Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis · 2015. 7. 20. · Bayliss characterisation...

Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis

CMCA | 2009 – 2010

From the Director p01

Affi liationsp02

Techniquesp04

Bioimaging facilityp06

Research training, teaching and usagep08

Industryp10

Research highlightsp12

Physical sciencesp13Biomedical sciencesp16 Earth sciencesp19Tracking wandering Diprotodonsp20

Centre highlightsp22

Botany under the microscope p25Live cell microscopy p26 BioGENEius biotechnology prizep27

Publicationsp30

2009 publications p31 2010 publicationsp36Front coversp41

Contents

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II | cmca.uwa.edu.au

From the DirectorThe Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA) exists to serve the wider research community – to apply its state-of-the-art expertise to turn good research into great research. To achieve this requires many attributes. Of course, it begins with having the best instruments, and raising the funds to acquire these is a relentless focus. The load is lightened, however, by the increasing number of researchers coming to us to manage and operate their cutting-edge infrastructure. An example initiated in 2010 is Winthrop Professor Shaun Collin’s new multiphoton deep-tissue imaging facility. Working closely with Prof. Collin and his group, CMCA has identifi ed a new location for the facility in the life sciences precinct, one that meets his group’s as well as the broader needs. These are win-win partnerships. CMCA brings to the table its critical mass and increasingly broad expertise in operating science infrastructure and our leading researchers bring their science challenges to be tackled.

Interconnection is another key attribute. The CMCA is at the intersection of an increasingly rich network of structures that help us work together. Locally, we have just renewed the agreement for the Western Australian Centre for Microscopy (WACM) – which links the four WA publicly funded universities. Through the associated Nanoscale Characterisation Centre of Excellence, we have worked closely to support each other, in cash and in kind, in the annual Australian Research Council bids for infrastructure. More than that, WACM provides pathways for researchers from across WA to access its facilities. A good example of increasing collaboration is CMCA’s operation of a fl ow cytometer on Murdoch’s campus – this capability provides local standalone research

outcomes or preliminary scoping for subsequent access to the high-end cell-sorter at CMCA@QEII. CMCA is also working increasingly closely with Curtin and UWA’s John de Laeter Centre for Isotope Science, for example, in managing the State’s world-leading ion probe capability. And again locally, we are increasingly working with the CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering. 2010 saw the installation of our new electron microprobe for X-ray analysis of minerals, with major co-investment by the CSIRO – and bigger things are in the pipeline. And for the last two years, CMCA and iVEC@UWA have collaborated in a jointly appointed imaging and data expert to assist researchers with ‘the last mile’ in processing and visualising their image data. This need is becoming recognised nationally as a key emerging issue – and we are well placed to stay ahead of the curve.

At the European-Australia Workshop on Research Infrastructure I attended this year in Brussels, I was struck by the extent to which Australia is leading the world in the science infrastructure space. The CMCA has many national interconnections via the National Collaborative Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), commencing with its founding membership of the Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Research Facility (AMMRF), a facility that is widely seen as setting the benchmark in infrastructure provision. In 2010, the CMCA became the WA node of the National Imaging Facility (NIF) in founding the Western Australian capability in preclinical bioimaging – see the feature on page 6. CMCA has already partnered with AuScope, the NCRIS geoscience resource, on the IMS 1280 ion probe platform, and as we go to press is commencing its fi rst collaboration with the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF) in X-ray powder diffraction installed at CMCA@Physics. On the data front, we are also working with the

Australian National Data Service (ANDS) locally and through the AMMRF.

A fi nal key attribute of the CMCA is its broad interdisciplinary intersection. Like Rome in the ancient world, a visit to CMCA will always bring surprises – in who you meet and what you learn. And we are broadening our horizons through joint appointments in data and imaging with iVEC, and joint fellows with Animal Biology, with Earth and Environment and soon with Electrical Engineering – we are interconnected. The 1 July 2011 transfer of responsibility for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and biological mass spectrometry infrastructure to the CMCA@Bayliss presents further new synergies.

Increasingly, interdisciplinary research requires multiple infrastructure capabilities. In 2011, CMCA will be examining this one-stop shop concept in assessing where to from here. So, what can’t you do at CMCA? Come and tell us.

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The University of Western Australia | 01

Affi liationsThe CMCA is a focus for microscopy and microanalysis activities across Western Australia and, through strong links and collaborations, has both a national and international reputation.

Established in 1964 as a science infrastructure facility within The University of Western Australia to support research activity, the Centre has a long and distinguished record of collaboration with researchers, industry and government agencies in the provision of research expertise and technology.

Its world-class facilities, valued at $40M, comprise an extensive range of microscopy, microanalysis and imaging instruments across fi ve sites.

Nanoscale Characterisation Centre WA (NCC) and the Western Australian Centre for Microscopy (WACM)CMCA is the lead node of the State Government funded Centre of Excellence, the Nanoscale Characterisation Centre WA (NCC). NCC’s focus is on providing infrastructure and expertise to maximise benefi ts to the Western Australian community from institutional and industry research and development in WA.

The NCC is founded upon an ongoing collaborative agreement between the four publicly funded universities in Western Australia, which together form the Western Australian Centre for Microscopy (WACM).

The primary objective of the NCC is to provide continuity in major equipment acquisitions to ensure that the State’s researchers and industry have access to state-of-the-art characterisation technology. NCC is funded by the WACM member universities and the State Government.

National Imaging Facility (NIF)Established under the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), the National Imaging Facility focuses on provision of state-of-the-art magnetic resonance, molecular and allied imaging technologies for application to animals, plants and materials for the Australian research community.

A successful 2009 LIEF grant for a preclinical imaging facility has recently seen the CMCA become the Western Australian node of the facility, the fi rst organisation in the country to host two NCRIS capabilities. The facility will feature new capabilities for Western Australia: in-vivo micro-CT and multispectral imaging. To these instruments will be added micro magnetic resonance imaging in 2013.

02 | cmca.uwa.edu.au

Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Research Facility (AMMRF)Established under the Commonwealth Government’s National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), AMMRF is Australia’s peak research facility for the characterisation of materials through advanced microscopy and microanalysis. The AMMRF facilitates access for all Australian researchers to world-class equipment, instrumentation and expertise through a national grid of nodes with varying microscopy capabilities and an array of fl agship instrument platforms at the international cutting edge.

The CMCA is the West Australian node of the AMMRF and features the fl agship ion probe capabilities, which consist of the NanoSIMS 50 and IMS 1280. Each of these instruments is unique to the Southern Hemisphere.

The CMCA also collaborates with the John de Laeter Centre, which enjoys linked laboratory status in the AMMRF, in the management and operation of Western Australia’s ion probe facilities.

Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF)Established under NCRIS, the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF) provides researchers and industry with access to state-of-the-art fabrication facilities.

The capability provided by ANFF enables users to process hard materials (metals, composites and ceramics) and soft materials (polymers and polymer-biological moieties) and transform these into structures that have application in sensors, medical devices, nanophotonics and nanoelectronics.

The CMCA houses the newly commissioned X-ray powder diffractometer.

AuScopeAuScope is a characterisation capability funded through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) with a focus on the structure and evolution of the Australian continent. AuScope’s aim is to establish world class research infrastructure to characterise the structure and evolution of the Australian continent in a global context from surface to core in space and time.

In partnership with the AMMRF, the Government of Western Australia and UWA, AuScope enabled the establishment of the world-class ion microprobe facility at CMCA, for the benefi t of all Australian researchers.

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Navigating your way to world-class microanalysisResearchers have a new tool to help navigate the myriad of microscopy and microanalysis techniques to find which is best for their research, thanks to the introduction of the AMMRF Technique Finder.

Users input what they want to measure and at what scale. The Technique Finder suggests techniques, where they can be found, how they work and who to contact.


Techniques

The CMCA provides the capabilities to characterise the continuum from atoms to small animals.

X-ray DiffractionÌÌ Small molecule structure determinationÌÌ Charge density data

Scanning Electron MicrosopyÌÌ Secondary and backscattered electron imagingÌÌ Environmental SEMÌÌ X-ray microanalysis

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyÌÌ Multi dimensional spectra ÌÌ Multinuclear spectraÌÌ Solid state spectra

AMMRF Flagship Ion Probe FacilityÌÌ Nanoscale mass spectrometryÌÌ High-precision isotope ratios

Scanning Probe MicroscopyÌÌ Atomic force microscopyÌÌ Magnetic force microscopyÌÌ Nanoindentation

Transmission Electron MicroscopyÌÌ Analytical spectroscopyÌÌ DiffractionÌÌ Element mappingÌÌ Tomography


NEWBayliss characterisation infrastructureThe CMCA’s suite of research infrastructure capabilities available to users will be expanded to include biological mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Primarily located at the CMCA@Bayliss site, these additions will further support the world-class research of our users.

Biological Mass Spectrometry ÌÌ Electron and chemical ionisationÌÌ Fast atom bombardment

Bioimaging FacilityÌÌ Multi spectral imagingÌÌ X-ray micro-computed tomography

Specimen PreparationÌÌ Biological sciencesÌÌ Cryogenic preparationÌÌ Physical sciences

Visualisation and SimulationÌÌ Data analysisÌÌ Image processing and reconstruction

NEW LIEF success boosts scanning electron microscopyLIEF success in 2010 will also provide an expansion to analytical SEM facilities at CMCA. A new analytical SEM and additional EDS detector will provide enhanced data quality, reduced analysis times and improved productivity for CMCA users across all disciplines. Additionally, a low temperature cryo-system offering new opportunities to the biosciences, will form a unique state-of-the-art microanalytical facility for WA that will support major research initiatives in minerals and mining, energy, engineering, neuro and medical science, and plant and animal biology.

NEW Imaging for the life sciences precinct2010 LIEF success will see the creation of CMCA@LifeScience. A new Nikon A1RSi multiphoton confocal microscope will be installed into the Large Animal Facility on the Crawley campus to support research that requires deep-tissue imaging. An atomic force microscope (AFM) will be attached to the same microscope, allowing, for the first time, unique correlative imaging capabilities. A high speed resonant scanner, non-descanned detectors and a special multiphoton objective will allow high quality imaging at up to 420 frames per second from deep within living tissues.

NEWANFF powder XRDA new X-ray diffractometer acquired though the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF) initiative has been installed at CMCA@Physics and will complement the capabilities of the newly acquired crystallography instruments at CMCA@Bayliss.

Flow CytometryÌÌ Cell sortingÌÌ Population analysis

Optical and Confocal MicroscopyÌÌ Confocal, multiphoton and fluoresence microscopyÌÌ Laser microdissectionÌÌ Live cell imagingÌÌ Automated digital histology

Bioimaging FacilityThe Bioimaging Facility is a landmark in Western Australia. No longer will WA’s researchers need to travel interstate to image live animal models of basic biology and disease.


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Multispectral imagingMultispectral imaging is a versatile and sensitive tool for cellular and molecular imaging.

Used to detect, localise and quantify extremely low levels of light emitted by a bioluminescent or fl uorescent gene, molecule or cell, the CMCA’s IVIS Lumina II and CRi Maestro 2 can be used to image small animals, animal tissue, cells and other materials such as plants.

X-ray micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT)Micro-CT imaging is a powerful modality providing non-invasive 3D morphological detail. The Bioimaging Facility features the Skyscan 1176 In Vivo system which provides high resolution 3D imaging. Tissue differences in X-ray absorption enable 3D imaging of bone, adipose and lung tissues. Contrast agents can also be used to provide 3D detail of blood vessels, lymphatics and gastrointestinal spaces.

Able to scan in vivo small animals, variable X-ray voltages and fi lters also provide scanning fl exibility to allow imaging of a wide range of ex vivo samples.

High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)MRI of small animals has become a standard tool in many biological and pharmacological applications and is an extremely fl exible technique for assessing anatomy and structure, physiological and functional parameters and molecular and cellular processes within live animals. MRI does not rely on the use of ionising agents but instead is based on the intrinsic magnetic properties of hydrogen, which is abundant in animals in the form of water and fat tissues largely. MRI provides excellent soft tissue contrast and high spatial resolution and facilitates fast imaging without restrictions on penetration depth.

Researchers in WA can now follow biological processes in real time, to track tumour growth, disease progression or drug mechanisms in vivo as well as use current instrumentation within the Centre to visualise tissue, cellular or sub-cellular processes with still greater resolution and detail.

In June 2010, the CMCA became the fi rst microanalysis facility to become a node of both the AMMRF and its sister NCRIS Characterisation capability, the National Imaging Facility (NIF). This new engagement highlights the synergies and continuities between imaging capabilities and makes it even easier for researchers to access the instruments that they need.

The driving force for the CMCA to instigate an association with the NIF was the identifi cation of a gap in micro-imaging facilities available to Western Australian researchers, who currently have to travel interstate for analysis.

Facilitated by the UWA Bioimaging Initiative, a 2010 CMCA LIEF bid to establish a Western Australian Small Animal Imaging Core Facility, and an invitation to join the University of Queensland’s EIF3 bid for the Centre for Advanced Imaging, led to the proposal that CMCA become the WA node of NIF.

The success of both bids, with a combined value of $7M, will see the development of a state-of-the-art Bioimaging Facility, suitable for in vivo imaging of small animals.

Already installed in M Block at the Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, is a suite of instruments including an X-ray micro-computed tomography platform and multi-spectral imaging. This Facility will be further strengthened with the addition of WA’s fi rst high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system set for installation in 2013.

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The CMCA is a signifi cant training and teaching hub within the university, providing major research training opportunities for postgraduate students and actively contributing to undergraduate teaching.

