Cephalometrics Manual Kroth

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Table of Contents

References ..................................................................................................................................................... 1

Landmark (Point) Definitions ....................................................................................................................... 2

Variables as Defined by Other Analyses and Atlases ................................................................................... 4

Measurements ............................................................................................................................................. 22

Planes ........................................................................................................................................................ 112



July 13, 2010 ‐ 1

References

Note: Atlases differ from analyses. Atlases are books for which each measurement is given with a

description and a drawing. In comparison, analyses are journal publications which may or may not contain drawings for each measurement.

Downs AnalysisDowns WB (1948). Variations in Facial Relationships: Their Significance in Treatment and Prognosis. American

Journal of Orthodontics, 34:812-840.

Frontal AnalysisGrummons DC, Kappeneye van de Coppelo MA (1987). A Frontal Asymmetrical Analysis. The Journal of Clinical

Orthodontics, 21: 448-465.

Grummons DC, Ricketts RM (2004). Frontal Cephalometrics: Practical Application. World Journal of Orthodontics,5: 99-119.

Epker BN, Fish LC(1986). Dentofacial Deformities: Integrated Orthodontic and Surgical Corrections Volume I.

Saint Louis: C. V. Mosby Co.

Jarabak-Bjork AnalysisJarabak JR, Fizzell JA (1972). Technique and treatment with light-wire edgewise appliances. Saint Louis: C. V.Mosby Co.

London AtlasBhatia SN, Leighton BC (1993). A Manual of Facial Growth: A Computer Analysis of Longitudinal Cephalometric

Growth Data. Oxford: Oxford university Press.

McNamara AnalysisMcNamara JA Jr, Brundon WL (2001). Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Ann Arbor: Needham Press.

Ricketts Analysis

Ricketts RM, Roth RH, Chaconas SJ, Schnlhof RJ, Engel A (1982). Orthodontic Diagnosis and Planning, Volumes Iand II. Denver: Rocky Mountain Orthodontics.

Michigan / Riolo AtlasRiolo ML, Moyers RE, McNamara JA, Hunter WS (1974). An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth: Cephalometric

Standards from the University School Growth Study, The University of Michigan. Ann Arbor: The University

of Michigan.

Holdaway Soft Tissue AnalysisHoldaway RA (1983). A Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis and its Use in Orthodontic Planning, Part I. American

Journal of Orthodontics, 84: 1-28.

Holdaway RA (1984). A Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis and its Use in Orthodontic Planning, Part II. AmericanJournal of Orthodontics, 85: 279-293.

Steiner AnalysisSteiner CC (1953). Cephalometrics for You and Me. American Journal of Orthodontics, 39: 729-755.

Tweed AnalysisTweed CH (1954). The Frankfort Mandibular Incisal Angle (FMIA) in Orthodontic Diagnosis, Treatment Planning,

and Prognosis. The Angle Orthodontics, 24: 121-169.



July 13, 2010 ‐ 2

Landmark (Point) Definitions

Variable Abbreviation Variable Name Definition

1L, LIE Lower Central Incisor The occlusal tip of the lower central insicor

1U, UIE Upper Central Incisor The occlusal tip of the upper central incisor A point, A A point The deepest point of the curve of the maxilla

between the anterior nasal spine and the dentalalveolus

A’ point, A’ Soft tissue A point The soft tissue point that is horizontally projected, parallel to Frankfort Horizontal, from the deepest

point of the curve of the maxilla between the

anterior nasal spine and the dental alveolus

ANS Anterior Nasal Spine tip of the anterior nasal spine

Ar Articulare the point of intersection between the posterior border of the mandibular condyle and the lower

border of the cranial base

B point, B B point the deepest point on the bony curvature between

the crest of the alveolus and pogonionCC Center of Cranium cephalometric landmark formed by the

intersection of the two lines BA-NA and PT-GN

Cd Condyle the most superior point on the condyles of the

mandible

CF Center of Face, Polar Center a center on the Frankfort horizontal plane at a

perpendicular dropped at the anterior border of

pterygoid plates near the union with the body of the sphenoid

Gl Glabella the height of curvature of the bone overlying thefrontal sinus

Gl’ Soft tissue Glabella the most prominent or anterior point in the

midsagittal plane of the forehead at the level of the

superior orbital ridgesGn Gnathion The most posterior-inferior point on the outline of

the mandible, lies on the contour of the chin at the

point of intersection of the facial axis

Gn, constructed Gnathion, constructed Lies at the intersection of the mandibular plane

(Go-Me)and the facial plane ( Na-Pog)

Go Gonion the midpoint at the angle of the mandible

Go, constructed Gonion, constructed the intersection of the mandibular plane with a plane through Articulare, Posterior and along the

portion of the mandibular ramus inferior to it

L6 Lower first molar a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular to the

distal surface of the crown of the lower first molar

Li Labrale Inferius the median point on the lower margin of the lower

membranous lipLIA Lower central incisor root apex the root tip of the mandibular central incisor

Lnt Lower nasal tangent the tip of the nose

Ls Labrale Superius a point indicating the mucocutaneous border of the

upper lip, usually the most anterior point of the

upper lip

Me Menton the most inferior point on the symphyseal outline



July 13, 2010 ‐ 3

Variable Abbreviation Variable Name Definition

Me’ Soft tissue Menton the most inferior point on the soft-tissue chin

Na, N Nasion the most anterior point on the frontonasal suture

Na’, N’ Soft tissue Nasion the deepest point on the concavity overlying the

area of the frontonasal suture

Pg Pogonion the most anterior point on the mandibular symphysis

Pg’ Soft tissue Pogonion the most prominent or anterior point on the soft-tissue chin in the midsagittal plane

Pm Protruberance

menti/supragonion

a point selected where the curveature of the anterior

border of the symphysis changes from concave toconvex

PNS Posterior nasal spine the tip of the posterior nasal spine

Po Porion The most superior point on the outline of the

external auditory meatus

Pt Pterygoid the posterior-superior border of the ptrygo-

maxillary fissures

Sd Supradentale the most anterior inferior point on the maxilla at its

labial contact with the maxillary central incisor Se Sella Turcica the center of sella turcica

Sls Superior Labial Sulcus the point of greatest concavity in the midline of the

upper lip between Sn and Ls

Sn Subnasale a point located at the junction between lower border

of the nose and beginning of the upper lip at the

midsagittal plane

Sts Stomion Superious the lowermost point on the vermilion of the upper

lip

Sti Stomion Inferious the uppermost point on the vermilion of the lower

lip

U6 Upper first molar a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular to thedistal surface of the crown of the upper first molar

UIA Upper central incisor root apex the root tip of the maxillary central incisor Xi Xi Point a point located at the geographic center of the

ramus, location of XI is keyed geometrically to PR-OR and a perpendicular through PT



July 13, 2010 ‐ 4

Variables as Defined by Other Analyses and Atlases

Name Point Description Reference

Angle of

Convexity

Angle of

convexity

formed by the intersection of a line from

nasion to point A with a line from point Ato pogonion

Downs 1948

Anterior Downs

Point

Anterior Downs

Point-ADP

the midpoint of the line connecting

landmarks LIE and UIE

Riolo et al.

1974

Anterior Nasal

Spine

Anterior Nasal

Spine-ANS

the tip of the anterior nasal spine Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Anterior Nasal

Spine-ANS

The tip of the bony anterior nasal spine at

the inferior margin of the piriform apeture

McNamara

2001

ANS tip of the anterior nasal spine Rickets et al.

1982

ANS Maxilla tip of the anterior nasal spine just below

the nasal cavity and above the hard palate

Rickets et al.

1982

Anterior Nasal

Spine-ANS

the tip of the median, sharp bony process

of the maxilla at the lower margin of the

anterior nasal opening

Riolo et al.

1974

Anterior Ramus Anterior Ramus

Point 1-ARM1

the point of intersection anterior ramus

vertically, with an extension posteriorly of

the occlusal plane

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Anterior Border

of the Ramus-AB

this is defined as the intersection of the

FOP with the anterior border of the ramus

Riolo et al.

1974Anterior Ramus

(2)

Anterior Ramus

Point 2-ARM2

a point approximately (?) centimere above

ARM1 along the anterior border of ARM1

and ARM2

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Articulare Articulare-ART the point of intersection between the

posterior border of the mandibular condyle

and the lower border of the cranial base

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Articulare,

Anterior-AA

the point of intersection of the inferior

surface of the cranial base and the

averaged anterior surfaces of the

mandibular condyles

Riolo et al.

