The Central Luzon languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. One of

them, Kapampangan, is the major language of theMount Pinatubo area. However, despite

having three million speakers, it is threatened by the diaspora of its speakers after the 1991

eruption of that volcano.

Map where Central Luzon languages are spoken

The Central Luzon languages are,

Kapampangan (Pampangan)

Sambalic languages (spoken by the Aeta and related peoples)

Sinauna

The Kapampangan language, (Kulitan script:  ) is one of the major languages of the Philippines. It is the language spoken in the province ofPampanga, the southern half of the province of Tarlac and the northern portion of the province of Bataan. Kapampangan is also understood in some barangays of Bulacan and Nueva Ecija and by the Aitas or Aeta of Zambales. The language is spelled Capampañgan and is also calledPampango, and in the Kapampangan language: Amánung Sísuan, meaning "the mother language".

History[edit]

The word Kapampangan is derived from the rootword pampáng which means "river bank."

Historically, this language was used in what was before the Kingdom of Luzon, ruled by

the Lakans. In the 18th century, two books were written by Fr. Diego Bergaño about

Kapampangan. He authored Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga[3] and Arte de la lengua

Pampanga. The Kapampangan Language produced two literary giants in the 19th century.

Father Anselmo Fajardo was noted for his works Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de

la Conquista de Granada. Another writer, Juan Crisóstomo Soto, was noted for writing many

plays. He authored Alang Dios in 1901. The Kapampangan poetical joust "Crissotan" was

coined by his fellow literary genius Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature in the

50's, Amado Yuzon to immortalize his contribution to Pampanga's Literature.[4]

Classification[edit]

Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages within the Austronesian language family.

Its closest relatives are the Sambal languagesof Zambales province and the Bolinao

language spoken in the town of Bolinao, Pangasinan.

These languages share the same reflex /j/ of the Proto-Austronesian consonant *R.

Geographic distribution[edit]

Kapampangan is primarily spoken in the provinces of Pampanga and in the southern towns of

the province of Tarlac (Bamban, Capas,Concepcion, San Jose, Gerona, La

Paz, Victoria,and Tarlac City). It is also spoken in isolated communities within the provinces

of Bataan(Abucay, Dinalupihan, Hermosa, and Samal), Bulacan (Baliwag, San Miguel, San

Ildefonso, Hagonoy, Plaridel, Pulilan, and Calumpit), Nueva Ecija (Cabiao, San Isidro, Gapan

City and Cabanatuan City), and Zambales (Olongapo City and Subic).

The Philippine Census of 2000 stated that a total of 2,312,870 out of 76,332,470 people spoke

Kapampangan as their native language.

Phonology[edit]

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters.

Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels. Some western

dialects of Kapampangan have six vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable

contains at least a consonant and a vowel.

Vowels[edit]

Kapampangan is complete in vowel phonemes; they are:

/a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English "father"

/ɛ/ an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "bed"

/i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine"

/o/ a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English "forty"

/u/ a close back rounded vowel similar to English "flute"

In addition to those, some dialects also had /ə/. In some western accents, there is a sixth

monophthong phoneme /ɯ/, a close back unrounded vowel, found in for example [atɯp] "roof"

and [lalɯm] "deep". However, this sound has merged with /a/ for most Kapampangan speakers.

There are four main diphthongs; /aɪ/, /oɪ/, /aʊ/, and /iʊ/. However, in most dialects, including

standard Kapampangan, /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ are reduced to /ɛ/ and /o/, respectively.

The monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions:

/a/ is raised slightly in unstressed positions except final syllables

Unstressed /i u/ are usually pronounced [ɪ ʊ] as in English "bit" and "book" respectively,

except final syllables.

At the final syllables, /i/ can be pronounced [ɛ, i], and /u/ can be pronounced [o, u].

deni/reni (meaning "these") can be pronounced [ˈdɛnɛ]/[ˈɾɛnɛ] or

[ˈdɛni]/[ˈɾɛni], seli (meaning "bought") can be pronounced [ˈsɛlɛ] or

[ˈsɛli], kekami (meaning "to us" [except you]) can be pronounced [kɛkɐˈmɛ] or [kɛkɐ

ˈmi], suerti can be pronounced [ˈswɛɾtɛ] or [ˈswɛɾti], sisilim (meaning "dusk") can be

pronounced [sɪˈsilɛm] or [sɪˈsilim].

kanu (meaning "he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly,

supposedly") can be pronounced [kaˈno] or [kaˈnu], libru (meaning "book") can be

pronounced [libˈɾo] or [libˈɾu], ninu (meaning "who") can be pronounced [ˈnino] or

[ˈninu], kaku (meaning "to me") can be pronounced [ˈkako] or [ˈkaku], kamaru (meaning

"cricket") can be pronounced [kamɐˈɾo] or [kamɐˈɾu].

Unstressed /e, o/ are usually pronounced [ɪ, ʊ] respectively, except final syllables.

Consonants[edit]

Below is a chart of Kapampangan consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar

nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Unlike other Philippine languages, Kapampangan lacks the phoneme /h/.

BilabialDental /

AlveolarPalatal Velar Glottal

Nasal m n ŋ

Stop

voiceless p t tʃ k ʔ

voiced b d dʒ g

Fricative s ʃ

Flap ɾ

Approximant l j w

/k/ has a tendency to lenite to [x] between vowels.

[d] and [ɾ] are allophones in Kapampangan, and thus sometimes interchangeable.

So, Nukarin la ring libru? can be Nukarin la ding libru? (Translation: Where are the books?)

A glottal stop that occurs at the end of a word is often omitted when it's in the middle of a

sentence.

Basic words[edit]

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Some words in the dominant dialect of the Kapampangan language, as spoken in key towns in

Pampanga:

Numbers

1 - isa (used when reciting the numbers); metung (used for counting)

2 - addua

3 - atlu

4 - apat

5 - lima

6 - anam

7 - pitu

8 - walu

9 - s'yam

10 - apulu

Sentences:

My name is John. - Juan ya ing lagyu ku.

I am here! - Atyu ku keni!

Where are you? - Nukarin ka?

I love you. - Kaluguran daka.

What do you want? - Nanu ya ing buri mu?

I will go home. - Muli ku.

They don't want to eat. - Ali la bisang mangan.

He bought rice. - Sinali yang nasi.

She likes that. - Buri ne ita.

May I go out? - Malyari kung lumwal?

I can't sleep. - Ali ku mipapatudtud.

We are afraid. - Tatakut kami.

My pet died yesterday. - Mete ya ing sese ku napun.

How old are you? - Pilan na kang banua?

How did you do that? - Makananu meng gewa ita?

How big is it? - Makananu ya karagul? / Nu anti ya karagul?

