Certificate in WTO & International Trade Studies · Certiﬁcate in WTO & International Trade...

Certificate in WTO & International Trade Studies 1

CERTIFICATE IN WTO &INTERNATIONAL TRADESTUDIESGeorgetown's Certificate program in WTO & International TradeStudies reflects the school’s long-standing reputation and expertise ininternational trade law, in particular, regarding legal aspects of the WorldTrade Organization (WTO), preferential trade agreements and U.S. lawsand regulations affecting international trade, including trade remediesand export controls.

The Certificate combines a course credit component (one basic tradecourse; minimum of two specialized trade courses) with a trade-relatedcapstone project.

To future employers, the Certificate signals a solid academic andpractical background in the important and growing field of internationaltrade, covering trade in goods and services and trade-related issuesfrequently addressed in modern trade agreements such as digitaltrade, intellectual property, health and safety, investment, e-commerce,environment and labor concerns.

The program aims to prepare students for work in government, diplomaticmissions or international organizations (in particular, the WTO) focusedon trade negotiations and the settlement of trade disputes. TheCertificate also prepares students for work with a U.S. or foreign law firmengaged in domestic trade proceedings or the litigation of trade disputesat the WTO or under other trade or economic agreements.

Georgetown Law has one of the highest concentrations of trade-relatedlaw courses and faculty in the world. Students can benefit from theexpertise and network of both permanent and visiting faculty in the fieldas well as a variety of Washington, DC based adjunct professors workingfor world-class trade law firms, U.S. government agencies or internationalorganizations.

The WTO & International Trade Studies Certificate can be pursued onlyin conjunction with a degree (LL.M., J.D. or S.J.D.). Students will not beadmitted solely for the WTO & International Trade Studies Certificateprogram.

The requirements for the WTO & International Trade Certificate are:

• Successful completion of International Law I (or its equivalent)either in prior law study in the U.S. or internationally, or during thefirst year at Georgetown Law. This course does not count towardthe Certificate, but may count toward the overall LL.M. creditrequirements.

• Successful completion of coursework on trade-related subjects,selected from an approved list of WTO & International TradeCertificate Courses, including:

• At least one foundational trade course (List A)• At least 2 specialized trade courses (List B)• At least one “Capstone Project” (List C). “Capstone Projects”

include not only the courses listed on List C in the CurriculumGuide, but also the following:

Opportunity Course Requirements ParticipationRequirement forCapstone Project

ELSA WTO Moot Court Briefs and OralArgument

Participate in theELSA WTO Moot CourtCompetition

Clinic (JD only) Special Requirements Participate on a tradeteam project for ThePolicy Clinic: Climate,Health & Food, HumanRights, and Trade(Harrison Institute)

Greenwald WritingPrize, via IIEL & theGeorgetown Journal ofInt’l Law (GJIL)

Research Paper Submit paperthat meets thequalifications for theGreenwald WritingPrize: 30-55 pages,accompanied by a1-4 page summary,focused on currentissues relevant tointernational trade law,the jurisprudence ofthe WTO or regionaltrade organizations,jurisprudenceconcerning U.S. tradeorganizations, an issuerelating to the politicaleconomy or the efficacyof U.S. or internationaltrade regimes. (subjectto approval)

• A minimum grade point average of "B" or higher in the coursesthat are counted toward the Certificate requirements.

The courses listed for the Certificate are all trade-focused. We stronglyrecommend that when selecting classes, students supplement thesetrade-focused courses with one or more trade-related international lawcourses offered at Georgetown. To be a well-rounded internationaltrade lawyer, it can be important to have a basic knowledge of oneor more of the following closely related fields: international businesstransactions/negotiations, international investment, international tax,international financial regulation, international antitrust (competition),international arbitration (investor-state and commercial), anti-corruption,and international environmental, labor or human rights law.

Contact InformationTo learn more, please contact:Tiffany Joly, Assistant Dean for Graduate ProgramsPhone: (202) 662 - 9036Email Address: LL.M. Advising ( [email protected])

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2 Certificate in WTO & International Trade Studies

LAW 370 v02 Business and Human Rights in the Global Economy(http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20370%20v02)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursCorporations today have a global scale as well as an impact that matchesor sometimes exceeds that of governments. Their activities -- fromsourcing of raw materials, to processing and production of intermediateor finished goods, to distribution and sale -- have major consequencesnot only for the human rights of their employees but also for the rightsof the individuals and communities impacted by their operations.In many countries, government regulation and oversight are eitherabsent or largely ineffective. Companies in turn struggle to define theirresponsibilities in the face of these "governance gaps" -- particularlywhere requirements under national law fall short of internationalstandards in areas such as hours of work and safety and healthy.

A robust and often contentious debate over these issues culminated inthe development of the U.N. Guiding Principles on Business and HumanRights (the “UNGPs”) under the leadership of Special RepresentativeJohn Ruggie. These Principles establish a framework for consideringthe respective roles of governments and corporations and outline coreconcepts of human rights due diligence and effective remedy. In doingso, the UNGPs also inform and to some extent refocus efforts that haveemerged over the past 20 years to address these governance gaps andhave brought together stakeholders from business, labor, civil society, theinvestment community, and academia.

At the same time, in recent years there has been an increased pushfrom civil society groups and certain governments to go beyond these"voluntary" efforts and develop a binding business and human rightstreaty mechanism; this has met with strong opposition from businessand many other governments, including the United States.

Even as "non-regulatory" approaches remain the predominant meansof addressing various business and human rights challenges, therealso has been a growing focus in recent years on tools through whichnational governments and international institutions could exercisegreater leverage. This includes advocacy for stronger labor and otherhuman rights language in trade agreements, one-way trade preferenceprograms, procurement standards, and the rules and guidelines appliedby international financial institutions -- coupled with more aggressiveenforcement of those criteria. Expanded efforts to advance that"regulatory" approach in trade policy and elsewhere in some cases hasbeen met with resistance from governments and business, but there alsohave been examples of emerging consensus among a diverse range ofstakeholders.

This course introduces students to this quickly-evolving business andhuman rights landscape, including the diverse set of multi-stakeholderinitiatives -- some, but not all, of which include government participation.We will discuss the guidance provided by the UNGPs and otherinstruments, the range of stakeholders and how they engage with oneanother, tools utilized by governments and corporations to implementhuman rights standards, and how all of these interact in the context ofboth sector-specific and cross-cutting legal and policy challenges.

Among the questions the course will examine are:

• Which human rights standards are most relevant to business?• What are the appropriate linkages between business policies

and practices and the promotion of human rights?• Which business and human rights approaches are emerging as “best

practices" and perhaps even as recognized norms?• What tools to support those are being used by governments and

corporations?• Who are the principal stakeholders and what are their roles and

objectives?• What are the strategies for addressing business and human rights

"governance gaps" at the national and international levels?• What are the opportunities for increased integration of labor/human

rights and trade policies, and what are the limitations?• What mix of mandatory/regulatory and voluntary/“self-

regulatory” approaches has been utilized in different situations toadvance human rights objectives? Which approaches have been mosteffective?

• How are various business and human rights challenges playing out inspecific sectors, and how do these inform the debate about differentapproaches?

To address these and other key questions, the course will begin withseveral sessions setting out the relevant legal and policy developments,with special attention to the UNGPs. It will also include a review ofdifferent stakeholders and their roles and interests, and examination ofconcepts of corporate responsibility and corporate accountability, andan analysis of the various approaches to business and human rightsadvanced by companies, governments, labor, civil society, and throughmulti-stakeholder initiatives. The second half of the semester will thenfocus on how these concepts are being applied in particular sectors toaddress specific business and human rights challenges.

Throughout the course, students will be asked to examine the variousapproaches and differing roles of key stakeholders, including by playingthe roles of those addressing the key issues from the perspectives ofcorporations, civil society and unions, and governments. The class willbe divided into three groups for purposes of this “role playing” -- witheach asked to adopt all three perspectives during the course of thesemester, both in students’ individual analyses of assigned readings andin group sessions during certain classes.

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to business and human rights landscape, including legal andpolicy developments, particularly the UN Guiding Principles on Businessand Human Rights. The course reviews different stakeholders and roles,examines concepts of corporate responsibility and accountability, andanalyzes various approaches to business and human rights advancedby stakeholders. The course will also familiarize students with sectorspecific business and human rights challenges.

Recommended: There are no formal course requirements, but some basicfamiliarity with international trade and human rights law is assumed.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thisseminar and the practicum course Business and Human Rights.

LAW 014 v01 Current Issues in Transnational (Private International)Law Seminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20014%20v01)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2-3 credit hoursThis seminar provides an introduction to the increasingly importantfield of private international law as well as an opportunity to explorein depth specific issues now under active consideration in the variousinternational and regional organizations working on the development,codification and harmonization of private international law. Beyond the“classic” questions of jurisdiction, choice of law, judicial assistance andenforcement of judgments, we will explore such substantive topics asinternational sale of goods, cross-border consumer protection, securedtransactions, international securities law, international intellectualproperty, transport of goods by sea, transnational leasing law, disputesettlement mechanisms, international family law (including internationaladoption, abduction and enforcement of child support and familymaintenance), international privacy and data protection, and even willsand trusts in their cross-border contexts. All students will be expectedto choose a topic and to research and to present key findings andrecommendations to the class.

This course requires a paper and an oral presentation. It is open to J.D.and LL.M. students. For J.D. students who choose the 3 credit “writingseminar” option, the objective will be to research and write analyticalpapers of publishable quality on discrete topics of current importancein transnational practice. Students will be required to satisfy the WRrequirement including (1) selection of a paper topic approved by theprofessor, (2) submission of an outline, followed by feedback fromthe professor, (3) submission of a draft paper of at least 6,000 wordsexclusive of footnotes, followed by feedback from the professor, and (4)submission of a final paper of at least 6,000 words exclusive of footnotes,incorporating the professor’s suggested revisions. The paper must uselegal forms of citation, where appropriate.

Learning goals for this course:

Familiarity with substance of "Private International Law"; abilityto research effectively in the field; to write coherently and presentconclusions orally; to understand relationship between international anddomestic law.

Recommended: International Law I.

Note: This course requires a paper. Students must register for the 3credit section of the course if they wish to write a paper fulfilling theUpperclass Legal Writing Requirement. The paper requirements of the 2credit section will not fulfill the Upperclass Legal Writing Requirement.


LAW 226 v00 Intellectual Property in World Trade (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20226%20v00)J.D. Course (cross-listed) | 3 credit hoursThe knowledge, technological inventions, creative works andaccumulated experience and expertise of the professional workforceincreasingly drives the global economy. Unlike physical capital, thisintellectual capital cannot readily be confined to the territorial settingof its origin. The development of cohesive norms to protect intellectualproperties on a global basis has thus proven to be an enormouschallenge. This course considers this effort by addressing the coreinternational agreements governing intellectual property; norms andnorm-making in the international intellectual property rights system;dispute settlement and the enforcement of rights; and tensions arisingbetween intellectual property rights and distinct legal and cultural values.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for thiscourse and International Intellectual Property and Development and thegraduate course, International Protection of Intellectual Property Throughthe WTO.

LAW 1380 v00 International Economic Law & Policy Colloquium(http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%201380%20v00)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThe International Economic Law & Policy Colloquium offers studentsa new and rigorous research platform for understanding the theory ofinternational economic law and participating in policy analysis. Studentswill participate alongside graduate students, fellows and visiting scholarsat the Institute of International Economic Law at weekly luncheons withoutside speakers and help create, and potentially author, research andpolicy-oriented products for the Institute of International Economic Law.