1974

Articulare-AR the point of intersection of the inferior

cranial base surface and the averaged

posterior surfaces of the mandibular

condyles

Riolo et al.

1974



July 13, 2010 ‐ 5


Basion Basion-BA the lowest point on the anterior border of

the foramen magnum

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Basion-Ba The most anterior-inferior point on the

margin of the foramen magnum

McNamara

2001BA Basion most inferiro posteriro point of the

occipital bone at the anterior margin of the

occipital foramen

Rickets et al.

1982

Basion-BA the most inferior, posterior point on the

posterior margin of the foramen magnum

Riolo et al.

1974

Bolton Plane Bolton plane represented by a line from nasion to Bolton

point

Downs 1948

Bolton Point Bolton Point-BO the highest point in the notch behind the

occipital condyle

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Bolton Point the highest point of concavity behind the

occipital condyles

Downs 1948

Center of

Cranium

CC point a line connecting Pt point with

cephalometric gnathion, crossing the

basion-nasion plane. CC truly is located

perpendicular to basion-nasion from

pterygoid point, but for practical purposes

it can be used as the point of intersection

of the facial axis with basion-nasion

because this varies around a true right

angle

Rickets et al.

1972

CC Point center of cranium, cephalometric landmark

formed by the intersection of the two lines

BA-NA and PT-GN

Rickets et al.

1982

Chin Tangent Chin Tangent

Point-CT

the most anterior-superior point on the

soft-tissue chin, where the concavity of the

soft-tissue changes in convexity

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Condylion Condylion-CD the most superior point on the condyles of

the mandible

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Condylion-Co The most posterior-superior point on the

head of the manibular condyle

McNamara

2001

Condylion-CO the most posterior superior point on the

curvature of the average of the right and

left outlines of the condylar head,

determined as the point of tangency to a

perpendicular construction line to the

anterior and posterior borders of the

condylar head

Riolo et al.

1974



July 13, 2010 ‐ 6


DC Point DC Point cephalometric landmark representing the

center of the neck of the condyle on the

Basion Nasion line

Rickets et al.

1982

DT Chin DT Chin the point on the anterior curve of the softtssue chin Rickets et al.1982

Embrasure EM Embrasure a point where the upper and lower lips

meet

Rickets et al.

1982

Facial Angle Facial angle the inside inferior angle formed by the

intersection of the Frankfort horizontal and

facial plane

Downs 1948

Facial Axis Facial axis by connection of Pt point with

cepholometric gnathion, this line forms

almost exactly the central axis of the face

Rickets et al.

1972

Facial Plane Facial plane a line from nasion to pogonion Downs 1948

Frontal Occlusal

Plane

Frontal occlusal

plane

bisection of right and left first molar

occlusal relation

Rickets et al.

1972

Functional

Occlusal Plane

Functional

Occlusal Plane

Point-FPP

the posterior location of the functional

occlusal plane and consequently its value

is related to the presence or absence of TP,

(1) if TP is present and the individual is <9

yrs old FPP takes the same value as TP, (2)

in all other cases FPP takes on the value of

UDT

Riolo et al.

1974

Glabella Glabella-GLB the most prominent point on the outline of the frontal bone, in the supraorbital and

frontal sinus region

Bhatia andLeighton 1993

Glabella-G the most prominent anterior point in the

midsagittal plane of the forehead

Jacobson and

Jacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue

Glabella-GB the height of curvature of the bone

overlying the frontal sinus

Riolo et al.

1974

Glabella (Soft

Tissue)

Soft Tissue

Glabella-SGLB

the most prominent or anterior point in the

midsagittal plane of the forehead at the

level of the superior orbital ridges

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Gnathion Gnathion-GN the most antero-inferior point on the

mandibular symphysis

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Gnathion a point on the chin deterined by bisecting

the angle formed by the facial andmandibular planes

Downs 1948



July 13, 2010 ‐ 7


Gnathion -

continued

Gnathion-Gn The most posterior-inferior point on the

outline of the mandible, lies on the contour

of the chin at the point of intersection of

the facial axis (PTM-constructed Gn)

McNamara

2001

Gnathion-Gn,

constructed

Lies at the intersection of the mandibular

plane (Go-Me)and the facial plane ( Na-

Pog)

McNamara

2001

GN Gnathion cephalometric landmark formed by the

intersection of the tangent to the most

inferior point on the inferior border of the

symphysis and the most inferior point of

the gonial region, and the line connecting

NA and PO

Rickets et al.

1982

Gnathion-GN the most anterior-inferior point on the

contour of the bony chin symphysis,determined by bisecting the angle formed

by the madibular plane and line through

Pogonion and Nasion

Riolo et al.

1974

Gnathion (Soft

Tissue)

Soft Tissue

Gnathion-GN'

the midpoint between soft-tissue pogonion

and soft-tissue menton

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Gonion Gonion-GO the midpoint at the angle of the mandible Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

GO Gonion intersection of the line connecting the most

distal aspect of the condyle to the distal

border of the ramus, and the line at the

base of the mandible

Rickets et al.

1982

Gonial

Intersection-GOI

the intersection of the mandibular plane

with a plane through Articulare, Posterior

and along the portion of the mandibular

ramus inferior to it

Riolo et al.

1974

Gonion-GO the midpoint of the angle of the mandible,

found by bisecting the angle formed by the

mandibular plane and a plane through

Articulare, Posterior and along the portion

of the mandibular ramus inferior to it

Riolo et al.

1974

Inferior LabialSulcus

Inferior LabialSulcus-Lls

the point of greatest concavity in themidline of the lower lip between between

Li and soft tissue pogonion, also known as

Labiomental Sulcus Si

Jacobson andJacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue

Infradentale Infradentale-ID the most antero-superior point on the labial

crest of the mandibular alveolar process

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993



July 13, 2010 ‐ 8


Infradentale -

continued

Infradentale-ID the anterior superior point on the mandible

at its labial contact with the mandibular

central incisor

Riolo et al.

1974

Laberale Inferius Laberale Inferius-LI the most prominent point on the on thevermillion border of the lower lip in the

midsagittal plane


Labrale Inferius-

Li

the median point on the lower margin of

the lower membranous lip

Jacobson and

Jacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue

Laberale Superius Laberale

Superius-LS

a point located at the maximum convexity

of the vermillion border most prominent in

the midsagittal plane

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Labrale Superius-

Ls

a point indicating the mucocutaneous

border of the upper lip, usually the most

anterior point of the upper lip

Jacobson and

Jacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue

LM1 LM1 the most antero-superior point on the

mesial border of the crown of the lower

first molar

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Lower CanineApex

3R-3L incisal tip of lower canines, respectively Rickets et al.1972

Lower Incisor

Apex

Lower Incisor

Apex-LIA

the root apex of the most prominent lower

incisor crown

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Lower Incisor

Apex-LIA

the root tip of the mandibular central

incisor

Riolo et al.

1974

Lower Incisor

Cusp Tip

B1 Incisor incisal tip of the lower incisor Rickets et al.

1982

B1 Point a point selected at the interdental papilla of

the lower incisors at the junction of the

crowns and gingiva

Rickets et al.

1982

Lower Incisor

Edge

Lower Incisor

Edge-LIE

the tip of the most prominent lower incisor

crown

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Lower Incisor Incisal Edge-LIE

the incisal tip of the mandibular centralincisor

Riolo et al.1974

Lower Incisor

Lingual Bony

Contact

Lower Incisor

Lingual Bony

Contact Point-

LIB

the lingual contact of alveolar bone with

the mandibular central incisor

Riolo et al.

1974



July 13, 2010 ‐ 9


Lower Incisor

Root Tip

BR Incisor root tip of the lower incisor Rickets et al.

1982

Lower Lip Lower Lip

Stomion-LLS

the most superior point located on the

lower lip

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993LL Lower Lip most anterior point on the lower lip Rickets et al.

1982

Lower Molar

Buccal Surface

6R-6L buccal surfaces of lower molar,

respectively, in frontal

Rickets et al.

1972

Lower Molar

Cusp Tip

B6 lower molar, most distal surface Rickets et al.

1972

B6 Lower Molar a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular

to the distal surface of the crown of the

lower first molar

Rickets et al.