Words:

I - yaku

You - ika

You and I - ikata

we - ikami

us - itamu/ikatamu

all of us - itamu ngan/ikatamu ngan

love - lugud

anger - mua

beautiful - malagu (for female); masanting (for male, and usually for inanimate objects)

beauty - lagu

sun - aldo

moon - bulan

star - batuin

sky - banua

morning - abak

noon - ugtu

afternoon - gatpanapun

dusk - sisilim

night - bengi

midnight - kapitangang bengi

path - dalan

food - pamangan

dog - asu

cat - pusa

mouse - dagis

ant - panas

plant - tanaman

house - bale

town - balen

child - anak

parent - pengari

Stress[edit]

Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-last

syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when

stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress shift can occur and it may shift to the right or the left

to differentiate between nominal or verbal use, as in the following examples.[5]

dápat 'should, ought to' → dapát 'deed, concern, business'

dapúg 'gather, burn trash' → dápug 'trash pile'

Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation. Again,

stress can shift to the right or the left.[5]

ábe → abáyan 'company'

láso → lasáwan 'melt, digest'

Historical sound changes[edit]

In Kapampangan, the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə has merged to /a/ in most dialects of

Kapampangan. It is preserved in some western dialects. For example, Proto-

Philippine *tanəm is tanam(to plant) in Kapampangan, compared

with Tagalog tanim and Cebuano tanom and Ilocano tanem (grave).

Proto-Philippine *R merged with /j/. For example, the Kapampangan word for "new" is bayu,

while it is bago in Tagalog, baro in Ilocano, and baru in Indonesian.

Grammar[edit]

Nouns[edit]

While Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, they are usually preceded by case markers. There

are three types of case markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.

Unlike English and Spanish which are nominative–accusative languages, Kapampangan is

an ergative–absolutive language. It's a common misconception that Kapampangan is frequently

spoken in the passive voice.

Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a

transitive verb.

Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the

actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession.

Oblique markers are similar to prepositions in English. It marks things such as location and

direction.

Furthermore, noun markers are divided into two classes: one for names of people (personal)

and the second for everything else (common).

Below is a chart of case markers.

Absolutive Ergative Oblique

Common singular ing-ng,

ningking

Common plural ding ring karing

ring

Personal singular i -ng kang

Personal pluraldi

riri kari

Examples:

Dintang ya ing lalaki.

"The man arrived."

Ikit neng Juan i Maria.

"Juan saw Maria."

Munta ya i Elena ampo i Robertu king bale nang Miguel.

"Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house."

Nukarin la ring libro?

"Where are the books?"

Ibie ke ing susi kang Carmen.

I will give the key to Carmen.

Pronouns[edit]

Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.

Absolutive

(Independent)

Absolutive

(Enclitic)Ergative Oblique

1st person singular yaku, aku ku ku kanaku, kaku

2nd person singular ika ka mu keka

3rd person singular iya, ya ya na keya, kaya

1st person dual ikata kata, ta ta kekata

1st person plural inclusive ikatamu, itamu katamu, tamu tamu, ta kekatamu, kekata

1st person plural exclusive ikami, ike kami, ke mi kekami, keke

2nd person plural ikayu, iko kayu, ko yu kekayu, keko

3rd person plural ila lada

rakarela

Examples[edit]

Sinulat ku.

"I wrote."

Silatanan na ku.

"(He or She) wrote me."

Dintang ya.

"(He or She) has arrived." [Note: Dintang ya = "He arrived" or "He arrives"; He has arrived =

Dintang ne]

Sabian me kaku.

"Tell it to me"

Ninu ing minaus keka?

"Who called you?

Mamasa la.

"They are reading."

Mamangan la ring babi?

"Are the pigs eating?"

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the

genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.

Ing bale ku.

Ing kakung bale. / Ing kanakung bale.

"My house."

The dual pronoun ikata refers to only the first and second person.

The inclusive pronoun ikatamu refers to the first and second persons.

The exclusive pronoun ikamí refers to the first and third persons but excludes the second.

Ala katang nasi.

"We (you and I) do not have rice." [the word "you" here is singular]

Ala tamung nasi.

"We (you and I and everyone else in our group) do not have rice."

Ala keng nasi. / Ala kaming nasi.

"We (someone else and I, but not you) do not have rice." [the third person maybe singular or

plural, that is, "we" may refer to "He/She and I" or "They and I"]

Furthermore, Kapampangan stands out among many Philippine languages in requiring the

presence of the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is

present.

Dintang ya i Erning. (not *dintang i Erning)

"Ernie arrived."

Mamasa la ri Maria at Juan. (not *mamasa ri Maria at Juan)

"Maria and Juan are reading."

Silatanan na kang José. (not *silatanan kang José)

"José wrote you."

As a comparison, it would be akin to saying *dumating siya si Erning, *bumabasa sila sina Maria

at Juan and *sinulatan ka niya ni José in Tagalog.

Special forms[edit]

The pronouns ya and la have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the

words ati (there is/are) and ala (there is/are not).

Ati yu king Pampanga. (not *Ati ya king Pampanga)

"He is in Pampanga."

Ala lu ring doktor keni./Ala lu ding doktor keni. (not *ala la ring doktor keni/ala la ding doktor

keni)

The doctors are no longer here.

Note: for some speakers of Kapampangan (possibly certain dialects), all of the above forms can

be used:

Both "ati yu" and "ati ya" are equally right. Plural form ("they are") is "atilu" and "atila".

Both "ala la" and "ala lu" are correct in the plural form. Singular form is "ala ya" and "ala yu"

Pronoun combinations[edit]

The order and forms in which Kapampangan pronouns appear in sentences are outlined in the

following chart.

Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order following verbs or particles like negation words.

The enclitic pronoun is always first followed by another pronoun or discourse marker.

Ikit da ka.

"I saw you."

Silatanan na ku.

"He wrote to me."

However, the following constructions are incorrect: *ikit ka da and *silatanan ku na

Also, pronouns combine to form one portmanteau pronoun.

Ikit ke. (instead of Ikit ku ya)

"I saw her."

Dinan kong pera. (instead of Dinan ku lang pera.)

"I will give them money."

Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and while using the word naman.

Furthermore,

Akakit me? (instead of akakit mu ya?)

Do you see him?

Buri nya naman yan/buri ne murin yan. (instead of buri ne naman yan)

He likes that, too

The chart below outlines the permitted combinations of pronouns. There are blank entries to

denote combinations which are deemed impossible.