In 2010, the Centre continued to provide its regular series of training courses for researchers wanting to access the array of advanced microscopy and microanalytical instruments housed in CMCA. The three rounds of core training courses (in March, July and November), attracted more than 350 participants and more than 90 also attended one or more of the advanced workshops in microscopy and image analysis offered by Centre staff during the year.

The number of PhD students accessing Centre facilities for their research continues to rise, with 169 students registered as CMCA users in 2010 compared to 114 in 2009.

Research training, teaching and usage

Online coursesA team of experts in research-led teaching from six universities within the AMMRF, including CMCA’s Associate Professor Janet Muhling, was recently successful in a 2010 grant application to the Australian Learning and Teaching Council for funding to develop an integrated range of virtual microscopy tools. The team will support a national blended-learning approach in microscopy that will cater to the increasing numbers and diversity of students who require education and training in microscopy. These tools will be openly accessible to educators around the country.

The fi rst module on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is now online and accessible via the CMCA website. Teams of experts around the AMMRF are busy developing the additional fi ve modules that will be rolled out in the near future.

A strong cohort of Honours and fi nal year research project students also made use of the CMCA, with more than 67 registered in 2010, predominantly from Engineering, Nanotechnology and Chemistry.

A highlight for the Centre in 2010 was the enrolment of the fi rst PhD student directly into the CMCA, Rahi Varsani. This exciting development required a change to University rules to permit PhD supervision through CMCA, which is intended to provide greater opportunities for microscopy-focused research projects to be supervised by CMCA staff. This move refl ects the Centre’s standing within the University as a hub of academic excellence in microscopy and microanalysis. It is anticipated that PhD enrolments in CMCA will build as students begin to recognise the unique opportunities provided by conducting their research within the Centre.

First PhD student tastes immediate success

In 2010, Rahi Varsani became the fi rst PhD student to directly enrol through CMCA and he quickly developed a knack for winning prizes. Having decided to continue working with his Honours supervisor Professor Martin Saunders, Rahi was awarded the Trans-Tasman Bursary by the Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Society for a presentation at the ACMM-21 conference in Brisbane on his Honours Image / rahI VarsanI receIVes

The Trans-Tasman bursary.

research about carbon nanomaterials formed by the catalytic cracking of methane. He quickly followed this up with an award for his talk at the ARCNN/ARNAM 2010 Joint Workshop in Adelaide. Rahi will use the Trans-Tasman Bursary to attend the 2011 NZ Microscopy meeting in Wellington to present a paper on his PhD research into magnetic nanomaterials for biomedical applications.


Total

EDS X-ray analysis 56TEM 52Flow cytometry 62SEM 113Optical/confocal microscopy 70

353

2010 courses

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EDS X-ray analysis 59TEM 63Flow cytometry 24SEM 105Optical/confocal microscopy 46

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Industry

In 2010 CMCA has continued to support industry and identify solutions to industry problems across a range of areas. Engagement with a growing number of organisations has ranged from the provision of consulting services to substantial research contracts.

CMCA facilities and staff have played a signifi cant role in assisting the mining industry with exploration. Facilitated by the Centre for Exploration Targeting at UWA, analysis of gold, nickel and iron ore samples is helping to identify and validate new and advanced exploration methods which will enable the WA minerals industry to maintain its competitive edge.

In vitro fertility specialists and PathWest are also frequent users of CMCA facilities, as are the peak medical research institutes in WA, the Lions’ Eye Institute, the Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and the Western Australian Institute for Medical Research.

A 2010 highlight was the opportunity for CMCA to host the Alumina Technical Panel (ATP), comprising research and development managers of the alumina producers with technical capabilities in Australia. Australia is the largest supplier of bauxite worldwide and the panel was very impressed by the Centre’s capabilities and their capacity to contribute to alumina-based R&D projects. Substantial contract consulting has subsequently stemmed from this engagement.

Biomedical & MiscellaneousÌÌAntariaÌÌDepartment of Agriculture

and Food, WAÌÌFertility Specialists of WAÌÌNational Measurement InstituteÌÌPathWestÌÌPhylogicaÌÌPivetÌÌSt John of God Pathology

Engineering & EnvironmentalÌÌAdvanced GeomechanicsÌÌAustralian Reference LaboratoriesÌÌBotanic Gardens and Parks

AuthorityÌÌCoffey MPLÌÌCSIRO Land & WaterÌÌDepartment of WaterÌÌEnvirolab ServicesÌÌMatrix Composites & EngineeringÌÌNational Environmental ResourcesÌÌPolymer Inspection Testing

& Certifi cationÌÌSite Environmental & Remediation

ServicesÌÌSLR Consulting AustraliaÌÌTSW AnalyticalÌÌWater Corporation

Energy & MineralsÌÌAlcoa World AluminaÌÌAtlas IronÌÌAusQuestÌÌBHP BillitonÌÌCrossland ResourcesÌÌCSIRO Earth Science

& Resource EngineeringÌÌGeological Survey of WAÌÌManhattan CorporationÌÌOilfi eld Production TechnologiesÌÌPathfi nder ExplorationÌÌPterodiaÌÌRioTintoÌÌSumatra Copper & Gold

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Going with the fl ow speeds up plant researchCanola Breeders Western Australia Pty Ltd is a private partnership between growers, the Grains Research Development Corporation and researchers in Plant Biology at The University of Western Australia that breeds canola plant varieties. Since 2008, CMCA has helped Canola Breeders to successfully breed new high yielding canola varieties for diffi cult environments in Australia and elsewhere.

Plant breeders use changes in ploidy (the number of sets of chromosomes) to affect the performance of plants as crops. Traditional methods to determine ploidy are labour intensive and, for many plant species, technically challenging due to small, indistinct and ‘sticky’ chromosomes.

A high throughput fl ow cytometry protocol to analyse seedling ploidy, developed in collaboration with CMCA’s Assistant Professor Kathy Heel, takes only 15% of the time per sample and allows ploidy characterisation of very young plants. Useless sterile plants can be discarded much earlier, reducing plant maintenance and speeding up canola variety development which is estimated to save around $250,000 per annum as well as substantial time to market for seedlings. This has a positive knock-on effect for the Australian canola industry and the Australian economy.

A. Cousin, K.A. Heel, W.A. Cowling and M.N. Nelson, An effi cient high-throughput fl ow cytometric method for estimating DNA ploidy level in plants, Cytometry Part A, 75A: 1015-1019, 2009.

RioTinto diamondsThe colour of natural pink Argyle diamonds is due to an unidentifi ed crystal-line defect that causes the colour of the diamonds to be affected by certain wavelengths of light. Rio Tinto Diamonds wanted to characterise this change, fi nd the optimal wavelength at which to perform a reversal and to discover the underlying cause of the defect and its behaviour.

Identifying the characteristics of this defect will provide Rio Tinto with methods for verifying authenticity of Argyle pink diamonds. The properties of this crystalline defect could also be of use in research into optical systems and technologies.

www.riotintodiamonds.com

cbwa.net.au

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Research highlights13 Physical Sciences

16Biomedical Sciences

19 Earth Sciences

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In addition to the clean production of hydrogen, the reaction produces signifi cant quantities of graphitic carbon nanomaterials, predominantly in the form of nano-onions. Consisting of sequentially self-encapsulating carbon shells, the carbon nano-onions have potential application and value in a range of areas, in particular, as high-quality electrodes for use in electrochemical processes and batteries. A tonne of the carbon material has already been requested for trials by a Chinese battery manufacturing company, although the process has to be scaled up considerably fi rst.

The research has had strong support from the private sector since inception. Initially supported by Wesfarmers and the US technology development group XLTG Inc. through an ARC Linkage Project, the research has formed the basis of a new spin-out company, Hazer Pty Ltd, which has successfully raised capital from seed investors and is now funding further development work at the University. Patents are in place to cover the cracking process and purifi cation of the carbon nanomaterials. The company name, Hazer, is an acronym of Hydrogen And Zero Emission Research.

The researchers rely on CMCA’s high-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) facilities to investigate the structural and chemical properties of the carbon and the catalyst materials used in the cracking process. CMCA Deputy Director, Professor Martin Saunders, is a core partner in the research team, providing expertise in advanced TEM techniques to correlate the properties of the catalyst with those of the resulting carbon nanomaterials. He has co-supervised several students involved in the project, including Rahi Varsani who recently received an award from the Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Society for his research on the use of electron tomography to investigate the 3-D morphology of the nanomaterials.

The capital raised by the formation of the spin-out company is being invested into the ongoing research at UWA to further develop and scale-up the methane cracking process. Microscopy will continue to play a crucial role in this future development.

A. Cornejo, W. Zhang, L. Gao, R.R. Varsani, M. Saunders, K.S. Iyer, C.L. Raston and H-T. Chua. Generating hyrdogen gas from methane with carbon-captured as pure spheroidal nanomaterials, Chemistry, 17 (33):9188-92, 2011.

Ongoing research at The University of Western Australia (UWA) has been developing novel technology for the cracking of methane (natural gas) into hydrogen and graphitic carbon

The research collaboration, led by Professor Hui Tong Chua of the UWA Centre for Energy, makes extensive use of electron microscopy facilities at the CMCA to understand the cracking process and to characterise the resulting nanomaterials.

Hydrogen is a valuable industrial chemical, at present mainly used for the preparation of ammonia for fertiliser and other applications. However, in future, it is likely to be a critical component of a reduced-emission energy market.

Current methods of generating hydrogen are energy ineffi cient and directly or indirectly create signifi cant amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. The current research generates hydrogen with no carbon dioxide emissions.

Physical sciences

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Cracking methane and growing nano-onions


Australian Academy of Science FellowshipDr Alexandra Suvorova, whose main interest lies in electron microscopy of nanomaterials, spent four weeks with Dr Losurdo at the Institute of Inorganic Methodologies and Plasmas, Italy and Dr Werner at the Max Planck Institute, Germany in August 2010. Her fellowship saw her examine the growth and optical properties of plasmonic nanostructures, followed by the structural and compositional analysis of samples using the MPI aberration-corrected analytical TITAN transmission electron microscope. Understanding the nanomaterials growth and properties is essential for their exploitation in a variety of technologies, including chemical sensors, biosensors and optical devices.

synthetic techniques. Nevertheless, to continue advancing plasmonics, new metallic nanostructure systems must be developed that offer unique properties and are superior to Ag, Au, and mixtures thereof – currently the most widely exploited metals and bimetallic systems. In this context, the development of bimetallic alloy nanoparticles is attractive because changing their composition can control their optical properties, whereas the properties of single metal nanoparticles can only be tuned by manipulating their shape or size. Size-independent tuning by compositional changes is advantageous for applications such as chip-scale plasmonic optical components that must operate in the infrared or near-infrared wavelengths but seek to exploit the sub-wavelength dimensions that are typical of plasmonic nanostructures.

Assistant Professor Alexandra Suvorova and Professor Martin Saunders at CMCA, in collaboration with researchers at the Institute of Inorganic Methodologies and Plasmas, Bari, Italy and Duke University, USA have been studying new plasmonic nanostructures based on bimetallic systems. They have developed a method to tune the properties of GaMg nanostructures by carefully controlling their composition. It was

shown that GaMg alloys provide a large energy/wavelength tunability of the surface plasmon resonance, good thermal stability and reduced impact of oxidation on the optical properties. The chemical information has been visualized using advanced analytical TEM techniques such as energy-fi ltered transmission electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark fi eld scanning transmission electron microscopy. This work has been published in the journal Small.

P.C. Wu, T.H. Kim, A. Suvorova, M. Giangregorio, M. Saunders, G. Bruno, A. S. Brown and M. Losurdo, GaMg alloy nanoparticles for broadly tunable plasmonics, Small, 7(6): 751-756, 2011.

For hundreds of years stained glass windows have exploited the way light interacts with metal nanoparticles in the glass to produce their spectacular colours.

The ability to control how light interacts with matter is fundamental to the development of materials with novel optical properties and end applications. In modern times this has led to the fi eld of plasmonics, where nanoparticles are synthesized to achieve specifi c properties with potential applications in areas such as biosensors, new computing technologies, solar cells, etc.

At the nanoscale, the shape and size of nanoparticles defi nes the so-called Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR), which controls how light interacts with electromagnetic fi elds at the surface of the particles. Thus, by changing the shape, size or spatial arrangement of the nanoparticles, systems with specifi c optical properties can be created.

The design of novel nanomaterials that underpin plasmonic applications has driven the rapid progress in advancing plasmonic materials over the last few years. Control of metal nanoparticle shape, density, and spacing is continually improving with novel

Plasmonics: manipulating the optical properties of materials at the nanoscale

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Corrosion is an extremely costly failure mechanism, consuming 3–5% of GDP. Stainless steel, despite its name, is not immune to corrosion, called pitting corrosion.

This devastating failure mechanism – which can manifest as anything from rust spots on a kitchen appliance to a large hole in a tank or pipe – appears, apparently at random. Pitting corrosion is the starting point for crevice corrosion, another nasty scourge where the stainless steel rusts rapidly in narrow gaps. Currently, to overcome pitting corrosion, more expensive grades of steel, containing more chromium and also containing molybdenum, need to be used.

Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and chromium and owes its general corrosion resistance to the presence of a very thin layer of chromium oxide that forms on the surface, protecting

the underlying steel. When pitting corrosion does occur, it nucleates around unavoidable sulphur impurities in the steel. Manganese is added during production to sequester the sulphur as microscopic inclusions of inert manganese sulphide (MnS).

