MISSION ATLAS PROJECT Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa Uganda
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Transcript of Central and Southern Africa
Chapter 6
CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA
Chapter 6, Lesson 1
THE GROWTH OF COASTAL TRADING
CITIES
L1 HW Review QuestionsIdentify & Example: (2 sentences)1) ethnic 2) manufacture 3) network 4) monsoon 5) prosperMain Idea: (3-5 sentences)① Describe the geography of Central & Southern Africa.② What goods/resources were traded between Africa and
Asia/Arabia?③ Why was Kilwa such an important city-state?Summarize: (6 sentences)④ The Bantu Migrations.Critical Thinking: (5-7 sentences)⑤ Besides trading goods, how else did the trans-Indian
Ocean trade affect East African coastal cities?⑥ Why do you think East Africa never unified into an
Empire?
Words to KnowSpecies (n.) Def: a group of
plants or animals that are able to have offspring
Ex: Mr. Igor is from a different species, according to B1 History Class.
Coastal (adj.)
Def: existing along the land next to or near the sea
Ex: Shanghai is a coastal city.
Port (n.) Def: a place along a body of water where ships can anchor or dock
Ex: Mr. Igor’s classroom is a port of education.
A Diverse Geography Central Africa = huge tropical rain forests Thousands of species of colorful birds
Southern Africa = IMMENSE grasslands Elephants, giraffes, lions, zebras
Human geography: Diverse = 100s of different ethnic groups Separate languages, customs, religions
Common ancestor = Bantu peoples 1st Bantu modern-day border: Nigeria & Cameroon Bantu migration: 1000 BC; moved South & East; 500 AD reach
tip of S.A. EFFECTS: cultural blending
1) adapt to new environment 2) exchanged ideas 3) intermarried
Coastal City-States Emerge 1100 AD: Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to Eastern coast Established 1) farming villages & 2) lively trading outposts
East African merchants traded with Arabia, Persia, India African raw materials Asia
Ex: gold, iron, ivory, slaves, timber (wood) Asian manufactured Africa
Ex: porcelain, spices, beads, textiles (carpets) 1200s: E. Africa = network of trading towns & city-states
Kilwa: coastal city-state = city + surrounding land (independent political unit) Founded by: Arabian & Persian settlers (late 1000s) Prospered because: as far south as a ship from India could
sail in one monsoon season = Southern merchants send goods to Kilwa
The Influence of Islam Trade across Indian Ocean increases = Arab traders settling in East African port towns EFFECT: coastal Africans borrow aspects of Arab culture
1. New language = Swahili: Bantu language + Arabic words
2. Islama) most Africans kept their traditional religious beliefs but
many also converted middle-class, involved in trans-Indian Ocean trade
3. Governmenta) Gov. officials & merchants = Muslimb) Introduce ideas about govn’t & law
Lack of Unity = easier for Europeans to invade & conquer in 1600sWhy? competing for trade
Chapter 6, Lesson 2
EMPIRES BUILT ON GOLD & TRADE
L1 HW Review QuestionsIdentify & Example: (2 sentences)1) encircle 2) eagle-eye 3) abandon 4) exodus 5) pillageMain Idea: (3-5 sentences)① Where did the Shona settle? Why?Summarize: (6 sentences)② Great Zimbabwe & Enclosure (10 sentences)③ The Mutapa Empire.Critical Thinking: (5-7 sentences)④ Great Zimbabwe did not mine or produce gold. How was
it control such a vast empire?
Words to Know Precious (adj.)
Def: having great value
Ex: Your education is precious.
Granite (n.) Def: a hard rock used in building
Ex: Your brains are like granite.
Resource (n.) Def: water, labor, or other supply available for economic development
Ex: Mr. Igor’s classroom is a resource for your educational development.
Ample (adj.)
Def: more than enough; plenty
Ex: You have ample time to complete the steps necessary for your education.
Rise of the Shona Civilization 800s: Bantu-speaking Shona settle valley of Limpopo River (Southern Africa)
1000s: move into rich farmland: between Zambezi & Limpopo
Zimbabwe: settlements encircled by large stone walls “house of stone”
Shona = #s of zimbabwes Present-day: Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe
Great Zimbabwe Largest settlement: Great Zimbabwe Center of Shona empire City + surrounding area = 100 acres/ 10-20,000 people
Region = huge plains = farming & herding (cattle)
Near trade routes
The Great Enclosure 3 sections the Valley Ruins (newest; small structures & mounds) the Hill Complex (like: Acropolis) Sits on high hill; center of religious activities; oldest part
the Great Enclosure: largest & most significant Home for kings and queens Looks like necklace (eagle-eye view) outer granite wall: 820 feet around / 36 feet high Cut so perfectly; nothing needed to hold them in place
Conical tower (mysterious???) Giant grain bin = good harvests ??? Religious purpose ???