1982

Lower Molar

Distal CEJ

Lower Molar

Distal CEJ-LDJ

the posterior cemento-enamel junction of

the mandibular first molar

Riolo et al.

1974

Lower Molar

Distal Contact

Lower Molar

Distal Contact

Point-LDC

the posterior contact point of the

mandibular first molar

Riolo et al.

1974

Lower Molar Distal Cusp Tip

Lower Molar Distal Cusp Tip-

LDT

the posterior cusp tip of the mandibular first molar

Riolo et al.1974

Lower Molar

Mesial CEJ

Lower Molar

Mesial CEJ-LMJ

the anterior cemento-enamel junction of

the mandibular first molar

Riolo et al.

1974

Lower Molar

Mesial Contact

Lower Molar

Mesial Contact-

LMC

the mesial contact of the mandibular first

molar relative to the FOP

Riolo et al.

1974

Lower Molar

Mesial Cusp Tip

Lower Molar

Mesial Cusp Tip-

LMT

the anterior cusp tip of the mandibular first

molar

Riolo et al.

1974

Mandibular Plane Mandibular plane a line at the lower border of the

mandibular tangent to the gonion angle

and the profile image of the symphysis

Downs 1948

Menton Menton-Me the lowest point on the lower border of themandibular symphysis Bhatia andLeighton 1993

Menton-Me The most inferior point of the mandibular

symphysis

McNamara

2001



July 13, 2010 ‐ 10


Menton -

continued

ME Menton point of the inferior border of the

symphysis directly inferior to mental

protruberance and inferior to the center of

trigonium mentali

Rickets et al.

1982

Menton-ME the most inferior point on the symphyseal

outline

Riolo et al.

1974

Menton (Soft

Tissue)

Soft Tissue

Menton-ME'

the most inferior point on the soft-tissue

chin

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Soft Tissue

Menton-Me'

lowest point on the contour of the soft

tissue chin, found by dropping a

perpendicular from horizontal plane

through skeletal menton

Jacobson and

Jacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue

Nasion Nasion-N the most anterior point on the frontonasal

suture

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Nasion-N the most anterior point of the nasofrontal

suture in the midsaggital plane

Burstone et al.

1978

Nasion the suture between the frontal and nasal

bones

Downs 1948

Nasion-Na The intersection of the internasal and

frontonasal sutures

McNamara

2001

NA Nasion a point at the anterior limit of the

nasofrontal suture

Rickets et al.

1982

Nasion-N the junction of the frontonasal suture at the

most posterior point on the curve at the

bridge of the nose

Riolo et al.

1974

Nasion (Soft

Tissue)

Projected Soft

Tissue Nasion-

PSN

a point constructed from its use as a soft-

tissue reference point

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Soft Tissue

Nasion-SFN

the deepest point on the concavity

overlying the area of the frontonasal suture

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Soft Tissue

Nasion-N'

the point of greatest concavity in the

midline between the forehead and the nose

Jacobson and

Jacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue

OC1 OC1 the midpoint in the occlusal space between

the upper and lower canines and the first

premolars to provide an anterior point on

the functional occlusal plane

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993



July 13, 2010 ‐ 11


OC2 OC2 the midpoint on the occlusal space distal to

the upper and lower first molarsto provide

a posterior point for the functional occlusal

plane

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Occlusal Plane Occlusal plane a line bisecting the occlusion of the first

molars and central incisors

Downs 1948

True occlusal

plane

occlusal plane of buccal teeth, not overbite

bisection

Rickets et al.

1972

Orbitale Orbitale-ORB the most inferior point on the lower border

of the bony orbit

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Orbitale the lowest point on the left infraorbital

margin

Downs 1948

Orbitale-Or Lowermost point on the inferior orbital

margin

McNamara

2001

OR Orbitale a point located at the lowest point on the

external border of the orbital cavity

Rickets et al.

1982

Orbitale-OR the lowest point of the average of the right

and left borders of the bony orbit

Riolo et al.

1974

Pogonion Pogonion-PG the most anterior point on the mandibular symphysis


Pogonion the most anterior point on the mandible in

the midline

Downs 1948

Pogonion-Pog Most anterior point of the bony chin.Formed at the point of contact of the facial

plane with the chin contour

McNamara2001

PO Pogonion most anterior point on the mid-sagittal

symphysis

Rickets et al.

1982

Pogonion-PG the most anterior point on the contour of

the bony chin, determined by tangent

through Nasion

Riolo et al.

1974

Pogonion (Soft

Tissue)

Soft Tissue

Pogonion-PG'

the most prominent or anterior point on the

soft-tissue chin in the midsagittal plane

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Soft TissuePogonion-Pog'

the most prominent or anterior point on thechin in the midsagittal plane

Jacobson andJacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue



July 13, 2010 ‐ 12


Polar Center CF-Polar center a center on the Frankfort horizontal plane

at a perpendicular dropped at the anterior

border of pterygoid plates near the union

with the body of the sphenoid

Rickets et al.

1972

CF Point center of face, cephalometric landmark

formed by the intersection of the line

connecting PR and OR and a perpendicular

through PT

Rickets et al.

1982

Porion Porion-PO the most superior point on the radiolucence

external and internal auditory meati,

located posteriorly to the mandibular

condyle and posterior clivus

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Porion the highest point on the superior surface of

the soft tissue of the external auditory

meati

Downs 1948

Porion-PO The most superior point on the outline of

the external auditory meatus

McNamara

2001

PR Porion a point located at the most superior point

of the external auditory meatus

Rickets et al.

1982

Porion-PO the midpoint of the line connecting the

most superior point of the radiopacitygenerated by each of the 2 ear rods of the

cephalostat

Riolo et al.

1974

Post Laberale

Superius

Post Laberale

Superius-PLS

the point on the vermilion border midway

between lower lip stomion and laberaleinferius

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Post Pronasale Post Pronasale-

POPRN

a point located at the end of the nasal tip

convexity

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Posterior Downs

Point

Posterior Downs

Point-PDP

the midpoint of the line connecting

landmarks LMT and UMT

Riolo et al.

1974

Posterior Nasal

Spine

Posterior Nasal

Spine-PNS

the tip of the posterior nasal spine Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

PNS tip of the posterior nasal spine Rickets et al.

1982

Posterior Nasal

Spine-PNS

the most posterior point at the sagittal

plane on the bony hard palate

Riolo et al.

1974

Posterior Ramus Posterior Ramus

Point 1-PRM1

a point on the posterior border of the

ramus at its junction with the condyle

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993



July 13, 2010 ‐ 13


Posterior Ramus -

continued

Posterior Ramus

Point 2-PRM2

the most prominent postero-superior point

at the angle of the mandible on the

posterior ramus behind gonion

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Posterior Border of the Ramus-PB this is defined as the intersection of theFOP with the posterior border of the

mandibular

Riolo et al.1974

Prepronasale Prepronasale-

PPRN

a point located at the pre-convexity of the

nose tip and tangent to the nasal bridge

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Pronasale Pronasale-PRN the most prominent or anterior point of the

nose tip

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Pronasale-Pn the most prominent or anterior point of the

nose

Jacobson and

Jacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue

EN Nose a point on the anterior curve of the soft

tissue nose

Rickets et al.

1982

Prosthion Prosthion-PR the crest of the upper labial alveolar

process

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Protuberance

Menti

PM-

Protruberance

menti/supragonio

n

located at the end of heavy cortex on

symphysis, it is a probable reversal line,

serves as an anterior point for mandibular

growth are calculations

Rickets et al.

1972

PM a point selected where the curveature of

the anterior border of the symphysischanges from concave to convex

Rickets et al.

1982

Pterygoid Fissure Pterygoid

Fissure-Ptm

A bilateral inverted terdrop-shaped

radiolucency, whose anterior border

repreents the posterior surfaces of the

tuberocities of the maxilla. The landmark

is taken on the posterior-superior point on

the contour of the pterygomaxillary fissure

McNamara

2001

Pterygoid Point Pterygoid Point-

PT

a point described by Ricketts, which is on

the posterior-superior border of the ptrygo-

maxillary fissures

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Pt-Pterygoid

point

a point in the lateral film at the lower edge

of the foramen rotundum used as a center for growth reference. Used to find a central

reference on the basion-nasion plane.

Rickets et al.