As a consequence, most inclusions in the steel remain unreactive. However some appear to become especially active and react around their edges. Professor David Williams from the University of Auckland is working to understand this phenomenon by using the NanoSIMS to examine the composition around MnS inclusions.

He found that the inclusions were surrounded by a thin skin (less than 100 nm) of reactive iron sulphide (FeS). This reactive halo is likely to be the reason for the corrosion initiation that occurs around inclusions. FeS is unstable relative to MnS at steel-manufacturing temperatures – indeed the reason for adding manganese is

to prevent the formation of FeS. These results point to a possible means of processing the steel to remove the FeS halo around the inclusions and hence mitigate this important form of corrosion. If the steel were cooled more slowly, there would be more time for the manganese to thoroughly sequester the sulphur and maximise the formation of the more energetically favourable MnS, reducing the likelihood that pitting corrosion could initiate in the future life of the fi nal product.

Improved processes will lead to a reduction in the potential for corrosion, in turn leading to longer life of stainless steel and therefore reduced replacement costs and the ability to use less expensive types of stainless steel in certain applications.

D.E. Williams, M.R. Kilburn, J.B. Cliff and G. Waterhouse, Composition changes around sulphide inclusions in stainless steels, and implications for the initiation of pitting corrosion. Corrosion Science, 52(11): 3702-3716, 2010.

Why stainless steel corrodes

Image / nanosIms Images of sulPhIde

InclusIons In a commercIal 316l

sTaInless sTeel acquIred aT The cmca.

5 µm


plate reader. The technique allows simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in as little as 50µl of serum. The ability to multiplex and investigate a large number of mediators was essential to this project due to the low volume of sample available.

Their investigations have revealed some interesting results. Levels of the proteins interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were raised in patients with acute anaphylaxis. IL-6 is a protein that induces infl ammation and plays a number of different roles in the immune system. It may contribute to the severity of the allergic reactions seen in the patients. It could also be perpetuating the whole-body effects of severe anaphylaxis. There are already several drugs under development to block IL-6 activity that could also be investigated in the treatment of acute anaphylaxis.

However, the elevation of IL-10 was unexpected. This is an

anti-infl ammatory protein whose primary function is to dampen immune responses. The team suggest that the IL-10 is being produced as the immune system tries to turn off the allergic response initiated by the trigger. This research was published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and was nominated the best paper of 2009 by the Royal Perth Hospital Medical Research Foundation.

Assistant Professor Stone and her colleagues are now moving ahead to investigate additional mediators of anaphylaxis including anaphylatoxins and platelet activating factor. Characterisation of the molecules present during anaphylaxis is a starting point for the development of new treatments for this life threatening condition.

S.F. Stone, C. Cotterell, G.K. Isbister, A. Holdgate and S.G.A. Brown, Elevated serum cytokines during human anaphylaxis: identifi cation of potential mediators of acute allergic reactions, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 124(4): 786-792, 2009.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction triggered in some people by foods, insect stings and drugs. The incidence of anaphylaxis has increased dramatically over the last ten years. The most severe cases are characterised by hypotension, hypoxia and possible unconsciousness.

As anaphylaxis is an unexpected, life-threatening event that requires emergency management, defi ning the biological mediators that infl uence the clinical presentation and severity of the reaction has been diffi cult. A range of immune mediators have been implicated by studies in animal models and cultured cells, but work on acute human anaphylaxis is lacking.

Assistant Professor Shelley Stone and Professor Simon Brown from the Western Australian Institute for Medical Research have identifi ed a number of potential immune mediators involved in anaphylaxis. The Emergency Department Anaphylaxis (EDA) study is a unique collaboration of eight emergency departments in Western Australia and New South Wales that are collecting sequential blood samples from patients with acute anaphylaxis. A total of 432 patients were enrolled in the EDA, including 98 with severe anaphylaxis, making this the largest study of anaphylaxis in the world.

The research team has been utilising fl ow cytometry to quickly and accurately detect a number of markers in a large number of samples. Serum levels of 15 immune mediators were measured using cytometric bead arrays (CBAs) and analysed using the FACSCanto II fl ow cytometer equipped with a 96-well

Bee stings and peanut butter

Biomedical sciences

Image / assIsT/Professor shelley

sTone In her lab aT The wesTern

ausTralIan InsTITuTe for medIcal

research.

InseT / analysIs of serum from a PaTIenT wITh seVere

anaPhylaxIs demonsTraTIng hIgh leVels of Il-6 (blue),

soluble Tnf recePTor (green) and Il-10 (PInk).


Each year more than 2,000 Australians die from chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and cancers of the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts. In addition, liver cancer is the most rapidly increasing cancer worldwide with hepatitis B and C signifi cantly increasing the risk of liver cancer.

Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) have an enormous potential for use to treat liver disease. LPCs are induced during chronic liver injury replacing damaged hepatocytes (liver cells) and cholangiocytes (bile duct cells). In a variety of liver diseases including hepatitis B and C, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, LPC numbers correlate with disease severity. Strikingly, LPCs are almost always associated with infl ammatory cells, suggesting the infl ammatory cells may provide cytokine signals, such as growth factors, that underpin the regeneration process. Identifying the infl ammatory cells and cytokines, which support the LPC response in chronic liver disease, is crucial in designing strategies to augment LPC-mediated liver regeneration and optimise liver repair.

Professor George Yeoh, in collaboration with researchers from the Liver Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology and from the Department of Surgery at The University of Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany seeks to understand the relationship of LPCs with infl ammatory cells as they co-exist in liver disease.

Fluorescence microscopy was used to analyse the types of cells present and their location in the damaged liver across both diet-induced and immune-mediated

liver injury models. This approach identifi ed macrophages and CD8+ T cells, which are actively recruited to the injured liver, as key players (image displayed in the UWA Science Library). While T cells increased in numbers during liver regeneration and contribute to the process, they are not essential. The close association between macrophages and LPCs however suggests a paracrine relationship between these cells.

Subsequently, the research team analysed the types of cytokines and measured their content in the liver of diseased mice by fl ow cytometry using Cytometric Bead Arrays (CBAs). Invading and liver-resident macrophages were found to be the most important cytokine producers. The common feature between the models is that TNF is not only induced but its level is sustained during initiation of the LPC response. As a result, Professor Yeoh is now investigating the possibility of regulating LPCs by moderating levels of macrophages in diseased liver.

Knowledge of factors that regulate LPCs will allow us to control their

numbers in diseased liver in order to balance the positive outcomes from regenerating the liver and negative outcome of developing liver cancer. This knowledge is also expected to underpin strategies to grow, differentiate and mature LPCs into useful hepatocytes for use in liver assist devices and bioartifi cial livers.

J.E. Tirnitz-Parker, C.S. Viebahn, A. Jakubowski, B.R. Klopcic, J.K. Olynyk, G.C. Yeoh and B. Knight, Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis is a mitogen for liver progenitor cells, Hepatology, 52(1):291-302, 2010.

C.S. Viebahn, V. Benseler, L.E. Holz, C.L. Elsegood, M. Vo, P. Bertolino, R. Ganss and G.C. Yeoh, Invading macrophages play a major role in the liver progenitor cell response to chronic liver injury, Journal of Hepatology, 53(23):500-7, 2010.

Renewing damaged livers

Image / lIVer secTIons showIng The cell nucleI

(blue), lIVer ProgenITor cells (lPcs) (green) and

VarIous anTIbodIes for dIfferenT Immune cell

TyPes (red).

Image / Image of lIVer acquIred aT cmca.


during the formation of the eggshell within the bird. Localising the aDNA in the eggshell was a key step that enabled the researchers to optimise their sampling protocols and develop an extraction technique specifi cally tailored to eggshell. The researchers were able to recover the aDNA from extinct megafaunal birds such as the giant New Zealand moa and the elephant bird from Madagascar. The DNA preservation seemed to extend back to nineteen thousand years in an emu eggshell from an archaeological site near Margaret River. To date, this is the oldest authenticated aDNA ever retrieved from Australia.

This work is the fi rst description of successful isolation and visualisation of aDNA from fossil avian eggshell

and showcases its utility for investigating the genetics of eggshell in fossil and archaeological deposits. The techniques described also have applications in the fi elds of conservation and forensic genetics. Lastly, genetic profi les, when analysed together with 14C dating and stable-isotope profi les, will signifi cantly enhance the accuracy of understanding both past biodiversity and extinction processes.

C.L. Oskam, J. Haile, E. McLay, P.J. Rigby, M.E. Allentoft, M.E. Olsen, C. Bengtsson, G.H. Miller, J-L. Schwenninger, C. Jacomb, R. Walter, A. Baynes, J. Dortch, M. Parker-Pearson, M.T.P. Gilbert, R.N. Holdaway, E. Willerslev and M. Bunce, Fossil avian eggshell preserves ancient DNA, Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 277(1690): 1991-2000, 2010.

In a world fi rst, an international team, led by Dr Michael Bunce of Murdoch University, including researchers from the United Kingdom, Denmark, New Zealand and the United States, has successfully isolated ancient DNA from the fossilised remains of eggshells from extinct birds.

The work, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, generated considerable excitement. DNA was extracted from fossilised eggshells up to 19,000 years old. Although used for a variety of dating techniques ancient eggshell was not previously considered to be a source of DNA.

Eggshell fragments excavated from deposits across the globe are widely used in archaeological and paleontological research to infer dates, diets and environmental change, largely on the basis of their excellent biomolecule preservation. DNA is generally found in all biological materials but has not previously been isolated from eggshell. Dr Michael Bunce and PhD student Charlotte Oskam, from Murdoch University’s ancient DNA (aDNA) lab, led a large international collaboration to investigate why this is so.

When attempting to isolate aDNA it is important to understand its location within the sample. CMCA’s Associate Professor Paul Rigby was able to visualise the preserved genetic material within the eggshell matrix by using confocal imaging, together with fl uorescent double-stranded DNA-binding dyes. It is most likely that the DNA in eggshell has come from abraded cells incorporated

World fi rst – ancient DNA isolation from fossilised eggshells

Image / ancIenT dna In fluorescenT ‘hoT sPoTs’ (red arrows)

locaTed wIThIn fossIl aVIan eggshells. cross-secTIon of an

elePhanT-bIrd eggshell, scale 400 µm (uPPer rIghT), Inner asPecT

of The moa eggshell wITh a mammIllary cone encIrcled; (lower

rIghT).The exTIncT elePhanT bIrd from madagascar (aboVe).


These deposits are examples of the very important Carlin-type class of gold deposit, responsible for about 10% of current global gold production. Using the NanoSIMS to map gold, other trace elements and sulphur isotopes within selected, small pyrite grains (5–50 µm) from each deposit, they were able to resolve, for the fi rst time, that gold was deposited in at least two discrete episodes in each deposit. Each episode of gold deposition was accompanied by increased concentrations of trace metals that are often associated with magmas.

Gold is one of the world’s most precious metals. In many large gold deposits, the gold itself is invisible – dissolved within the crystal lattice of other minerals.

In a similar way to which tree rings can be used to infer information about past climate change, minerals containing invisible gold, such as pyrite, can be used to derive information about how gold deposits form.

Dr Shaun Barker and colleagues from the University of British Columbia and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas visited the CMCA to examine pyrite grains in samples that contained invisible gold from two gold deposits in northern Nevada, USA.

Looking at invisible gold

Earth sciences

These results emphasise that gold may be deposited in episodic bursts during the formation of gold deposits, and has important implications for the genesis and controls on Carlin-type gold deposit formation.

S.L.L. Barker, K.A. Hickey, G.M. Dipple, J. Vaughan, J.S. Cline, A.A. Longo, M.R. Kilburn, Uncloaking “invisible” gold: use of NanoSIMS to measure gold, trace element and sulfur isotopes in pyrite from Carlin-type gold deposits, Economic Geology, 104, 897-904, 2009.

Image / PyrITe graIn from The ‘banshee

dePosIT’, norThern carlIn Trend, neVada,

usa wITh nanosIms maPs of The dIsTrIbuTIon

of gold and sulPhur IsoToPes.


Tracking wandering diprotodons

Little is known about the migratory behaviour of extinct Australian mammals, in particular that of the extinct rhinoceros-sized diprotodon, Diprotodon optatum.

The diprotodon was one of the most widespread Pleistocene marsupials living in Australia before the last ice age. Teeth of these animals retain information about their environmental and physiological conditions over the time period that is recorded in the growth of the teeth.

The analysis of teeth and bones has established that relationships exist between oxygen isotopes and climate, carbon isotopes and diet, and strontium isotopes and geographical regions. Therefore, by measuring strontium, carbon

and oxygen isotopes from the tooth enamel, it is possible to reconstruct the migration patterns of the megafauna. As part of this investigation, an 80,000-year-old fossilised diprotodon incisor, held at the Western Australian Museum, was analysed by Lynette Howearth of Curtin University.

Combining data from the ion probe at the CMCA, where she analysed small spots around 40 µm in diameter from uncontaminated enamel regions, with data obtained using thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) at Curtin University of Technology, the signatures of strontium isotopes in the tooth were determined precisely. These results combined with previously obtained carbon and oxygen isotope signatures point to the animal having spent

portions of its life in at least two different geological settings. A further comparison of strontium isotope patterns in the diprotodon tooth with those of modern kangaroo teeth from the Pilbara suggests that the animal spent most of its time on the Roebourne Plains and summered at Du Boulay Creek, a distance of 175-200 kilometres away. Migration patterns of extinct fauna are important for studies of palaeobiology, rates of evolution, extinction and speciation, and paleoclimatic reconstructions.