The column headings (i.e., yaku, ika, etc.) in bold denote pronouns in the absolutive case while

the row headings (i.e., ku, mu, etc.) denote pronouns in the ergative case.

yaku

1 s

ika

2 s

ya

3 s

ikata

1 dual

ikatamu

1 p inc.

ikami

1 p exc.

ikayo

2 p

ila

3 p

ku

1 s

(ing sarili

ku)

da ka

ra ka

ke

keya– – –

da ko (ra ko)

da kayu (ra

kayu)

ko

ku la

mu

2 smu ku

(ing sarili

mu)

me

mya– –

mu ke

mu kami–

mo

mu la

na

3 sna ku na ka

ne

nya

(ing sarili

na)

na kata na katamuna ke

na kami

na ko

na kayu

no

nu la

ta

1 dual– –

te

tya

(ing sarili

ta)– – –

to

ta la

tamu

1 p inc.– – ta ya – (ing sarili tamu) – – ta la

mi

1 p exc.–

da ka

ra kami ya – – (ing sarili mi)

da ko (ra ko)

da kayu (ra

kayu)

mi la

yu

2 pyu ku –

ye

ya– –

yu ke

yu kami(ing sarili yu)

yo

yu la

da

3 p

da ku

ra ku

da ka

ra ka

de (re)

dya

da kata

ra kata

da katamu

ra katamu

da ke (ra ke)

da kami (ra

kami)

da ko(ra ko)

da kayu (ra

kayu)

do (ro)

da la (ra

la)

(ing sarili da)

Demonstrative pronouns[edit]

Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns are outlined in the chart below.

This particular system of demonstrative pronouns differs with other Philippine languages by

having separate forms for the singular and plural.

Absolutive Ergative Oblique LocativeExistential

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nearest to

speaker

(this, here)

inideni

reninini dareni canini careni oyni oreni queni

Near speaker &

addressee

(this, here)

itideti

retiniti dareti caniti careti oyti oreti queti

Nearest

addressee

(that, there)

iyanden

renniyan daren canyan caren oyan oren quen

Remote

(yon, yonder)ita

deta

retanita dareta canita careta oyta oreta queta

The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (as well as their respective forms) both mean "this" but

each have distinct uses.

Iti usually refers to something abstract but may also refer to concrete nouns. For example, iting

musika (this music), iti ing gagawan mi (this is what we do).

Ini is always concrete and never abstract. For example ining libru (this book), ini ing asu nang

Juan (this is Juan's dog).

Furthermore, in their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the

subject spoken of. Keti, on the other hand, when the person spoken to is near the subject

spoken of. For example, two people in the same country will refer to their country

as keti however, they will refer to their respective towns as keni. Both mean here.

The plural forms of demonstrative pronouns and its existential form for nearest addressee are

exceptions. The plural form of iyan is den/ren, not *deyan/reyan; the plural form

of niyan is daren, not *dareyan; the plural form of canyan is caren, not *careyan; the plural form

of oyan is oren, not *oreyan; the existential form of iyan is quen, not *queyan.

Nanu ini?

"What's this?"

Mangabanglu la rening sampaga./Mangabanglu la dening sampaga.

"These flowers smell good."

Ninu ing lalaking ita?

"Who is that man/guy?"

Me keni/munta ka keni.

"Come here."

Ati ku keti/atsu ku keni/atyu ku keni.

"I am here."

Mangan la keta.

"They will eat there."

Ninu ing anak a yan?

"Who is that child?"

Uyta/Oyta ya pala ing salamin mo/mu!

"So that's where your glasses are!"

E ku pa menakit makanyan/makanini.

"I haven't seen one of these before"

Manyaman la ren./Manyaman la den.

Those are delicious.

Ayni/Areni/Oreni la reng adwang regalo para keka.

"Here are the two gifts for you."

Buri daka! "I like You"

Kaluguran daka! " I Love You"

Mangan Tana! "Let's Eat"

Edaka buring mawala! "I don't want to lose you!"

Verbs[edit]

Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex and take on a variety of affixes reflecting

focus, aspect, mode, and others.

Ambiguities and irregularities[edit]

Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs to be more difficult than their

own languages' verbs due to some verbs belonging to unpredictable verb classes as well as

ambiguity with certain verb forms.

To illustrate this, let's take the rootword sulat (write) which exists in both Tagalog and

Kapampangan.

For example:

susulat means "is writing" in Kapampangan but "will write" in Tagalog.

sumulat means "will write" in Kapampangan but "wrote" in Tagalog. This form is also the

infinitive in both languages.

sinulat means "wrote" in both languages. However in Kapampangan it's in the actor focus

but object focus in Tagalog

The object-focus suffix -an represents two types of focuses. However, the only difference

between the two is that one of the conjugations preserves -an in the completed aspect while it is

dropped in the other conjugation. Take the two verbs below:

bayaran (to pay someone): bayaran (will pay someone), babayaran (is paying

someone), beyaran (paid someone)

bayaran (to pay for something): bayaran (will pay for something), babayaran (is paying

for something), binayad (paid for something)

Note that other Philippine languages have separate forms. For example, there is -

in and -an in Tagalog, -on and -an in Bikol and in most of the Visayan languages, and -

en and -an in Ilokano. This is due to historical sound changes concerning Proto-

Philippine /*e/ mentioned above.

There are a number of actor-focus verbs which do not use the infix -um- but are usually

conjugated like other verbs that do. For example, gawa (to do), bulus (to

immerse), terak (to dance), lukas (to take off), sindi (to smoke), saklu (to

fetch), takbang (to step), tuki (to accompany), etc. are used instead of *gumawa,

*bumulus, *tumerak, *lumukas, *sumindi, *sumaklu, *tumakbang, *tumuki,

Many of the verbs mentioned in the previous paragraph undergo a change of their vowel

rather than use the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (i.e., -um- verbs), this

happens only to verbs having the vowel /u/ in the first syllable. For example, the

verb lukas (to take off) is conjugated lukas (will take off), lulukas (is taking off),

and likas (took off) (rather than *linukas).

This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect.

In addition to /u/ becoming /i/, /a/ becomes /e/ in certain cases. For

example, dela (brought something) and not *dinala, semal (worked on something) and

not *sinamal, and seli (bought) and not *sinali.

Furthermore, there is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes in

writing. Magsalita can either mean is speaking or will speak. There is an audible

difference, however. [mɐɡsaliˈtaʔ] means "will speak" while [ˌmaːɡsaliˈtaʔ] means "is

speaking".

Conjugation chart[edit]

Below is a chart of the basic Kapampangan verbal affixes.

Infinitive &

ContemplativeProgressive Completed

Actor Focus1a -um- CV- -in-

Actor Focus1b – CV--in-

-i-

Actor Focus1c m- mVm-min-

me-

Actor Focus2 mag- mág- mig-, meg-

Actor Focus3 ma- má- ne-

Actor Focus4 maN- máN- meN-

Object Focus1 -an CV- ... -an

-in-

-i-

-e-

Object Focus2

Benefactive Focusi- iCV-

i- -in-

i- -i-

i- -e-

Object Focus3

Locative Focus-an CV- ... -an

-in- ... -an

-i- ... -an

-e- ... -an

Instrument Focus ipaN- páN- piN-, peN

Reason Focus ka- ká- ke-

Enclitics[edit]

1. warî: used optionally in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions.

2. agyaman, man: even, even if, even though.

3. nung: condition particle that expresses unexpected event; if.

4. kanu: reporting or hearsay particle that expresses that the information is second-

hand; he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly.

5. din/rin: inclusive particle that adds something to what was said before; also, too.

6. iká: expresses hope, unrealized condition (with verb in completed aspected), used in

conditional aspects.