1972

PT Point intersection of the inferior border of the

foramen rotundum with the posterior wall

of the pterygomaxillary fissure

Rickets et al.

1982



July 13, 2010 ‐ 14


Pterygomaxillary

Fissure Inferior

Pterygomaxillare-

PTM

the inferior point at the junction of the

anterior and posterior borders of the

pterygo-maxillary fissure

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Pterygo-Maxillary Fissure

Inferior

Pterygo-Maxillary Fissure,

Inferior-PTM

the most inferior point on the average of the right and left outlines of the pterygo-

maxillary fissure

Riolo et al.1974

Pterygomaxillary

Fissure Superior

Pterygomaxillare

Superior-PTMS

the most superior point on the on the

pterygomaxillary fissure

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Pterygo-

Maxillary Fissure,

Superior-PTMS

the most superior point on the average of

the right and left outlines of the pterygo-

maxillary fissure

Riolo et al.

1974

Sella Turcica Sella-S the center of sella turcica Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

The center of sella turcica

located by inspection of the profile imageof the fossa

Downs 1948

Sella Turcica-S the center of the pituitary fossa of thesphenoidal plane with the averaged greater

sphenoid wing

Riolo et al.1974

Stomion Inferius Stomion

Inferious-Sti

the uppermost point on the vermilion of

the lower lip

Jacobson and

Jacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue

Stomion Superius Stomion

Superius-Sts

the lowermost point on the vermilion of

the upper lip

Jacobson and

Jacobson 2006/Holdaway Soft

Tissue

Subnasale Subnasale-SN a point located at the junction between

lower border of the nose and beginning of

the upper lip at the midsagittal plane

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Subnasale-Sn the point at which the columella merges

with the upper lip in the midsagittal plane

Jacobson and

Jacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue

Subspinale A Point-A the deepest point on the concave outline of

the upper labial alveolar process extending

from from the anterior nasal spine to prosthion

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Point A-

subspinale

the deepest midline point on the premaxilla

between the anterior nasal spine and

prosthion

Downs 1948



July 13, 2010 ‐ 15


Subspinale -

continued

Point A The deepest point in the curved bony

outline from the base to the alveolar

process of the maxilla. Usually found

adjacent to the maxillary incisor root apex

McNamara

2001

A-Point the deepest point of the curve of the

maxilla between the anterior nasal spine

and the dental alveolus

Rickets et al.

1982

A Point-A the most posterior point on the curve of the

maxilla between the anterior nasal spine

and supradentale

Riolo et al.

1974

Subspinale (Soft

Tissue)

Soft Tissue A

Point-A'

the deepest point on the upper lip

determined by an imaginary line joining

subnasale with the laberale superius

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Superior Labial

Sulcus

Superior Labial

Sulcus-Sls

the point of greatest concavity in the

midline of the upper lip between Sn and Ls

Jacobson and

Jacobson 2006/

Holdaway Soft

Tissue

Supradentale Supradentale-SD the most anterior inferior point on the

maxilla at its labial contact with the

maxillary central incisor

Riolo et al.

1974

B Point-B the deepest point on the bony curvature between the crest of the alveolus and

pogonion


Point B-

supramentale

the deepest midline point on the mandible

between infradentale and pogonion

Downs 1948

B Point-B the point most posterior to a line from

Infradentale to Pogonion on the anterior

surface of the symphyseal outline of the

mandible, lies within the apical third of the

incisor roots

Riolo et al.

1974

Supramentali

(Soft Tissue)

Soft Tissue B

Point-B'

the point at the deepest concavity between

laberale inferius and soft tissue pogonion

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

UM1 UM1 the most antero-inferior point on the

mesial border of the crown of the upper

first molar

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

UM2 UM2 the most postero-inferior point on thedistal border of the crown of the upper first

molar


Upper Incisor

Apex

Upper Incisor

Apex-UIA

the root apex of the most prominent upper

incisor crown

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993



July 13, 2010 ‐ 16


Upper Incisor

Apex - continued

Upper Incisor

Apex-UIA

the root tip of the maxillary central incisor Riolo et al.

1974

Upper Incisor

CEJ

A1 Point a point selected at the interdental papilla of

the upper incisors at the junction of thecrowns and gingiva

Rickets et al.

1982

Upper Incisor

Cusp Tip

A1 Incisor incisal tip of the upper incisor Rickets et al.

1982

Upper Incisor

Edge

Upper Incisor

Edge-UIE

the tip of the most prominent upper incisor

crown

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

Upper Incisor

Incisal Edge-UIE

the incisal tip of the maxillary central

incisor

Riolo et al.

1974

Upper Incisor

Lingual Bony

Contact

Upper Incisor

Lingual Bony

Contact Point-UIB

the lingual contact of alveolar bone with

the maxillary central incisor

Riolo et al.

1974

Upper Incisor Root Tip

AR Incisor root tip of the upper incisor Rickets et al.1982

Upper Lip Upper Lip

Stomion-ULS

the most inferior point located on the upper

lip

Bhatia and

Leighton 1993

UL Upper Lip most anterior point on the upper lip Rickets et al.

1982

Upper Molar

Cusp Tip

A6 upper molar , most distal surface Rickets et al.

1972

A6 Upper Molar a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular

to the distal surface of the crown of the

upper first molar

Rickets et al.

1982

Upper Molar

Distal CEJ

Upper Molar

Distal CEJ-UDJ

the posterior cemento-enamel junction of

the maxillary first molar

Riolo et al.

1974

Upper Molar

Distal Contact

Upper Molar

Distal Contact

Point-UDC

the posterior contact of the maxillary first

molar

Riolo et al.

1974

Upper Molar

Distal Cusp Tip

Upper Molar

Distal Cusp Tip-UDT

the posterior cusp tip of the maxillary first

molar

Riolo et al.

1974

Upper Molar

Mesial CEJ

Upper Molar

Mesial CEJ-UMJ

the anterior cemento-enamel junction of

the maxillary first molar

Riolo et al.

1974

Upper Molar

Mesial Contact

Upper Molar

Mesial Contact-

UMC

the mesial contact of the maxillary first

molar relative to the FOP

Riolo et al.

1974



July 13, 2010 ‐ 17


Upper Molar

Mesial Cusp Tip

Upper Molar

Mesial Cusp Tip-

UMT

the anterior cusp tip of the maxillary first

molar

Riolo et al.

1974

XI Point Xi point the geographic center of ramus, selected bygeometric bisecting of the height and

width of the ramus

Rickets et al.1972

XI Point a point located at the geographic center of

the ramus, location of XI is keyed

geometrically to PR-OR and a

perpendicular through PT

Rickets et al.

1982

Y Axis Y axis a line from sella turcica to gnathion Downs 1948



July 13, 2010 ‐ 18

Variables’ Reference Summary

LOINC Code D o w n s

F r o n t a

l

J a r a b a

k

L o n d o n

M c N a m

a r a

R i c k e t t s

R i o l o

S o f t T i

s s u e

S t e i n e r

T w e e d

1L-APg X X X X

U6_PtV X

Molar rel X

1L-NB X X X

Overjet X X

IMPA (1L-GoMe) X X X

IMPA (1L-GoMe)

(constructed) X1L-NB X X X

1U-NA X X

1U-ANSPNS X

1U-SeNa X X X

IMPA (1L-GoGn) X

1U-1L X X X X X

Cd-Gn X X X

Cd-ANS X

Cd-A X X

UIE-A FH X

Go-Gn-A X

NaPg-FH X X X X

NAP X X X X

ANSPNS-GoMe X

ANSPNS-GoMe

(constructed) X

SeNa-GoMe X

SeNa-GoMe

(constructed) X



July 13, 2010 ‐ 19

LOINC Code D o w

n s

F r o n t a l

J a r a b a k

L o n

d o n

M c N a m a r a

R i c k e t t s

R i o l o

S o f t T i s s u e

S t e i n e r

T w e e d

1U-St

Pg-Pg' X X

Ls-Sd X X

Pg'Ls-Sls X

A-A' X X

Lnt-Sn-Ls X X

Na'-Pg'-Ls X

N-FH X

BaNa-CC X X

BaNa-CC

(constructed) X

FH-SeGn X X

FH-SeGn

(constructed) X

SeNa-SeGn X X

Se-Go X X X X

Ar-Go X X

Ar-Go

(constructed) XANS-Me X X X

Ar-Go-Me X

Ar-Go-Me

(constructed) X X

FMA X

FMA (constructed) X X X

CF-Go X

SeNa-NaPg X X

SNB X X X X

SNA X X X X

ANB X X X X



July 13, 2010 ‐ 20


F r o n t a l

J a r a b a k

L o n d o n

M c N a m a r a

R i c k e t t s

R i o l o

S o f t T i s s u e

S t e i n e r

T w e e d

Face Low/All XFace Incisor-

Chin/Low X

Face Mid /Low X X

Face Incisor-

Chin/All X

Face Mid/All X

Face Incisor-

Chin/Mid X

Face Upper/All X

Face All X

Face Low Incisor-Chin X

Face Low X

Face Mid X

Face Upper X

Gl-Sn X X

Li-Pg'

