.203.208.1 (Serial0/0/0) is up: new adjacency



56








57


Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: System Bootstrap, Version 12.3(8r)T8, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.








58






%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#clock rate 9600Router(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int fa0/0Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.205.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut


%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

59

Router(config-if)#%IP-4-DUPADDR: Duplicate address 202.203.206.1 on FastEthernet0/1, sourced by 0002.4A5B.834ERouter(config-if)#router eigrp 1Router(config-router)#network 202.203.205.0Router(config-router)#network 202.203.206.0Router(config-router)#network 202.203.204.0

Router3:31360K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_team


Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: System Bootstrap, Version 12.3(8r)T8, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.

Self decompressing the image :########System Bootstrap, Version 12.3(8r)T8, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.




Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.

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Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_teamImage text-base: 0x60080608, data-base: 0x6270CD50






Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: % Please answer 'yes' or 'no'.Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: % Please answer 'yes' or 'no'.Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no


Router>en

61

Router#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#int s0/0/0Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.201.2 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#router eigrp 1Router(config-router)#network 202.203.201.0Router(config-router)#exit






This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to UnitedStates and local country laws governing import, export, transfer anduse. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not implythird-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.

62

Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible forcompliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product youagree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unableto comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.





Router>enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#int s0/2/1%Invalid interface type and numberRouter(config)#ip address 202.203.218.1 255.255.255.0 ^% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.

Router(config)#int s0/0/1Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.216.2 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

63

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#clock rate 9600Router(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int s0/0/0Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.217.2 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#clock rate 96000Unknown clock rateRouter(config-if)#clock rate 9600Router(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#router eigrp 1Router(config-router)#network 202.203.216.0Router(config-router)#Router(config-router)#network 202.203.217.0Router(config-router)#%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 1: Neighbor 202.203.217.1 (Serial0/0/0) is up: new adjacencyRouter(config-router)#exitRouter(config)#int fa0/0Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.221.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut


%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#router eigrp 1Router(config-router)#network 202.203.222.0Router(config-router)#network 202.203.221.0Router(config-router)#exitRouter(config)#



Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is

64

subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - RestrictedRights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and ComputerSoftware clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.







65



%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#clock rate 9600Router(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upint s% Incomplete command.Router(config)#int s0/0/1Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.218.2 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#clock rate 9600Router(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int fa0/0Router(config-if)#ip address 202.203.219.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut


%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#router eigrp 1Router(config-router)#network 202.203.215.0Router(config-router)#network 202.203.215.0%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 1: Neighbor 202.203.215.1 (Serial0/0/0) is up: new adjacencyRouter(config-router)#network 202.203.219.0

66

Router(config-router)#network 202.203.220.0Router(config-router)#exitRouter(config)#

R0: System Bootstrap, Version 12.1(3r)T2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.cisco 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memory




Cisco IOS Software, 2800 Software (C2800NM-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 06:21 by pt_rel_teamImage text-base: 0x400A925C, data-base: 0x4372CE20




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cisco 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memoryProcessor board ID JAD05190MTZ (4292891495)M860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)239K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.62720K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 2800 Software (C2800NM-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 06:21 by pt_rel_team


Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: System Bootstrap, Version 12.1(3r)T2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.cisco 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memory






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If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email [email protected] 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memoryProcessor board ID JAD05190MTZ (4292891495)M860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)8 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)239K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.62720K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 2800 Software (C2800NM-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 06:21 by pt_rel_team


Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: noPress RETURN to get started!Router>enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#hostname R0R0(config)#int s0/1/0R0(config-if)#ip address 202.202.208.1 255.255.255.0R0(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to upR0(config-if)#R0(config-if)#int s0/1/1R0(config-if)#ip address 202.202.204.1 255.255.255.0R0(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to downR0(config-if)#int s0/0/0R0(config-if)#ip address 202.202.209.1 255.255.255.0R0(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up

69

R0(config-if)#int s0/0/0R0(config-if)#int s0/0/1R0(config-if)#ip address 202.202.210.1 255.255.255.0R0(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to downR0(config-if)#%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to upR0 con0 is now availablePress RETURN to get started.

