Smith-MAMMALIAN LEARNING and BEHAVIORBy David D. Smith, Ph.D., Bishop's University, Lennoxville, QuebecNEW! Here is a revolutionary yet sub- dating, extinction, latent learning, andstantiated postulation of neurologic overlearning. He illustrates how it re-events occurring in learning and be- solves many of the puzzling problemshavior. The author assumes not only in motivation, intellect, and creativity.that impulse transmission in the cortex This volume is a strong attempt tois initially random-but that cortical gather the fragments of psychologytransmission remains random. He dem- into a unified experimental biologicalonstrates the capacity of this theory science.to account for such events as ante-174 pp. * Illustrated * $6.50 * New-August, 1965

Braun-BACTERIAL GENETICSBy Werner Braun, Ph.D., Rutgers UniversityNew (2nd) Edition! This is an importantwork for student, researcher, andpractitioner in the fields of genetics,cellular biology, and bacteriology. Inthis thorough revision Dr. Braun setsforth the growing body of facts andspeculations on the genetics of bac-teria. He sheds a bright light on muta-tion, transfer and recombination of380 pp. * 157 figures *

genetic information, "gene action,"and the molecular bases of theseevents. A compilation of the geneticcode, just completed in the Spring of1965, has been included. Descriptiveand well-rounded discussions are of-fered on representative mutant typesand population changes.

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1416 SCIENCE, VOL. 149

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Genetics and Soviet Science

The article on Lysenko by Caspariand Marshak (16 July, p. 275) offeredlittle information which has not alreadybeen generally reported and generallybelieved. What bothers me is that theysimply reinforce impressions which,while not wrong, are distorted by alack of context.

1) To imply baldly that the failuresof Soviet agriculture are due to Sovietrejection of Mendelian genetics is pro-fessionally immodest and only partlytrue. Are the tasteless and unattractiveSoviet apples the fault of Lysenko?I doubt it. Rather, the apples lackthe long history of plant breeding thatWestern apples enjoyed long beforethe first professional geneticist washired to work on apples. (It may berecalled that Burbank was no genet-icist.) Also, there has been no historyof "agricultural extension" in the landsnow composing the Soviet Union. Forover a century in the United States,longer in England, there has been aserious organized effort to teachfarmers to farm. The most casualperusal of eastern European publica-tions (the Israel Program for ScientificTranslations provides these in English)will show that an enormous number ofthem are devoted to primary problemsof farming, which in the United Stateseither have been solved or can be re-ferred to efficient agencies for solu-tion.

Other reasons for agricultural dif-ficulties, such as the lack of mineralfertilizers, have been discussed inpopular literature. Of course, the opera-tion of a state or collective farm bypeople who have a very strong tradi-tion of village farming is difficult.Nevertheless, some of these farmssucceed. I visited a successful collec-tive farm near Alma-Ata, Kazakstan.It was named for Michurian.

2) Caspari and Marshak do not dif-ferentiate between the intentions ofstate planning and the unpredictableproduct of human beings trying tooperate a system. Yes, classical geneticswas officially liquidated, and severalgeneticists (including at least one headof an All-Union scientific institute)were exterminated. Nevertheless, therewas no general deterioration of Sovietscience. Moreover, there was supportfor some fields which are starved in theUnited States. For example, a recentpublication of the International Bio-

logical Project described the SovietUnion as "pre-eminent" in hydro-biology. In my own field of interest,soil algae, the Soviets have probablydone more work than the rest of theworld combined. Efforts which mighthave gone into genetics have not allgone to waste.

Marvelously enough, Soviet scientists(being human) are wily in twisting thesystem in their own directions and infinding the smallest cracks in the systemto open new inquiries. In applying forsupport they can inflate "practical appli-cation" as ably as their American coun-terparts can. . My own observationwas that a group of plant physiologists(under the acceptable banner of en-vironmental control of development)were probing quite deeply into themechanisms for control of developmentand perhaps uncovering flexibilitywhich strong genetic deterministswould not bother to seek. A moregeneral conclusion about the capacityof the Soviet scientist to save hissoul in his system was reached sometime ago by A. Vucinich in TheSoviet Academy of Sciences (StanfordUniv. Press, 1956).

3) Why has there been a revivalof Mendelian genetics in the SovietUnion? I suggest that a good part ofthe reason has nothing to do withagriculture, but much to do withprestige. (Similar considerations areknown to affect directions of researcheven in the United States.) The revivalstarted under the protection of theprestige-conscious Soviet atomic en-ergy commission-not the Academyof Sciences or the Ministry of Agri-culture. I suspect that interest ingenetics will increase as long as DNAis the holy trinity of science....