Gold & Trade Gold = international prized good Traded between Africa China & India Great Zimbabwe DID NOT produce or mine gold Located between: West: gold producing East: coastal trading cities
RESULT: 1) tax trade 2) force tributes (from lesser leaders) during peak: 2,000 pounds of precious metal PER YEAR
DECLINE: theories1) Drought & overuse of land by cattle = shortage of resources
(exodus)2) Shifting trading networks = abandonment
Either way: no more Zimbabwe by 1500
The Mutapa Empire Shona oral tradition: Mutota left Great Zimbabwe 1440; traveled north
Searching for salt = important for African diet
Found valley: fertile soil, good rainfall, ample wood
Conquered surrounding land Mutapa: “Great Pillager” Mutapa’s son extends empire North to Zambezi River; east to Indian Ocean
Wealth = controlling gold trade
Chapter 2, Lesson 3
THE KONGO KINGDOM
L1 HW Review QuestionsIdentify & Example: (2 sentences)1) appoint 2) manufacture 3) missionary 4) convert 5) immunity 6) seize 7) plantation 8) corrupt 9)Main Idea: (3-5 sentences)① Why did the Kongo people settle near the Congo River?② How did the Kongo Kingdom organize it’s empire?③ Why did Portugal meet Kongo?④ How did Alfonso I change Kongo’s society?Summarize: (6 sentences)⑤ The “good” relationship between Portugal and Kongo?⑥ The “bad” relationship between Portugal and Kongo?Critical Thinking: (5-7 sentences)⑦ No thinking required!!!!!
Words to KnowInitial (n.) Def: happening at the
beginning; firstEx: Your initial education begins every day.
Strained (adj.) Def: pushed by resentment nearly to open conflict.
Ex: Mr. Stewart has a strained relationship with his B1 history students.
Instability (adj.)
Def: the condition of being unsteady or undependable
Ex: Your inability to complete assignments properly leads to education instability.
A Kingdom Arises on the Atlantic 1300s: Bantu-people “Kongo” settle western coast of Africa Settled north of Congo River (3,000 miles, empties into Atlantic)
Resources: Fertile soil, iron & copper ore, good fishing & Congo R.
transportation 1400s: move south, conquer other people
Capital: Mbanza Highly organized kingdom Village = basic political unit Group of villages = district Districts grouped into six provinces King appointed governors for provinces
King: in charge of economy (provinces pay taxes every 6 months)
Payments = cowrie shells (colorful seashell used for money)
Kongo & Portugal
• 1400s = “Age of Exploration”: time when European kingdoms sailed oceans to explore new lands• Portugal: small country, west of Spain; on Atlantic Ocean• 1480s: Portugal sails down western coast of Africa; meets Kongo kingdom
• At first: GOOD!!!1) Active tradeb) Kongo Portugali. Copper, iron, Ivory
c) Portugal Kongoi. Guns, horses,
manufactured goods2) Christian Religionb) Portugal sends
missionaries: people who travel to other lands seeking to gain followers to their religion (i.e., converts)
Age of Exploration Cultural Interaction
The Rule of Afonso 1506: Nzinga Mbemba takes throne (European name: Alfonso I)
Copied Portuguese:1) Official religion: Roman Catholicism2) Capital city: Mbanza Sao Salvador3) Politics: appointed dukes & counts;
required to wear western clothing4) Education: Alfonso learned to read &
write Portuguese; sent subjects to Portugal to learn to read &write
Portuguese Problems
• Immunity: protection from disease•When cultures meet = new diseases; no immunity• Alfonso requests new doctors:• For the “many and different diseases which put us very often in such a weakness.”
• 1470s: Portuguese claim island Sao Tome off west coast of Africa• Establish: sugar fields
(plantations: large farm to grow one crop = hard labor)• Portugal pressures Kongo for more
& more slaves = depopulation• Alfonso asks Portugal to stop:• “Merchants daily seize our subjects…
so great… is their corruption… that our country is being utterly depopulated.”
• 1543: Alfonso dies• 1,000s of Africans enslaved every year• 1561: Kongo “cuts itself off” from
Portugal
Disease Slavery
The Kingdom Struggles
•After Alfonso: period of instability• Late 1560s: war with neighboring kingdom the Jaga• Kongo ask Portugal for help• 1600s: Kongo regains stability