Students will be expected to 1) write brief response papers for occasionalpresenters hailing from the academy, government and the public policycommunity 2) help curate and prepare a monthly “IIEL In the Know”Newsletter for lawyers, regulators and financial authorities and 3) provideone 2-5 page brief on a specific policy issue concerning a relevant matterof international economic law. The best issue briefs will be includedfor publication by IIEL and distributed to policymakers in WashingtonD.C. and abroad. Topics covered include international trade, financialregulation and enforcement, monetary affairs and tax.

Recommended: Ideally students will have taken an advanced coursein either a) International Trade and Arbitration b) business law (e.g.,Securities Regulation, Bankruptcy, International Business Transactions,or International Finance) or c) International Tax.

LAW 1260 v00 International Economic Law Practicum (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%201260%20v00) (Project-Based Practicum)J.D. Practicum | 4 credit hoursIn a project-based practicum course, students participate in a weeklyseminar and work on a project done on behalf of a developing countrygovernment, an international organization, an NGO or an SME underthe supervision of their professor(s) and in conjunction with expertmentors. This project-based practicum course will focus on internationaleconomic law, primarily international trade or investment law. Studentswill participate in a two hour/week seminar (during some weeks, theseminar meets twice, other weeks, the seminar does not meet and onlyteam meetings take place) and carry out 10 hours/week of project workunder the direction of the course professors.

SEMINAR: This practicum offers a unique opportunity to thoroughlyanalyze international trade and investment law, as well as broader issuesof international economic law, and jurisprudence through a combinationof practice and theory. The practicum has three goals. First, to enhancestudents’ substantive legal knowledge of international economic law.They will do so not through traditional in-class teaching but hands-on,by working on a specific legal project, of high practical importance fortheir “beneficiary.” Second, the practicum aims at improving students’professional skills to become successful lawyers: the ability to analyzecomplex legal problems, to apply the law to a set of facts, to interact withbeneficiaries, to work in groups with other lawyers across cultures andlanguage barriers, to convincingly make oral presentations, to write legalmemos or submissions, and to adapt the explanation of legal expertiseto a diverse audience. Third, the practicum aims to stimulate personalskills and aspirations of students: to make them aware of professionalopportunities in the international law field; to discover new challenges.Through interactions with other (often foreign) students and a diversity of(often foreign) “beneficiaries”, participants will build inter-personal skills,learn about other cultures, and experience the challenges and needs ofa wide variety of stakeholders affected by international economic law,beyond large multinationals.

PROJECT WORK: Students will work in small groups (“project teams”)and under the close supervision of one or more Professors ("SupervisingProfessors"), invited experts (“Mentors”) and the Teaching Assistant(TA) on specific legal questions related to international economic law(IEL) coming from “real clients” (“beneficiaries”) such as internationalorganizations, governments, SMEs or NGOs. In addition, introductorysessions by Mentors will be held to provide substantive backgroundto the respective topics, as well as sessions to improve research andlegal writing skills. At the end of the semester, the groups will submitwritten legal memos or other work products and orally present theirprojects in class in the presence of the beneficiary and other invitedguests. To get an idea of the types of projects done in previous years,see www.tradelab.org (https://www.tradelab.org).

The practicum is part of the broader TradeLab network and operates incollaboration with TradeLab (www.tradelab.org) to enable beneficiaries tosubmit projects, to facilitate the operation of the teams and to promotethe completed work to the public. TradeLab is an online platform thatallows countries, NGOs and other smaller stakeholders easy and smartaccess to legal talents in the field of trade and investment law, allowingthese actors to reap the full development benefits of global tradeand investment rules by making WTO, preferential trade and bilateralinvestment treaties work for everyone.

Prerequisite: Students must complete a basic trade/WTO or investmentlaw course before applying. J.D. students must complete the requiredfirst-year program prior to enrolling (part-time and interdivisional transferstudents may enroll prior to completing Criminal Justice, Property, or theirfirst-year elective).

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not concurrently enroll in thispracticum course and a clinic or another practicum course. Students mayconcurrently enroll in this practicum course and an externship.

Note: This practicum course is open to LL.M. students, space permitting.

This practicum may be suitable for evening students who can commit toattending class and participating in 10 hours/week of project work. THISPRACTICUM REQUIRES PROFESSOR PERMISSION TO ENROLL. Pleasesend a CV, and an email indicating which trade/WTO or investment lawcourse you have taken, why you are interested in taking the Practicumand what it is you think you can add to the teams, to Alina Schmidt at([email protected]) by 5:00 p.m. on Friday, December 11, 2020.After December 11, please contact Alina Schmidt to inquire whetherspaces remain available; if so, students will be admitted on a rolling basisat that time. This is a four-credit course. Two credits will be awardedfor the two-hour weekly seminar and two credits will be awarded forapproximately 10 hours of project work per week, for a minimum of 11weeks. Both the seminar and the project work will be graded. Studentswho enroll in this course will be automatically enrolled in both theseminar and project components and may not take either componentseparately. After Add/Drop, a student who wishes to withdraw from apracticum course must obtain permission from the faculty member andthe Assistant Dean for Experiential Education. The Assistant Dean willgrant such withdrawal requests only when remaining enrolled in thepracticum would cause significant hardship for the student. A studentwho is granted permission to withdraw will be withdrawn from boththe seminar and project components. Default attendance rule for allpracticum courses (unless the professor indicates otherwise): Regularand punctual attendance is required at all practicum seminars andfieldwork placements. Students in project-based practicum courses aresimilarly required to devote the requisite number of hours to their project.If a student must miss seminar, fieldwork, or project work, he or shemust speak to the professor as soon as possible to discuss the absence.Unless the professor indicates otherwise, a student with more than oneunexcused absence from the practicum seminar (out of 13 total seminarsessions), or one week of unexcused absences from the fieldwork orproject work (out of a total of 11 weeks of fieldwork or project work), mayreceive a lower grade or, at the professor’s discretion, may be withdrawnfrom the practicum course.


LAW 1476 v00 International Law and the New Global Political EconomySeminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%201476%20v00)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2-3 credit hoursRecent electoral results in the United Kingdom and the United Stateshave challenged the liberal globalization agenda of the last threedecades. The UK is leaving the European Union and the Trumpadministration has withdrawn from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP),called for a renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) and advanced an America First foreign policy. Discontent withthe effects of global markets includes job losses, wage stagnation,growing income inequality, and downward mobility of the middle class.How are these effects related to the international legal architecture stateshave set up, including international trade and investment agreements,international tax regimes, financial regulation and labor norms? Can’tthese negative results be addressed primarily and more effectively at thenational level?

This moment offers a key opportunity to think of an alternativeglobalization. So far, there are two strong, emerging positions in theglobal economic debate. On the one hand opposition to globalization,often accompanied by xenophobic and discriminatory rhetoric, blamesforeign trade, immigration and racial minorities for the economic foiblesof society. On the other hand, there is a defense of existing liberalglobalization as the enlightened economic path that needs to be betterexplained and at the most softened. Can we imagine a different type ofglobalization? One that recognizes the gains that societies may accruefrom integration while addressing seriously the dislocation and negativedistributional consequences? Does this require that we re-imagine adifferent role for the State in the market? Does it entail a reform of ourexisting global institutional arrangements? What role may internationallaw play in responding to these challenges?

A leading scholar in the field of international law will present a paper eachweek. The papers represent a wide range of topics and methodologicalapproaches connected to the colloquium questions. Students will beexpected to read the papers and write a short critique of five of thepapers. You will also have an opportunity to engage in discussion withthe paper’s author. In addition to the students enrolled in the colloquium,Georgetown Law faculty and other DC area scholars and practitioners willbe invited to participate in the weekly paper presentations. Lunch will beprovided.

Note: The first class will meet on Friday, January 24, 2020 in Hotung5020.

This seminar requires a paper. J.D. students must register for the 3-credit section of the seminar if they wish to write a paper fulfilling theJ.D. Upperclass Legal Writing Requirement. The paper requirementsof the 2-credit section will not fulfill the J.D. Upperclass Legal WritingRequirement.

LAW 240 v00 International Negotiations Seminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20240%20v00)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis seminar seeks to develop skills and knowledge to participate innegotiations and in particular international business negotiations.Approximately a third of course time is devoted to the negotiatingprocess and analysis of negotiation principles and dynamics. Anotherthird is spent on the cultural, practical, legal and strategic elements ofinternational business transactions. The balance is spent on a series of"mock" negotiations. Students, individually and in groups, experimentwith different negotiating techniques and fact situations of increasingcomplexity. The course requirement is principally satisfied throughpreparation of a comprehensive negotiated agreement and follow-upmemorandum. Heavy emphasis is placed on class participation, includingthe negotiations. The final negotiating problem requires substantialteam work with others, including strategy, analysis, and preparation.Negotiations are carried on both inside and outside normal class time.

Recommended: Contracts.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for thiscourse and the International Negotiations Seminar in the graduateprogram (LAWJ/G-958) or International Business Negotiations.

Note: FIRST CLASS ATTENDANCE IS MANDATORY. Enrolled studentsmust be in attendance at the start of the first class session in order toremain enrolled. Waitlisted students must be in attendance at the startof the first class session in order to remain eligible to be admitted off thewaitlist.

Students may not withdraw from this class after the add/drop periodends without the permission of the professor.

LAW 958 v00 International Negotiations Seminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20958%20v00)LL.M Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursAfter introductory lectures on negotiation theory and practice, theseminar students will be divided into teams for a series of simulatednegotiations covering government-to-government, government-privateand transnational private negotiations. Student performance in thesenegotiations and class discussions will comprise most of the coursegrade; no research paper or examination is required.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may receive credit for this courseand International Business Negotiations. Students may NOT receivecredit for both this course and the J.D. course, International NegotiationsSeminar.



LAW 820 v01 International Protection of Intellectual Property Throughthe WTO (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20820%20v01)LL.M Course | 2 credit hoursThis course deals with international protection of intellectual propertythrough the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the WTO agreementswhich cover intellectual property: the TRIPS Agreement, The ParisConvention and the Berne Convention. The course will also coverthe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the DisputeSettlement Understanding, which are essential in enforcing theseagreements.

The course examines in detail the relevant U.S. law and how theextraterritorial application of these laws effects internationalenforcement of intellectual property. These laws are Section 337 of theTariff Act of 1930 which prohibits the importation of articles into theUnited States which infringe U.S. patents, trademarks, or copyrights, andSection 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 which allows retaliation againstforeign countries which impose unjustifiable or unreasonable restrictionsagainst U.S. commerce.

The main WTO cases in intellectual property will be read and analyzed.These will include the cases on Sections 337 and 301, which havelimited the United States’ ability to unilaterally affect intellectual propertylaw. Other cases will include the U.S. – Cuba Havana Club case, theIndian Pharmaceutical case, the Internet Gaming case, the U.S. MusicalCopyright case, the European Geographical Indication (GI) case, theCanada Pharmaceutical patent case, and the China Intellectual PropertyViolation case. The course will study the Doha Agreement, which allowsthe compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents to fight pandemicdiseases particularly HIV/AIDS. Finally, the course will review anysignificant changes in trade law or existing trade agreements, particularlyas relates to intellectual property, that may occur under the Trumpadministration

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thiscourse and Intellectual Property in World Trade (LAWG/J-226).