4) Somehow the article disparagesSoviet scientists, although by omis-sion rather than by commission. If Iam overly sensitive on the point, itis the result of having come to knowa number of them as friends. Topicture them as cogs in the centralplan is a foolish underestimation; theimplication that the mere provisionof money and equipment will producescientifically significant results (eitherin the U.S. or the U.S.S.R.) is debat-able.

I can think of an old biologistthe most distinguished man I haveever known) who served out his 10 to15 years in exile and was allowed to goback to work. His studies are not

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It's a BeckmanCombinationElectrode withboth the pHelectrode and itsreference junction In thein a single shaft. space ofIt simplifies pH onedeterminations intest tubes and narrow-neckedflasks. You can work with samplesas small as 0.1 ml. Beckmanstocks eight different CombinationElectrodes. Others can bedesigned for unusual needs.Now you can get CombinationElectrodes in the Twin Pack. Askyour Beckman Sales Engineerabout this new, convenient wayto buy electrodes. Call him, orwrite for the Electrode Catalog.

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1450

called genetics any more, but he other-wise remains unbowed.

I think, too, of the younger genera-tion of biologists. Geneticists areamong them, and they are known asgeneticists in at least three institutes(to my personal knowledge). Theyounger generation is better and bettertrained, alert, imaginative, and un-afraid. I found that they were welleducated in the liberal arts, too, notthrough formal courses but becausethey had read and listened. Certainlythey will begin to appear at geneticcongresses-and elsewhere!The authors failed to note that a

volume on Genetics and Selection ofMicroorganisms was published in theSoviet Union in 1964-not earth-shak-ing perhaps, but indicative of scientificadeptness and speed.

HERMAN S. FOREST19 Genesee Park Boulevard,Rochester, New York 14611

Making the Scene

Have we stressed molecular biologytoo much? In a recent examination onevolution, I asked the students to "listthe five epochs of the Tertiary Period."One answer I received was: "Pliocene,Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene, andCytosine"!

JAMES H. CARLSONFairleigh Dickinson University,Madison, New Jersey

More on Metrics: Clocks, Compasses,Music, and Milk -Bottles

. . . We count by tens because wehave ten fingers. But twelve is a muchbetter base, and its advantages are sogreat that duodecimal currencies,weights, and measures have, I suppose,paralleled the decimal counting systemthroughout history. Even in France,where the metric system has been long-est established, the duodecimal systemstill flourishes; for example a dozenis used there as it is with us, andeighty is expressed as "four score"; andthe divisions of the circle, of the year,day, hour, and minute, once decimal,have reverted to the duodecimal sys-tem. Book sizes, time division in music,and the intervals of the diatonic scale,in fact the physiology of the sense of

hearing, are all incorrigibly nondeci-mal. I suspect that a little reflectionwould produce many other similar in-stances.

It seems to me that the French andRussian revolutionaries missed theirgreatest opportunity to improve theworld: rather than adopting the minorimprovement of a decimal system ofweights and measures, they could havemade a major improvement by adopt-ing the duodecimal system of count-ing, and a consistent compatible systemof weights and measures....

S. T. FISHER53 Morrison A venue,Mount Royal, Montreal 16

. . . Great numbers of persons arealready using the metric system inthe U.S., and conversion will be ofimportance to the scientist. But wehave to realize that the whole popula-tion of the U.S. is not scientists,and the common man has always beenvery reluctant to change the units heis used to. In many countries the metricsystem was enforced by law, and therewere fines and prison sentences forthose not accepting it. To illustratethe slowness of change, I may citean experience of our engineering firm.Here in Madrid, 100 years after Spain'sadoption of the metric system, in adesign project for a new highway theprices of the land were given to usfor our counterpart of acres andsquare feet (which are different fromthe British and different even fromthose of other Spanish regions).. Ofcourse in our plans we have usedmetric units.To gain mass support for a conver-

sion, I have proposed a metricizedBritish system [M. Mateos, Mech.Eng. 85, 50 (1963) ]. In this system,by making the quart and the poundslightly bigger we could have I metricquart ( I m-quart) = I liter, and 1metric pound (1 m-pound) = ½/2kilogram; and by making the inch abit shorter, I metric inch (1 m-inch) =25 millimeters. This change shouldbe made in stages over a period ofat least 10 years. It could be donefirst as a trial by one big industry-for instance the milk or gasolineindustry-in order to appraise theresults.

MANUEL MATEOSToran y Compania,Apartado 14432,Madrid, Spain

SCIENCE, VOL. 149

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