Image / lefT: dIProTodonT oPTaTum casT

skeleTon aT The wa museum wITh InserT

of a fossIlIsed ToP IncIsor from whIch

enamel cores were Taken for analysIs.

rIghT: dIProTodonT enamel analysed

wITh The Ion Probe.


Craters and critters

Diagonal and horizontal, light-colored striations cutting across the grain (inset) are two sets of deformation features of a type caused only by the compression wave generated by impact events. The smaller discrete crystals growing on the surface of the larger crystal indicate that new zircon growth nucleated on older zircons in the impact melt. The age of this newly crystallised material was investigated with the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) at the John de Laeter Centre for Isotope Research. The results indicate an impact event occurring at approximately 252 million years ago.

Earlier, less comprehensive dating results gave an impact date of 244 million years, whereas these new results clearly place the impact in the same time window as the end-Permian mass extinction. This coincidence of timing means that the impact is a factor that must be considered when searching for causes of this biotic crisis. Taken together with other impacts, this data contributes to the idea that mass extinctions may share a common extraterrestrial cause.

Image / sem Image of ZIrcon graIn from The

araguaInha craTer. acquIred aT The cmca by

erIc TohVer.

The end-Permian mass extinction occurred 252 million years ago, and is the largest of the fi ve biotic crises that punctuate the fossil record of the last 540 million years.

The cause of this catastrophe is still unknown, even though its biological effects were more than twice as severe as those unleashed by the 65 million-year old impact that created the crater at Chicxulub in Mexico. The Chicxulub impact is thought to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. An ongoing study of several major impact craters around the world is being spearheaded by Assistant Professor Eric Tohver from the School of Earth and Environment and Dr Fred Jourdan from Curtin University. One aim is to provide more accurate age constraints on large impact events to assess their effects on the life on Earth.

Their geochronological investigation of the 40 km wide Araguainha crater in central Brazil is yielding interesting information. The effects of shock metamorphism and recrystallisation are clear in the pictured grain of zircon (right).



Centre highlights

Image / mIcro-cT of chITon TeeTh. Image by

Jeremy shaw, acquIred aT ammrf node aT The

unIVersITy of sydney.

Sten Littman is a geochemist who has joined the CMCA as the SIMS support engineer after working at the Department of Nuclear Safeguards and Security at the Institute of Transuranium Elements (ITU) in Germany. There, he managed the SIMS laboratory that analysed the isotopic composition of uranium particles in environmental swipe samples from around the world.

Dr Tamara Abel joined the CMCA in early 2010 to provide academic support for the Centre’s optical and microscopy instrumentation. Tamara is familiar with UWA, having worked as a research assistant and then completed a PhD in Medical Science at the Centre for Orthopaedic Research, where she then continued as a postdoctoral fellow.

Tamara has a strong background in molecular and cell biology and brings a wide variety of skills to the centre, including experience with X-ray micro-CT technology. This has stood her in good stead as she facilitated the set up of the newly operating CMCA Bioimaging Facility at CMCA@QEII.

Dave Adams graduated from Baylor University, Waco, Texas with a Masters of Science studying igneous petrology and volcanology and a Bachelor of Arts in German, with a minor in Geology. Subsequently he commenced his PhD at Oregon State University where he investigated trace elements in melt inclusion in olivine and plagioclase pheocrysts to determine origin and melt regime. He also worked on diffusion of elements in olivine (olivine speedometry) from Crater Lake, Oregon to determine the time between injection of new mafi c magma into a relatively silicic magma chamber and eruption.

Dave became familiar with electron microprobe analysis during his years of study, bringing back to life Baylor University’s old AMRAY AMR-1000 and updating the out-dated fi lm camera with a computer imaging system.

While at Oregon State University, he was the student microprobe technician in charge of their CAMECA SX-100 microprobe working with researchers from the University, around the country, and from industry.

Prior to joining CMCA, Dave worked with the US Geological Survey in Denver, Colorado in the Denver Microbeam Laboratory where he primarily worked with SEM and electron microprobe analysis.

Lecia Khor joins the CMCA as a postdoctoral research fellow from industry, having graduated from UWA in 1998 with a PhD in Geochemistry on the topic of the nature and control of contaminants in altered ilmenites.

On the strength of her PHD research on characterisation and analysis of ilmenite grains, Lecia was employed at Cirrus Logic in the USA where she managed the electron and focused ion beam laboratories responsible for reverse engineering semiconductor devices to elucidate mechanisms of failure. She was also engaged in complex device modifi cation using Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and the development of novel methods for physical deprocessing. Subsequently she worked as a Product Development Scientist for PharmaForm LLC, a contract pharmaceutical manufacturing company.

Lecia has come full circle and returns to UWA with a primary interest in the investigation of solid state and structural chemistry, and a current focus on lime chemistry.

Staff news


W/Prof David SampsonDirector

Prof Martin SaundersDeputy Director

Alynka YoungmanCentre Manager

Steve ParryLaboratory Manager

Dr Tamara AbelDavid AdamsLiz AlbertDr Lindsay ByrneAsst/Prof John CliffAssoc/Prof Peta ClodeDana CrisanPeter DuncanDr Monica Gagliano

Joint appointment with UWA School of Animal Biology

Prof Brendan Griffi nJeanette HatchAsst/Prof Kathy HeelAssoc/Prof Andrew Johnson

HonoraryAsst/Prof Lecia KhorAssoc/Prof Matt KilburnLyn KirilakProf John Kuo

HonoraryTracey Lee-PullenSten LittmannDr Janet MuhlingJohn MurphyTracey O’KeefeDr Anthony ReederAssoc/Prof Paul RigbyDr Jeremy ShawDr Brian SkeltonAsst/Prof Alexandra SuvorovaDr David Wacey

Joint appointment with UWA School of Earth and Environment

Staff list


Image / human oPTIc nerVe. Image by

alIson JennIngs acquIred aT cmca.


Botany under the microscope: anthers to Zostera

Professor John Kuo retired in 2010 as the longest serving academic member of the CMCA, joining the then Electron Microscopy Centre at UWA in 1978. Recognised internationally for his use of advanced microscopy techniques in botanical science, Professor Kuo has enabled several generations of Western Australian scientists to better understand plant function through the visualisation of plant anatomy in situ. His contributions to research on crops, Western Australian native plants and seagrasses, have shaped signifi cant improvements for biodiversity and the economic landscape of the Western Australian community.

A symposium, Botany under the microscope: anthers to Zostera, was held to mark John’s retirement and featured guest speakers who highlighted John’s contributions to botanical research, particularly through microscopy. Speakers included John’s PhD advisor, Professor Margaret McCully, world renowned expert on seagrasses, Professor Cornelus den Hartog, former and current colleagues, former students and his daughter Ivana (now a post-doctoral microscopist at Yale).

The kumi-e (companion works), Seagrasses and Electron Microscope Images of Seagrasses, were commissioned by the Centre for the occasion and Vice-Chancellor, Winthrop Professor Alan Robson, presented one artwork to Professor Kuo.

Seagrasses Mutsuko Bonnardeaux Seagrasses depicts seagrasses common to the Western Australian coast, featuring the endemic species Posidonia coriacea (left), Posidinia sinuosa (centre), the fl owering Posidonia australis (right) and the globally distributed, oval-leafed Halophila ovalis (bottom).

Electron microscope images of seagrasses Mutsuko Bonnardeaux Electron Microscope Images of Seagrasses is derived from black and white microscopic images of Halophila ovalis and Posidonia australis. Framed against an ocean-like background, the artwork features: a Posidonia australis leaf with details of its epidermal cell (left) and vascular cells (middle); three green/blue diatoms found on a Posidonia australis leaf surface; the surface of a Halophila leaf (bottom right) and a spherical orange Halophila seed.

The other is displayed in the Centre, in acknowledgement of Professor Kuo’s contribution to the Centre for more than 30 years and his world leading expertise in seagrass anatomy and taxonomy.

The kumi-e by Western Australian artist, Mutsuko Bonnardeaux, are created from paper using the traditional Japanese method known as Washi (‘Wa’ meaning Japanese and ‘shi’ meaning paper). The paper was handmade and dyed by the artist from imported Kozo (Mulberry) and Mitsumata (Daphne) bark.

Live cell microscopy at Purdue and Pittsburgh UniversitiesDuring 2010 Dr Paul Rigby spent three months at Purdue University mainly concentrated on web-based virtual-reality tools for teaching microscopy. The university’s Envision Center is an advanced virtual-reality centre where Paul was taken on a virtual tour of the only certifi ed virtual pharmacy preparation laboratory world-wide. In conjunction with Professor Robinson (an AMMRF International Technical User Advisory Group (ITUAG) committee member), he also developed a web-based Flash application to assist with basic

training and assessment on a Nikon light microscope. It is planned to make this tool available for use in training sessions within CMCA.

The opportunity to work with Professor Simon Watkins (also a member of the ITUAG committee) in Pittsburgh was a highlight as Paul honed his skills on multi-colour TIRF and more live-cell microscopy while seeing how Professor Watkins runs his very successful Centre for Biologic Imaging.

Now back in the Centre users have benefi ted from Paul’s newfound knowledge and experience.

Image / assocIaTe

Professor Paul rIgby

wITh co-PresenTer

dr ellIe kable of The

ausTralIan cenTre

for mIcroscoPy and

mIcroanalysIs aT The

unIVersITy of sydney.


Image / Image of ProsTaTe

TIssue acquIred aT cmca.

Image / assIsTanT

Professor kaThy heel

(rIghT) and assIsTanT

Professor JanIne

croser (lefT), JoInT

menTors of emIly

PhIllImore (cenTre).

The University of Western Australia | 27 The University of Western Australia | 27

BioGENEius biotechnology prizeAssistant Professor Kathy Heel from the CMCA recently mentored 15-year-old high-school student, Emily Phillimore from Shenton College in Perth, to success in the sanofi -aventis International BioGENEius Challenge of Western Australia, coordinated by the WA Department of Commerce.

The BioGENEius Challenge provides an opportunity for motivated and talented highschool students to work with a professional scientist who mentors them as they undertake research in the fi eld of biotechnology.

Emily’s project was entitled ‘Fuelling our future – unlocking the potential of an ancient oil crop – Camelina sativa’. Under the supervision of Assistant Professor Heel and Assistant Professor Janine Croser, Emily determined the genome size and variability of the species by using fl ow cytometry, correlating the results with key biochemical, morphological and agronomic traits. She identifi ed plants with very high levels of omega-3 fatty acid and others with profi les suited to use as a biofuel.

On the basis of project reports, laboratory journals and scientifi c

posters, the WA panel judged Emily the joint winner. She then travelled, with her parents and mentors, to the Bio2010 conference in Chicago where she competed with 13 other international fi nalists from Canada and the USA, presenting her work to 2000 people and manning her poster to discuss it with all comers. Although Emily didn’t win the event, she was highly commended and had an inspiring trip, hanging out with the other fi nalists and getting to meet Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.

this honour, preceded only by the late Professor David Cockayne FRS.

Professor Griffi n has also been elected as a Fellow of the Microscopy Society of America (MSA), an honour reserved for only a small fraction of the MSA membership and intended to recognise members who have made signifi cant contributions to the advancement of the science and practice of microscopy imaging, analysis or diffraction techniques. Professor Griffi n was presented with his Fellowship Certifi cate at the 69th Annual Meeting of the MSA held in Nashville, Tennessee.

International honoursProfessor Brendan Griffi n has been recognised by the international microscopy community with two very important honours refl ecting the important role Brendan plays at a global level.

At the 17th International Microscopy Congress (IMC-17) held in Rio de Janeiro in September 2010, the General Assembly of the Federation of International Societies for Microscopy (IFSM) elected Professor Griffi n to the position of General Secretary of IFSM. Professor Griffi n is the second Australian to achieve

The Fellowship Certifi cate contains the following citation:

“For outstanding original contributions as well as being an internationally recognised leader in the theory and application of variable pressure scanning electron microscopy.”

Professor Griffi n is the fi rst Australian to receive this honour, though we are confi dent he will not be the last.

Image / Professor

brendan grIffIn

PresenTed wITh hIs

fellowshIP cerTIfIcaTe

from The mIcroscoPy

socIeTy of amerIca.

28 | www.uwa.edu.au28 | cmca.uwa.edu.au

Image / fungal hyPhae In lIVer

acquIred aT cmca.

Image / soPhIe

mIrabella mP sPeaks

wITh wInThroP

Professor daVId

samPson and

assIsTanT Professor

John clIff.


Science meets ParliamentDirector of the CMCA, Winthrop Professor David Sampson attended 2010 Science meets Parliament where he highlighted the importance of microscopy for Australian research and innovation. Discussion of research outcomes with Senator Louise Pratt and Sophie Mirabella, MP, included the identifi cation of nanogold with the CAMECA NanoSIMS 50 and resulted in a subsequent visit to CMCA from Ms Mirabella within the month.

AMMRF Flagship Ion Probe Facility Open House (5iAS)A combined CMCA and Centre for Exploration Targeting Open House showcased the world-class AMMRF Flagship Ion Probe Facilities, in September 2010.

Thirty of the world’s top archean geologists in Perth for 5iAS visited the CMCA which is conveniently located in close proximity to some of the oldest archean geological features in the world in the West Australian Pilbara. Visitors, who included world-class geology researchers

John Valley, Sue O’Reilly and Boswell Wing, were impressed with the quality of the facilities made available to all Australian researchers at nominal cost.