LAW 244 v01 International Trade (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20244%20v01)J.D. Course (cross-listed) | 3 credit hoursThis course will examine the international trading system and focusprimarily on the law and policy of the World Trade Organization (WTO).We will consider the theoretical foundations of free trade and theinternational trade regime, its current institutional and legal architecture,and its economic and social effects. The course will examine the basic mechanisms enabling tradeliberalization including the principles of non-discrimination andthe regulation on tariffs, quotas and subsidies. We will explore therelationship between WTO rules and domestic regulation, analyzing howthe WTO has managed the tensions between trade liberalization andother values concerning the environment, health and safety, workers’welfare, human rights and consumer choice. We will analyze severalareas of economic liberalization beyond goods, including services,intellectual property, investment and migration. Throughout the course,we will evaluate whether WTO constraints on countries’ policy autonomyhinder their ability to pursue successful development strategies,particularly in light of the experience of emerging countries like China,India, and Brazil. Finally, we will explore how regional trading blocks, including TPP-11, thenew USMCA, and the “trade wars” pursued by the U.S. administrationalleging national security considerations are reshaping global economicgovernance.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thiscourse and International Trade and the WTO or International Trade Lawor World Trade Organization: Law, Policy and Dispute Settlement; or thegraduate course, International Trade Law and Regulation.


LAW 673 v01 International Trade and Investment Litigation and Strategy(http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20673%20v01)LL.M Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis course will teach students the practical aspects involved in litigationof international trade and investment disputes. Its goal is to preparestudents entering either private practice or government service tohandle complex litigation in those fields. The course will provide acomparative analysis of the dispute settlement mechanism of the WorldTrade Organization (WTO) and Investor-State arbitration. While it willfocus on procedural issues and case management, the first sessionswill provide an overview of the legal framework of the multilateraltrading system and investment treaty law. It will identify and analyzeeach phase of the proceedings of WTO disputes (under the DisputeSettlement Understanding) and of investor-State arbitrations (mainlyunder the arbitration rules of the International Centre for Settlement ofInvestment Disputes and Chapter Eleven of the North American FreeTrade Agreement). Some of the topics that will be covered include: pre-trial preparation, formal initiation of a dispute, constitution of panelsand tribunals, discretionary procedural issues, evidentiary issues,jurisdictional and other preliminary objections, written pleadings, conductof hearings, use of witnesses and experts, awards and rulings, recourses,implementation and enforcement, and in general case management.The analysis and discussions in class will be based on treaty text,jurisprudence and the practical, hands-on experience of the professors.Guest-speakers – including practitioners, government officials, or stafffrom relevant international organizations – will be invited to a fewsessions. Students will be expected to participate in class discussionsand in simulations.

Recommended: Basic courses in public international law andinternational trade.

LAW 244 v02 International Trade Law (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20244%20v02)J.D. Course (cross-listed) | 3 credit hoursIn 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established as a resultof the Uruguay Round Trade Negotiations (1986-94). The internationaltrade rules that came into force as a result provide the legal frameworkfor much of international economic relations. This legal framework isanalyzed in this course, focusing on the impact of trade agreements,especially the Uruguay Round Agreements, in national legal systems,particularly that of the United States. The course is focused on publicinternational trade law, that is, the trade rules applicable betweencountries, rather than private international law or commercial contractsbetween private economic operators, and how that public internationallaw came into being and has been interpreted and applied. The courseexamines the WTO as an institution and as the base system of rulesgoverning international trade. It will examine in some detail each ofthe key legal principles and how they operate at both the nationaland international level, dealing with subjects such as tariffs and tariffnegotiations, quotas, most favored nation clauses, regional tradingblocs and preferential trade agreements (such as NAFTA, TPP, TTIP, andothers), national treatment clauses and exceptions for environmentaland other policies, safeguards and adjustment assistance, dumping, anti-dumping duties, export subsidies, countervailing duties, internationalrules on patents and copyrights, trade in services (such as bankingand tourism), technical barriers to trade, rules on plant and food safety,and other topics. The WTO, with its proven and sophisticated disputesettlement system, now has extensive jurisprudence in most of the areasof law covered by the WTO Agreements. This course will also explore thisjurisprudence, the public international law behind it, and implications of itfor national governments as well as private actors.

The goal of the course is to give a rounded and in depth understanding ofthe international trade law system and of the interplay between nationaland international rules as they affect government actions that influenceprivate international transactions.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for boththis course and International Economic Law or International Law II orInternational Trade and the WTO or International Trade Law or WorldTrade Organization: Law, Policy and Dispute Settlement; or the graduatecourse, International Trade Law and Regulation.


LAW 244 v05 International Trade Law (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20244%20v05)J.D. Course (cross-listed) | 3 credit hoursEconomic interdependence between countries and across productionchains has grown exponentially. Yet, today, economic globalization isunder attack. In this context, existing rules on international trade, andnegotiating fora to potentially change those rules, are key. This coursefocuses on the rules and institutions established under the World TradeOrganization (WTO) as well as selected regional trade agreements. Whatare the benefits and risks of trade liberalization from legal, economicand political perspectives? How can trade liberalization go hand in handwith pursuing public policy goals such as protecting the environmentor labour standards ("non-trade concerns"), job creation or promotingthe economic development of poor countries? The course will offer anin-depth, practical knowledge of substantive WTO law drawing heavilyon case law from dispute settlement practice. It will address the basicprinciples of trade in goods and trade in services as well as more specificWTO agreements on, for example, health measures, subsidies, traderemedies and intellectual property rights. The course will also focus onthe unique WTO mechanism for the settlement of trade disputes, andespecially on how it balances trade liberalization with non-trade concernsas well as how it copes with increasing trade tensions between OECDcountries and emerging economies like Brazil, China, India and Russia.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thiscourse and International Trade and the WTO or World Trade Organization:Law, Policy and Dispute Settlement; or the graduate course, InternationalTrade Law and Regulation.

Note: There are no prerequisites for this course.

LAW 966 v01 International Trade Law & Regulation (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20966%20v01)LL.M Course/Seminar (cross-listed) | 2-3 credit hoursExamines international trade laws and regulations and World TradeOrganization agreements affecting international trade, and therelationship of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 andother international agreements to U.S. law and practice. Considers, indetail, the U.S. antidumping, countervailing duty, safeguards (Section201) laws and regulations and the WTO agreements that establishmultinational standards applicable to the use of those remedies.Examines the WTO agreements on services, intellectual property, andtechnical barriers to trade. Examines the statutory remedies, particularlySection 301, that are available to address foreign restrictions on U.S.exports of goods, capital, services, and intellectual property. Analyzes theU.S.-China "trade war" and resulting tariffs and agreements. Evaluatesthe role of Congress, the U.S. Trade Representative, and other U.S.agencies in setting trade policy and overseeing administration of thetrade laws. Analyzes the WTO procedures for dispute resolution and keyWTO panel and Appellate Body decisions. Reviews free trade agreements,including the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, as well as bilateralinvestment treaties. The course includes a weekly discussion of currentevents affecting international trade law and regulation.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for boththis course and the J.D. course, International Trade or World TradeOrganization: Law, Policy and Dispute Settlement.

Note: The 3-credit section of this course meets the "Category 1"requirement for the WTO certificate program.The two-credit class requires a final exam; the three-credit class requiresa paper. J.D. students must register for the three-credit section of theseminar if they wish to write a paper fulfilling the Upperclass LegalWriting Requirement for JD students. The paper requirements of the two-credit section will not fulfill the Upperclass Legal Writing Requirement forJD students.

LAW 898 v01 International Trade Remedies and the WTO (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20898%20v01)LL.M Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis class is an intensive workshop designed to use case studies of U.S.agency decisions and related WTO jurisprudence to: 1) develop students’substantive understanding of trade remedy law; and 2) introducestudents to the policy and procedural aspects of the various phasesof trade remedy disputes in the U.S. and at the international level. Theclass will include an examination of U.S. law and WTO agreements onantidumping measures, subsidies and countervailing measures, andsafeguards. Particular attention will be focused on developing strongoral and written advocacy and presentation skills through issue spottingexercises/mock agency hearings and the final writing assignment.

Prerequisite: International Trade (3 credits), OR International Trade andthe WTO, OR International Law II, OR International Economic Law, ORInternational Trade Law & Regulation OR World Trade Organization: Law,Policy and Dispute Settlement.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thiscourse and the course WTO: Dumping, Subsidies and Safeguards.


LAW 959 v00 International Trade, Development & the Common Good(http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20959%20v00)LL.M Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis course will examine the connection between trade law anddevelopment (including international and regional trade agreements,comparative law, and diverse areas of market regulation at the nationallevel). It will engage students in ways in which economic law can helpencourage sustainable development and deliver impact. It will alsoassess challenges associated with regulatory capacity and the unevenimplementation of laws in practice. Overall, the seminar will highlight therole of law and regulation as a driver for sustainable development andinclusive growth and link broader legal frameworks and policy debateswith the needs of individuals and enterprises on the ground. Cross-cutting and inter-disciplinary approaches in the field, such as rule of law,poverty alleviation, human rights, food security, global value chains, socialentrepreneurship, and gender and trade will also be discussed throughoutthe seminar.

The seminar will take place in three phases. In Phase I, the seminarwill explore the historical and institutional relationship between tradeand development, including international legal frameworks and rule oflaw. Phase II will cover a number of substantive aspects of economiclaw and development in depth, all of which impact stakeholders andcommunities in developing markets and hold greater potential tocontribute to the common good. Specific areas of focus includeinvestment and domestic market regulation, sector-specific regulation,non-tariff measures, regulation of services, trade facilitation, labor andenvironment, intellectual property rights, and digital trade.

Readings will be drawn from a variety of viewpoints and sources –law review articles, white papers, academic journals, newspapers andmagazines, and excerpts from books – and will cut across trade andeconomic law, inclusive economic development, and business. Inaddition to the readings assigned for each session, optional backgroundreadings will be included for students wishing to explore a topic in greaterdepth (additional background reading is recommended for studentswho have not taken a trade law course). The readings will highlightdifferent aspects of the legal and regulatory environment in the contextof encouraging sustainable development globally and at the grassrootslevel. Discussion questions are included for each session, which can beused as the basis for class preparation

The course will also incorporate short, practical case studies thatillustrate how different issues in trade, development, and economicregulation can be applied from the perspective of an entrepreneur,country, or community. Seminar members will be asked to assume rolesin discussion of these case studies, which will count towards classparticipation and lay the groundwork for the final paper. Questions toguide the case study analysis will also be provided.

LAW 708 v00 International Trade, Intellectual Property Rights, &Public Health (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20708%20v00)LL.M Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis course will cover the interface between the intellectual propertyrights, international trade and public health, focusing in particularon the WTO TRIPS Agreement and subsequent decisions. It willprovide an introduction to the provisions of WTO agreements relevantto public health (other than TRIPS), and to the law and economicsrelating to IPRs and public health; it will cover the provisions of theTRIPS Agreement relevant to public health, and discuss the relevantdisputes settled in the WTO. It will examine the background, contentand implications of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement andPublic Health and of the subsequent TRIPS amendment implementingcompulsory licensing for exports. It will also discuss the relevance ofbilateral or regional free trade area agreements to the subject.

The course would study relevant national/regional implementinglegislation, for example on compulsory licenses, and discuss use of theWTO export compulsory license provisions, namely the Rwanda-Canadacase. In addition to the final paper, students will be graded on classparticipation, individual presentations and group exercises, an example ofthe last being a hypothetical case study of exports, with students takingup the role of legal advisors based in either the importing country orthe exporting country.

Finally, the course will also cover recent work on trade, intellectualproperty and public health in other intergovernmental organizations, inparticular in the World Health Organization.

Recommended: Coursework in International Trade, Intellectual PropertyRights, or Public Health.