7. itá: expresses uncertainty and unrealized idea; perhaps, probably, seems.

8. mu: limiting particle; only, just.

9. na and pa

na: now, already, yet, anymore.

pa: still, else.

10. namán: used in making contrasts and softens requests and emphasis.

11. nanu ita: expresses cause; because, because of.

12. pin: used in affirmations or emphasis and also softens imperatives; indeed.

13. palá: realization particle that expresses that the speaker has realized and/or

suddenly remembered something.

14. pu/opu: politeness particle.

Swerti kanu iti kanaku.

It was said that it is lucky to me.

Edukado ya rin ing nobyu mu./Edukado ya din ing nobyu mu.

Your boyfriend is also educated.

Existential[edit]

To express existence (there is/are) and possession (to have), the word atí is used.

Atí la namang konsyensya.

They also have conscience.

Negation[edit]

There are two negation words: alí and alá.

Alí negates verbs and equations. It means no and/or not.

Alí ya sinali.

He did not buy.

Alá is the opposite of atí.

Alá na mo kanung lugud.

They say that there is no more love.

But in several statements, e is used instead of "ali."

E ke seli.

I did not buy it.

Interrogative Words[edit]

Komustá is used to inquire how something is (are). It is frequently used as a greeting

meaning How are you? It is derived from the Spanish ¿cómo está?

Komustá na ka?

“How are you?”

Komustá ya ing pasyente?

“How is the patient?”

Nanu means what.

Nanu ya ing gagawan mu?

“What are you doing?”

Ninu means who.

Ninu la reng lalaki?/Ninu la deng lalaki?

“Who are those men?”

Ninu i Jennifer?

“Who is Jennifer?”

Nukarin means where but is used to inquire about the location of an object and not

used with verbs.

Nukarin ya ing drayber?

“Where is the driver?”

Note: Drayber is the Kapampangan phonetic spelling of “driver.”

Nukarin ya i Henry?

“Where is Henry?”

Loan words[edit]

Kapampangan borrowed many words from Chinese especially

from Cantonese and Hokkien. Examples are:

ápû 阿婆 "(maternal) grandmother"

impû 外婆 "(paternal) grandmother'

ingkung 外公 "(paternal) grandfather"

atchi 阿姐 "eldest sister"

koya  　哥仔 "eldest brother"

susi 鎖匙 "key"

pansit 便食 "noodles" (lit."instant meal")

buisit 無衣食 "bad luck" (lit."without clothes and food")

Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words

from Sanskrit. A few examples are:

alaya "home" from Sanskrit आलय alaya

kalma "fate" from Sanskrit कर्म� karma

damla "divine law" from Sanskrit धर्म� dharma

mantala "magic formulas" from Sanskrit र्मन्त्र mantra

upaya "power" from Sanskrit उपा�य upaya

siuala "voice" from Sanskrit स्वर svara

lupa "face" from Sanskrit रुपा� rupa

sabla "every" from Sanskrit सव� sarva

lawu "eclipse" from Sanskrit र�हु rahu

galura "giant eagle" (a surname) from Sanskrit गरुड garuda

laksina "south" (a surname) from Sanskrit दक्षि�ण dakshin

laksamana "admiral" (a surname) from Sanskrit लक्ष्र्मण lakshmana

Also, there are many Spanish loan words present today, given its more than three

hundred years of occupation. Among a few examples are suerti from

Spanish suerte (luck), curus from cruz (cross),carni from carne (meat), corsunada from 

corazonada (crush), casapego and casa fuego (matchbox)

==Examples==

Some Common Phrases & Sentences[edit]

Kumusta na ka? – How are you?

Masalese ku pu. – I'm fine.

Mayap ku pu. – I'm good.

Nanung lagyu mu? – What is your name?

Malagu ka talaga! – You are really beautiful.

Kasanting mo! – You are so handsome!

Wa – Yes

Ali – No

Ume ka keni – Come here.

Bisa kung maglolo keka. – "I want to court you."

Tabalu keka- literally "I don't know with you." (expression)

Eku balu.- I don't know.

Mako na ku. – I am going.

Mangan ta na, mangan tamu. – Let us eat now, let us eat.

Kanyaman na ning lutu mo! – Your cooking is good!

Numbers[edit]

Number Kapampangan

1 Metung/Isa

2 Adua

3 Atlu

4 Apat

5 Lima

6 Anam

7 Pitu

8 Walu

9 Siyam

10 Apulu

11 Labing metung

12 Labing adua

13 Labing atlu

14 Labing apat

15 Labing lima

20 Adwang pulu

21 Adwang pulu't metung

22 Adwang pulu't adua

30 Atlung pulu

100 Hanggatus / Dinalan / Metung Dalan

200 Aduang dalan

1,000 Libu / Metung Libu / Metung a Libu

2,000 Aduang Libu

10,000 Lacsa

100,000 Gatus

200,000 Adwang Dalan Libu / Adwang Dalan A Libu

1,000,000 Milyun

2,000,000 Aduang Milyun (Modern)

1,000,000,000 Bilyun / Metung Bilyun / Metung a Bilyun (Modern)

Orthographical Issues[edit]

Amánung Sísuan (native name for mother language; literallybreastfed language)

in Kulitan, the indigenous writing system of Kapampangan

The three sets of Romanised attitudinal procedures:

1. SÚLAT BACÚLUD (Bacolor Script), commonly known as C&Q orthography, is the

first Romanised orthography introduced by the Spaniards during the colonial period. It is

called SÚLAT BACÚLUD because for a long time it has been identified with the literary

giants like Crissot, Galura and Pabalan who all hail from the town of Baculud. Many

Kapampangan believed this to be the original orthography and call it TUTÛNG

CAPAMPÁNGAN (genuine Kapampangan) because it has been identified with the

orthography used in the Kapampangan "pasion" that is still being used today, believed

by many to be the oldest living Kapampangan literature to date.

2. SÚLAT WÁWÂ (Guagua Script), commonly known as K orthography. The name is

derived from the town of Wáwâ (Guagua), Bacolor's economic and literary rival,

because it was first introduced by Wáwâ nationalist writers Don Monico Mercado

and Aurelio Tolentino, who were following José Rizal's example to indigenise Philippine

writing. In the 20th century, there were three phenomena that further popularised this

orthography: the legal imposition of Tagalog as national language with its ABAKADA

orthography, the creation of the Akademyang Kapampangan by Zoilo Hilario and the

prolific writings of Poet Laureate Jose Gallardo.

3. ÁMUNG SAMSON'S HYBRID ORTHOGRAPHY. This orthography was created by

former Catholic priest Venancio Samson in the 1970s prior to the official translation of

the Bible into the Kapampangan language. His orthography was meant to resolve the

conflict between the proponents of the C&Q and K orthography. Samson adopted the K

in place of the conventional QUE and QUI but retained the C for CA, CE, CI, CO and

CU. He also eliminated the Ñ and LL and replaced them with NY and LY respectively.