Sti-Me' X

Ls-Pg'

Na-Me X X

Sn-Pg' X

Sn-Li X

St-Sn X X

ANS-Pg

Adenoid X

Tonsil X

AO-BO X X



July 13, 2010 ‐ 21


F r o n t a l

J a r a b a k

L o n d o n

M c N a m a r a

R i c k e t t s

R i o l o

S o f t T i s s u e

S t e i n e r

T w e e d

Co-Xi-Pm XANS-Xi-Pm X

SeNa-ANSPNS X X

ANSPNS-GoMe X

ANSPNS-GoMe

(constructed) X

Li-Me' X

Point A-McNamara

90 X

Sn-Me' X

Se-Ar X X

CC-Na X

Go-Me X X

SeNa-ANSPNS X X

Overbite X X

Cd-Go X X

Sn-Ls X

Sn-Li



July 13, 2010 ‐ 22

Measurements

Lower Incisor to A point-Pogonion LOINC 1L-APg

Length Distance from the incisal edge of the mandibular central incisor

perpendicular to the A-Pogonion line

Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description

London 261 LIE/A-PG Lower incisal edge from A-PG line

McNamara Anterior-posterior positionof the lower incisor

Facial surface of the lower incisor to the A-Pog line

Ricketts 10 Mandibular Incisor

Protrusion

The distance from the tip of the lower incisor to the

line defining the jaws, the "A-PO" plane

Riolo 115 LIE/A-PG



July 13, 2010 ‐ 23

Upper Molar Position LOINC U6_PtV

length The distance from the distal crown contact of the maxillary first molar measured back to Pterygoid-Vertical (line from Pterygoid, perpendicular to

the Frankfort horizontal)


Ricketts 9 Upper Molar Position The distance from the pterygoid vertical (the back of

maxilla) to the distal of the first upper molar



July 13, 2010 ‐ 24

Molar Relationship LOINC Molar rel

length The distance from between the distal crown convexities of the upper andlower permanent first molars, measured along the occlusal plane


Ricketts 1 Molar Relation The distance between the distal surfaces of the lower

and upper molars measured along the occlusal plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 25

Lower incisal edge perpendicular to Nasion-B point LOINC 1L-NB

length The distance from the incisal edge of the mandibular central incisor to the Nasion-B point line


London 258 LIE/N-B Lower incisal edge from the N-B plane

Riolo 108 LIE/N-B

Steiner Mandibnular incisor

Position, 1 to NB

The distance from the Nasion-Point B line to the tip

of the lower central incisor



July 13, 2010 ‐ 26

Overjet LOINC Overjet

length The distance between the incisal edges of the upper and lower centralincisors measured along the occlusal plane


London 263 UIE-LIE ON OC1-OC2 Overjet

Ricketts 3 Incisor Overjet The distance between the incisal tips of the upper and

lower incors measured along the occlusal plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 27

IMPA, using Menton LOINC IMPA (1L-

GoMe)

degrees The posterior- superior angle between the long axis of the mandibular

central incisor and the mandibular plane (Gonion to Menton)


Downs 1 to mandibular plane The angle from the manibular plane (gonion-menton)

and the axis of the lower central incisor

London 254 ME-GO/LIE-LIA Lower Incisal Inclination to Mandibular Plane

Tweed IMPA The axial inclination of the mandibular incisor inrelation to the mandibular plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 28

IMPA, using constructed Menton LOINC IMPA (1L-

GoMe), constructed

degrees The posterior- superior angle between the long axis of the mandibular

central incisor and the mandibular plane (Constructed Gonion to Menton)


Riolo 71 GOI-ME/LIE-LIA



July 13, 2010 ‐ 29

Lower Incisor to Nasion-B Point LOINC 1L-NB

degrees The inferior angle formed by the long axis of the mandibular central incisor and the Nasion-B point line


London 259 LIE-LIA/N-B Lower incisal inclination to N-B Plane

Riolo 73 B-N/LIA-LIE

Steiner Mandibular incisor

Position, 1 to NB

The angle formed by the long axis of the lower

central incisor and the Nasion-Point B line



July 13, 2010 ‐ 30

Upper Incisor to Nasion-A Point LOINC 1U-NA

degrees The superior angle formed by the long axis of the maxillary central incisor and the Nasion-Subspinale (A point) line


London 245 UIE-UIA/N-A Upper Incisal to N-A Plane Angle

Riolo 60 UIA-UIE/N-A



July 13, 2010 ‐ 31

Upper Incisor to Nasal Line LOINC 1U-ANS

PNS

degrees The inferior angle formed between the long axis of the maxillary central

incisor and the Nasal line (Anterior Nasal Spine to Posterior Nasal Spine)


London 241 ANS-PNS/UIE-UIA Upper Incisal inclination to Maxillary Plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 32

Upper One to S-N LOINC 1U-SeNa

degrees The posterior-inferior angle formed by the long axis of the maxillary centralincisor and the Sella-Nasion line


Jarabak U1 to SN The angle formed by the axis of the upper central

incisor and the Sella-Nasion line

London 239 S-N/UIE-UIA Upper incisal inclination to S-N Plane

Riolo 53 UIE-UIA/S-N



July 13, 2010 ‐ 33

IMPA, using Gnathion LOINC IMPA (1L-

GoGn)

degrees The posterior-superior angle between the long axis of the mandibular

central incisor and the mandibular plane (Gonion to Gnathion)


Riolo 69 GO-GN/LIE-LIA



July 13, 2010 ‐ 34

Inter Incisal Angle LOINC U1-L1

degrees The intercisal angle, which is the posterior angle formed at the intersectionof the long axes of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors.


Downs 1 to 1 A measure of the degree of procumbency of the

incisor teeth; Lines are drawn representing the lower and upper incisors, with a measure of the inside angle

taken

London 262 UIE-UIA/LIE-LIA Inter-incisal angle

Ricketts 6 Interincisal Angle The angle formed by the long axes of the centralincisors

Riolo 61 LIA-LIE/UIA-UIE

Steiner Interincisal Angle, 1 to 1 The interior angle formed by the axes of themandibular and maxillary central incisors



July 13, 2010 ‐ 35

Condylion to Gnathion LOINC Cd-Gn

length The straight line distance between Condylion and Gnathion


London 45 CD-GN Total mandibular length from Condylion

McNamara Mandibular length Distance from Condylion to Gnathion

Riolo 79 CO-GN



July 13, 2010 ‐ 36

Condylion to Anterior Nasal Spine LOINC Cd-ANS

length The straight line distance between Condylion and Anterior Nasal Spine


London 229 CD-ANS Maxillary length



July 13, 2010 ‐ 37

Maxillary Length LOINC Cd-A

length The distance between Condylion and A point


London 153 CD-A Condylion-A point

McNamara Midfacial Length The distance from condylion to Point A



July 13, 2010 ‐ 38

Infradentale to Point A LOINC UIE-A FH

length The distance of the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisor relative tothe A line (Line through A point and perpendicular to the Frankfort

horizontal plane)


McNamara Maxillary incisor to Point

A

The linear distance measured between point A and

the edge of the maxillary central incisor, perpendicular to the Frankfort Horizontal Plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 39

Facial Taper LOINC Go-Gn-A

degrees The superior-posterior angle formed by the Nasion-Pogonion line and themandibular line (Gonion to constructed Gnathion)


Ricketts 18 Facial Taper The mandibular plane measured to the facial plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 40

Facial Angle LOINC NaPg-FH

degrees The posterior-inferior angle at the intersection of the Nasion-Pogonion lineand the Frankfort Horizontal plane