LAW 676 v02 Investor-State Dispute Resolution (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20676%20v02)LL.M Course | 2 credit hoursThe subject of investor-state disputes and their resolution lies at thecutting edge of international law, and is a major factor in the developmentof the global economic system in years to come. Study of this formof arbitration provides insight into the evolving shape of customaryinternational law, the conflict between capital-importing and capital-exporting states, and the status of individuals in the international legalorder. This seminar will provide students with a firm grounding in thehistory, present practice, and future implications of arbitration betweenforeign investors and host states, sanctioned by multilateral and bilateralinvestment treaties. Topics that will be covered in this course are thehistory of the treatment of aliens and investments under internationallaw; an overview of the most important international treaties that giveinvestors a right to arbitration of claims; the most important elements ofprocedure that characterize investor-state arbitration, including tribunalcomposition, jurisdiction, evidence, award and challenge or annulment;substantive law of investment arbitration, the standards that applywhen a tribunal determines whether a breach of the treaty has occurred;and the future development of investor-state arbitration including thechallenges of globalization and other stresses, the clash of capital-importing and capital-exporting countries, environmental protectionand free trade, restrictions on state sovereignty, the construction of aninternational investment jurisprudence, the limits on arbitrability, andthe expansion of multilateral investment protections worldwide. Activeparticipation in discussion of the course materials is required.

Prerequisite: International Law I.

Recommended: International Commercial Arbitration

Note: Students may not withdraw from this class after the add/dropperiod ends without the permission of the professor.

LAW 676 v00 Investor-State Dispute Resolution Seminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20676%20v00)LL.M Seminar | 3 credit hoursThe subject of investor-state disputes and their resolution lies at thecutting edge of international law, and is a major factor in the developmentof the global economic system in years to come. Study of this formof arbitration provides insight into the evolving shape of customaryinternational law, the conflict between capital-importing and capital-exporting states, and the status of individuals in the international legalorder. This seminar will provide students with a firm grounding in thehistory, present practice, and future implications of arbitration betweenforeign investors and host states, sanctioned by multilateral and bilateralinvestment treaties. Topics that will be covered in this course are thehistory of the treatment of aliens and investments under internationallaw; an overview of the most important international treaties that giveinvestors a right to arbitration of claims; the most important elements ofprocedure that characterize investor-state arbitration, including tribunalcomposition, jurisdiction, evidence, award and challenge or annulment;substantive law of investment arbitration, the standards that applywhen a tribunal determines whether a breach of the treaty has occurred;and the future development of investor-state arbitration including thechallenges of globalization and other stresses, the clash of capital-importing and capital-exporting countries, environmental protectionand free trade, restrictions on state sovereignty, the construction of aninternational investment jurisprudence, the limits on arbitrability, andthe expansion of multilateral investment protections worldwide. Activeparticipation in discussion of the course materials is required.



Note: For the Spring section: FIRST CLASS ATTENDANCE ISMANDATORY. Enrolled students must be in attendance at the start of thefirst class session in order to remain enrolled. Waitlisted students mustbe in attendance at the start of the first class session in order to remaineligible to be admitted off the waitlist.

Student who no longer wishes to remain enrolled will not be permittedto drop the class but may request a withdrawal BY PROFESSORPERMISSION ONLY. This course requires a paper. J.D. Students: this willfulfill the J.D. Upperclass Legal Writing Requirement.


LAW 1285 v00 The Internet and International Trade Law (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%201285%20v00)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursIn 1995, the World Trade Organization was created to “to develop anintegrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system.” It wasa major step forward in formalizing the rules and procedures around theglobal trading system of the late 20th Century and globalization, which atthe time was dominated by large multinational corporations moving largeshipments of products across international borders. The policies in theGeneral Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), the General Agreementon Trade in Services (GATS), and regional trade agreements that havefollowed were largely designed to further this traditional model of trade.

In 1995, the National Science Foundation divested its final pieceof its computer science network (NSFNET) marking the officialcommercialization of the Internet, at the time the Internet had a userbase of less than 20 million. The Internet was designed to facilitatecommunication between individual desktop users sitting on independentnetworks, and was largely used by academics at the time. Thepolicies that shaped the modern Internet were the creation of nationalgovernments and a multi-stakeholder process involving engineers,businesses, non-profits, and government.

In 1995, there was not much thought given to the world of tradeintersecting with the burgeoning Internet.

It is more than 20 years later, and the worlds of global trade and theInternet are rapidly overlapping. In 2011-2012, the US census bureaureported that 49.3% of manufacturing trade was conducted throughelectronic means; McKinsey found that the Internet accounted for 21%of GDP growth in mature economies; and, the Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development (OECD) reported that the only 5.7% ofsmall firms in the EU25 were not accessing the Internet. There is adivergence of opinion, though on whether the Internet is revolutionizingthe players, method, and function of international trade. Moreover, despitethe increased importance of the Internet to doing business in the modernworld, trade policymakers struggle to understand the individual policyissues of the Internet and Internet-enabled commerce.

This class will bring together the divergent worlds of Internet and tradepolicy. Students will analyze the macro questions around trade throughthe lens of the Internet revolution. Moreover, students will delve into anumber of unique trade issues that are being created as a result of theglobal Internet. Students will also analyze national laws on the Internetand why they are difficult to globalize. The class will challenge studentsto understand the unique issues of the Internet, to think about classicaltrade and development issues in new ways, and to challenge the efficacyof global policy solutions to global Internet problems.

The class will be divided into three parts: Part 1 will provide backgroundon the Internet and trade and will lay out the foundational questions thatunderlie the rest of the class; Part 2 will delve into a number of specificInternet policy issues through the lens of trade; and Part 3 will be forwardlooking and will ask students for solutions to difficult policy questions.

Recommended: Prior or concurrent enrollment in an international tradelaw course.

LAW 1218 v00 Trade, Money, and Trust: The Law and Policy ofGlobalization Seminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%201218%20v00)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 3 credit hoursSuccessful management of globalization has emerged as the centralchallenge of our time. Globalization has been blamed for many of oursocial and economic problems from inequality to stagnant growth.The international regulatory failures exposed by the financial crisis of2008-2009 have called into question not only the regulatory frameworkfor financial stability, but also the entire framework of international normsand institutions known as Bretton Woods that have been the pillars ofglobal economic regulation. The accompanying collapse in public trustin government experts and private elites has complicated efforts toaddress these challenges. Populist candidates have swept elections,particularly in the US and UK, based on platforms to reverse the courseof international integration. Meanwhile, China and Russia have doubleddown on leaders that embrace a return to state controlled economies andtraditional notions of regional hegemony. Are we at an historical turningpoint characterized by GLEXIT – the abandonment of globalization – orwill these challenges lead to a Globalization 2.0?

The purpose of this seminar is to look at the role of internationaleconomic law in managing globalization, both in terms of extracting thebenefits and in addressing the consequences, particularly those negativeeffects that have fed the backlash. The focus of the seminar will be onthe central regulatory regimes governing international economic activity:trade, monetary, investment, finance, competition, tax, sovereign debtand corruption. We will examine the fundamental character and role oflegal norms, regulatory systems and international institutions in a worldcharacterized by interdependence and conflict.

This is a research seminar in which the initial eight weekly classes willpresent a survey of regulatory regimes designed to give students aframework for what have historically been somewhat distinct “silos”but which each illustrate the recurring tensions between fragmentationand coherence. We invite student involvement in the specific topicsin the field on which we focus. Each student will be asked to provideshort papers responding to the readings for each of the initial sessions.Students will be expected to write a research paper on a relevanttopic under the guidance of one of the professors and to make a shortpresentation to the class during the last third of the course. In theirresearch paper, students will be expected to identify a contemporary,global economic regulatory issue and propose solutions drawing oninsights from the seminar (and their broader studies) to analyze theproblem, propose and defend possible solutions.

The seminar will be taught by professors with a wide range of experiencein academia, private practice and government service. Distinguishedoutside experts will also be called upon to address particular topicswithin this framework.

A number of broad themes will be developed to help unravel thecomplexity of global regulation:

• What is the role of legal norms in creating efficient and sustainableglobal markets? Do some problems lend themselves to different typesof norms (e.g. soft versus hard law)? What about governance, theformality of legal norms (and institutions) and the role of nationalsovereignty and subsidiarity?

• Why do the different global economic regulatory regimes look sodifferent? Why has trade evolved with an advanced set of norms,dispute settlement and enforcement?

• How have crises and systemic failures contributed to thedevelopment of legal regimes? Do crises lead to sustainable andeffective regulatory regimes?

• What role does trust play in the character of legal regimes? Caninternational economic law be viewed as the objectification of trust?How can trust be sustained when global issues engage citizenryacross the most diverse context imaginable?

Recommended: Students may want to familiarize themselves with basicprinciples of international economic law and areas of internationalregulation such as international trade, investment and financialregulation. The seminar will include both JD and LLM students and weencourage students with a range of exposure to the underlying subjectmatter. For insight into the kinds of issues the seminar will address,students are encouraged to review the material in Cottier, Jackson andLastra, International Law in Financial Regulation and Monetary Affairs,Oxford University Press (2012). Students may also find useful the PBSDocumentary, The Ascent of Money; A Financial History of the World, writtenand presented by Niall Ferguson which is available online at http://www.pbs.org/show/ascent-of-money/.


LAW 780 v01 U.S. and International Customs Law (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20780%20v01)LL.M Course (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursAs international trade and commerce have increased over the years,customs law has become increasingly more internationalized, importantand complex. This course will examine and provide a basic introductionto the rules and principles relating to both U.S. and international customslaw. This will include an examination of those rules and principlesrelating to tariff classification, customs valuation, rules of origin,border enforcement of intellectual property rights and regional tradingarrangements. International efforts to facilitate trade and to harmonizeand simplify customs laws and procedures will also be examinedtogether with international organizations dealing with customs lawsand procedures (such as the World Trade Organization and the WorldCustoms Organization).

Customs authorities are the guardians of national borders. The role ofcustoms authorities in combating terrorism and criminal activity and insecuring and safeguarding national borders will also be examined.

No prerequisites.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thiscourse and Customs Law.

LAW 962 v03 U.S. Export Controls and Economic Sanctions (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20962%20v03)LL.M Course (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursUnderstanding and dealing with U.S. export control and sanctionlaws have become increasingly important skills for lawyers advisingclients who compete in the global economy, including manufacturers,service enterprises, financial institutions, and companies licensingtheir technology abroad. This course surveys the federal laws andimplementing regulations governing the export and re-export of goods,services, technology and software from the United States or by personssubject to U.S. jurisdiction, the extraterritorial reach of re-export controls,prosecution strategies, restrictions on dealings with or in sanctionedcountries, prohibitions against dealing with blacklisted parties, and othersanctions that apply to non-U.S. companies and individuals. We alsowill examine the policies underlying these rules, which are designedto address ever-changing and developing threats to the United States,including Russian aggression in the Ukraine, the nuclear threat posedby Iran, civil war in Syria, missile development in North Korea, andconventional military tensions between the United States and China.

The course is designed to impart the practical skill sets you will needto use and understand the various complex regulatory systems thatimplement national security rules related to technology and high-tech transfers, including restrictions on release of technology to non-U.S. persons, foreign policy restrictions and licensing requirements.The regulations are implemented under various statutes, such as theInternational Emergency Economic Powers Act, Trading with the EnemyAct, Arms Export Control Act, and Atomic Energy Act, and regulationsissued by various federal agencies, including the U.S. Departments ofCommerce, Treasury, State, and Energy and the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission. We will address each regulatory regime as well as thelimited body of relevant case law.

In addition, the course will address multilateral export control regimes,the role they play in shaping U.S. trade laws, the impact of new regimes(such as those under the Chemical Weapons Convention) and thedirection of U.S. export controls and sanctions policy in response tothe changing threats. We will focus on the U.S. Government’s use ofembargoes and other economic sanctions to achieve national securityand foreign policy goals of target countries. This course also will providethe skill sets necessary to communicate effectively with licensingagencies and the Defense Department regarding key issues of agencyjurisdiction and classification and how these issues affect directinvestment in the United States as regulated by the Committee onForeign Investment in the United States.