An expert in Kapampangan, Latin and Spanish, Samson was the official translator of the

Kapampangan Bible as well as the translator of Diego Bergano's Vocabulario.

(article from [6])

Traditional Kapampangan Songs[edit]

Atin Cu Pung Singsing

Atin cu pung singsing

Metung yang timpucan

Amana que iti

Qng indung ibatan [Better = "Kang..."]

Sangcan queng sininup

Qng metung a caban

Mewala ya iti,

E cu camalayan.

Ing sukal ning lub cu

Susucdul qng banua

Picurus cung gamat[or the active "Mikurus..."]

Babo ning lamesa

Ninu mang manaquit

Qng singsing cung mana

Calulung pusu cu

Manginu ya caya.

English Translation:

I once had a ring

With a beautiful gem

I inherited this

From my mother

I stored it as well as I could

In a hopebox

But it just suddenly disappeared

I didn't notice.

The heartache inside me

Is as high as the sky

My crossed hands (as I pray)

Are upon the table

Whoever would find

That inherited ring

[Better: My inherited ring] My poor heart (that's aching)

Shall forever worship him/her.

Aldo ning Quequeng Quasal

Pengacu ning sintang cacung liguran

Queng Domingo aldo na ning quequeng casal

Mipalucsu ya'ing pusu cu queng tula't ligaya

Micaul que pang adua bayu memun caya

Aniang miras ing aldo ning tipanan

Migayac at misulud cung pangcasal

Bigung calma aniang miras cu lele altar ning pisamban

Cacasal de ring aliwa'y Sintang Irang. (2X w/ ref.)

Refrain:

Sintang Irang ning bie co

Ica ing mal canacu

Nung miwale ca siping cu

Ay mate cu!

Ica ing sampaga, acu ing maging ambun

Acung babie tula qng pusu paragul

Potang bigla cang magticum

Ing tanque malanat

Ing tanque malagas!

Mabaldug qng gabun!

O Caca, O Caca

O Caca, o Caca

Cabalat papaya,

Sabian mu nang patas

Nung e na ca bisa

Refrain: Queta man quecami

Dacal lang baluga

Mangayap la queca

Biasa lang mamana!

Catholic Prayers[edit]

The Sign of the Cross

Traditional Spanish Way

Uli ning tanda ning Santa Cruz, caring masamá quecami, icabus Mu cami, Guinu ming

Dios.

Qñg laguiu ning +Ibpa, ampon ning Anac, ampon ning Espiritu Santo. Amen.

The Creed

Sasalpantaya cu qñg Dios, Ibpang mayupayang tutu, linalang qñg banua't yatu.

At cang Jesucristong Anac nang Bugtung a [sic] Guinu tamu.

Pengagli Ya qñg upaya ning Banal a Espiritu, mibayit Ya cang Santa Mariang Virgen.

Linasa Ya lalam nang upaya nang Poncio Pilato. Mipacu ya qñg cruz, mete Ya't

micutcut.

Tinipa Ya caring mete. Qñg catlung aldo, sinubli yang mebie. Pepaitas Ya banua,

macalucluc uanan ning Dios Ibpang mayupayang tutu. Ibat carin, magbalic Ya naman

queti

ban mucum caring mabie ampon mengamate.

Sasalpantaya cu qñg Banal a [sic] Espiritu, qñg Santa Iglesia Catolica, qñg pamisamac

ding Santos,

qñg pangapatauadda ring casalanan, qñg pangasubli rang mie ring mete, at qñg bie

alang angga.

Amen.

The Lord's Prayer

Ibpa mi, a atiu banua.

Misamban ya ing lagyu Mu.

Datang quecami

ing cayarian Mu.

Mipamintuan ing lub Mu,

queti sulip anti banua.

Ing cacanan mi qñg aldo-aldo

ibie Mu quecami qñg aldo ngeni.

Ampon ipatauad Mo quecami ring sala mi Queca,

anti ing pamamatauad mi caring micasala quecami.

E Mu que ipaisaul qñg tucsu,

nune icabus Mu cami caring sablang maroc. Amen.

Angelic Salutation (Hail, Mary!)

Bapu, Maria! Mitmu ca qñg gracia. Ing Guinung Dios atiu queca. Nuan ca caring

sablang babayi, at nuan ya pa naman ing bunga ning atian mu, y Jesús.

Santa Maria, Indu ning Dios. Ipanalangin mu queng macasalanan, ngeni, ampon qñg

oras ning camatayan mi. Amen.

The Gloria Patri

Ligaya qñg Ibpa, at qñg Anac, at qñg Espiritu Santo. Antimo ing sadia nang ligaya ibat

qñg camumulan, ngeni't capilan man, mangga man qñg alang angga. Amen.

The Salve Regina

Bapu Reyna, Indung Mamacalulu, bie ampon yumu, manga panaligan mi,

Bapu Reyna, icang ausan mi, iqueng pepalacuan a anac nang Eva;

icang pangisnawan ming malalam, daralung que manga tatangis queni qñg carinan ning

lua.

Ngamu na Reyna, Patulunan mi, balicdan mu cami caring mata mung mapamakalulu,

ampon nung mapupus, pangalako mu queti sulip, paquit me quecami i Jesus,

a bungang masampat ning atian mu.

O malugud ! O mapamacalulu! O Santa Maria Birhen a mayumu!

V:Ipanalangin mu cami, O Santang Indu ning Dios.

R: Ba’queng sucat maquinabang caring pengacu nang Jesucristong Guinu tamu.

The Sambalic languages are a part of the Central Luzon language family spoken by

the Sambals, an ethnolinguistic group on the western coastal areas of Central Luzon and the

Zambales mountain ranges. The largest Sambalic languages are Sambal, Bolinao,

and Botolan with approximately 200,000, 105,000 and 72,000 speakers respectively based on

the 2007 population statistics from the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB).[1] These

figures are the combined population of the municipalities where the language is spoken.

For the Sambali or Sambal ethnolinguistic subgrouping, the estimated number of speakers is

based on the total population of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig, and Iba

municipalities of Zambales. For the Sambal Bolinao subgrouping, a projected number of

speakers is taken from the combined populations of Anda and Bolinao municipalities of

Pangasinan. The Sambal Botolan subgroup, on the other hand, takes the aggregated

population of Botolan and Cabangan municipalities. The rest are smaller languages spoken

almost exclusively within various Aeta communities. In total, there are approximately 390,000

speakers of Sambalic languages. Speakers can also be found in other towns of Zambales not

mentioned above: Olongapo City, Bataan, Tarlac, and Metro Manila.

An estimated 6000 speakers can also be found in Panitian, Quezon, Palawan and Puerto

Princesa City. The language is also spoken by many Filipino immigrants in the U.S. and

Canada. In Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, for instance, the language is spoken by a clan of

Zambals. In Casino Nova Scotia in the Maritimes city of Halifax, a group of Sambals can be

found running the card games. Community organizations of Sambal-speaking Filipino-

Americans are found in San Diego and San Francisco, California as well as in Hawaii.