Downs Facial Angle Expression of the degree of recession or protrusion of

the chin, the inferior inside angle between frankforthorizontal and the facial plane (nasion to pogonion)

London 304 PO-ORB/N-PG Frankfort/Nasion-PG planes angle

Riolo 21 PG-N/P-OR

Soft Tissue A FH Na-Pg Soft-tissue facial angle, The intersection of the

Frankfort Horizontal plane with a line extending

from Nasion to Pogonion



July 13, 2010 ‐ 41

Angle of Convexity LOINC NAP

Degrees The superior angle between the line Nasion-Subspinale (A point) and theline A point-Pogonion


Downs Angle of Convexity A measure of the protrusion of the maxillary part of

the face to the total profile; The angle formed by twolines, one starting at nasion and the other from

pogonion, meeting at A

London 222 N-A-PG Convexity at A point (Angular)

Riolo 52 N-A-PG

Soft Tissue E A-Na-Pg Skeletal profile convexity, Measurement from Point

A to the hard tissue Na-Pg or facial plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 42

Maxillary Mandibular Planes Angle LOINC ANSPNS-

GoMe

degrees The angle formed by the Palatal line (ANS-PNS) and the mandibular line

(Gonion-Menton)


London 348 ANS-PNS/ME-GO Maxillary/Mandibular Planes Angle



July 13, 2010 ‐ 43

Maxillary Mandibular Planes Angle, constructed Menton LOINC ANS-PNS-

GoMe (constructed)

degrees The angle formed by the Palatal line (ANS-PNS) and the mandibular line

(Constructed Gonion-Menton)


Riolo 44 ANS-PNS/ME-GOI



July 13, 2010 ‐ 44

Sella Nasion to Mandibular Line LOINC SeNa-GoMe

degrees The anterior angle formed by the Sella-Nasion line and the Mandibular line(Gonion-Menton)


London 324 N-S/ME-GO Nasion-Sella/Mandibular Planes Angle



July 13, 2010 ‐ 45

Sella Nasion to Mandibular Line, constructed Menton LOINC SeNa-GoMe

(constructed)

degrees The anterior angle formed by the Sella-Nasion line and the Mandibular line

(Constructed Gonion-Menton)


Riolo 13 N-S/ME-GOI



July 13, 2010 ‐ 46

Upper One to Stomion LOINC 1U-St

length The vertical distance from the tip of the maxillary central incisor to LipEmbrasure (the contact point between upper and lower lips, using superior

Stomion), measured perpendicular to the palatal plane




July 13, 2010 ‐ 47

Chin Thickness LOINC Pg-Pg'

length The distance from hard tissue Pogonion to soft tissue Pogonion, measured parallel with Frankfort Horizontal plane.


London 381 PG-PG' Soft tissue chin thickness

Soft Tissue K Pg-Pg' Soft-tissue chin thickness, The horizontal distance

between the hard tissue and soft tissue Pogonion



July 13, 2010 ‐ 48

Upper Lip Thickness LOINC Ls-Sd

length The distance from Labrale Superius back to the maxillary central incisor (supradentale) measured parallel with Frankfort Horizontal Plane.


London 377 PR'-LS Upper lip thickness at Vermillion border

Soft Tissue G Ls-Sd Upper lip strain measurement, measured at the

vermillion border



July 13, 2010 ‐ 49

Subnasal Sulcus LOINC Pg'Ls-Sls

length Distance from the H-Line (line from Soft Tissue Pogonion to LabraleSuperius) to the Superior Labial Sulcus (subnasale)


Soft Tissue D Sn'-H line Measurement of soft tissue subnasale to H line , Line

from Soft Tissue Pogonion to Labrale Superius



July 13, 2010 ‐ 51

Naso-Labial Angle LOINC Lnt-Sn-Ls

degrees The anterior angle between the base of the nose, Subnasale and Labralesuperius line


London 386 CM-SN-LS Nasiolabial angle

McNamara Nasiolabial Angle,

LNT/SN/L

The angle formed by the line tangfent to the base of

the nose and a line tangent to the upper lip



July 13, 2010 ‐ 52

Holdaway Angle LOINC Na'-Pg'-Ls

degrees The superior-posterior angle between the H line (the most anterior superior point of the soft tissue chin and Labrale superius) and the soft tissue Nasion

to soft tissue Pogonion line


Soft Tissue H H line-Na’Pg’ H angle, Angular measurement of the H line to the

soft tissue Nasion-Pogonion line or soft tissue facial plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 53

Nasion to Frankfort Horizontal LOINC N-FH

length A line from Nasion to Frankfort horizontal Plane


McNamara NA-perp A vertical line drawn perpendicular to Frankfort

Horizontal through Nasion



July 13, 2010 ‐ 54

Facial Axis LOINC BaNa-CC

degrees The inferior angle between the Basion-Nasion line and CC (Pterygoid-Gnathion line)


London 282 N-BA/PT-GN Nasion-Basion/Facial Axis Angle

McNamara Facial axis A line constructed from the posterosuperior aspect of

the pterygomaxillary fissure to anatomic Gnathion

and a line perpendicular to the cranial base (a line joining basion and nasion)



July 13, 2010 ‐ 55

Facial Axis, constructed Gnathion LOINC BaNa-CC

(constructed)

degrees The inferior angle between the Basion-Nasion line and CC (Pterygoid-

Contructed Gnathion line)


Ricketts 17a Facial Axis The angle between the facial axis(using constructed

Gnathion) and Basion-Nasion



July 13, 2010 ‐ 56

Y axis to Frankfort Horizontal LOINC FH-SeGn

degrees The anterior-inferior angle between the Frankfort Horizontal line and theSella-Gnathion line


London 228 S-GN/PO-ORB X-Y Axis angle (Facial Angle)

Riolo 28 OR-PO/GN-S



July 13, 2010 ‐ 57

Y axis to Frankfort Horizontal, constructed Gnathion LOINC FH-SeGn

(constructed)

degrees The anterior-inferior angle between the Frankfort Horizontal line and the

Sella-Constructed Gnathion line


Downs Y Axis The angular realtionship between a line from Sella

turcica to constructed gnathion, the Y axis, and theFrankfort plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 58

Y axis to Sella Nasion LOINC SeNa-SeGn

degrees The anterior-inferior angle formed by the intersection of the Sella-Nasionline and the Sella-Gnathion line


London 275 N-S/S-GN Nasion-Sella/Y axis Angle

Riolo 15 N-S-GN



July 13, 2010 ‐ 59

Posterior Facial Height LOINC Se-Go

length Distance from Sella to Gonion


Jarabak PFH, S-Go The distance from Sella to Gonion (constructed)

London 187 S-GO Posterior total face height

Riolo 173 S-GO

Tweed Posterior Facial Height The ramus height from articulare to the mandibular plane tangent to the posterior border of the ramus



July 13, 2010 ‐ 60

Ramus Height LOINC Ar-Go

length Distance from Articulare to Gonion


London 72 ART-GO Ramus Height

Riolo 88 AR-GO



July 13, 2010 ‐ 61

Ramus Height, constructed Gonion LOINC Ar-Go,

constructed

length Distance from Articulare to constructed Gonion


Jarabak Ramus height, Ar-Go The distance from Articulare to Gonion (constructed)



July 13, 2010 ‐ 62

Anterior Nasal Spine to Menton LOINC ANS-Me

length Distance from menton projected perpendicular to the Anterior Nasal Spine


London 176 ME-ANS Anterior lower face height

Riolo 158 ME-ANS

Tweed Anterior Facial Height The vertical distance between the palatal plane and

menton



July 13, 2010 ‐ 63

Gonial Angle LOINC Ar-Go-Me

degrees The angle formed by Articulare, Gonion and Menton


London 78 ART-GO-ME Mandibular Angle



July 13, 2010 ‐ 64

Gonial Angle, constructed Gonion LOINC Ar-Go-Me

degrees The angle formed by Articulare, constructed Gonion and Menton


Jarabak Gonial Angle, Ar-Go-Me The angle formed by Articulare, Gonion

(constructed) and menton

Riolo 50 AR-GOI-ME



July 13, 2010 ‐ 65

FMA angle LOINC FMA

degrees The anterior-inferior angle formed by the Frankfort Horizontal line and theMandibular line (Gonion-Menton)