The course also will focus on the enforcement environment, including thetrend of ever-increasing fines, the use of extradition, and imprisonment.We will discuss defense strategies and the potential for globalsettlements with the Departments of Justice, State, Treasury, andCommerce.

Finally, the course will emphasize developing the working knowledgenecessary for hands-on practice and problem-solving in this field. Inaddition, the course will provide skills sets to assess proposed legislationand regulations in depth, as well as advocacy skills related to legislationand rulemaking.

Recommended: Administrative Law; International Law I.


LAW 872 v00 World Trade Organization: Agreements, Negotiations& Disputes (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20872%20v00)LL.M Course (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThe course analyzes the World Trade Organization (WTO) and itsagreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT), and the substance and status of negotiations to amend theagreements. It concentrates on the coverage of the agreements, basedon their text and interpretive guidance from key dispute settlementdecisions. The course also reviews the relevant economic, policy andlegal aspects of the international trading system.

LAW 3082 v00 WTO Dispute Settlement in Action: Selected RulesJurisprudence (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%203082%20v00)LL.M Course (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis course involves an in-depth look, in a seminar-type setting, atselected WTO dispute settlement decisions, principally in the Rules area(trade remedies, subsidies, TRIMs). At each weekly session, the coursewill focus on a specific WTO dispute settlement decision, or portionthereof. The course will use these decisions as a medium to examinesystemic issues regarding the WTO dispute settlement system, suchas the function of terms of reference, confidentiality of DS proceedings,the role of non-WTO law in WTO disputes, the legal relationship betweenWTO agreements, the role of precedent in WTO disputes, standard ofreview of Member determinations, Appellate review of issues of fact,implementation and compliance, and Article 22.6 arbitrations, and issuesrelating to reform of the system. At the same time, students will gainfamiliarity with some of the leading substantive issues in WTO law,principally in the Rules area.

Recommended: Background in international trade law, and ideally in WTOlaw and/or trade remedies.

Search WTO & International Trade Certificate - List A Courses (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?program=program_109)

LAW 244 v01 International Trade (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20244%20v01)J.D. Course (cross-listed) | 3 credit hoursThis course will examine the international trading system and focusprimarily on the law and policy of the World Trade Organization (WTO).We will consider the theoretical foundations of free trade and theinternational trade regime, its current institutional and legal architecture,and its economic and social effects. The course will examine the basic mechanisms enabling tradeliberalization including the principles of non-discrimination andthe regulation on tariffs, quotas and subsidies. We will explore therelationship between WTO rules and domestic regulation, analyzing howthe WTO has managed the tensions between trade liberalization andother values concerning the environment, health and safety, workers’welfare, human rights and consumer choice. We will analyze severalareas of economic liberalization beyond goods, including services,intellectual property, investment and migration. Throughout the course,we will evaluate whether WTO constraints on countries’ policy autonomyhinder their ability to pursue successful development strategies,particularly in light of the experience of emerging countries like China,India, and Brazil. Finally, we will explore how regional trading blocks, including TPP-11, thenew USMCA, and the “trade wars” pursued by the U.S. administrationalleging national security considerations are reshaping global economicgovernance.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thiscourse and International Trade and the WTO or International Trade Lawor World Trade Organization: Law, Policy and Dispute Settlement; or thegraduate course, International Trade Law and Regulation.


LAW 244 v02 International Trade Law (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20244%20v02)J.D. Course (cross-listed) | 3 credit hoursIn 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established as a resultof the Uruguay Round Trade Negotiations (1986-94). The internationaltrade rules that came into force as a result provide the legal frameworkfor much of international economic relations. This legal framework isanalyzed in this course, focusing on the impact of trade agreements,especially the Uruguay Round Agreements, in national legal systems,particularly that of the United States. The course is focused on publicinternational trade law, that is, the trade rules applicable betweencountries, rather than private international law or commercial contractsbetween private economic operators, and how that public internationallaw came into being and has been interpreted and applied. The courseexamines the WTO as an institution and as the base system of rulesgoverning international trade. It will examine in some detail each ofthe key legal principles and how they operate at both the nationaland international level, dealing with subjects such as tariffs and tariffnegotiations, quotas, most favored nation clauses, regional tradingblocs and preferential trade agreements (such as NAFTA, TPP, TTIP, andothers), national treatment clauses and exceptions for environmentaland other policies, safeguards and adjustment assistance, dumping, anti-dumping duties, export subsidies, countervailing duties, internationalrules on patents and copyrights, trade in services (such as bankingand tourism), technical barriers to trade, rules on plant and food safety,and other topics. The WTO, with its proven and sophisticated disputesettlement system, now has extensive jurisprudence in most of the areasof law covered by the WTO Agreements. This course will also explore thisjurisprudence, the public international law behind it, and implications of itfor national governments as well as private actors.

The goal of the course is to give a rounded and in depth understanding ofthe international trade law system and of the interplay between nationaland international rules as they affect government actions that influenceprivate international transactions.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for boththis course and International Economic Law or International Law II orInternational Trade and the WTO or International Trade Law or WorldTrade Organization: Law, Policy and Dispute Settlement; or the graduatecourse, International Trade Law and Regulation.

LAW 244 v05 International Trade Law (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20244%20v05)J.D. Course (cross-listed) | 3 credit hoursEconomic interdependence between countries and across productionchains has grown exponentially. Yet, today, economic globalization isunder attack. In this context, existing rules on international trade, andnegotiating fora to potentially change those rules, are key. This coursefocuses on the rules and institutions established under the World TradeOrganization (WTO) as well as selected regional trade agreements. Whatare the benefits and risks of trade liberalization from legal, economicand political perspectives? How can trade liberalization go hand in handwith pursuing public policy goals such as protecting the environmentor labour standards ("non-trade concerns"), job creation or promotingthe economic development of poor countries? The course will offer anin-depth, practical knowledge of substantive WTO law drawing heavilyon case law from dispute settlement practice. It will address the basicprinciples of trade in goods and trade in services as well as more specificWTO agreements on, for example, health measures, subsidies, traderemedies and intellectual property rights. The course will also focus onthe unique WTO mechanism for the settlement of trade disputes, andespecially on how it balances trade liberalization with non-trade concernsas well as how it copes with increasing trade tensions between OECDcountries and emerging economies like Brazil, China, India and Russia.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thiscourse and International Trade and the WTO or World Trade Organization:Law, Policy and Dispute Settlement; or the graduate course, InternationalTrade Law and Regulation.

Note: There are no prerequisites for this course.


LAW 966 v01 International Trade Law & Regulation (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20966%20v01)LL.M Course/Seminar (cross-listed) | 2-3 credit hoursExamines international trade laws and regulations and World TradeOrganization agreements affecting international trade, and therelationship of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 andother international agreements to U.S. law and practice. Considers, indetail, the U.S. antidumping, countervailing duty, safeguards (Section201) laws and regulations and the WTO agreements that establishmultinational standards applicable to the use of those remedies.Examines the WTO agreements on services, intellectual property, andtechnical barriers to trade. Examines the statutory remedies, particularlySection 301, that are available to address foreign restrictions on U.S.exports of goods, capital, services, and intellectual property. Analyzes theU.S.-China "trade war" and resulting tariffs and agreements. Evaluatesthe role of Congress, the U.S. Trade Representative, and other U.S.agencies in setting trade policy and overseeing administration of thetrade laws. Analyzes the WTO procedures for dispute resolution and keyWTO panel and Appellate Body decisions. Reviews free trade agreements,including the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, as well as bilateralinvestment treaties. The course includes a weekly discussion of currentevents affecting international trade law and regulation.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for boththis course and the J.D. course, International Trade or World TradeOrganization: Law, Policy and Dispute Settlement.

Note: The 3-credit section of this course meets the "Category 1"requirement for the WTO certificate program.The two-credit class requires a final exam; the three-credit class requiresa paper. J.D. students must register for the three-credit section of theseminar if they wish to write a paper fulfilling the Upperclass LegalWriting Requirement for JD students. The paper requirements of the two-credit section will not fulfill the Upperclass Legal Writing Requirement forJD students.

Search WTO & International Trade Certificate - List B Courses (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?program=program_110)

LAW 370 v02 Business and Human Rights in the Global Economy(http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20370%20v02)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursCorporations today have a global scale as well as an impact that matchesor sometimes exceeds that of governments. Their activities -- fromsourcing of raw materials, to processing and production of intermediateor finished goods, to distribution and sale -- have major consequencesnot only for the human rights of their employees but also for the rightsof the individuals and communities impacted by their operations.In many countries, government regulation and oversight are eitherabsent or largely ineffective. Companies in turn struggle to define theirresponsibilities in the face of these "governance gaps" -- particularlywhere requirements under national law fall short of internationalstandards in areas such as hours of work and safety and healthy.

A robust and often contentious debate over these issues culminated inthe development of the U.N. Guiding Principles on Business and HumanRights (the “UNGPs”) under the leadership of Special RepresentativeJohn Ruggie. These Principles establish a framework for consideringthe respective roles of governments and corporations and outline coreconcepts of human rights due diligence and effective remedy. In doingso, the UNGPs also inform and to some extent refocus efforts that haveemerged over the past 20 years to address these governance gaps andhave brought together stakeholders from business, labor, civil society, theinvestment community, and academia.

At the same time, in recent years there has been an increased pushfrom civil society groups and certain governments to go beyond these"voluntary" efforts and develop a binding business and human rightstreaty mechanism; this has met with strong opposition from businessand many other governments, including the United States.

Even as "non-regulatory" approaches remain the predominant meansof addressing various business and human rights challenges, therealso has been a growing focus in recent years on tools through whichnational governments and international institutions could exercisegreater leverage. This includes advocacy for stronger labor and otherhuman rights language in trade agreements, one-way trade preferenceprograms, procurement standards, and the rules and guidelines appliedby international financial institutions -- coupled with more aggressiveenforcement of those criteria. Expanded efforts to advance that"regulatory" approach in trade policy and elsewhere in some cases hasbeen met with resistance from governments and business, but there alsohave been examples of emerging consensus among a diverse range ofstakeholders.

This course introduces students to this quickly-evolving business andhuman rights landscape, including the diverse set of multi-stakeholderinitiatives -- some, but not all, of which include government participation.We will discuss the guidance provided by the UNGPs and otherinstruments, the range of stakeholders and how they engage with oneanother, tools utilized by governments and corporations to implementhuman rights standards, and how all of these interact in the context ofboth sector-specific and cross-cutting legal and policy challenges.

Among the questions the course will examine are:

• Which human rights standards are most relevant to business?• What are the appropriate linkages between business policies

and practices and the promotion of human rights?• Which business and human rights approaches are emerging as “best

practices" and perhaps even as recognized norms?• What tools to support those are being used by governments and

corporations?• Who are the principal stakeholders and what are their roles and

objectives?• What are the strategies for addressing business and human rights

"governance gaps" at the national and international levels?• What are the opportunities for increased integration of labor/human

rights and trade policies, and what are the limitations?• What mix of mandatory/regulatory and voluntary/“self-

regulatory” approaches has been utilized in different situations toadvance human rights objectives? Which approaches have been mosteffective?

• How are various business and human rights challenges playing out inspecific sectors, and how do these inform the debate about differentapproaches?

To address these and other key questions, the course will begin withseveral sessions setting out the relevant legal and policy developments,with special attention to the UNGPs. It will also include a review ofdifferent stakeholders and their roles and interests, and examination ofconcepts of corporate responsibility and corporate accountability, andan analysis of the various approaches to business and human rightsadvanced by companies, governments, labor, civil society, and throughmulti-stakeholder initiatives. The second half of the semester will thenfocus on how these concepts are being applied in particular sectors toaddress specific business and human rights challenges.