R1: System Bootstrap, Version 12.1(3r)T2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.cisco 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memory






70



If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email [email protected] 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memoryProcessor board ID JAD05190MTZ (4292891495)M860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)239K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.62720K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 2800 Software (C2800NM-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 06:21 by pt_rel_team






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Router>enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#hostname R1

72

R1(config)#int s0/1/0R1(config-if)#ip address 202.202.201.2 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to upR1(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to upR1(config-if)#int s0/1/1R1(config-if)#ip address 202.202.202.2 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to upR1(config-if)#R1(config-if)#int s0/0/1R1(config-if)#ip address 202.202.205.2 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shut


%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to downR1(config-if)#int s0/0/0R1(config-if)#clock rate 9600R1(config-if)#R1 con0 is now availablePress RETURN to get started.%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to up

R2:System Bootstrap, Version 12.1(3r)T2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.cisco 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memory


Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government issubject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - RestrictedRights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer

73

Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.








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If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email [email protected] 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memoryProcessor board ID JAD05190MTZ (4292891495)M860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)8 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)239K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.62720K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 2800 Software (C2800NM-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)

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Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 06:21 by pt_rel_team




Router>enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#hostname R2R2(config)#int s0/1/0R2(config-if)#ip address 202.202.207.2 255.255.255.0R2(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to upR2(config-if)#R2(config-if)#int s0/1/1R2(config-if)#ip address 202.202.207.2 255.255.255.0% 202.202.207.0 overlaps with Serial0/1/0R2(config-if)#int s0/1/1R2(config-if)#ip address 202.202.203.2 255.255.255.0R2(config-if)#no shut


%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to downR2(config-if)#int s0/1/1R2(config-if)#ip address 202.202.203.1 255.255.255.0R2(config-if)#no shutR2(config-if)#int s0/0/1R2(config-if)#ip address 202.202.211.2 255.255.255.0R2(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to downR2(config-if)#int s0/0/1R2(config-if)#clock rate 9600R2(config-if)#int s0/0/0

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R2(config-if)#clock rate 9600R2(config-if)#int s0/1/1R2(config-if)#clocl rate 9600 ^% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.

R2(config-if)#clock rate 9600R2(config-if)#no shutR2(config-if)#%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to upR2 con0 is now availablePress RETURN to get started.%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to up

R3:Router#enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#hostname R3R3(config)#int s0/1/1R3(config-if)#ip address 202.202.200.2 255.255.255.0R3(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to upR3(config-if)#int s0/1/0R3(config-if)#ip address 202.202.202.1 255.255.255.0R3(config-if)#no shut



%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to downR3(config-if)#int s0/0/0R3(config-if)#clock rate 9600R3(config-if)#int s0/0/1R3(config-if)#clock rate 9600

77

R3(config-if)#int s0/1/0R3(config-if)#clock rate 9600R3(config-if)#int s0/1/1R3(config-if)#clock rate 9600R3(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR3 con0 is now availablePress RETURN to get started.%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to up

R5:If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email [email protected] 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memoryProcessor board ID JAD05190MTZ (4292891495)M860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)8 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)239K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.62720K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 2800 Software (C2800NM-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 06:21 by pt_rel_team


Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: % Please answer 'yes' or 'no'.Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no


Router>enRouter#hostname R5 ^% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.

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Router#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#R5 ^% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.

Router(config)#hostname R5R5(config)#int s0/0/0R5(config-if)#ip address 202.202.200.1 255.255.255.0R5(config-if)#no shut


%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to downR5(config-if)#int s0/0/1R5(config-if)#clock rate 9600R5(config-if)#no shutR5(config-if)#R5 con0 is now availablePress RETURN to get started.R5>R5>System Bootstrap, Version 12.1(3r)T2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.cisco 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memory




Cisco IOS Software, 2800 Software (C2800NM-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)

79

Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 06:21 by pt_rel_teamImage text-base: 0x400A925C, data-base: 0x4372CE20







Router>enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#hostname R1R1(config)#int s0/0/0R1(config-if)#ip address 202.202.200.1 255.255.255.0

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R1(config-if)#no shut


%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to downR1(config-if)#int s0/0/1R1(config-if)#clock rate 9600R1(config-if)#no shutR1(config-if)#%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to upR1 con0 is now availablePress RETURN to get started.

R1>enR1#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R1(config)#int s0/1/0R1(config-if)#ip address 202.202.212.2 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shut





%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/3/0, changed state to downR1(config-if)#int s0/3/1

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R1(config-if)#ip address 202.202.217.2 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/3/1, changed state to downR1(config-if)#int s1/0/0R1(config-if)#ip address 202.202.218.2 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shutR1(config-if)#int s 1/0/0R1(config-if)#ip address 202.202.218.2 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shutR1(config-if)#int s 1/0/1R1(config-if)#ip address 202.202.219.2 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)#no shutR1(config-if)#






This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to UnitedStates and local country laws governing import, export, transfer anduse. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not imply

82

third-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible forcompliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product youagree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unableto comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.