Publications


Image / a cross secTIon Through a

deschamPsIa anTarcTIca rooT seen wITh a

fluorescence mIcroscoPe. Image by PeTa

clode and dan murPhy acquIred aT cmca.

2009Books and book chapters1. D. Wacey, Early Life on Earth,

A Practical Guide, Topics in Geobiology, ed. N.H. Landman and P.J. Harries, Springer: 274, 2009.

Journals1 A.L. Shorten, K.E. Wallman

and K.J. Guelfi, Acute effect of environmental temperature during exercise on subsequent energy intake in active men, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90: 1215-1221, 2009.

2 O. Babourina and Z. Rengel, Uptake of aluminium into Arabidopis root cells measured by fluorescent lifetime imaging, Annals of Botany, 104: 189-195, 2009.

3 M. Landers, R.J. Gilkes and M.A. Wells, Dissolution kinetics of dehydroxylated nickeliferous goethite from limonitic lateritic nickel ore, Applied Clay Science, 42: 615-624, 2009.

4 N. Zwingmann, B. Singh, I.D.R. Mackinnon and R.J. Gilkes, Zeolite from alkali modified kaolin increases NH4

+ retention by sandy soil: column experiments, Applied Clay Science, 46: 7-12, 2009.

5 P.A. Hawken, T.J. Jorre, J. Rodger, T. Esmaili, D. Blache and G.B. Martin, Rapid induction of cell proliferation in the adult female ungulate brain (Ovis aries) associated with activation of the reproductive axis by exposure to unfamiliar males, Biology of Reproduction, 80(6): 1146-1151, 2009.

6 M. Lemloh, J. Fromont, F. Brümmer and K.M. Usher, Diversity and abundance of photosynthetic sponges in temperate Western Australia, BMC Ecology, 9:4, 2009.

7 A.L. Samuels, S.P. Klinken and E. Ingley, Liar, a novel Lyn-binding nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling protein that influences erythropoietin-induced differentiation, Blood, 113(16): 3845-56, 2009.

8 C. Balaratnasingam, L. Ye, W.H. Morgan, L. Bass, S.J. Cringle and D.Y. Yu, Protective role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase following pressure-induced insult to the optical nerve, Brain Research, 1263: 155-164, 2009.

9 S. Rea, N.L. Giles, S. Webb, K.F. Adcroft, L.M. Evill, D.H. Strickland, F.M. Wood and M.W. Fear, Bone marrow-derived cells in the healing burn wound – more than just inflammation, Burns, 35(3): 356-64, 2009.

10 R.G. van der Most, A.J. Currie, S. Mahendran, A.Prosser, A. Darabi, B.W.S. Robinson, A.K. Nowak and R.A. Lake, Tumor eradication after cyclophosphamide depends on concurrent depletion of regulatory T cells: a role for cycling TNFR2-expressing effector-suppressor T cells in limiting effective chemotherapy, Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 58: 1219-1228, 2009.

11 D.E. Dye, S. Karlen, B. Rohrbach, O. Staub, L. Braathen, K.A. Eidne and D.R. Coombe, hShroom1 links a membrane bound protein to the actin cytoskeleton, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 66: 681-696, 2009.

12 K.J. Hartlieb, M. Saunders and C.L. Raston, Templating silver nanoparticle growth using phosphonated calixarenes, Chemical Communications, 21: 3704-3706, 2009.

13 E. Teh, Y.K. Leong, Y. Liu, A.B. Fourie and M. Fahey, Differences in the rheology and surface chemistry of kaolin clay slurries: the source of the variations, Chemical Engineering Science, 64: 3817-3825, 2009.

14 B. Rasmussen and J.R. Muhling, Reactions destroying detrital monazite in greenschist-facies sandstones from the Witwatersrand basin, South Africa, Chemical Geology, 264(1-4): 311-327, 2009.

15 S.F. Chin, K.S. Lyer, M. Saunders, T.G. St. Pierre, C. Buckley, M. Paskevicius and C.L. Raston, Encapsulation and sustained release of curcumin using superparamagnetic silica reservoirs, Chemistry – A European Journal, 15(23): 5661-5665, 2009.

16 M. Landers, R.J. Gilkes and M.A. Wells, Rapid dehydroxylation of nickeliferous goethite in lateritic nickel ore: X-ray diffraction and TEM investigation, Clays and Clay Minerals, 57: 751-770, 2009.

17 B. Rasmussen, A.G. Mueller and I.R. Fletcher, Zirconolite and xenotime U–Pb age constraints on the emplacement of the Golden Mile Dolerite sill and gold mineralization at the Mt Charlotte mine, Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 157: 559-572, 2009.

18 S.F. Chin, K.L.S. Iyer and C.L. Raston, Facile and green approach to fabricate gold and silver coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles, Crystal Growth & Design, 9(6): 2685-2689, 2009.

19 S.L.L. Barker, K.A. Hickey, J.S. Cline, G.M. Dipple, M.R. Kilburn, J.R. Vaughan and A.A. Longo, Uncloaking invisible gold: use of NanoSIMS to evaluate gold, trace elements, and sulfur isotopes in pyrite from carlin-type gold deposits, Economic Geology, 104(7): 897-904, 2009.

20 J. Rodger and D.O. Frost, Effects of trkB knockout on topography and ocular segregation of uncrossed retinal projections, Experimental Brain Research, 195: 35-44, 2009.


2009 publications21 M. Fitzgerald, A.C. Bartlett, L. Evill, J. Rodger, A.R. Harvey and S.A. Dunlop, Secondary degeneration of the optic nerve following partial transection: The benefits of lomerizine, Experimental Neurology, 216: 219-230, 2009.

22 A. Cousin, K.A. Heel, W.A. Cowling and M.N. Nelson, An efficient high-throughput flow cytometric method for estimating DNA ploidy level in plants, Flow Cytometry Part A, 75A: 1015-1019, 2009.

23 M.M. Smits, A.M. Herrmann, M. Duane, O.W. Duckworth, S. Bonneville, L.G. Benning and U. Lundstrom, The fungal–mineral interface: challenges and considerations of micro-analytical developments, Fungal Biology Reviews, 23: 122-131, 2009.

24 M.L. Grange, A.A. Nemchin, R.T. Pidgeon, N. Timms, J.R. Muhling and A.K. Kennedy, Thermal history recorded by the Apollo 17 impact melt breccia 73217, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73: 3093-3107, 2009.

25 B. Rasmussen, T.S. Blake, I.R. Fletcher and M.R. Kilburn, Evidence for microbial life in synsedimentary cavities from 2.75 Ga terrestrial environments, Geology, 37(5): 423-426, 2009.

26 J. Vukovic, M.J. Ruitenberg, K. Roet, E. Franssen, A. Arulpragasam, T. Sasaki, J. Verhaage, A.R. Harvey, S.J. Busfield and G.W. Plant, The glycoprotein fibulin-3 regulates morphology and motility of olfactory ensheathing cells in vitro, Glia, 57(4): 424-43, 2009.

27 C. Balaratnasingam, W.H. Morgan, V. Johnstone, S.J. Cringle and D.Y. Yu, Heterogeneous distribution of axonal cytoskeleton proteins in the human optic nerve, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 50(6): 2824-38, 2009.

28 C.M. Lai, M.J. Estcourt, M. Wikstrom, R.P. Himbeck, N.L. Barnett, M. Brankov, L.B. Tee, S.A. Dunlop, M.A. Degli-Esposti and E.P. Rakoczy, rAAV.sFlt-1 gene therapy achieves lasting reversal of retinal neovascularization in the absence of a strong immune response to the viral vector, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 50(9): 4279-4287, 2009.

29 S.F. Stone, C. Cotterell, G.K. Isbister, A. Holdgate and S.G.A. Brown, Elevated serum cytokines during human anaphylaxis: Identification of potential mediators of acute allergic reactions, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 124(4): 786-792, 2009.

30 M. Paskevicius, J. Webb, M.P. Pitt, T.P. Blach, B.C. Hauback, E. Gray and C.E. Buckley, Mechanochemical synthesis of aluminium nanoparticles and their deuterium sorption properties to 2kbar, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 481: 595-599, 2009.

31 H.T. Feng, T. Cheng, J.H. Steer, D.A. Joyce, N.J. Pavlos, C.L. Leong, J. Kular, J. Liu, X. Feng, M.H. Zheng and J. Xu. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor cooperate with NFATc1 to transactivate the V-ATPase d2 promoter during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(21): 14667-14676, 2009

32 D. Cadosch, O.P. Gautschi, E. Chan, H.P. Simmen and L. Filgueira, Titanium induced production of chemokines CCL17/TARC and CCL22/MDC in human osteoclasts and osteoblasts, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 92A(2): 475-483, 2009.

33 D. Cadosch, E. Chan, O.P. Gautschi, J. Meagher, R. Zellweger and L. Filgueira, Titanium IV ions induced human osteoclast differentiation and enhanced bone resorption in vitro, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 91: 29-36, 2009.

34 E.S.M. Ang, N.J. Pavlos, L.Y. Chai, M. Qi, T.S. Cheng, J.H. Steer, D.A. Joyce, M.H. Zheng and J. Xu, Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an active component of honeybee propolis attenuates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via the suppression of RANKL-induced NF-κB and NFAT activity, Journal Of Cellular Physiology, 221: 642-649, 2009.

35 E.S.M. Ang, N.J. Pavlos, S.L. Rea, M. Qi, T. Chai, J.P. Walsh, T. Ratajczak, M.H. Zheng and J. Xu, Proteasome inhibitors impair RANKL-induced NF-κB activity in osteoclast-like cells via disruption of p62, TRAF6, CYLD, and IκBα signaling cascades, Journal Of Cellular Physiology, 220(2): 450-9, 2009.

Total

Biological/biomedical sciences 58 Environmental/geosciences 16 Physical sciences 19

101


36 P. Salama, M. Phillips, F. Grieu, M. Morris, N. Zeps, D. Joseph, C. Platell and B. Iacopetta, Tumour-infiltrating FOXP3+ T regulatory cells show strong prognostic significance in colorectal cancer, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27(2): 186-192, 2009.

37 K.E. Smart, M.R. Kilburn, M. Schroeder, B.G.H. Martin, C. Hawes, G.M. Marsh and C.R.M. Grovenor, Copper and calcium uptake in coloured hair, Journal of Cosmetic Science, 60: 337-345, 2009.

38 A.T. Marshall and P.L. Clode, X-ray microanalysis of Rb+ entry into cricket Malpighian tubule cells via putative K+ channels, Journal of Experimental Biology, 212: 2977-2982, 2009.

39 M. Krajewska, L.H. Smith, J. Rong, X. Huany, M.L. Hyer, N. Zeps, B. Lacopetta, S.P. Linke, A.H. Olson, J.C. Reed and S. Krajewski, Image analysis algorithms for immunohistochemical assessment of cell death events and fibrosis in tissue sections, Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 57 (7): 649-663, 2009.

40 S.A. Broomfield, R.G. van der Most, A.C. Prosser, S. Mahendran, M.G. Tovey, M.J. Smyth, B.W.S. Robinson and A.J. Currie, Locally administered TLR7 agonists drive systemic antitumor immune responses that are enhanced by anti-CD40 immunotherapy, Journal of Immunology, 182: 5217-5224, 2009.

41 J. Hamzah, J.G. Altin, T. Herringson, C.R. Parish, G.J. Hämmerling, H. O’Donoghue and R. Ganss, Targeted liposomal delivery of TLR9 ligands activates spontaneous antitumor immunity in an autochthonous cancer model, Journal of Immunology, 183(2): 1091-8, 2009.

42 A.J. Currie, A. Prosser, A. McDonnell, A.L.Cleaver, B.W. Robinson, G.J. Freeman and R.G. van der Most, Dual control of antitumor CD8 T cells through the programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 pathway and immunosuppressive CD4 T cells: regulation and counterregulation, Journal of Immunology, 183(12): 7898-908, 2009.

43 H.T. Kissick, D.J. Ireland and M.W. Beilharz, Combined intratumoral regulatory T-cell depletion and transforming growth factor-ß neutralization induces regression of established AE17 murine mesothelioma tumors, Journal of Interferon Cytokine Research, 29(4): 209-215, 2009.

44 C.M. Bertram, N.L. Misso, M. Fogel-Petrovic, C.D. Figueroa, P.S. Foster, P.J. Thompson and K.D. Bhoola, Expression of kinin receptors on eosinophils: comparison of asthmatic patients and healthy subjects, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 85 (3): 544-52, 2009.

45 M. Arredondo, M. Saunders, A. Petraru, H. Kohlstedt, I. Vrejoiu, M. Alexe, D. Hesse, N.D. Browning, P. Munroe and V. Nagarajan, Structural defects and local chemistry across ferroelectric-electrode interfaces in epitaxial heterostructures, Journal of Materials Science, 44(19): 5297-5306, 2009.

46 J.A. Shaw, D.J. Macey, L.R. Brooker, E.J. Stockdale, M. Saunders and P.L. Clode, The chiton stylus canal: an element delivery pathway for tooth cusp biomineralization, Journal of Morphology, 270: 588-600, 2009.

47 D. Cadosch, J. Meagher, O.P. Gautschi and L. Filgueira, Uptake and intracellular distribution of various metal ions in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells detected by Newport Green DCF diacetate ester, Journal of Neuroscience, 178: 182-187, 2009.

48 C. Balaratnasingam, D. Pham, W.H. Morgan, L. Bass, S.J. Cringle and D.Y. Yu, Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase expression in the central nervous system is elevated at sites of pressure gradient elevation but not absolute pressure increase, Journal of Neuroscience Research, 87(13): 2973-82, 2009.

