Certificate III / IV in Fitness Session 1, 2 Exercise Science -Understanding the principals of exercise science Session 2, 3 The next 2 sessions will cover the following topics Transitioning from Certificate III to Certificate IV Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Digestive system Excretory system Endocrine system Immune system Integumentary system Understanding an apply the Energy system Home work task Question time Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Skeletal system The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is composed of 270 bones at birth. This total decreases to 206 bones by adulthood after some bones have fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 30. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage and the skull. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the pectoral girdles, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs. The human skeleton serves six major functions; support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of ions and endocrine regulation. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Muscular system The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular system in vertebrates is controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous. Together with the skeletal system it forms the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for movement of the human body. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Cardiovascular system The circulatory system also called the cardiovascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system is often seen to be composed of both the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph.These are two separate systems. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer The heart Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Nervous system The nervous system is the part of a humans body that coordinates its voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of its body. Nervous tissue consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. The PNS includes motor neurons, mediating voluntary movement; the autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulate involuntary functions, and the enteric nervous system, which functions to control the gastrointestinal system. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Digestive system In the human digestive system, the process of digestion has many stages. The first of which starts in the mouth (oral cavity). Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components which can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. The secretion of saliva helps to produce a bolus which can be swallowed in the oesophagus to pass down into the stomach. Saliva also contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts to act on food in the mouth. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Digestive system Digestion is helped by the mastication of food by the teeth and also by the muscular contractions of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach is essential for the continuation of digestion as is the production of mucus in the stomach. Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins in the oesophagus and continues along the wall of the stomach. This initially results in the production of chyme which when fully broken down in the small intestine is absorbed into the blood. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Digestive system Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine. Water and some minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood, in the colon of the large intestine. The waste products of digestion are defecated from the anus via the rectum. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Digestive system Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Respiratory system The respiratory system (or ventilator system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment. In air-breathing or respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs. The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation, and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation; this process is collectively called breathing or ventilation. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer In humans the anatomical features of the respiratory system include trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood. This exchange process occurs in the alveoli air sacs in the lungs. [1] Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Excretory system The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from our body, which helps to maintain homeostasis within the organism and prevent damage to the body. It is responsible for the elimination of the waste products of metabolism as well as other liquid and gaseous wastes, as urine and as a component of sweat and exhalation. As most healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and other wastes, the entire organism depends on the function of the system; however, only the organs specifically for the excretion process are considered a part of the excretory system. As it involves several functions that are only superficially related, it is not usually used in more formal classifications of anatomy or function. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Excretory system Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Endocrine system Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Endocrine system Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Immune system The immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer In many species, the immune system can be classified into sub- systems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity. Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system However, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Integumentary system The Integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages including : Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Skin Hair Nails Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Epidermis This is the top layer of skin made up of epithelial cells. It does not contain blood vessels. Its main function is protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis Dermis The dermis is the middle layer of skin, composed of dense irregular connective tissue and are olar connective tissue such as collagen with elastin arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern. Hypodermis The hypodermis is the innermost and thickest layer of the skin. It invaginates into the dermis and is attached to the latter, immediately above it, by collagen and elastin fibres. Exercise Science for the Personal Trainer Understanding and applying the Energy systems