Throughout the course, students will be asked to examine the variousapproaches and differing roles of key stakeholders, including by playingthe roles of those addressing the key issues from the perspectives ofcorporations, civil society and unions, and governments. The class willbe divided into three groups for purposes of this “role playing” -- witheach asked to adopt all three perspectives during the course of thesemester, both in students’ individual analyses of assigned readings andin group sessions during certain classes.

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to business and human rights landscape, including legal andpolicy developments, particularly the UN Guiding Principles on Businessand Human Rights. The course reviews different stakeholders and roles,examines concepts of corporate responsibility and accountability, andanalyzes various approaches to business and human rights advancedby stakeholders. The course will also familiarize students with sectorspecific business and human rights challenges.

Recommended: There are no formal course requirements, but some basicfamiliarity with international trade and human rights law is assumed.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thisseminar and the practicum course Business and Human Rights.


LAW 226 v00 Intellectual Property in World Trade (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20226%20v00)J.D. Course (cross-listed) | 3 credit hoursThe knowledge, technological inventions, creative works andaccumulated experience and expertise of the professional workforceincreasingly drives the global economy. Unlike physical capital, thisintellectual capital cannot readily be confined to the territorial settingof its origin. The development of cohesive norms to protect intellectualproperties on a global basis has thus proven to be an enormouschallenge. This course considers this effort by addressing the coreinternational agreements governing intellectual property; norms andnorm-making in the international intellectual property rights system;dispute settlement and the enforcement of rights; and tensions arisingbetween intellectual property rights and distinct legal and cultural values.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for thiscourse and International Intellectual Property and Development and thegraduate course, International Protection of Intellectual Property Throughthe WTO.

LAW 1380 v00 International Economic Law & Policy Colloquium(http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%201380%20v00)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThe International Economic Law & Policy Colloquium offers studentsa new and rigorous research platform for understanding the theory ofinternational economic law and participating in policy analysis. Studentswill participate alongside graduate students, fellows and visiting scholarsat the Institute of International Economic Law at weekly luncheons withoutside speakers and help create, and potentially author, research andpolicy-oriented products for the Institute of International Economic Law.

Students will be expected to 1) write brief response papers for occasionalpresenters hailing from the academy, government and the public policycommunity 2) help curate and prepare a monthly “IIEL In the Know”Newsletter for lawyers, regulators and financial authorities and 3) provideone 2-5 page brief on a specific policy issue concerning a relevant matterof international economic law. The best issue briefs will be includedfor publication by IIEL and distributed to policymakers in WashingtonD.C. and abroad. Topics covered include international trade, financialregulation and enforcement, monetary affairs and tax.

Recommended: Ideally students will have taken an advanced coursein either a) International Trade and Arbitration b) business law (e.g.,Securities Regulation, Bankruptcy, International Business Transactions,or International Finance) or c) International Tax.

LAW 1476 v00 International Law and the New Global Political EconomySeminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%201476%20v00)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2-3 credit hoursRecent electoral results in the United Kingdom and the United Stateshave challenged the liberal globalization agenda of the last threedecades. The UK is leaving the European Union and the Trumpadministration has withdrawn from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP),called for a renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) and advanced an America First foreign policy. Discontent withthe effects of global markets includes job losses, wage stagnation,growing income inequality, and downward mobility of the middle class.How are these effects related to the international legal architecture stateshave set up, including international trade and investment agreements,international tax regimes, financial regulation and labor norms? Can’tthese negative results be addressed primarily and more effectively at thenational level?

This moment offers a key opportunity to think of an alternativeglobalization. So far, there are two strong, emerging positions in theglobal economic debate. On the one hand opposition to globalization,often accompanied by xenophobic and discriminatory rhetoric, blamesforeign trade, immigration and racial minorities for the economic foiblesof society. On the other hand, there is a defense of existing liberalglobalization as the enlightened economic path that needs to be betterexplained and at the most softened. Can we imagine a different type ofglobalization? One that recognizes the gains that societies may accruefrom integration while addressing seriously the dislocation and negativedistributional consequences? Does this require that we re-imagine adifferent role for the State in the market? Does it entail a reform of ourexisting global institutional arrangements? What role may internationallaw play in responding to these challenges?

A leading scholar in the field of international law will present a paper eachweek. The papers represent a wide range of topics and methodologicalapproaches connected to the colloquium questions. Students will beexpected to read the papers and write a short critique of five of thepapers. You will also have an opportunity to engage in discussion withthe paper’s author. In addition to the students enrolled in the colloquium,Georgetown Law faculty and other DC area scholars and practitioners willbe invited to participate in the weekly paper presentations. Lunch will beprovided.

Note: The first class will meet on Friday, January 24, 2020 in Hotung5020.

This seminar requires a paper. J.D. students must register for the 3-credit section of the seminar if they wish to write a paper fulfilling theJ.D. Upperclass Legal Writing Requirement. The paper requirementsof the 2-credit section will not fulfill the J.D. Upperclass Legal WritingRequirement.


LAW 820 v01 International Protection of Intellectual Property Throughthe WTO (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20820%20v01)LL.M Course | 2 credit hoursThis course deals with international protection of intellectual propertythrough the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the WTO agreementswhich cover intellectual property: the TRIPS Agreement, The ParisConvention and the Berne Convention. The course will also coverthe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the DisputeSettlement Understanding, which are essential in enforcing theseagreements.

The course examines in detail the relevant U.S. law and how theextraterritorial application of these laws effects internationalenforcement of intellectual property. These laws are Section 337 of theTariff Act of 1930 which prohibits the importation of articles into theUnited States which infringe U.S. patents, trademarks, or copyrights, andSection 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 which allows retaliation againstforeign countries which impose unjustifiable or unreasonable restrictionsagainst U.S. commerce.

The main WTO cases in intellectual property will be read and analyzed.These will include the cases on Sections 337 and 301, which havelimited the United States’ ability to unilaterally affect intellectual propertylaw. Other cases will include the U.S. – Cuba Havana Club case, theIndian Pharmaceutical case, the Internet Gaming case, the U.S. MusicalCopyright case, the European Geographical Indication (GI) case, theCanada Pharmaceutical patent case, and the China Intellectual PropertyViolation case. The course will study the Doha Agreement, which allowsthe compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents to fight pandemicdiseases particularly HIV/AIDS. Finally, the course will review anysignificant changes in trade law or existing trade agreements, particularlyas relates to intellectual property, that may occur under the Trumpadministration

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thiscourse and Intellectual Property in World Trade (LAWG/J-226).

LAW 673 v01 International Trade and Investment Litigation and Strategy(http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20673%20v01)LL.M Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis course will teach students the practical aspects involved in litigationof international trade and investment disputes. Its goal is to preparestudents entering either private practice or government service tohandle complex litigation in those fields. The course will provide acomparative analysis of the dispute settlement mechanism of the WorldTrade Organization (WTO) and Investor-State arbitration. While it willfocus on procedural issues and case management, the first sessionswill provide an overview of the legal framework of the multilateraltrading system and investment treaty law. It will identify and analyzeeach phase of the proceedings of WTO disputes (under the DisputeSettlement Understanding) and of investor-State arbitrations (mainlyunder the arbitration rules of the International Centre for Settlement ofInvestment Disputes and Chapter Eleven of the North American FreeTrade Agreement). Some of the topics that will be covered include: pre-trial preparation, formal initiation of a dispute, constitution of panelsand tribunals, discretionary procedural issues, evidentiary issues,jurisdictional and other preliminary objections, written pleadings, conductof hearings, use of witnesses and experts, awards and rulings, recourses,implementation and enforcement, and in general case management.The analysis and discussions in class will be based on treaty text,jurisprudence and the practical, hands-on experience of the professors.Guest-speakers – including practitioners, government officials, or stafffrom relevant international organizations – will be invited to a fewsessions. Students will be expected to participate in class discussionsand in simulations.

Recommended: Basic courses in public international law andinternational trade.

LAW 898 v01 International Trade Remedies and the WTO (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20898%20v01)LL.M Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis class is an intensive workshop designed to use case studies of U.S.agency decisions and related WTO jurisprudence to: 1) develop students’substantive understanding of trade remedy law; and 2) introducestudents to the policy and procedural aspects of the various phasesof trade remedy disputes in the U.S. and at the international level. Theclass will include an examination of U.S. law and WTO agreements onantidumping measures, subsidies and countervailing measures, andsafeguards. Particular attention will be focused on developing strongoral and written advocacy and presentation skills through issue spottingexercises/mock agency hearings and the final writing assignment.

Prerequisite: International Trade (3 credits), OR International Trade andthe WTO, OR International Law II, OR International Economic Law, ORInternational Trade Law & Regulation OR World Trade Organization: Law,Policy and Dispute Settlement.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thiscourse and the course WTO: Dumping, Subsidies and Safeguards.


LAW 959 v00 International Trade, Development & the Common Good(http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20959%20v00)LL.M Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis course will examine the connection between trade law anddevelopment (including international and regional trade agreements,comparative law, and diverse areas of market regulation at the nationallevel). It will engage students in ways in which economic law can helpencourage sustainable development and deliver impact. It will alsoassess challenges associated with regulatory capacity and the unevenimplementation of laws in practice. Overall, the seminar will highlight therole of law and regulation as a driver for sustainable development andinclusive growth and link broader legal frameworks and policy debateswith the needs of individuals and enterprises on the ground. Cross-cutting and inter-disciplinary approaches in the field, such as rule of law,poverty alleviation, human rights, food security, global value chains, socialentrepreneurship, and gender and trade will also be discussed throughoutthe seminar.

The seminar will take place in three phases. In Phase I, the seminarwill explore the historical and institutional relationship between tradeand development, including international legal frameworks and rule oflaw. Phase II will cover a number of substantive aspects of economiclaw and development in depth, all of which impact stakeholders andcommunities in developing markets and hold greater potential tocontribute to the common good. Specific areas of focus includeinvestment and domestic market regulation, sector-specific regulation,non-tariff measures, regulation of services, trade facilitation, labor andenvironment, intellectual property rights, and digital trade.

Readings will be drawn from a variety of viewpoints and sources –law review articles, white papers, academic journals, newspapers andmagazines, and excerpts from books – and will cut across trade andeconomic law, inclusive economic development, and business. Inaddition to the readings assigned for each session, optional backgroundreadings will be included for students wishing to explore a topic in greaterdepth (additional background reading is recommended for studentswho have not taken a trade law course). The readings will highlightdifferent aspects of the legal and regulatory environment in the contextof encouraging sustainable development globally and at the grassrootslevel. Discussion questions are included for each session, which can beused as the basis for class preparation

The course will also incorporate short, practical case studies thatillustrate how different issues in trade, development, and economicregulation can be applied from the perspective of an entrepreneur,country, or community. Seminar members will be asked to assume rolesin discussion of these case studies, which will count towards classparticipation and lay the groundwork for the final paper. Questions toguide the case study analysis will also be provided.

LAW 708 v00 International Trade, Intellectual Property Rights, &Public Health (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20708%20v00)LL.M Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis course will cover the interface between the intellectual propertyrights, international trade and public health, focusing in particularon the WTO TRIPS Agreement and subsequent decisions. It willprovide an introduction to the provisions of WTO agreements relevantto public health (other than TRIPS), and to the law and economicsrelating to IPRs and public health; it will cover the provisions of theTRIPS Agreement relevant to public health, and discuss the relevantdisputes settled in the WTO. It will examine the background, contentand implications of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement andPublic Health and of the subsequent TRIPS amendment implementingcompulsory licensing for exports. It will also discuss the relevance ofbilateral or regional free trade area agreements to the subject.