The Sambalic languages are most closely related to Kapampangan and to an archaic form

of Tagalog still spoken in Tanay in the province ofRizal. This has been interpreted to mean

that Sambal-speakers had once inhabited that area, later being displaced by migrating Tagalog-

speakers, pushing the original inhabitants northward to what is now the province of Zambales,[2] in turn, displacing the Aetas. There is also a possible relationship between these Sambalic

language speakers and the population of the island provinces of Marinduque and Romblon

based on commonalities in some traditions and practices.

Contents

  [hide] 

1   Table of speakers

2   Sample text: Philippine national proverb

3   See also

4   References

5   External links

Table of speakers[edit]

Sambal (Spanish: Zambal) is the common collective name for all Sambalic languages

speakers. It is also the term referring to the Sambalic language subgrouping in northern

municipalities of Zambales, which comprises the majority of Sambals or more than 50 percent

(200,000) of all Sambalic languages speakers (390,000). Sambal may also refer to the

inhabitants of Zambales as a whole and the residents of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan.

Language Speakers

Abellen 3,500 (Stone 2005)

Ambala 2,000 (Ramos 2004)

Bolinao 105,000

Botolan 72,000

Mag-antsi 4,200 (Stock 2005)

Mag-indi 5,000 (SIL 1998)

Mariveleño 500 (Wurm 2000)

Sambal 200,000

Total 392,200

Sample text: Philippine national proverb[edit]

Below are translations in Sambal, Bolinao, and Botolan of the Philippine national proverb[3] “He

who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination,” followed by the

original in Tagalog.

Sambal: Hiyay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinag'ibatan, kay 'ya maka'lato ha

ampako'tawan.”

Bolinao: “Si [tawon] kai magtanda’ lumingap sa ibwatan [na], kai ya mirate’ sa keen [na].”

Botolan: “Hay ahe nin nanlek ha pinag-ibatan, ay ahe makarateng ha lalakwen.”

Tagalog: “Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa

paroroonan.”

The Sambal (Castilian: zambales, sg. zambal) are a Filipino ethnolinguistic group living

primarily in the province of Zambales and thePangasinense municipalities of Bolinao and Anda.

The term may also refer to the general inhabitants of Zambales.

In 1950s, hundreds of Sambal from the northern municipalities of Zambales, migrated to and

established a settlement in Quezon, Palawan; this settlement was named Panitian. The

residents call themselves Palawenyong Sambal (Castilian: zambales palaweños) or

simply Sambal.

Contents

  [hide] 

1   History

2   Language

3   See also

4   References

History[edit]

The Sambal are the original Austronesian inhabitants of the province of Zambales in

the Philippines. They speak Sambal, Bolinao, or Botolan, all of which are Sambalic languages.

The Sambalic languages are most closely related to Pampagan and to an archaic form of

Tagalog still spoken in Tanay in the province of Rizal. This has been interpreted to mean that

the Sambal originated from that area, later being displaced by migrating Tagalogs, pushing the

original inhabitants northward to what is now the province of Zambales, in turn, displacing

the Negritos.

The Spanish, in their first encounters with the Sambal, supposedly found them to be

highly superstitious and who worshipped the spirits of their ancestors. To this day, most Sambal

still believe in superstitions and mysteries. This is said to be the origin of the name Sambal—the

Spanish who first encountered them called them the sambali, coined from

the Malay word sembah, which means "to worship." The term was later castilianized as zambal.[1]

Like the Moros, the culture and customs of the Sambal are different from that of neighboring

groups. This is evident in their traditional dress, which consists of a single-shoulder short-

sleeved shirt, paired with short trousers. Usually worn at the chest and shoulder areas of the

shirt are badges that resemble multicolored crosses.[2]

The Sambal were known to be fierce warriors,[3][4] notorious for their bloody raids

on Christian settlements.[5] They have been occasionally recruited by Indio commanders

(indio was the term used for the Austronesian natives) in campaigns against the Spanish, who

then governed the islands. The Sambal were also once known to have captured and

enslaved Diego Silang as a child, eventually being ransomed by a Recollect missionary in

Zambales.[6][7]

It was recorded as customary for the Sambal to perform an execution as punishment for those

who have taken another person’s life. Their manner of execution was to bore a hole at the top of

the skull and then scrape out the brains.[2]

During the first hundred years of Spanish rule, the Sambal, like most other non-Spanish groups

in the Philippines during the colonial era, had their village structures reorganized and were

forced into reducciones in order to assimilate them into Spanish cultural norms.[2]

During the 1950s, hundreds of Sambals coming from Candelaria, Santa Cruz and Masinloc in

Zambales migrated to an undeveloped and forested area in southern Palawan. They

established a settlement which was later on named Panitian.[8] Like in Masinloc, many residents

of Panitian have their last names start with the letter E. Most common last names are Eclarino,

Elefane, Echaluse,

Echague,Español,Ebuen,Edquid,Edquilang,Ebueng,Ebuenga,Ebalo,Elfa,Eliaso, Elgincolin,

Edquibal, Ednalino, Edora, Espinoza, Ecaldre and Ecle. Those who came from Santa Cruz have

their last names usually begin with the letter M, foremost of which are Misa, Mora,Moraña

Moralde and Meredor. Other common last names of Sambali people are Ángeles,

Atrero,Agagas, Hebron, Hitchon, Hermoso, Hermosa, Hermana, and Hermogino. There are now

approximately 6,000 Sambals residing in Palawan. Many of the Palawan Sambals have since

moved to the provincial capital, Puerto Princesa, settling in Mandaragat and New Buncag, in

particular, although a majority still resides in Panitian.

Language[edit]

See also: Sambalic languages

Three Sambalic languages are spoken by the Sambal: Sambali, Bolinao and Botolan, with

approximately 200,000, 105,000 and 72,000 speakers, respectively, based on their 2007

population.[9] The Sambali speakers are the residents of the municipalities of Santa

Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig, and the capital town Iba of the province of Zambales. The

Bolinao subgroup is located inAnda and Bolinao municipalities of Pangasinan, while the Botolan

subgroup is found in Botolan and Cabangan municipalities of Zambales. An estimated 6,000

Sambali speakers can also be found in Panitian in Quezon, Palawan and in Puerto Princesa.[10]

The Sambalic languages are also spoken by many Filipino immigrants in the United

States and Canada. In Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, for instance, the language is spoken

by a clan of Sambals consisting at least five families. It is interesting to note that in Casino Nova

Scotia in the maritimes city of Halifax, a group of Sambals can be found running the card

games. Community organizations of Sambal-speaking Filipino Americans are found in San

Diego and San Francisco, California as well as in Hawaii.

The Bolinao language (Bolinao: Binu-Bolinao) is spoken primarily in

the Pangasinense municipality of Anda and the town of Bolinao. It has approximately 50,000

speakers (Ethnologue 1990), making it the second most widely spoken Sambalic language.