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Router>enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#hostname R6

84

R6(config)#int s0/1/1R6(config-if)#ip address 202.202.211.1 255.255.255.0R6(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to upR6(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to upR6(config-if)#int s0/1/0R6(config-if)#ip address 202.202.210.2 255.255.255.0R6(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to upR6(config-if)#int s0/1/0R6(config-if)#clock rate 9600R6(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to up


Self decompressing the image :######################System Bootstrap, Version 12.1(3r)T2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.cisco 2811 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x200) with 60416K/5120K bytes of memory




Cisco IOS Software, 2800 Software (C2800NM-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport

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Copyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 06:21 by pt_rel_teamImage text-base: 0x400A925C, data-base: 0x4372CE20








86

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int s0/0/0Router(config-if)#ip address 202.202.203.2 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#Router(config-if)#int s0/0/1Router(config-if)#ip address 202.202.204.2 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int s0/1/1Router(config-if)#ip address 202.202.205.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int s0/1/1Router(config-if)#clock rate 9600Router(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int s0/0/1Router(config-if)#clock rate 9600Router(config-if)#int s0/0/1%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int s0/1/0Router(config-if)#clock rate 9600Router(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1/0, changed state to upRouter con0 is now availablePress RETURN to get started.

R10: System Bootstrap, Version 12.3(8r)T8, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.



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%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to administratively down%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to administratively down%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to administratively down

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Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.Processor board ID FTX0947Z18E

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M860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)2 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)191K bytes of NVRAM.31360K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_team




Router>enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#int s0/0/0Router(config-if)#ip addRouter(config-if)#ip address 202.204.202.2 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#clock rate 9600Router(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int fa0/0Router(config-if)#202.204.210.1 255.255.255.0 ^% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.

Router(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upRouter(config-if)#int fa0/0Router(config-if)#ip address 202.204.210.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shutRouter(config-if)#router eigrp 1Router(config-router)#network 202.204.202.0Router(config-router)#network 202.204.21.0

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%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 1: Neighbor 202.204.202.1 (Serial0/0/0) is up: new adjacencRouter(config-router)#network 202.204.210.0Router(config-router)#no network 202.204.21.0Router(config-router)#exitRouter(config)#

R11:System Bootstrap, Version 12.3(8r)T8, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.







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Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.

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Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_teamImage text-base: 0x60080608, data-base: 0x6270CD50








Router>enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#hostname R11R11(config)#int s0/0/0

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R11(config-if)#ip address 202.204.213.2 255.255.255.0R11(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR11(config-if)#clock rate 9600R11(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR11(config-if)#router eigrp 1R11(config-router)#netR11(config-router)#network 202.204.211.0R11(config-router)#network 202.204.203.0R11(config-router)#exitR11(config)#int fa0/0R11(config-if)#ip address 202.204.211.1 255.255.255.0R11(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upR11(config-if)#int s0/0/0R11(config-if)#ip address 202.204.203.2 255.255.255.0R11(config-if)#no shut%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 1: Neighbor 202.204.203.1 (Serial0/0/0) is up: new adjacencyR11(config-if)#exitR11(config)#





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Self decompressing the image :

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########################################################################## [OK] Restricted Rights Legend







Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.Processor board ID FTX0947Z18EM860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)2 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)191K bytes of NVRAM.31360K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)

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%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR12(config-if)#int fa0/0R12(config-if)#ip address 202.204.212.1 255.255.255.0R12(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upR12(config-if)#int s0/0/0R12(config-if)#clock rate 9600R12(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR12(config-if)#router eigrp 1R12(config-router)#network 202.204.204.0R12(config-router)#network 202.204.204.0%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 1: Neighbor 202.204.204.1 (Serial0/0/0) is up: new adjacencyR12(config-router)#network 202.204.212.0R12(config-router)#exitR12(config)#


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Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.Processor board ID FTX0947Z18EM860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)191K bytes of NVRAM.31360K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)

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This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to UnitedStates and local country laws governing import, export, transfer anduse. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not implythird-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible forcompliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product you

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agree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unableto comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.