The course would study relevant national/regional implementinglegislation, for example on compulsory licenses, and discuss use of theWTO export compulsory license provisions, namely the Rwanda-Canadacase. In addition to the final paper, students will be graded on classparticipation, individual presentations and group exercises, an example ofthe last being a hypothetical case study of exports, with students takingup the role of legal advisors based in either the importing country orthe exporting country.

Finally, the course will also cover recent work on trade, intellectualproperty and public health in other intergovernmental organizations, inparticular in the World Health Organization.

Recommended: Coursework in International Trade, Intellectual PropertyRights, or Public Health.


LAW 676 v02 Investor-State Dispute Resolution (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20676%20v02)LL.M Course | 2 credit hoursThe subject of investor-state disputes and their resolution lies at thecutting edge of international law, and is a major factor in the developmentof the global economic system in years to come. Study of this formof arbitration provides insight into the evolving shape of customaryinternational law, the conflict between capital-importing and capital-exporting states, and the status of individuals in the international legalorder. This seminar will provide students with a firm grounding in thehistory, present practice, and future implications of arbitration betweenforeign investors and host states, sanctioned by multilateral and bilateralinvestment treaties. Topics that will be covered in this course are thehistory of the treatment of aliens and investments under internationallaw; an overview of the most important international treaties that giveinvestors a right to arbitration of claims; the most important elements ofprocedure that characterize investor-state arbitration, including tribunalcomposition, jurisdiction, evidence, award and challenge or annulment;substantive law of investment arbitration, the standards that applywhen a tribunal determines whether a breach of the treaty has occurred;and the future development of investor-state arbitration including thechallenges of globalization and other stresses, the clash of capital-importing and capital-exporting countries, environmental protectionand free trade, restrictions on state sovereignty, the construction of aninternational investment jurisprudence, the limits on arbitrability, andthe expansion of multilateral investment protections worldwide. Activeparticipation in discussion of the course materials is required.



Note: Students may not withdraw from this class after the add/dropperiod ends without the permission of the professor.

LAW 676 v00 Investor-State Dispute Resolution Seminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20676%20v00)LL.M Seminar | 3 credit hoursThe subject of investor-state disputes and their resolution lies at thecutting edge of international law, and is a major factor in the developmentof the global economic system in years to come. Study of this formof arbitration provides insight into the evolving shape of customaryinternational law, the conflict between capital-importing and capital-exporting states, and the status of individuals in the international legalorder. This seminar will provide students with a firm grounding in thehistory, present practice, and future implications of arbitration betweenforeign investors and host states, sanctioned by multilateral and bilateralinvestment treaties. Topics that will be covered in this course are thehistory of the treatment of aliens and investments under internationallaw; an overview of the most important international treaties that giveinvestors a right to arbitration of claims; the most important elements ofprocedure that characterize investor-state arbitration, including tribunalcomposition, jurisdiction, evidence, award and challenge or annulment;substantive law of investment arbitration, the standards that applywhen a tribunal determines whether a breach of the treaty has occurred;and the future development of investor-state arbitration including thechallenges of globalization and other stresses, the clash of capital-importing and capital-exporting countries, environmental protectionand free trade, restrictions on state sovereignty, the construction of aninternational investment jurisprudence, the limits on arbitrability, andthe expansion of multilateral investment protections worldwide. Activeparticipation in discussion of the course materials is required.



Note: For the Spring section: FIRST CLASS ATTENDANCE ISMANDATORY. Enrolled students must be in attendance at the start of thefirst class session in order to remain enrolled. Waitlisted students mustbe in attendance at the start of the first class session in order to remaineligible to be admitted off the waitlist.

Student who no longer wishes to remain enrolled will not be permittedto drop the class but may request a withdrawal BY PROFESSORPERMISSION ONLY. This course requires a paper. J.D. Students: this willfulfill the J.D. Upperclass Legal Writing Requirement.


LAW 1285 v00 The Internet and International Trade Law (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%201285%20v00)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursIn 1995, the World Trade Organization was created to “to develop anintegrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system.” It wasa major step forward in formalizing the rules and procedures around theglobal trading system of the late 20th Century and globalization, which atthe time was dominated by large multinational corporations moving largeshipments of products across international borders. The policies in theGeneral Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), the General Agreementon Trade in Services (GATS), and regional trade agreements that havefollowed were largely designed to further this traditional model of trade.

In 1995, the National Science Foundation divested its final pieceof its computer science network (NSFNET) marking the officialcommercialization of the Internet, at the time the Internet had a userbase of less than 20 million. The Internet was designed to facilitatecommunication between individual desktop users sitting on independentnetworks, and was largely used by academics at the time. Thepolicies that shaped the modern Internet were the creation of nationalgovernments and a multi-stakeholder process involving engineers,businesses, non-profits, and government.

In 1995, there was not much thought given to the world of tradeintersecting with the burgeoning Internet.

It is more than 20 years later, and the worlds of global trade and theInternet are rapidly overlapping. In 2011-2012, the US census bureaureported that 49.3% of manufacturing trade was conducted throughelectronic means; McKinsey found that the Internet accounted for 21%of GDP growth in mature economies; and, the Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development (OECD) reported that the only 5.7% ofsmall firms in the EU25 were not accessing the Internet. There is adivergence of opinion, though on whether the Internet is revolutionizingthe players, method, and function of international trade. Moreover, despitethe increased importance of the Internet to doing business in the modernworld, trade policymakers struggle to understand the individual policyissues of the Internet and Internet-enabled commerce.

This class will bring together the divergent worlds of Internet and tradepolicy. Students will analyze the macro questions around trade throughthe lens of the Internet revolution. Moreover, students will delve into anumber of unique trade issues that are being created as a result of theglobal Internet. Students will also analyze national laws on the Internetand why they are difficult to globalize. The class will challenge studentsto understand the unique issues of the Internet, to think about classicaltrade and development issues in new ways, and to challenge the efficacyof global policy solutions to global Internet problems.

The class will be divided into three parts: Part 1 will provide backgroundon the Internet and trade and will lay out the foundational questions thatunderlie the rest of the class; Part 2 will delve into a number of specificInternet policy issues through the lens of trade; and Part 3 will be forwardlooking and will ask students for solutions to difficult policy questions.

Recommended: Prior or concurrent enrollment in an international tradelaw course.

LAW 780 v01 U.S. and International Customs Law (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20780%20v01)LL.M Course (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursAs international trade and commerce have increased over the years,customs law has become increasingly more internationalized, importantand complex. This course will examine and provide a basic introductionto the rules and principles relating to both U.S. and international customslaw. This will include an examination of those rules and principlesrelating to tariff classification, customs valuation, rules of origin,border enforcement of intellectual property rights and regional tradingarrangements. International efforts to facilitate trade and to harmonizeand simplify customs laws and procedures will also be examinedtogether with international organizations dealing with customs lawsand procedures (such as the World Trade Organization and the WorldCustoms Organization).

Customs authorities are the guardians of national borders. The role ofcustoms authorities in combating terrorism and criminal activity and insecuring and safeguarding national borders will also be examined.

No prerequisites.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for both thiscourse and Customs Law.


LAW 962 v03 U.S. Export Controls and Economic Sanctions (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20962%20v03)LL.M Course (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursUnderstanding and dealing with U.S. export control and sanctionlaws have become increasingly important skills for lawyers advisingclients who compete in the global economy, including manufacturers,service enterprises, financial institutions, and companies licensingtheir technology abroad. This course surveys the federal laws andimplementing regulations governing the export and re-export of goods,services, technology and software from the United States or by personssubject to U.S. jurisdiction, the extraterritorial reach of re-export controls,prosecution strategies, restrictions on dealings with or in sanctionedcountries, prohibitions against dealing with blacklisted parties, and othersanctions that apply to non-U.S. companies and individuals. We alsowill examine the policies underlying these rules, which are designedto address ever-changing and developing threats to the United States,including Russian aggression in the Ukraine, the nuclear threat posedby Iran, civil war in Syria, missile development in North Korea, andconventional military tensions between the United States and China.

The course is designed to impart the practical skill sets you will needto use and understand the various complex regulatory systems thatimplement national security rules related to technology and high-tech transfers, including restrictions on release of technology to non-U.S. persons, foreign policy restrictions and licensing requirements.The regulations are implemented under various statutes, such as theInternational Emergency Economic Powers Act, Trading with the EnemyAct, Arms Export Control Act, and Atomic Energy Act, and regulationsissued by various federal agencies, including the U.S. Departments ofCommerce, Treasury, State, and Energy and the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission. We will address each regulatory regime as well as thelimited body of relevant case law.

In addition, the course will address multilateral export control regimes,the role they play in shaping U.S. trade laws, the impact of new regimes(such as those under the Chemical Weapons Convention) and thedirection of U.S. export controls and sanctions policy in response tothe changing threats. We will focus on the U.S. Government’s use ofembargoes and other economic sanctions to achieve national securityand foreign policy goals of target countries. This course also will providethe skill sets necessary to communicate effectively with licensingagencies and the Defense Department regarding key issues of agencyjurisdiction and classification and how these issues affect directinvestment in the United States as regulated by the Committee onForeign Investment in the United States.

The course also will focus on the enforcement environment, including thetrend of ever-increasing fines, the use of extradition, and imprisonment.We will discuss defense strategies and the potential for globalsettlements with the Departments of Justice, State, Treasury, andCommerce.

Finally, the course will emphasize developing the working knowledgenecessary for hands-on practice and problem-solving in this field. Inaddition, the course will provide skills sets to assess proposed legislationand regulations in depth, as well as advocacy skills related to legislationand rulemaking.

Recommended: Administrative Law; International Law I.

LAW 872 v00 World Trade Organization: Agreements, Negotiations& Disputes (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20872%20v00)LL.M Course (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThe course analyzes the World Trade Organization (WTO) and itsagreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT), and the substance and status of negotiations to amend theagreements. It concentrates on the coverage of the agreements, basedon their text and interpretive guidance from key dispute settlementdecisions. The course also reviews the relevant economic, policy andlegal aspects of the international trading system.

LAW 3082 v00 WTO Dispute Settlement in Action: Selected RulesJurisprudence (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%203082%20v00)LL.M Course (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis course involves an in-depth look, in a seminar-type setting, atselected WTO dispute settlement decisions, principally in the Rules area(trade remedies, subsidies, TRIMs). At each weekly session, the coursewill focus on a specific WTO dispute settlement decision, or portionthereof. The course will use these decisions as a medium to examinesystemic issues regarding the WTO dispute settlement system, suchas the function of terms of reference, confidentiality of DS proceedings,the role of non-WTO law in WTO disputes, the legal relationship betweenWTO agreements, the role of precedent in WTO disputes, standard ofreview of Member determinations, Appellate review of issues of fact,implementation and compliance, and Article 22.6 arbitrations, and issuesrelating to reform of the system. At the same time, students will gainfamiliarity with some of the leading substantive issues in WTO law,principally in the Rules area.

Recommended: Background in international trade law, and ideally in WTOlaw and/or trade remedies.

Search WTO & International Trade Certificate - List C Courses (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?program=program_111)


LAW 014 v01 Current Issues in Transnational (Private International)Law Seminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20014%20v01)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2-3 credit hoursThis seminar provides an introduction to the increasingly importantfield of private international law as well as an opportunity to explorein depth specific issues now under active consideration in the variousinternational and regional organizations working on the development,codification and harmonization of private international law. Beyond the“classic” questions of jurisdiction, choice of law, judicial assistance andenforcement of judgments, we will explore such substantive topics asinternational sale of goods, cross-border consumer protection, securedtransactions, international securities law, international intellectualproperty, transport of goods by sea, transnational leasing law, disputesettlement mechanisms, international family law (including internationaladoption, abduction and enforcement of child support and familymaintenance), international privacy and data protection, and even willsand trusts in their cross-border contexts. All students will be expectedto choose a topic and to research and to present key findings andrecommendations to the class.