Contents

  [hide] 

1   Phonology

o 1.1   Vowels

o 1.2   Consonants

o 1.3   Language Comparison

2   See also

3   References

4   External links

Phonology[edit]

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you

may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters.

Bolinao has 21 phonemes: 16 consonants and five vowels. Syllable structure is relatively

simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel.

Vowels[edit]

Bolinao has five vowels. They are:

/a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English father

/ə/ (written as <e>) a mid central vowel pronounced as in English telephone

/i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English machine

/o/ a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English forty

/u/ a close back rounded vowel similar to English flute

There are six main diphthongs: /aɪ/, /əɪ/, /oɪ/, /uɪ/, /aʊ/, and /iʊ/.

Consonants[edit]

Below is a chart of Bolinao consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in

all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal

Nasal m n (ny) /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/

Plosive

Voiceles

sp t k ’ /ʔ/

Voiced b d g

Affricate Voiceles

s(ts) (ty) /tʃ/

Voiced (dy) /

dʒ/

Fricative s (sy) /ʃ/ h

Flap r

Approximant j w

Lateral l (ly) /ʎ/

Language Comparison[edit]

A common proverb[2] from Philippine national hero Jose Rizal in English, “He who does not

acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination,” is translated into Bolinao and

followed byPangasinan, the dominant indigenous language of Pangasinan province and the

original in Tagalog for comparison:

Bolinao“Si [tawon] kai magtanda’ lumingap sa nangibwatan [na], kai ya mirate’ sa keen

[na].

Pangasinan "Say toon agga onlingao ed pinanlapuan to, agga makasabi'd laen to."

Tagalog“Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa

paroroonan.”

Botolan is a Sambalic language spoken by 32,867 (SIL 2000) Sambal, primarily in

the Zambal municipalities of Botolan and Cabangan in thePhilippines.

Contents

  [hide] 

1   Phonology

o 1.1   Vowels

o 1.2   Consonants

o 1.3   Stress

o 1.4   Historical sound changes

2   Sample texts

o 2.1   The Lord’s Prayer

2.1.1   Version from Matthew

o 2.2   Philippine national proverb

3   See also

4   References

5   External links

Phonology[edit]

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters.

Botolan has 20 phonemes: 16 consonants and four vowels. Syllable structure is relatively

simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel.

Vowels[edit]

Botolan has four vowels. They are:

/a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English ‘father’

/e/ an close-mid front unrounded vowel similar to German ‘Elefant’

/i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English ‘machine’

/u/ (written as ‘o’) a close back unrounded vowel similar to English ‘flute’

There are five main diphthongs: /aɪ/, /uɪ/, /aʊ/, /ij/, and /iʊ/.

Consonants[edit]

Below is a chart of Botolan consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in

all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal

Stops

Voiceless p t k - [ʔ]

Voiced b d g

Affricate

s

Voiceless (ts, ty) [tʃ]

Voiced (dy) [dʒ]

Fricatives s (sy) [ʃ] h

Nasals m n (ny) [ɲ] ng [ŋ]

Laterals l (ly) [lj]

Flaps r

Semivowels w j

Note: Consonants /d/ and /ɾ/ can sometimes interchange as they were once allophones.

Stress[edit]

Stress is phonemic in Botolan. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with

the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. hikó (I) and híko (elbow).

Historical sound changes[edit]

Many words pronounced with /s/ and /ɡ/ in Filipino have /h/ and /j/, respectively, in their

cognates in Botolan. Compare hiko and bayo with the Filipino siko and bago.

Sample texts[edit]

The Lord’s Prayer[edit]

Version from Matthew[edit]

Tatay nawen ya anti ha katatag-ayan,

Hay ngalan mo ay igalang dayi nin kaganawan.

Andawaten nawen ya tampol kayna dayin mag-arí.

Mangyari dayi ya kalabayan mo bayri ha babon lotá

Bilang ombayro ha katatag-ayan.

Hapa-eg ay biyan mo kayin pamamangan ya

angka-ilanganen nawen.

Patawaren mo kayi ha kawkasalanan

nawen bilang pamatawad nawen ha

nakapagkasalanan konnawen.

Agmo kayi biyan ma-irap ya pagsobok boy

ipakarayó mo kayi koni Satanas.[2]

Philippine national proverb[edit]

Below is a translation in Botolan of the Philippine national proverb[3] “He who does not

acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination,” followed by the original in Filipino.

Botolan: “Hay ahe tanda nin nanlek ha pinangibatan, ay ahe makalateng ha lalakwen.”

Filipino: “Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa

paroroonan.”Mag-antsi or Mag-anchi is a Sambalic language. It has around 4,200 speakers (Stock 2005) and is spoken within Aeta communities in theZambal municipalities of Botolan, San Marcelino, and Castillejos; in the Tarlaqueño municipalities of Capas and Bamban; in Mabalacat, Pampanga; and in the city of Angeles.

Mag-indi or Baloga is a Sambalic language. It has around 5,000 speakers (SIL 1998) and is spoken within Aeta communities in San Marcelino, Zambales, and in the Pampango municipalities of Floridablanca and Porac.

Mariveleño, also known as Bataan Ayta and Magbukun Ayta, is a Sambalic language. It has around 500 speakers (Wurm 2000) and is spoken within an Aeta community in Mariveles in the Philippines.

Sambali (Spanish: zambal) is a Sambalic language spoken primarily in

the Zambal municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc,Palauig, and Iba, and in

the Pangasinense municipality of Infanta in the Philippines; speakers can also be found

in Panitian, Quezon, Palawan and Barangay Mandaragat or Buncag of Puerto Princesa.

Sambal is also termed Tina in some references. However, the term is considered offensive to

the language's speakers. The pejorative term Tinawas first used in around the period 1976 to

1979 by researchers under the name of Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL).[2]

Contents

  [hide] 

1   Name

2   Phonology

o 2.1   Vowels

o 2.2   Consonants

o 2.3   Stress

o 2.4   Historical sound changes

3   Grammar

o 3.1   Nouns

o 3.2   Zambal Pronouns

3.2.1   Common singular pronouns

3.2.2   Common plural pronouns

3.2.3   Personal singular pronouns

3.2.4   Personal plural

3.2.5   Plural nominal article

3.2.6   Pronouns (Panghalip)

o 3.3   Demonstrative Pronouns

o 3.4   Enclitic Particles

o 3.5   Existential

o 3.6   Interrogative Words

4   Sample texts

o 4.1   Philippine national proverb

o 4.2   The Lord’s Prayer

4.2.1   Version from Matthew

4.2.2   Version from Luke

5   Examples

o 5.1   Loan words

o 5.2   Numbers

o 5.3   Common expressions

6   See also

7   References

8   External links

Name[edit]

The name Tina or Tina Sambal was used by Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) researchers

1976–1979.[3] It is considered pejorative by manySambals as it means 'bleach', a pun in Sambal

Botolan.[4][5] Sambals would not normally recognize the reference.[6]

Phonology[edit]

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters.

Sambali has 19 phonemes: 16 consonants and three vowels. Syllable structure is relatively

simple.