%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR13(config-if)#int fa0/0R13(config-if)#ip address 202.204.213.1 255.255.255.0R13(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

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R13(config-if)#int s0/0/0R13(config-if)#clock rate% Incomplete command.R13(config-if)#clock rate 9600R13(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR13(config-if)#router eigrp 1R13(config-router)#network 202.204.205.0R13(config-router)#R13(config-router)#network 202.204.205.0R13(config-router)#network 202.204.213.0R13(config-router)#exitR13(config)#







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cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive

102

San Jose, California 95134-1706









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%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR14(config-if)#clock rate 9600R14(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR14(config-if)#int fa0/0R14(config-if)#ip addR14(config-if)#ip address 202.204.214.1 255.255.255.0R14(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upR14(config-if)#router eigrp 1R14(config-router)#network 202.204.214.0R14(config-router)#network 202.204.206.0R14(config-router)#%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 1: Neighbor 202.204.206.1 (Serial0/0/0) is up: new adjacencyR14(config-router)#exitR14(config)#




cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive

104

San Jose, California 95134-1706







105









Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.Processor board ID FTX0947Z18EM860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)

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2 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)191K bytes of NVRAM.31360K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_team





%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR15(config-if)#clock rate 9600R15(config-if)#%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR15(config-if)#int fa0/0R15(config-if)#ip address 202.204.215.1 255.255.255.0R15(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upR15(config-if)#router eigrp 1R15(config-router)#netR15(config-router)#network 202.204.207.0R15(config-router)#network 202.204.207.0R15(config-router)#network 202.204.215.0R15(config-router)#exitR15(config)#

R16:System Bootstrap, Version 12.3(8r)T8, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

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Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.








Cisco 1841 (revision 5.0) with 114688K/16384K bytes of memory.Processor board ID FTX0947Z18EM860 processor: part number 0, mask 492 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)191K bytes of NVRAM.

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31360K bytes of ATA CompactFlash (Read/Write)Cisco IOS Software, 1841 Software (C1841-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupportCopyright (c) 1986-2007 by Cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Wed 18-Jul-07 04:52 by pt_team







This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to UnitedStates and local country laws governing import, export, transfer anduse. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not implythird-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible for

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compliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product youagree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unableto comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.








%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR16(config-if)#clock rate 9600R16(config-if)#int fa%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up0/0R16(config-if)#ip address 202.204.216.1 255.255.255.0R16(config-if)#no shut

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%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upR16(config-if)#router eigrp 1R16(config-router)#network 202.204.216.0R16(config-router)#network 202.204.208.0R16(config-router)#%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 1: Neighbor 202.204.208.1 (Serial0/0/0) is up: new adjacencyR16(config-router)#exitR16(config)#






This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to UnitedStates and local country laws governing import, export, transfer anduse. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not implythird-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible forcompliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product youagree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unable

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to comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.









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%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to upR17(config-if)#clock rate 9600R17(config-if)#int fa%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up0/0R17(config-if)#int fa0/0R17(config-if)#ip address 202.204.217.1 255.255.255.0R17(config-if)#no shut

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upR17(config-if)#router eigrp 1R17(config-router)#network 202.204.209 ^% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.

R17(config-router)#network 202.204.209.0R17(config-router)#%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 1: Neighbor 202.204.209.1 (Serial0/0/0) is up: new adjacencyR17(config-router)#network 202.204.217.0R17(config-router)#exitR17(config)#

****************************

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Conclusion:

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Conclusion:

Data networks support the way we live, learn, work, and play. They provide the platform for the services that enable us to connect - both locally and globally - with our families, friends, work, and interests. This platform supports using text, graphics, video, and speech.

Data networks and human networks use similar procedures to ensure that their communication gets to the destination accurately and on time. Agreements on language, content, form, and medium that humans often implicitly use are mirrored in the data network.

The factors that ensure the delivery of our messages and information across a data network are the networking media that connect the networking devices and the agreements and standards that govern its operation. As the demand grows for more people and devices to communicate in a mobile world, data network technologies will have to adapt and develop.

Converged networks, which carry all communications types (data, voice, and video) on one infrastructure, provide an opportunity to reduce costs and offer users feature-rich services and content. However, the design and management of converged networks requires extensive networking knowledge and skills if all services are to be delivered as expected to users.

Different types of communications flowing across our data networks need to be prioritized so that the time-sensitive and important data have the first use of limited network resources.

Integrating security into data networks is essential if our private, personal, and business communications are not going to be intercepted, stolen, or damaged.

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References:

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References:

The main source of reference to me, during my Major Project Report are the teachers in my college. They were the only source of information based on which I formulated my Major Project Report and came to know the various lacunas existing in my mind regarding the subject. Also the presence of Cisco website cannot be ignored.

Following are the source of information:

Book References: 1): Todd Lammle CCSI, Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide.6th Edition, ND: Wiley-India,2008.2): Tanenbaum, A. Computer Networks 4th Edition, NJ: Prentice Hall,2003.

Website References:1): www.cisco.netacad.net

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Certificate of Major Project

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Transcript of Certificate of Major Project