This course requires a paper and an oral presentation. It is open to J.D.and LL.M. students. For J.D. students who choose the 3 credit “writingseminar” option, the objective will be to research and write analyticalpapers of publishable quality on discrete topics of current importancein transnational practice. Students will be required to satisfy the WRrequirement including (1) selection of a paper topic approved by theprofessor, (2) submission of an outline, followed by feedback fromthe professor, (3) submission of a draft paper of at least 6,000 wordsexclusive of footnotes, followed by feedback from the professor, and (4)submission of a final paper of at least 6,000 words exclusive of footnotes,incorporating the professor’s suggested revisions. The paper must uselegal forms of citation, where appropriate.

Learning goals for this course:

Familiarity with substance of "Private International Law"; abilityto research effectively in the field; to write coherently and presentconclusions orally; to understand relationship between international anddomestic law.

Recommended: International Law I.

Note: This course requires a paper. Students must register for the 3credit section of the course if they wish to write a paper fulfilling theUpperclass Legal Writing Requirement. The paper requirements of the 2credit section will not fulfill the Upperclass Legal Writing Requirement.

LAW 1260 v00 International Economic Law Practicum (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%201260%20v00) (Project-Based Practicum)J.D. Practicum | 4 credit hoursIn a project-based practicum course, students participate in a weeklyseminar and work on a project done on behalf of a developing countrygovernment, an international organization, an NGO or an SME underthe supervision of their professor(s) and in conjunction with expertmentors. This project-based practicum course will focus on internationaleconomic law, primarily international trade or investment law. Studentswill participate in a two hour/week seminar (during some weeks, theseminar meets twice, other weeks, the seminar does not meet and onlyteam meetings take place) and carry out 10 hours/week of project workunder the direction of the course professors.

SEMINAR: This practicum offers a unique opportunity to thoroughlyanalyze international trade and investment law, as well as broader issuesof international economic law, and jurisprudence through a combinationof practice and theory. The practicum has three goals. First, to enhancestudents’ substantive legal knowledge of international economic law.They will do so not through traditional in-class teaching but hands-on,by working on a specific legal project, of high practical importance fortheir “beneficiary.” Second, the practicum aims at improving students’professional skills to become successful lawyers: the ability to analyzecomplex legal problems, to apply the law to a set of facts, to interact withbeneficiaries, to work in groups with other lawyers across cultures andlanguage barriers, to convincingly make oral presentations, to write legalmemos or submissions, and to adapt the explanation of legal expertiseto a diverse audience. Third, the practicum aims to stimulate personalskills and aspirations of students: to make them aware of professionalopportunities in the international law field; to discover new challenges.Through interactions with other (often foreign) students and a diversity of(often foreign) “beneficiaries”, participants will build inter-personal skills,learn about other cultures, and experience the challenges and needs ofa wide variety of stakeholders affected by international economic law,beyond large multinationals.

PROJECT WORK: Students will work in small groups (“project teams”)and under the close supervision of one or more Professors ("SupervisingProfessors"), invited experts (“Mentors”) and the Teaching Assistant(TA) on specific legal questions related to international economic law(IEL) coming from “real clients” (“beneficiaries”) such as internationalorganizations, governments, SMEs or NGOs. In addition, introductorysessions by Mentors will be held to provide substantive backgroundto the respective topics, as well as sessions to improve research andlegal writing skills. At the end of the semester, the groups will submitwritten legal memos or other work products and orally present theirprojects in class in the presence of the beneficiary and other invitedguests. To get an idea of the types of projects done in previous years,see www.tradelab.org (https://www.tradelab.org).

The practicum is part of the broader TradeLab network and operates incollaboration with TradeLab (www.tradelab.org) to enable beneficiaries tosubmit projects, to facilitate the operation of the teams and to promotethe completed work to the public. TradeLab is an online platform thatallows countries, NGOs and other smaller stakeholders easy and smartaccess to legal talents in the field of trade and investment law, allowingthese actors to reap the full development benefits of global tradeand investment rules by making WTO, preferential trade and bilateralinvestment treaties work for everyone.

Prerequisite: Students must complete a basic trade/WTO or investmentlaw course before applying. J.D. students must complete the requiredfirst-year program prior to enrolling (part-time and interdivisional transferstudents may enroll prior to completing Criminal Justice, Property, or theirfirst-year elective).

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not concurrently enroll in thispracticum course and a clinic or another practicum course. Students mayconcurrently enroll in this practicum course and an externship.

Note: This practicum course is open to LL.M. students, space permitting.

This practicum may be suitable for evening students who can commit toattending class and participating in 10 hours/week of project work. THISPRACTICUM REQUIRES PROFESSOR PERMISSION TO ENROLL. Pleasesend a CV, and an email indicating which trade/WTO or investment lawcourse you have taken, why you are interested in taking the Practicumand what it is you think you can add to the teams, to Alina Schmidt at([email protected]) by 5:00 p.m. on Friday, December 11, 2020.After December 11, please contact Alina Schmidt to inquire whetherspaces remain available; if so, students will be admitted on a rolling basisat that time. This is a four-credit course. Two credits will be awardedfor the two-hour weekly seminar and two credits will be awarded forapproximately 10 hours of project work per week, for a minimum of 11weeks. Both the seminar and the project work will be graded. Studentswho enroll in this course will be automatically enrolled in both theseminar and project components and may not take either componentseparately. After Add/Drop, a student who wishes to withdraw from apracticum course must obtain permission from the faculty member andthe Assistant Dean for Experiential Education. The Assistant Dean willgrant such withdrawal requests only when remaining enrolled in thepracticum would cause significant hardship for the student. A studentwho is granted permission to withdraw will be withdrawn from boththe seminar and project components. Default attendance rule for allpracticum courses (unless the professor indicates otherwise): Regularand punctual attendance is required at all practicum seminars andfieldwork placements. Students in project-based practicum courses aresimilarly required to devote the requisite number of hours to their project.If a student must miss seminar, fieldwork, or project work, he or shemust speak to the professor as soon as possible to discuss the absence.Unless the professor indicates otherwise, a student with more than oneunexcused absence from the practicum seminar (out of 13 total seminarsessions), or one week of unexcused absences from the fieldwork orproject work (out of a total of 11 weeks of fieldwork or project work), mayreceive a lower grade or, at the professor’s discretion, may be withdrawnfrom the practicum course.


LAW 240 v00 International Negotiations Seminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20240%20v00)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursThis seminar seeks to develop skills and knowledge to participate innegotiations and in particular international business negotiations.Approximately a third of course time is devoted to the negotiatingprocess and analysis of negotiation principles and dynamics. Anotherthird is spent on the cultural, practical, legal and strategic elements ofinternational business transactions. The balance is spent on a series of"mock" negotiations. Students, individually and in groups, experimentwith different negotiating techniques and fact situations of increasingcomplexity. The course requirement is principally satisfied throughpreparation of a comprehensive negotiated agreement and follow-upmemorandum. Heavy emphasis is placed on class participation, includingthe negotiations. The final negotiating problem requires substantialteam work with others, including strategy, analysis, and preparation.Negotiations are carried on both inside and outside normal class time.

Recommended: Contracts.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may not receive credit for thiscourse and the International Negotiations Seminar in the graduateprogram (LAWJ/G-958) or International Business Negotiations.


Students may not withdraw from this class after the add/drop periodends without the permission of the professor.

LAW 958 v00 International Negotiations Seminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%20958%20v00)LL.M Seminar (cross-listed) | 2 credit hoursAfter introductory lectures on negotiation theory and practice, theseminar students will be divided into teams for a series of simulatednegotiations covering government-to-government, government-privateand transnational private negotiations. Student performance in thesenegotiations and class discussions will comprise most of the coursegrade; no research paper or examination is required.

Mutually Excluded Courses: Students may receive credit for this courseand International Business Negotiations. Students may NOT receivecredit for both this course and the J.D. course, International NegotiationsSeminar.


LAW 1218 v00 Trade, Money, and Trust: The Law and Policy ofGlobalization Seminar (http://curriculum.law.georgetown.edu/course-search/?keyword=LAW%201218%20v00)J.D. Seminar (cross-listed) | 3 credit hoursSuccessful management of globalization has emerged as the centralchallenge of our time. Globalization has been blamed for many of oursocial and economic problems from inequality to stagnant growth.The international regulatory failures exposed by the financial crisis of2008-2009 have called into question not only the regulatory frameworkfor financial stability, but also the entire framework of international normsand institutions known as Bretton Woods that have been the pillars ofglobal economic regulation. The accompanying collapse in public trustin government experts and private elites has complicated efforts toaddress these challenges. Populist candidates have swept elections,particularly in the US and UK, based on platforms to reverse the courseof international integration. Meanwhile, China and Russia have doubleddown on leaders that embrace a return to state controlled economies andtraditional notions of regional hegemony. Are we at an historical turningpoint characterized by GLEXIT – the abandonment of globalization – orwill these challenges lead to a Globalization 2.0?

The purpose of this seminar is to look at the role of internationaleconomic law in managing globalization, both in terms of extracting thebenefits and in addressing the consequences, particularly those negativeeffects that have fed the backlash. The focus of the seminar will be onthe central regulatory regimes governing international economic activity:trade, monetary, investment, finance, competition, tax, sovereign debtand corruption. We will examine the fundamental character and role oflegal norms, regulatory systems and international institutions in a worldcharacterized by interdependence and conflict.

This is a research seminar in which the initial eight weekly classes willpresent a survey of regulatory regimes designed to give students aframework for what have historically been somewhat distinct “silos”but which each illustrate the recurring tensions between fragmentationand coherence. We invite student involvement in the specific topicsin the field on which we focus. Each student will be asked to provideshort papers responding to the readings for each of the initial sessions.Students will be expected to write a research paper on a relevanttopic under the guidance of one of the professors and to make a shortpresentation to the class during the last third of the course. In theirresearch paper, students will be expected to identify a contemporary,global economic regulatory issue and propose solutions drawing oninsights from the seminar (and their broader studies) to analyze theproblem, propose and defend possible solutions.

The seminar will be taught by professors with a wide range of experiencein academia, private practice and government service. Distinguishedoutside experts will also be called upon to address particular topicswithin this framework.

A number of broad themes will be developed to help unravel thecomplexity of global regulation:

• What is the role of legal norms in creating efficient and sustainableglobal markets? Do some problems lend themselves to different typesof norms (e.g. soft versus hard law)? What about governance, theformality of legal norms (and institutions) and the role of nationalsovereignty and subsidiarity?

• Why do the different global economic regulatory regimes look sodifferent? Why has trade evolved with an advanced set of norms,dispute settlement and enforcement?

• How have crises and systemic failures contributed to thedevelopment of legal regimes? Do crises lead to sustainable andeffective regulatory regimes?

• What role does trust play in the character of legal regimes? Caninternational economic law be viewed as the objectification of trust?How can trust be sustained when global issues engage citizenryacross the most diverse context imaginable?

Recommended: Students may want to familiarize themselves with basicprinciples of international economic law and areas of internationalregulation such as international trade, investment and financialregulation. The seminar will include both JD and LLM students and weencourage students with a range of exposure to the underlying subjectmatter. For insight into the kinds of issues the seminar will address,students are encouraged to review the material in Cottier, Jackson andLastra, International Law in Financial Regulation and Monetary Affairs,Oxford University Press (2012). Students may also find useful the PBSDocumentary, The Ascent of Money; A Financial History of the World, writtenand presented by Niall Ferguson which is available online at http://www.pbs.org/show/ascent-of-money/.

Certificate in WTO & International Trade Studies · Certiﬁcate in WTO & International Trade...

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