Vowels[edit]

Sambali has three vowels. They are:

/a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English ‘father’

/i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English ‘machine’

/u/ (written as ‘o’) a close back unrounded vowel similar to English ‘flute’

There are five main diphthongs: /aɪ/, /uɪ/, /aʊ/, /ij/, and /iʊ/.

Consonants[edit]

Below is a chart of Tina consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all

positions including at the beginning of a word.

Bilabial DentalPalata

lVelar Glottal

Stops

Voiceles

sp t k (-) [ʔ]

Voiced b d g

Affricates Voiceles (ts) [tʃ]

s

Voiced

Fricatives s h

Nasals m n ng [ŋ]

Laterals l

Flaps r

Semivowels w y [j]

Note: Consonants [d] and [ɾ] sometimes interchange, as they were once allophones. Dy is

pronounced [dʒ], ny [ɲ], sy [ʃ], and ty [tʃ].

Stress[edit]

Stress is phonemic in Sambal. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with

the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. hikó (I) and híko (elbow).

Historical sound changes[edit]

Many words pronounced with /s/ and /ɡ/ in Cebuano ang Tagalog are pronounced

with /h/ and /j/, respectively, in their cognates in Tina. Compare hiko and ba-yo with the

Tagalog siko and bago.

Grammar[edit]

Nouns[edit]

Zambal Pronouns[edit]

Common singular pronouns[edit]

ang, 'yung (iyong) – yay hikon-mong, ya-rin hikon-moy ng, n'ung (niyong) – nin kon-moyo Sa –

ha Nasa – Ison ha (near), Itaw ha (far)

Common plural pronouns[edit]

ang mgá, 'yung mgá (iyong mgá) – yay + first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. yay bawbabayi –

ang mga babae; yay lawlalaki – ang mga lalaki) ng mgá, n'ung mgá (niyong mgá) – nin yay +

first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. nin bawbabayi – ng mga babae, nin lawlalaki – ng mga

lalaki) sa mgá – ha first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. habawbabayi – sa mga babae,

halawlalaki – sa mga ki) Nasa mga – Iti, ison, itaw + pronoun

Personal singular pronouns[edit]

Si – hi Ni – Ni Kay – Kun ni na kay – hikun

Personal plural[edit]

Sina – Hila Nina – ni Kina – Kun li Nakina – Hikunla

Note: In a general conversation, “hi” is usually omitted or contracted from the pronoun. E.g.

Hikunla tana hiya rin (sa kanila na lang iyan) is simply ‘kunla tana ‘ya-rin or even shorter as

‘kunlay na rin.

Example: The man arrived. Dumating ang lalaki: 1) Nakalato hiyay lalaki or nakalato ‘yay lalaki

or ‘yay tawo . 2) Linu-mato hiyay lalaki; or 3) Lin’mato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo.

Yay (referring to object) Hiyay (singular person) Hikamon (plural second person) Hilay (plural

third person)

Nakita ni Juan si Maria – Na-kit ni Juan hi Maria. "John saw Mary." Note that in Philippine

languages, even the names of people require an article.

Plural nominal article[edit]

Pupunta sina Elena at Roberto sa bahay ni Miguel. Maku-ko hila Elena tan Roberto ha bali ni

Miguel.

Pupunta – maku-ko Papunta – ma-mako Punta – mako Pumupunta – ampako Pupuntahan –

ampaku-tawan

"Helen and Robert will go to Miguel's house."

Nasaan ang mga aklat? Ayti yay lawlibro?

Na kay Tatay ang mga susi. Hikun niTatay yay sawsusi or ‘Kunni Tatay yay sawsusi. "Father

has the keys."

Malusog ang sanggol. Maganda yay lalaman nya-nin makating/makalog. "That baby is healthy."

Pronouns (Panghalip)[edit]

Personal pronouns are categorized by case. The indirect forms also function as the genitive.

1st person singular Ako – hiko Ko – ko Akin – hikunko (shortened to ‘kunko)

1st person dual Kita – ta, kunta

1st person plural inclusive Tayo – hitamo or ‘tamo Natin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo Atin –

hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo

1st person plural exclusive Kami – hikami or ‘kami Namin – mi Amin – hikunmi or ‘kunmi

2nd person singular ikáw – hika mo – mo iyó – hikunmo or ‘kunmo 2nd person plural Kayo –

hikamo or ‘kamo Ninyo –moyo Inyo – hikunmoyo or ‘kunmoyo

3rd person singular Siya – hiya Niya – naya Kaniya – hikunnaya or ‘kunnaya

3rd person plural Silá – hila Nilá – la Kanilá – hikunla or ‘kunla

Examples: Sulat is hulat (Masinloc) or sulat (Sta. Cruz) Sumulat ako. Humulat ko or Sumulat ko.

"I wrote."

Sinulatan ako ng liham. Hinulatan nya hiko or hinulatan nya’ ko. "He/She wrote me a letter."

Hinomulat ya ‘kunko, nanulat ya kunko, or hinulatan mya ko.

Ibibigay ko sa kaniyá. Ebi ko ‘kunna (hikuna). "I will give it to him/her."

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the

genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.

Ang bahay ko. Yay bali ko. Ang aking bahay. Yay ‘kunkon bali. "My house."

Demonstrative Pronouns[edit]

Enclitic Particles[edit]

Existential[edit]

Interrogative Words[edit]

Sambal – Tagalog – English

Ayti – Saan – Where Ania - Ano - What Anongkot - Bakit - Why

Sample texts[edit]

Philippine national proverb[edit]

Below is a translation in Sambal of the Philippine national proverb[7] “He who does not

acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination,” followed by the original in Tagalog.

Sambal: “Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinangibatan, kay maka-lato ha ampako-taw-an.”

Tagalog: “Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa

paroroonan.”

The Lord’s Prayer[edit]

Version from Matthew[edit]

Ama mi a ison ha langit,

sambawon a ngalan mo.

Ma-kit mi na komon a pa-mag-ari mo.

Ma-honol komon a kalabayan mo iti ha lota

a bilang anamaot ison ha langit.

Biyan mo kami komon nin

pa-mangan mi para konan yadtin awlo;

tan patawaron mo kami komon ha kawkasalanan mi

a bilang anamaot ha pa-matawad mi

konlan ampagkasalanan komi.

Tan komon ando mo aboloyan a matokso kami,

nokay masbali ipa-lilih mo kamin kay makagawa doka,

ta ikon moy kaarian, kapangyarian tan karangalan a homin

panganggawan. Amen.[8]

Version from Luke[edit]

Ama mi, maipatnag komon a banal mon kapangyarian.

Lomato ana komon a awlon sikay mag-ari.

Biyan mo kamin pa-mangan mi sa inawlo-awlo.

Inga-rowan mo kami sa kawkasalanan mi bilang

pa-nginganga-ro mi konlan nagkasalanan komi

tan ando mo kami aboloyan manabo sa tokso.

Wamoyo.[8]