49 D. Cadosch, E. Chan, O.P. Gautschi, H.P. Simmen and L. Filgueira, Bio-corrosion of stainless steel by osteoclasts – in vitro evidence, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 27(7): 841-846, 2009.

50 R.O. Fuller, G.A. Koutsantonis and R.L. Stamps, An experimental investigation of dynamic behavior in FePt systems, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 21: art. No. 124203, 2009.

51 S.N. Samarin, O.M. Artamonov, A.D. Sergeant, L. Pravica, D. Cvejanovic, P. Wilkie, P. Guagliardo, A.A. Suvorova and J.F. Williams, On the mechanism of spin-dependent (e,2e) scattering from ferromagnetic surface, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 185: 1-4, 2009.

52 M. Saunders, C. Kong, J.A. Shaw, D.J. Macey and P.L. Clode, Characterization of biominerals in the radula teeth of the chiton. Acanthopleura hirtosa, Journal of Structural Biology, 167: 55-61, 2009.

53 K.S. Lyer, M. Saunders, T. Becker, C.W. Evans and C.L. Raston, Nanorings of self-assembled fullerene C70 as templating nanoreactors, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(45): 16388-16399, 2009.


54 J.G. Toster, K.L.S. Lyer, R. Burtovyy, S.S.O. Burgess, I.A. Luzinov and C.L. Raston, Regiospecific assembly of gold nanoparticles around the pores of diatoms: toward three-dimensional nanoarrays, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(24): 8356-8357, 2009.

55 T. D. James, A. J. Keating, G. Parish and C. A. Musca, Pulsed anodization for control of porosity gradients and interface roughness in porous silicon, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 156(9): H744-H750, 2009.

56 A.C. Dodd, A.J. McKinley, T. Tsuzuki and M. Saunders, Mechanochemical synthesis of nanoparticulate ZnO-ZnWO4 photocatalysts and their photocatalytic activity, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 29: 139-144, 2009.

57 K.D. McCormack, M.A. Gee, N.J. McNaughton, R. Smith and I.R. Fletcher, U–Pb dating of magmatic and xenocryst zircons from Mangakino ignimbrites and their correlation with detrital zircons from the Torlesse metasediments, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 183: 97-111, 2009.

58 K.S. Khoo, E.J. The, Y.K. Leong and B.C. Ong, Hydrogen bonding and interparticle forces in platelet α-AI2O3 dispersions: yield stress and zeta potential, Langmuir, 25: 3418-3424, 2009.

59 C.B. Smith, G.P. Bulanova, S.C. Kohn, H.J. Milledge, A.E. Hall, D.G. Pearson and B.J. Griffin, Nature and genesis of Kalimantan diamonds, Lithos, 111(2): 822-832, 2009.

60 S. Karl, R.P.M. Wong, T.G. St Pierre and T.M.E. Davis, A comparative study of a flow-cytometry-based assessment of in vitro Plasmodium falciparum drug sensitivity, Malaria Journal, 8(294): 1-11, 2009.

61 A. Dodd, A. McKinley, T. Tsuzuki and M. Saunders, Tailoring the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticulate zinc oxide by transition metal oxide doping, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 114: 382-386, 2009.

62 J. Vukovic, L.Y. Marmorstein, P.J. McLaughlin, T. Sasaki, G.W. Plant, A.R. Harvey and M.J. Ruitenberg, Lack of fibulin-3 alters regenerative tissue responses in the primary olfactory pathway, Matrix Biology, 28 (7): 406-15, 2009.

63 E.P.H. Chan, A. Mhawi, P.L. Clode, M. Saunders and L. Filgueira, Effects of titanium (IV) ions on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, Metallomics, 1: 166-174, 2009.

64 J.A. Shaw, D.J. Macey, L.R. Brooker, E.J. Stockdale, M. Saunders and P.L. Clode, Ultrastructure of the epithelial cells associated with tooth biomineralization in the chiton Acanthopleura hirtosa, Microscopy and Microanalysis, 15: 154-165, 2009.

65 M. Kocan, H.B. See, N.G. Sampaio, K.A. Eidne, B.J. Feldman and K.D. Pfleger, Agonist-independent interactions between beta-arrestins and mutant vasopressin type II receptors associated with nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, Molecular Endocrinology, 23(4): 559-71, 2009.

66 M.N. Cruickshank, E. Fenwick, M. Karimi, L.J. Abraham and D. Ulgiati, Cell- and stage-specific chromatin structure across the Complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) promoter coincide with CBF1 and C/EBP-ß binding in B cells, Molecular Immunology, 46(13): 2613-22, 2009.

67 J. Fosu-Nyarko, M.G.K. Jones and Z. Wang, Functional characterization of transcripts expresses in early-stage Meloidogyne javanica-induced giant cells isolated by laser microdissection, Molecular Plant Pathology, 10(2): 237-248, 2009.

68 F. Fusseis, K. Regenauer-Lieb, J. Liu, R.M. Hough and F. De Carlo, Creep cavitation can establish a dynamic granular fluid pump in ductile shear zones, Nature, 459: 974-976, 2009.

69 J.A. Long, K. Trinajstic and Z. Johanson, Devonian arthrodire embryos and the origin of internal fertilization in vertebrates, Nature, 457(7233): 1124-1127, 2009.

70 A.A. Suvorova, T. Nunney and A.V. Suvorov, Fabrication of Si-C-N compounds in silicon carbide by ion implantation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 267: 1294-1298, 2009.

71 M. Fitzgerald, L. Evill, K. Banz, S. Carroll and J. Rodger, Mineralocorticoids restore quiescent morphology and reduce VEGF receptor expression in inflamed choroidal endothelial cells in vitro., Ophthalmic Research, 41(1): 44-52, 2009.

72 K. Trinaj stic and A.D. George, Microvertebrate biostratigraphy of Upper Devonian (Frasnian) carbonate rocks in the Canning and Carnarvon Basins of Western Australia, Palaeontology, 52: 641-659, 2009.

73 E.J. Bovell, C.E. Buckley, W. Chua-Anusorn, D. Cookson, N. Kirby, M. Saunders and T.G. St. Pierre, Dietary iron-loaded rat liver haemosiderin and ferritin: in situ measurement of iron core nanoparticle size and cluster structure using anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 54: 1209-1221, 2009.


74 K.M. Guo, O. Babourina and Z. Rengel, Na+/H+ antiporter activity of the SOS1 gene: lifetime imaging analysis and electrophysiological studies on Arabidopsis seedlings, Physiologia Plantarum, 137: 155-165, 2009.

75 P.L. Clode, M.R. Kilburn, D.L. Jones, E.A. Stockdale, J.B. Cliff, A.M. Herrmann and D.V. Murphy, In situ mapping of nutrient uptake in the rhizosphere using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, Plant Physiology, 151: 1751-1757, 2009.

76 A. Roth-Nebelsick, F. Hassiotou and E.J. Veneklaas, Stomatal crypts have small effects on transpiration: a numerical model analysis, Plant Physiology, 151: 2018-2027, 2009.

77 P.L. Clode, M. Saunders, G. Maker, M. Ludwig and C.A. Atkins, Uric acid deposits in symbiotic marine algae, Plant, Cell & Environment, 32(2): 170-177(8), 2009.

78 F. Hassiotou, J.R. Evans, M. Ludwig and E.J. Veneklaas, Stomatal crypts may facilitate diffusion of CO2 to adaxial mesophyll cells in thick sclerophylls, Plant, Cell & Environment, 32: 1596-1611, 2009.

79 R.G. van der Most, A.J. Currie, A.L. Cleaver, J. Salmons, A.K. Nowak, S. Mahendran, I. Larma, A. Prosser, B.W.S. Robinson, M.J. Smyth, A.A. Scalzo, M.A. Degli-Esposti and R.A. Lake, Cyclophosphamide chemotherapy sensitizes tumor cells to TRAIL-dependent CD8 T cell-mediated immune attack resulting in suppression of tumor growth, PLoS ONE, 4(9): e6982, 2009.

80 M.A. Baker, D.H. Brown, Y.S. Casadio and T.V. Chirila, The preparation of poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly {(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate]} by photoinitiated polymerisation-induced phase separation in water, Polymer, 50: 5918-5927, 2009.

81 S. Bengtson, V. Belivanova, B. Rasmussen and M. Whitehouse, The controversial ‘‘Cambrian’’ fossils of the Vindhyan are real but more than a billion years older, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA, 106: 7729-7734, 2009.

82 K. Regenauer-Lieb, D.A. Yuen and F. Fusseis, Landslides, ice quakes, earthquakes: a thermodynamic approach to surface instabilities, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 166: 1885-1908, 2009.

83 L.C. Main, B. Dawson, J.R. Grove, G.J. Landers and C. Goodman, Impact of training on changes in perceived stress and cytokine production, Research in Sports Medicine, 17(2): 121-32, 2009.

84 B. Cassim, O.M. Shaw, M. Mazur, N.L. Misso, A. Naran, D.R. Langlands, P.J. Thompson and K.D. Bhoola, Kallikreins, kininogens and kinin receptors on circulating and synovial fluid neutrophils: role in kinin generation in rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatology, 48(5): 490-6, 2009.

85 E.J. Stockdale, J.A. Shaw, D.J. Macey and P.L. Clode, Imaging organic and mineral phases in a biomineral using novel contrast techniques, Scanning, 31: 11-18, 2009.

86 T.D. James, A.J. Keating, G. Parish, and C.A. Musca, Low temperature N2-based passivation technique for porous silicon thin films, Solid State Communications, 149: 1322-1325, 2009.

87 S. Thanachit, A. Suddhiprakarn, I. Kheoruenromne and R.J. Gilkes, Quartz sand grain size and surface morphology in some tropical soils, Thai Journal of Agricultural Science, 42(1): 41-60, 2009.

88 K.J. Nowak, G. Ravenscroft, C. Jackaman, A. Filipovska, S.M. Davies, E.M. Lim, S.E. Squire, A.C. Potter, E. Baker, S. Clément, C.A. Sewry, V. Fabian, K. Crawford, J.L. Lessard, L.M. Griffiths, J.M. Papadimitriou, Y. Shen, G. Morahan, A.J. Bakker, K.E. Davies and N.G. Laing, Rescue of skeletal muscle α-actin–null mice by cardiac (fetal) α-actin, The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 185(5): 903-915, 2009.

89 E. Ingley, Csk-binding protein can regulate Lyn signals controlling cell morphology, The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 41(6): 1332-1343, 2009.

90 L.A. May, A. Kicic, P.J. Rigby, K.A. Heel, T. Lee-Pullen, M. Crook, A. Charles, B. Banerjee, D. Ravine, A. Saxena, M. Musk, S.M. Stick and D.C. Chambers, Cells of epithelial lineage are present in blood, engraft the bronchial epithelium, and are increased in human lung transplantation, The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 28(6): 550-557, 2009.

91 R. Ramachandra, B.J. Griffin and D. Joy, A model of secondary electron imaging in the helium ion scanning microscope, Ultramicroscopy, 109: 748-757, 2009.

92 A. Genc, R. Banerjee, G.B. Thompson, D.M. Maher, H.L. Fraser and A.W. Johnson, Complementary techniques for the characterization of thin film Ti/Nb multilayers, Ultramicroscopy, 109: 1276-1281, 2009.


2010 publications2010Journals

1 A.D. Elliot, Structure of pyrrhotite 5C (Fe9S10), Acta Crystallographica Section B, B66: 271-279, 2010.

2 J.J. Collins, S.G. Kallapur, C.L. Knox, I. Nitsos, G.R. Polglase, J.J. Pillow, E. Kuypers, J.P. Newnham, A.H. Jobe and B.W. Kramer, Inflammation in fetal sheep from intra-amniotic injection of Ureaplasma parvum, American Journal of Physiology – Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 299(6): L852-60, 2010.

3 J. Robertson, A. Levy, J-L. Sagripanti and T.J.J. Inglis, The survival of burkholderia pseudomallei in liquid media, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82(1): 88-94, 2010.

4 H. Garg, H. Li, K. Sivasithamparam, J. Kuo and M.J. Barbetti, The infection processes of sclerotinia sclerotiorum in cotyledon tissue of a resistant and a susceptible genotype of brassica napus, Annals of Botany, 106(6): 897-908, 2010.

5 J.A. Long and K. Trinajstic, The late Devonian Gogo formation lagerstatte of Western Australia: exceptional early vertebrate preservation and diversity, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 38: 255-279, 2010.

6 J.K. Carson, V. Gonzalez-Quinones, D.V. Murphy, C. Hinz, J.A. Shaw and D.B. Gleeson, Low pore connectivity increases bacterial diversity in soil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76: 3936-3942, 2010.

7 D. Wacey, Stromatolites in the 3400 ma Strelley Pool formation, Western Austalia: examining biogenicity from the macro- to the nano-scale, Astrobiology, 10(4): 381-395, 2010.

8 Z. Lan and Z.Q. Chen, Paleodictyon from a nearshore paleoenvironmental setting in the Guadalupian (middle permian) of the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 57: 453-467, 2010.

9 G. A. Kew, R. J. Gilkes and D. Evans, Relationships between fabric, water retention, and strength of hard subsoils in the south of Western Australia, Australian Journal of Soil Research, 48: 167-177, 2010.

10 J.A. Shaw, D.J. Macey, L.R. Brooker and P.L. Clode, Tooth use and wear in three iron biomineralizing mollusc species, Biological Bulletin, 218(2): 132-144, 2010.