London 345 PO-ORB/ME-GO



July 13, 2010 ‐ 66

FMA angle, constructed Gonion LOINC FMA

(constructed)

degrees The anterior-inferior angle formed by the Frankfort Horizontal line and the

Mandibular line (Constructed Gonion-Menton)


McNamara Mandibular Plane Angle The angle between anatomical Frankfort horizontal

plane and the line drawn along the lower border of the mandible (constructed Gonion and Menton)

Riolo 26 OR-PO/ME-GOI

Tweed FMA The direction of lower facial growth in the horizontal

and vertical dimensions



July 13, 2010 ‐ 67

Posterior Facial Height using CF point LOINC CF-Go

length Distance from the CF point (where the Frankfort Horizontal line crosses thePterygoid vertical line) to constructed Gonion


Ricketts 24 Posterior Facial height The distance between constructed gonion and CF

point



July 13, 2010 ‐ 69

Angles Describing Sella-Nasion-Point B LOINC SNB

degrees The inferior-posterior angle defined by Sella, Nasion and Supramentale (B point)


London 202 S-N-B Sella-Nasion-B Point Angle

Riolo 3 B-N-S

Steiner S N B The angle between Sella, Nasion and Point B

Tweed SNB The horizontal relationship of the mandible to the

cranial base



July 13, 2010 ‐ 70

Angles Describing Sella-Nasion-Point A LOINC SNA

degrees The posterior-inferior angle formed by Sella, Nasion, and Subspinale (A point)


London 201 S-N-A Sella-Nasion-A Point Angle

Riolo 2 A-N-S

Steiner S N A The angle between Sella, Nasion and Point A

Tweed SNA The relative horizontal position of the maxilla to the

cranial base



July 13, 2010 ‐ 71

Angles Describing Point A-Nasion-Point B LOINC ANB

degrees Angle defined by Subspinale (A point), Nasion, and Supramentale (B point)


London 217 A-N-B A Point- Nasion-B Point Angle

Riolo 4 A-N-B

Steiner A N B The angle between Point A, Nasion and Point B

Tweed ANB The horizontal relationship of the maxilla to the

mandible



July 13, 2010 ‐ 72

Face Low / All Ratio LOINC Face Low/All

ratio The ratio of the distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Menton to thedistance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissue Menton


Frontal Face Low/ Face All The ratio of Face low to Face All



July 13, 2010 ‐ 73

Face Incisor to Chin / Low Ratio LOINC Face Incisor-

Chin/Low

ratio The ratio of the distance from the embrasure of the lower central incisor to

the Chin Tangent to the distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Menton


Frontal Face Lower Incisor/ Face

Low

The ratio of the Face Lower Incisor to Face Low



July 13, 2010 ‐ 74

Face Mid / Low Ratio LOINC Face

Mid/Low

ratio The ratio of the distance from soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale to the

distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Menton


Frontal Face Mid/Face Low The ratio of the Face Middle to the Face Lower

London 367 SGLB-SN/ ME’-SN Upper and lower face height ratio



July 13, 2010 ‐ 75

Face Incisor to Chin / All Ratio LOINC Face Incisor-

Chin/All


the Chin Tangent to the distance from the most anterior portion of the

forehead to soft tissue Menton



All

The ratio of the Face lower Incisor to the Face All



July 13, 2010 ‐ 76

Face Mid / All Ratio LOINC Face Mid/All

ratio The ratio of the distance from soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale to thedistance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissue Menton


Frontal Face Mid/Face All The ratio of the Face middle to the Face All



July 13, 2010 ‐ 77

Face Incisor to Chin / Mid Ratio LOINC Face Incisor-

Chin/Mid


the Chin Tangent to the distance from soft tissue glabella to subnasale



Mid

The ratio of the Face Lower Incisor to Face Middle



July 13, 2010 ‐ 78

Face Upper/ All Ratio LOINC Face

Upper/All

ratio The ratio of the distance from the most anterior portion of the frontal bone

to soft tissue Glabella to the distance from the most anterior portion of the

forehead to soft tissue Menton


Frontal Face Upper/Face All The ratio of the Face Upper to the Face All



July 13, 2010 ‐ 79

Face All LOINC Face All

length The distance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to Menton (softtissue)


Frontal Face All, HAIRLINE-ME Hairline (the most anterior portion of the forehead)

to Menton



July 13, 2010 ‐ 80

Face Low Incisor to Chin LOINC Face Low

Incisor-Chin

length The distance from the embrasure of the lower central incisor to the Chin

Tangent


Frontal Face Lower Incisor to

chin, LI-CT

Embrasure of the lower incisor to the Chin Tangent



July 13, 2010 ‐ 81

Face Low LOINC Face Low

length The distance from soft tissue Subnasale to soft tissue Menton


Frontal FACE LOW, SN-ME Subnasale to Menton



July 13, 2010 ‐ 82

Face Mid LOINC Face Mid

length The distance from soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale


Frontal FACE MID, G-SN Eyebrows (Glabella) to Subnasale



July 13, 2010 ‐ 83

Face Upper LOINC Face Upper

length The distance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissueGlabella


Frontal FACE UP, HAIRLINE-G Hairline (most anterior portion of forehead) to

eyebrows (Glabella)



July 13, 2010 ‐ 84

Glabella to Subnasale LOINC Gl-Sn

length Distance from Soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale (Parallel to FrankfortHorizontal Plane)


Frontal FACE MID, G-SN Eyebrows (Glabella) to Subnasale

London 362 SGLB-SN Soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale



July 13, 2010 ‐ 85

Lower Lip to Pogonion LOINC Li-Pg’

length Distance from Labrale Inferius to Soft tissue Pogonion(Perpendicular to theFrankfort Horizontal Plane)




July 13, 2010 ‐ 86

Stomion to Menton LOINC Sti-Me'

length Distance from the Stomion inferius to the Soft Tissue Menton(Perpendicular to the Frankfort Horizontal Plane)


London 364 LLS-ME' Lower lip length from soft tissue Menton



July 13, 2010 ‐ 87

Upper Lip to Pogonion LOINC Ls-Pg'

length Distance from Labrale superius to soft tissue Pogonion (Perpendicular to theFrankfort Horizontal Plane)




July 13, 2010 ‐ 88

Anterior Facial Height LOINC Na-Me

length Distance between Nasion and Menton


London 178 N-ME Anterior total face height

Riolo 160 ME-N



July 13, 2010 ‐ 89

Subnasale to Pogonion LOINC Sn-Pg'

length The distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Pogonion, projected onto theFrankfort Horizontal Plane


London 371 Pg’-SN Chin (pogonion) to Subnasale



July 13, 2010 ‐ 90

Subnasale to Lower Lip LOINC Sn-Li

length Distance from the Labius inferius to Subnasale projected onto the FrankfortHorizontal Plane


London 370 LI-SN Lower Vermillion border to Subnasale



July 13, 2010 ‐ 91

Subnasale to Stomion LOINC St-Sn

length Distance from superior Stomion to Subnasale


London 369 LS-SN Upper Vermillion Border to Subnasale

Soft Tissue C \ Superior sulcus depth measured perpendicular to

Frankfort and tangent to the vermillion border to the

upper lip, The distance from soft tissue subnasale to

the vermillion border of the upper lip, reflected on

the Frankfort Horizontal Planeane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 92

Anterior Nasal Spine to Pogonion LOINC ANS-Pg

length Distance from the Anterior Nasal Spine to Pogonion




July 13, 2010 ‐ 93

Adenoid Width LOINC Adenoid

length Measured from a point on the posterior outline of the soft palate to theclosest point on the Pharyngeal wall


McNamara Upper Pharynx A point on the posterior outline of the soft palate to

the closest point on the posterior pharyngeal wall



July 13, 2010 ‐ 94

Tonsilar Width LOINC Tonsil

length Measured from the intersection of the posterior border on the tongue and theinferior border of the mandible to the closest point on the posterior

pharyngeal wall


McNamara Lower Pharynx Width measured from the intersection of the

posterior border of the tongue and the inferior border of the mandible to the closest point on the posterior

pharyngeal wall



July 13, 2010 ‐ 95

Wits Analysis LOINC AO-BO

length Distance between A point and B point, each projected to the FunctionalOcclusal Plane (line passing through posterior cusp of the maxillary first

molar and a line along the occlusion of the maxillary and mandibular

premolars and a line perpendicular to it through the averaged anterior contact of the first maxillary premolars with the maxillary canine (cuspid)