11 J.F. Vergiliana, N. Asokananthan and G.A. Stewart, Activation of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system on human lung epithelial cells, Biological Chemistry, 391(9): 1067-77, 2010.

12 Y.S. Casadio, D.H. Brown, T.V. Chirila, H-B Kraatz and M.V. Baker, Biodegradation of poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (phema) and poly{(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-[poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate]} hydrogels containing peptide-based cross-linking agents, Biomacromolecules, 11: 2949-2959, 2010.

13 S.J. Greay, D.J. Ireland, H.T. Kissick, A. Levy, M.W. Beilharz, T.V. Riley and C.F. Carson, Induction of necrosis and cell cycle arrest in murine cancer cell by Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and terpinen-4-ol, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 65(5): 877-88, 2010.

14 S.J. Greay, D. Ireland, H.T. Kissick, P.J. Heenan, C.F. Carson, T. Riley and M.W. Beilharz, Inhibition of established subcutaneous murine tumour growth with topical Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 66: 1095-1102, 2010.

15 J. Fang, M. Saunders, Y.L. Guo, G.Z. Lu, C.L. Raston and K.S. Lyer, Green light-emitting LaPO4:Ce3+:Tb3+ koosh nanoballs assembled by p-sulfonato-calix[6]arene coated superparamagnetic Fe3O4, Chemical Communications, 46(18): 3074-3076, 2010.

16 I.R. Fletcher, N.J. McNaughton, W.J. Davis and B. Rasmussen, Matrix effects and calibration limitations in ion probe U–Pb and Th–Pb dating of monazite, Chemical Geology, 270: 31-44, 2010.

17 D.E. Williams, M.R. Kilburn, J.B. Cliff and G.Waterhouse, Composition changes around sulphide inclusions in stainless steels, and implications for the initiation of pitting corrosion, Corrosion Science, 52(11): 3702-3716, 2010.

Total

Biological/biomedical sciences 60 Environmental/geosciences 24 Physical sciences 20

104


18 N.M. Vielreicher, D.I. Groves, L.W. Snee, I.R. Fletcher and N.J. McNaughton, Broad synchroneity of three gold mineralization styles in the Kalgoorlie gold field: SHRIMP, U-Pb, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological evidence, Economic Geology, 105: 187-227, 2010.

19 T.D. James, G. Parish, C.A. Musca and A.J. Keating, N2-based thermal passivation of porous silicon to achieve long-term optical stability, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 13(12): H428-H431, 2010.

20 A.M. McDunnell, A.C. Prosser, I. van Bruggen, B.W.S. Robinson and A.J. Currie, CD8a+ DC are not the sole subset cross-presenting cell-associated tumor antigens from a solid tumor, European Journal of Immunology, 40 (6): 1617-27, 2010.

21 D. Wacey, D. Gleeson and M.R. Kilburn, Microbialite taphonomy and biogenicity: new insights from NanoSIMS, Geobiology, 8: 403-416, 2010.

22 N. Prakongkep, A. Suddhiprakar, I. Kheoruenromne and R.J. Gilkes, SEM image analysis for characterization of sand grains in Thai paddy soils, Geoderma, 156: 20-31, 2010.

23 N. Chittamart, A. Suddhiprakarn, I. Kheoruenromne and R.J. Gilkes, The pedo-geochemistry of vertisols under tropical savanna climate, Geoderma, 159: 304-316, 2010.

24 B. Rassmussen, I.R. Fletcher, J.R. Muhling, C. Greygory, A.M. Thorne, H.N. Cutten, F. Pirajno and A. Hell, In situ U-Pb monazite and xenotime geochronology of the abra polymetallic deposit and associated sedimentary and volcanic rocks, Bangelmall Supergroup, Western Australia, Geological Survey of Western Australia, Record 2010/12: 2010.

25 D. Wacey, N. McLoughlin, C.A. Stoakes, M.R. Kilburn, O.R. Green and M.D. Brasier, The 3426-3350 Ma Strelley Pool Formation in the East Strelley greenstone belt – a field and petrographic guide, Geological Survey of Western Australia, Record 2010/10: 01-64, 2010.

26 S.P. Johnson, S. Sheppard, B. Rasmussen, M.T.D. Wingate, C.L. Kirkland, J.R. Muhling, I.R. Fletcher and E. Belousova, The Glenburgh orogency as a record of Paleoproterozoic continent – continent collision, Geological Survey of Western Australia, Record 2010/5: 01-53, 2010.

27 B. Rasmussen and I.R. Fletcher, Dating sedimentary rocks using in situ U-Pb geochronology of syneruptive zircon in ash-fall tuffs <1mm thick, Geology, 38: 299-302, 2010.

28 F. Reith, L. Fairbrother, G. Noize, O. Wihelmi, P.L. Clode, A. Gregg, J.E. Parsons, S.A. Wakelin, A. Pring, R. Hough, G. Southam and J. Brugger, Nanoparticle factories: biofilms hold the key to gold distersion and nugget formation, Geology, 38(9): 843-846, 2010.

29 D. Wacey, N. McLoughlin, M.J. Whitehouse and M.R. Kilburn, Two co-existing sulfur metabolisms in a ca. 3,400 Ma sandstone, Geology, 38(12): 115-118, 2010.

30 A. Jennings and W. Carroll, Quantification of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in human and cat optic nerve: implications for endogenous repair in multiple sclerosis, Glia, 58 (12): 1425-36, 2010.

31 C.J. Chernicoff, E.O. Zappettini, J.O.S. Santos, S. Allchurch and N.J. McNaughton, The southern segment of the Famatinian magmatic arc, La Pampa Province, Argentina, Gondwana Research, 17: 662-675, 2010.

32 K.J. Hartlieb, M. Saunders, R.J.J. Jachuck and C.L. Raston, Continuous flow synthesis of small silver nanoparticles involving hydrogen as the reducing agent, Green Chemistry, 12(6): 1012-1017, 2010.

33 C.W. Evans, C.L. Raston and K.S. Lyer, Nanosized luminescent superparamagnetic hybrids, Green Chemistry, 12: 1175-1179, 2010.

34 S. Cherian, D.P. Burgner, A.G. Cook, F.M. Sanfilippo and D.A. Forbes, Associations between Helicobacter pylori infection, co-morbid infections, gastrointestinal symptoms, and circulating cytokines in African children, Helicobacter, 15(2): 88-97, 2010.

35 J.E. Tirnitz-Parker, C.S. Viebahn, A. Jakubowski, B.R. Klopcic, J.K. Olynyk, G.C. Yeoh and B. Knight, Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis is a mitogen for liver progenitor cells, Hepatology, 52(1): 291-302, 2010.

36 K.M. Usher, J.A. Shaw, A.H. Kaksonen and M. Saunders, Elemental composition of extracellular polymeric substances and granules in chalcopyrite bioleaching microbes, Hydrometallurgy, 104: 376-381, 2010.

37 D. Cadosch, M.S. Al-Mushaiqri, O.P. Gautschi, E. Chan, F.J. Jung, A.P. Skirving and L. Filgueira, Immune response deviation and enhanced expression of chemokine receptor CCR4 in TBI patients due to unknown serum factors, Injury, 41(6): e4-e9, 2010.

38 G.B. Stachowiak and G.W. Stachowiak, Tribological characteristics of WC-based claddings using a ball-cratering method, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 28: 95-105, 2010.


39 M.S. Zinkernagel, C. Petitjean, P. Fleming , H.R. Chinnery, I.J. Constable, P.G. McMenamin and M.A. Degli-Esposti, In vivo imaging of ocular MCMV infection, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 51(1): 369-74, 2010.

40 C. Balaratnasingam, W.H. Morgan, L. Bass, M. Kang, S.J. Cringle and D.Y. Yu, Time-dependent effects of focal retinal ischemia on axonal cytoskeleton proteins, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 51(6): 3019-28, 2010.

41 A.C. Dodd, A.J. McKinley, T. Tsuzuki and M. Saunders, Optical and photocatalytic properties of nanoparticulate (TiO2)x(ZnO)1-x

powders, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 489: L17-L21, 2010.

42 D.A. Sheppard, M. Paskevicius and C.E. Buckley, The mechanochemical synthesis of magnesium hydride nanoparticles, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 492: L72-L74, 2010.

43 M.L. Lloyd, J.M. Papadimitriou, S. O’Leary, S.A. Robertson and G.R. Shellam, Immunoglobulin to zona pellucide 3 mediates ovarian damage and infertility after contraceptive vaccination in mice, Journal of Autoimmunity, 35: 77-85, 2010.

44 R. Ghassemifar, S. Redmond, Zainuddin and T.V. Chirila, Advancing towards a tissue-engineered tympanic membrane: silk fibroin as a substratum for growing human eardrum keratinocytes, Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 24: 591-606, 2010.

45 D. Cadosc, M.S. Al-Mushaiqri, O.P. Gautschi, J. Meagher, H.P. Simmen and L. Filgueira, Biocorrosion and uptake of titanium by human osteoclasts, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 95(4): 1004-10, 2010.

46 D. Cadosch, O.P. Gautschi, E. Chan, H.P. Simmen and L. Filgueira, Titanium induced production of cTitanium induced production of chemokines CCL17/TARC and CCL22/MDC in human osteoclasts and osteoblasts, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 92(2): 475-83, 2010.

47 B.F. Kennedy, S. Loitsch, R.A. McLaughlin, L. Scolaro, P. Rigby and D.D. Sampson, Fibrin phantom for use in optical coherence tomography, Journal of Biomedical Optics, 15(3): 030507-1-3, 2010.

48 R.A. McLaughlin, L. Scolaro, P. Robbins, C. Saunders, S.L. Jacques and D.D. Sampson, Parametric imaging of cancer with optical coherence tomography, Journal of Biomedical Optics, 15(4): 46029 1-4, 2010.

49 L. Dyer, P.D. Fawell, O.M.G. Newman and R. Richmond, Synthesis and characterisation of ferrihydrite/silica co-precipitates, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 348(1): 65-70, 2010.

50 F. Hassiotou, M. Renton, M. Ludwig, J.R. Evans, and E.J. Veneklaas, Photosynthesis at an extreme end of the leaf trait spectrum: How does it relate to high leaf dry mass per area and associated structural parameters?, Journal of Experimental Biology, 61(11): 3015-3028, 2010.

51 D.W. Haig and E. McCartain, Triassic organic-cemented siliceous agglutinated foraminifera from Timor Leste: conservative development in shallow-marine environments, Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 40: 366-392, 2010.

52 C.S. Viebahn, V. Benseler, L.E. Holz, C.L. Elsegood, M. Vo, P. Bertolino, R. Ganss and G.C. Yeoh, Invading macrophages play a major role in the liver progenitor cell response to chronic liver injury, Journal of Hepatology, 53(23): 500-7, 2010.

53 H.T. Kissick, D.J. Ireland, S.J. Greay and M.W. Beilharz, Mechanisms of immune suppression exerted by regulatory T-cells in subcutaneous AE17 murine mesothelioma, Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research, 30 (11): 829-834, 2010.

54 J.R. Anderson, J.S. Zorbas, J.K. Phillips, J.L. Harrison, L.F. Dawson, S.E. Bolt, S.M. Rea, J.E. Klatte, R. Paus, B. Zhu, N.L. Giles, P.D. Drummond, F.M. Wood and M.W. Fear, Systemic decreases in cutaneous innervation after burn injury, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 130(7): 1948-1951, 2010.

55 J. Vukovic, L.V. Blomster, H.R. Chinnery, W. Weninger, S. Jung, P.G. McMenamin and M.J. Ruitenberg, Bone marrow chimeric mice reveal a role for CX3CR1 in maintenance of the monocyte-derived cell population in the olfactory neuroepithelium, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 88(4): 645-54, 2010.

56 P.L. Santa Maria, S.L. Redmond, M.D. Atlas and R. Ghassemifar, The role of epidermal growth factor in the healing tympanic membrane following perforation in rats, Journal of Molecular Histology, 41(6): 309-14, 2010.

57 H.R. Chinnery, M.J. Ruitenberg and P.G. McMenamin, Novel characterization of monocyte-derived cell populations in the meninges and choroid plexus and their rates of replenishment in bone marrow chimeric mice, Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 69(9): 896-909, 2010.

58 D. Cadosch, M. Sutanto, A.E. Mhawi Chan, O.P. Gautschi, B. von Katterfeld, H.-P. Simmen and L. Filgueira, Titanium uptake, induction of RANK-L expression, and enhanced proliferation of human T-lymphocytes, Journal of Orthopaedic Research , 28 (3): 279-418, 2010.


59 J.W. Loh, J. Schneider, M. Carter, M. Saunders and L.Y. Lim, Spinning disc processing technology: potential for large scale manufacture of chitosan nanoparticles, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 99(10): 4326-4336, 2010.

60 V. Seenarain, H.M. Viola, G. Ravenscroft, T.M. Casey, R.J. Lipscombe, E. Ingley, N.J. Laing, S.D. Bringans and L.C. Hool, Evidence of altered guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocyte protein expression and growth in response to a 5 min in vitro exposure to H2O2, Journal of Proteome Research, 9: 1985-1994, 2010.

61 J. Chen, A. Wang, J. Xu and M. Zheng, In chronic lateral epicondylitis, apotosis and autophagic cell death occur in the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 19: 355-362, 2010.

62 M. Paskevicius, D.A. Sheppard and C.E. Buckley, Thermodynamic changes in mechanochemically synthesized magnesium hydride nanoparticles, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132: 5077-5083, 2010.

63 J. Fang, C.W. Evans, G.J. Willis, D. Sherwood, Y. Guo, G. Lu, C.L. Raston and K.S. Lyer, Sequential microfluidic flow synthesis of CePO4 nanorods decorated with emission tunable quantum dots, Lab on a chip, 10: 2579-2582, 2010.

64 E.-J. Teh, Y.-K. Leong, Y. Liu, V.S.J. Craig, R.B. Walsh and S.C. Howard, High yield stress associated with capillary attraction between alumina surfaces in the presence of low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids, Langmuir, 26(5): 3067-3076, 2010.

65 S. Karl, T.M. Davis and T.G. St. Pierre, Parameterization of high magnetic field gradient fractionation columns for applications with Plasmodium falciparum infected human erythrocytes, Malaria Journal, 3(9): 116, 2010.

66 M. Gagliano, M.L. McCormick, J.A. Moore and M. Depczynski, The basics of acidification: baseline variability of pH on Australian coral reefs, Marine Biology, 157 (8): 1849-1856, 2010.

67 J. Fosu-Nyarko, M.G. Joones and Z. Wang, Applications of laser microdissection to study plant-fungal pathogen interactions, Methods in Molecular Biology, 638: 153-163, 2010.

68 M. Saunders, J. Shaw, P. Clode, C. Kong and D. Macey, Fine-scale analysis of biomineralized mollusc teeth using FIB and TEM, Microscopy Today, 10: 24-28, 2010.

69 K.J. Hartlieb, M. Saunders, A. Martin and C.L. Raston, Photochemical generation of small silver nanoparticles involving multi-functional phosphonated calixarenes, New Journal of Chemistry, 34: 1834-1837, 2010.

70 N. Hondow, G.A. Koutsantonis, R.O. Fuller, H. Fansuri, M. Saunders, R.L. Stamps and D. Zhang, The modification of M41S materials: addition of metal clusters and nanoparticles, New Journal of Chemistry, 34: 1286-1294, 2010.

71 R.A. McLaughlin and D.D. Sampson, Clinical applications of fiber-optic probes in optical coherence tomography, Optical Fiber Technology, 16: 467-475, 2010.

72 B. Lau, R.A. McLaughlin, A. Curatolo, R.W. Kirk, D. Gerstmann and D.D. Sampson, Imaging true 3D endoscopic anatomy by incorporating magnetic tracking with optical coherence tomography: proof of principle for airways, Optics Express, 18(26): 27173-27180, 2010.

73 T. Gutzler, T.R. Hillman, S.A. Alexandrov and D.D. Sampson, Three-dimensional depth-resolved and extended-resolution micro-particle characterization by holographic light scattering spectroscopy, Optics Express, 18(24): 25116-26, 2010.

74 S.G. Adie, X. Liang, B.F. Kennedy, R. John, D.D. Sampson and S.A. Boppart, Spectroscopic optical coherence elastography, Optics Express, 18(25): 25519-25534, 2010.

75 B. Levin, S.L. Redmond, R. Rajkhowa and R.J. Marano, Preliminary results of the application of a silk fribroin scaffold to otology, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 142: S33-35, 2010.

76 H. Borowski, R.C.A. Thompson, T. Armstrong and P.L. Clode, Morphological characterization of cryptosporidium parvum life-cycle stages in an in vitro model system, Parasitology, 137: 13-26, 2010.

77 M. Losurdo, M.M. Giangregorio, G.V. Bianco, A.A. Suvorova, C. Kong, S. Rubanov, P. Capezzuto, J. Humlicek and G. Bruno, Size dependence of the dielectric function of silicon-supported plasmonic gold nanoparticles, Physical Review B, 82: 155451, 2010.

78 J. Bose, O. Babourina, S. Shabala and Z. Rengel, Aluminum-dependent dynamics of ion transport in Arabidopsis: specificity of low pH and aluminum responses, Physiologia Plantarum, 139(4): 401-412, 2010.

79 K.M. Guo, O. Babourina, D.A. Christopher, T. Borsic and Z. Rengel, The cyclic nucleotide-gated channel AtCNGc10 transports Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Arabidopsis, Physiologia Plantarum, 139: 303-312, 2010.


80 X. Ma, H. Li, K. Sivasithamparam and M.J. Barbetti, Infection processes and involvement of defense-related genes in the expression of resistance in cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) to phytophthora clandestina, Phytopathology, 100: 551-559, 2010.

81 O. Keech, E. Pesquet, L. Gutierrez, A. Ahad, C. Bellini, S.M. Smith and P. Gardestrom, Leaf senescence is accompanied by an early disruption of the microtuble network in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiology, 154: 1710-1720, 2010.

82 M.R. Kilburn, D.L. Jones, P.L. Clode, J.B. Cliff, E.A. Stockdale, A.M. Herrmann and D.V. Murphy, Application of nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry to plant cell research, Plant Signaling & Behavior, 5(6): 760-762, 2010.

83 S. Shabala, O. Babourina, Z. Rengel and L.G. Nemchinov, Non-invasive microelectrode potassium flux measurements as a potential tool for early recognition of virus-host compatibility in plants, Planta, 232: 807-815, 2010.

84 A. Joly, J. Miller and T.C. McCuaig, Archean polyphase deformation in the Lake Johnston Greenstone Belt area: implications for the understanding of ore systems of the Yilgarn Craton, Precambrian Research, 177: 181-198, 2010.

85 B. Rasmussen, I.R. Fletcher, J.R. Muhling and S.A. Wilde, In situ U–Th–Pb geochronology of monazite and xenotime from the Jack Hills belt: implications for the age of deposition and metamorphism of Hadean zircons, Precambrian Research, 180: 26-46, 2010.

86 C. Lana, E. Tohver and P. Cawood, Quantifying rates of dome-and-keel formation in the Barberton granitoid-greenstone belt, South Africa, Precambrian Research, 177: 199-211, 2010.

87 C.L. Oskam, J. Haile, E. McLay, P.J. Rigby, M.E. Allentoft, M.E. Olsen, C. Bengtsson, G.H. Miller, J-L. Schwenninger, C. Jacomb, R. Walter, A. Baynes, J. Dortch, M. Parker-Pearson, M.T.P. Gilbert, R.N. Holdaway, E. Willerslev and M. Bunce, Fossil avian eggshell preserves ancient DNA, Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 277(1690): 1991-2000, 2010.

88 L.C. Main, B. Dawson, K. Heel, J.R. Grove, G.J. Landers and C. Goodman, Relationship between inflammatory cytokines and self-report measures of training overload, Research in Sports Medicine, 18(2): 127-139, 2010.

89 M.T. Paton, A.V. Ivanov , M.L. Fiorentini, N.J. McNaughton, I. Mudrovska, L.Z. Reznitskii and E.I. Demonterova, Late Permian and Early Triassic magmatic pulses in the Angara–Taseeva syncline, Southern Siberian Traps and their possible influence on the environment, Russian Geology and Geophysics, 51: 1012-1020, 2010.

90 P. Che, J.D. Bussell, W. Zhou, G.M. Estavillo, B.J. Pogson and S.M. Smith, Signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum activates brassinosteroid signaling and promotes acclimation to stress in Arabidopsis, Science Signaling, 3(141): ra69, 2010.

91 J. Zou, L.J. Hubble, K.S. Lyer and C.L. Raston, Bare palladium nano-rosettes for real-time high-performance and facile hydrogen sensing, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 150(1): 291-295, 2010.

92 J. Zou, K.S. Lyer and C.L. Raston, Hydrogen-induced reversible insulator–metal transition in a palladium nanosphere sensor, Small, 6(21): 2358-2361, 2010.

93 A.K. Kennedy, S.L. Kamo, L. Nasdala and N.E. Timms, Grenville skarn titanite: potential reference material for SIMS U–Th–Pb analysis, The Canadian Mineralogist, 48: 1423-1443, 2010.

94 B. Corry, A.C. Hurst, P. Pal, T. Nomura, P. Rigby and B. Martinac, An improved open-channel structure of mscL determined from FRET confocal microscopy and simulation, The Journal of General Physiology, 136: 483, 2010.

95 P.L. Santa Maria, S.L. Redmond, M.D. Atlas and R. Ghassemifar, Histology of the healing tympanic membrane following perforation in rats, The Laryngoscope, 120: 2061-2070, 2010.

96 I. Pracharoenwattana, W. Zhou, O. Keech, P.B. Francisco, T. Udomchalothorn, H. Tschoep, M. Stitt, Y. Gibon and S.M. Smith, Arabidopsis has a cytosolic fumarase required for the massive allocation of photosynthate into fumaric acid and for rapid plant growth on high nitrogen, The Plant Jounal, 62(5): 785-795, 2010.

97 E.P.H. Chan and L. Filgueira, Effect of vanadium on human dendritic cells, Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 92(2): 359-375, 2010.

98 J.W. Loh, G. Yeoh, M. Saunders and L.Y. Lim, Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles in human liver cells, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 249: 148-157, 2010.

99 M. Wolski, P. Podsiadlo and G.W. Stachowiak, Applications of the variance orientation transform method to the multiscale characterization of surface roughness and anisotropy, Tribology International, 43: 2203-2215, 2010.

100 M. Salasi, G.B. Stachowiak and Q.W. Stachowiak, New experimental rig to investigate abrasive–corrosive characteristics of metals in aqueous media, Tribology Letters, 40: 71-84, 2010.

101 M.G. Rix and M.S. Harvey, A spider family Micropholcommatidae (Arachnida, Araneae, Araneoidea): a relimitedation and revision at the generic level, ZooKeys, 36: 1-321, 2010.



Plant, Cell & Environment, Applied and Environmental Microbiology and Parasitology featured images acquired at CMCA by Foteini Hassiotou, Jeremy Shaw and Peta Clode respectively.

Got it covered

1479 Opinion: Stomatal responses to light and CO2 depend on the mesophyll

K. A. Mott

1487 Oxygen isotope enrichment (Δ18O) refl ects yield potential and drought resistance in maize

L. Cabrera-Bosquet, C. Sánchez & J. L. Araus

1500 Acclimation of leaf hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) to long-term growth in elevated CO2 (free-air CO2 enrichment) and N-fertilization

J.-C. Domec, S. Palmroth, E. Ward, C. A. Maier, M. Thérézien & R. Oren

1513 Theoretical reconsiderations when estimating the mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion in leaves of C3 plants by analysis of combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fl uorescence measurements

X. Yin & P. C. Struik

1525 Does greater leaf-level photosynthesis explain the larger solar energy conversion effi ciency of Miscanthus relative to switchgrass?

F. G. Dohleman, E. A. Heaton, A. D. B. Leakey & S. P. Long

1538 Moderate heat stress reduces the pH component of the transthylakoid proton motive force in light-adapted, intact tobacco leaves

R. Zhang, J. A. Cruz, D. M. Kramer, M. E. Magallanes-Lundback, D. Dellapenna & T. D. Sharkey

1548 Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) salivary components induce defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

M. De Vos & G. Jander

1561 Spatial and temporal analysis of non-steady elongation of rice leaves

B. Parent, G. Conejero & F. Tardieu

1573 Photobiological properties of the inhibition of etiolated Arabidopsis seedling growth by ultraviolet-B irradiation

G. Gardner, C. Lin, E. M. Tobin, H. Loehrer & D. Brinkman

1584 Leaf hydraulics and drought stress: response, recovery and survivorship in four woody temperate plant species

C. J. Blackman, T. J. Brodribb & G. J. Jordan

1596 Stomatal crypts may facilitate diffusion of CO2 to adaxial mesophyll cells in thick sclerophylls

F. Hassiotou, J. R. Evans, M. Ludwig & E. J. Veneklaas

1612 Proteomic analysis of β-aminobutyric acid priming and abscisic acid – induction of drought resistance in crabapple (Malus pumila): effect on general metabolism, the phenylpropanoid pathway and cell wall enzymes

D. Macarisin, M. E. Wisniewski, C. Bassett & T. W. Thannhauser

Plant, Cell & EnvironmentVolume 32 Number 11 November 2009

Plant, Cell and Environment is covered in Elsevier BIOBASE/Current Awareness in Biological Sciences and CABSonline, and in Current Contents, ASCA, Environmental Periodicals Bibliography and the Science Citation Index. Information on this journal can be accessed at http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pce

Cover caption: Stomatal crypts in Banksia. Top: leaf transverse section of B. victoriae (fl uorescence microscopy). Bottom: paradermal section of a B. elderiana crypt (cryo-scanning electron microscopy). Right: B. elderiana leaves showing the abaxial side where crypts are visible as white dots, and the adaxial side, which does not have crypts. Hassiotou et al. (pp. 1596–1611) propose that stomatal crypts function to facilitate CO2 diffusion from the abaxial surface to adaxial palisade cells in thick leaves. They discuss this idea along with other possible functions of stomatal crypts and their effect on water-use effi ciency. Photos courtesy of Foteini Hassiotou.

General: Cover photographs are normally selected from the current issue. The Editor would, however, be pleased to receive additional photographs of special interest to plant physiologists, including photographs of novel equipment. Photographs, in duplicate and with a suitable brief caption and acknowledgment, should be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief. Free colour reproduction of the cover photograph and 25 free copies of the cover will be provided.

Plan

t, Cell &

En

vironm

ent

Volum

e 32 Num

ber 11 Novem

ber 2009

Plant, Cell & Environment

ISSN 0140 7791

Volume 32 Number 11

November 2009

This journal is available online at Wiley InterScience. Visit www3.interscience.wiley.com to search the articles and register for table of contents e-mail alerts.

Stomatal Crypts and CO2 diffusion

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