London 218 A-B ON OC1-OC2 Plane WITS analysis

Tweed AO-BO The horizontal relationship of the maxilla to the

mandible



July 13, 2010 ‐ 96

Mandibular Arc LOINC Co-Xi-Pm

degrees The posterior-superior angle formed by Condylion to Xi (geometric center of the ramus) to Suprapogonion (Pm-point along curvature of symphysis

which changes form convexity to concavity)


Ricketts 27 Mandibular arc The angle between the corpus and condyle axes



July 13, 2010 ‐ 97

Lower Facial Height Angle LOINC ANS-Xi-Pm

degrees The anterior angle formed by Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS) to Xi (geometriccenter of the ramus) to Suprapogonion (Pm- point along curvature of

symphysis which changes form convexity to concavity)


Ricketts 8 Lower face Height The angle from the anterior nasal spine to the center

of the ramus (XI) to PM



July 13, 2010 ‐ 98

Sella Nasion to Palatal Plane LOINC SeNa-

ANSPNS

degrees The angle between the Sella-Nasion line and the Palatal plane (ANS-PNS)


London 322 N-S/ANS-PNS Nasion-Sella/Maxillary Planes Angle

Riolo 9 N-S/ANS-PNS



July 13, 2010 ‐ 99

Palatal Plane to Mandibular Plane LOINC ANSPNS-

GoMe

degrees The posterior angle formed by the palatal plane (Anterior nasal spine and

Posterior nasal spine) and the mandibular plane (Gonion to Menton)


London 348 ANS-PNS/ME-GO Maxillary/Mandibular Planes Angle



July 13, 2010 ‐ 100

Palatal Plane to Mandibular Plane, constructed Gonion LOINC ANSPNS-

GoMe (constructed)

degrees The posterior angle formed by the palatal plane (Anterior nasal spine and

Posterior nasal spine) and the mandibular plane (constructed Gonion to

Menton)


Riolo 44 ANS-PNS/ME-GOI



July 13, 2010 ‐ 101

Lower Lip to Menton LOINC Li-Me'

length Distance from Labrale Inferius to Soft tissue Menton


London 365 LI-ME' Lower Vermillion to soft tissue Menton



July 13, 2010 ‐ 102

Point A to McNamara 90 LOINC Point A-

McNamara 90

length The distance between A point and McNamara 90


McNamara Anterior Position of Point

A

The linear distance between nasion-perpendicular (to

Frankfort Horizontal plane) and Point A



July 13, 2010 ‐ 103

Subnasale to Menton LOINC Sn-Me'

length The distance from Subnasale to Soft tissue Menton


London 366 SN-ME' Soft tissue lower face height



July 13, 2010 ‐ 104

Posterior Cranial Base Length LOINC Se-Ar

length Distance from Sella to Articulare


Jarabak Posterior Cranial Base, S-

Ar

The distance from Sella to Articulare

Riolo 174 S-AR



July 13, 2010 ‐ 105

Anterior Cranial Length LOINC CC-Na

length The distance from the CC point (the point where the Basion-Nasion planeand the facial axis intersect) to Nasion


Ricketts 23 Cranial Length-Anterior The distance between CC point and Nasion



July 13, 2010 ‐ 106

Mandibular Body Length LOINC Go-Me

length The distance between Gonion and Menton


London 64 GO-ME Mandibular base length from Gonion

Riolo 94 GO-ME



July 13, 2010 ‐ 107

Palatal Plane to Sella Nasion LOINC SeNa-

ANSPNS

degrees The angle between the Sella-Nasion line and the Palatal plane (ANS-PNS)


London 322 N-S/ANS-PNS Nasion-Sella/ Maxillary Planes Angle

Riolo 9 N-S/ANS-PNS



July 13, 2010 ‐ 108

Overbite LOINC Overbite

length The distance between the incisal edges of the upper and lower centralincisors measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane


London 264 UIE-LIE ON N-ME Overbite

Ricketts 4 Incisor Overbite The distance between the tips of the lower and upper

incisors measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 109

Condylion to Gonion LOINC Cd-Go

length The distance between Condylion and Gonion


London 69 CD-GO Ramus height

Riolo 81 CO-GO



July 13, 2010 ‐ 110

Subnasale to Upper Lip LOINC Sn-Ls

length Upper lip length from Subnasale to Labius superius


London 363 ULS-SN Upper lip length from Subnasale



July 13, 2010 ‐ 111

Subnasale to Lower Lip LOINC Sn-Li

length Distance from the Labius inferius to Subnasale




July 13, 2010 ‐ 112

PlanesSample layout for each plane with column name.

New Text Description LOINC New Abbv

Type of Measurement

Economides Description


Downs

Frontal

Jarabak

London

McNamara

Ricketts

Riolo

Soft Tissue

Steiner

Tweed



July 13, 2010 ‐ 113

Frankfort Horizontal Plane LOINC Po-Or

plane The line between Porion and Orbitale


Downs FH A horizontal plane running thru the right and left

ceph porion and the left orbitale.

London 37 ORB-PO Orbitale-Porion

McNamara FH A line drawn from anatomic Porion to Orbitale

Ricketts 1 Pr-Or Basic reference, porion and orbital relate to the basicsense organs, the eyey and the ear. The plane

connectiong these two points forms the basic

horizontal reference line in the the lateral tracingheadfilm known as the Frankfort Horizontal (FH)

plane.

Riolo Ceph Plane

4

PO-OR Porion-orbital



July 13, 2010 ‐ 114

Mandibular line LOINC Go-Gn

plane The line between Gonion and Gnathion


London 63 GO-GN Mandibular base length from Gonion

Riolo 93 GO-GN

Steiner Mandibular Plane Between Gonion and Gnathion



July 13, 2010 ‐ 115

Mandibular line, constructed Gnathion LOINC Go-Gn’

plane The line between Gonion and constructed Gnathion


Jarabak Mandibular Body, Go-Gn The distance from Gonion to Gnathion

Ricketts 4 Mandibular plane A tangent line to the inferior border of the mandible



July 13, 2010 ‐ 116

Mandibular line, constructed Gonion and Gonathion LOINC Go’-Gn’

plane The line between constructed Gonion and constructed Gnathion


Downs Mandibular plane A line at the lower border of the mandible tangent to

the gonion angle and the profile image of thesymphysis



July 13, 2010 ‐ 117

Occlusal Plane LOINC Occlusal

Plane

plane The line between the midpoint of the line connecting the lower and upper

incisal edge and the midpoint of the line connecting the anterior cusp tip of

the maxillary and mandibular first molar and the Frankfort Horizontal Plane


Downs Cant of Occlusal Plane The angle formed by bisecting the first molar cusp

height and incisal overbite and connecting the two

with a straight line and the Frankfort horizontal plane

London Horizontal

plane 7

OC1-OC2 Occlusal plane

Ricketts 6 Occlusal plane Line bisecting the overbite of the the molars, and

passing just inferior to Xi point

Riolo Ceph Plane7

ADP-PDP Anterior downs

Tweed Occlusal Plane The relationship of the occlusal plane to the

Frankfort horizontal Plane



July 13, 2010 ‐ 118

Esthetic Line LOINC Lnt-Pg'

plane The line from the Lower Nasal Tangent to soft tissue Pogonion


Ricketts 7 Esthetic plane A line connecting the tip of the nose and the most

anterior point of the soft tissue chin



July 13, 2010 ‐ 119

Lower Incisal Axis LOINC 1L-Ai

plane The line on the Lower central incisor from the incision inferius to the apex




July 13, 2010 ‐ 121

Nasal Line LOINC ANS-PNS

plane The line between the Anterior and Posterior Nasal Spine


London 28 ANS-PNS Maxillary base length

Ricketts 3 Palatal plane Defined by ANS-PNS, it is parallel to the Frankfort

Horizontal Line

Riolo Ceph plane

5

ANS-PNS Palatal plane

116 PNS-ANS



Sella Nasion Line LOINC Se-Na

plane The line between Sella and Nasion


Jarabak Anterior Cranial Base The distance from Sella to Nasion

London 5 N-S Anterior Cranial base length

Riolo Ceph plane#2

S-N Sella- Nasion

149 S-N

Cephalometrics Manual Kroth

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