Center for High Performance Buildings - Purdue …Center$for$High$Performance$Buildings$ ... •...

A center dedicated to partnering with industry in the development, demonstration, evaluation, and deployment of new technologies and analysis

tools for high performance buildings.

Center for High Performance Buildings


www.engineering.purdue.edu/CHPB 2

Overview

The Center for High Performance Buildings (CHPB) at the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories was established in 2013 through a construction grant from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Its mission is to partner with industry to develop, demonstrate, and evaluate new technologies and analysis tools that can enable dramatic improvements in the performance of buildings in terms of energy, environmental impact, and occupant satisfaction and productivity. The CHPB is a multi-‐disciplinary effort involving researchers from Mechanical, Architectural, Electrical, and Computer Engineering and Psychological Sciences. The team has the expertise and unique facilities to consider a wide range of applications related to engineered environments that address numerous important issues in indoor environmental quality, human comfort and productivity, comfort delivery systems, building envelopes, lighting, equipment efficiency and reliability, environmental impact, controls, automation, etc. The team can span the spectrum from fundamental research to technology development to technology evaluation to technical assistance covering the thrust areas depicted in the adjacent figure and employing a variety of unique, state-‐of-‐the-‐art testbeds that include:

1. fully-‐instrumented living laboratory offices that have reconfigurable facades, comfort delivery, and primary equipment to allow testing for impacts of new building technologies on energy and human performance indices and to generate data needed for model validations;

2. perception-‐based engineering (PBE) facility to study combined impacts of lighting, acoustics, air quality, vibration, temperature, humidity and air flow on occupant perceptions and performance in a controlled manner;

3. laboratory-‐scale facilities to allow controlled testing of building envelopes, lighting/façade

automation, air distribution, cooling/heating equipment, heat exchangers, compressors; The building has a LEED-‐Gold classification, but the primary goal in the design was to have a facility that will allow research on technologies that go well beyond LEED.

CHPB Research Areas

Testbeds

Indoor Environment &

Human Perception

Building Tech. & Systems

Building Envelopes Lighting & Daylighting Comfort Delivery Modeling, Design Tools Optimal Building Controls Automated Diagnostics Renewable Energy System Optimization

Equipment • Compressors • Heat Pumps • Refrigerants • CHP • Geothermal Technology • Modeling & Testing • Appliances

• Comfort, Productivity, Human Health

• Indoor Air Quality • Prediction Models • Personalized Control • Interfaces



Reconfigurable Living Laboratories

• 4 nearly identical office spaces, each housing 20 graduate students

• reconfigurable to enable direct comparisons of alternative technologies for windows, lighting, comfort delivery, controls and acoustic treatments

• comfort delivery options include air supply from ceiling, floor or side-‐wall diffusers along with radiant floor heating and radiant chilled beam cooling

• double façades with different options for ventilation and energy recovery

• well-‐instrumented and separate primary equipment for each LL to allow direct energy comparisons

• occupant studies (comfort, annoyance, productivity) can allow full operational assessments of new building technologies

• evaluation of promising new technology in a real-‐world setting

Air Living Laboratory

Hydronic Living Laboratory

Reconfigurable Features with Opportunities for: 1. Double Skin Façade, 2. Integrated PV, 3. Advanced Glazing Materials, 4. Natural Ventilation, 5. Controllable Glazing: Visible Light Transmittance and Thermal Performance, 6. Underfloor Air Distribution (Air) or Radiant Floor Heating (Hydronic), 7. Personnel Ventilation Control (Air) or Integrated Thermal Mass (Hydronic), 8. Primary Air System with Broad Delivery Range (Air) or Radiant Ceiling Panels (Hydronic), 9. Overhead Air Distribution (Air) or Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Hydronic), 10. Overhead Light Fixtures (Air) or Displacement Ventilation (Hydronic), 11.Wall Light Fixtures (Air) or Overhead Light Fixtures (Hydronic), 12. Task Fixtures (Air) or Wall Light Fixtures (Hydronic), 13. Task Fixtures (Hydronic)

Living Lab Double Façade

Living Lab Office Space



Perception-‐Based Engineering Laboratory

The Perception-‐Based Engineering (PBE) Laboratory enables occupant response testing under controlled conditions in a facility that is highly reconfigurable. Lighting, acoustics, vibration, air quality, temperature, humidity and visual stimuli can be manipulated to examine individual and combined effects. The room can be configured to simulate building environments to conduct fundamental stimulus-‐perception research as well as to examine how stimuli levels influence comfort and performance. The south facing façade is reconfigurable in order to study effects of natural daylighting on occupant satisfaction/performance. It houses a six degree-‐of-‐freedom shaker and a high-‐resolution motion capture system. This facility can enable the development of a better understanding and models for the impacts of all indoor variables on human comfort and productivity.

HVAC&R Equipment Facilities

A wide variety of facilities exist for testing HVAC&R equipment under controlled systems, including two pairs of psychrometric chambers, a compressor calorimeter, a variety of small-‐scale compressor test stands, a wind tunnel for testing heat exchangers under normal and fouled conditions, geothermal heat exchange, centrifugal chiller for fault testing, an ice storage test facility, etc.

The two pairs of psychrometric chambers allow testing of primary heating and cooling equipment up to 10 tons from temperatures of -‐20 to 125 F and over a broad range of humidity conditions. An active desiccant dehumidification system is employed to improve moisture removal at low

PBE Lab Features: 1.Accessible ceiling, 2. Observation panel, 3. 2-‐D shaker table, 4. Reconfigurable walls/room, 5. Overhead doors, 6. Reconfigurable overhead utilities, 7. Reconfigurable lighting, 8. South facing daylight exposure aligned with reconfigurable window/wall in lab, 9. Control room and subject reception area.

PBE Laboratory PBE Lab Control Room

Psychrometric Chamber



ambient temperatures.

The heat exchanger facility allows controlled testing of evaporators, condensers, cooling coils, or heating coils over a range of capacities up to around 10 tons. A dust injector allows evaluation of the impacts of fouling on performance.

The geothermal field consists of 16 vertical U-‐tube heat exchangers with bores of 300 feet deep. The heat exchangers

are instrumented to allow determination of ground heat transfer. One of the bores is instrumented with temperature sensors along its length to allow detailed model validation. Ground heat exchanger flow rates and inlet temperatures can be continuously varied to enable testing of advance control strategies. There is an opportunity to add up to 8 bore holes for evaluation of new ground-‐source heat exchanger technologies.

Indoor Air Quality Facility

The indoor air quality chamber allows study of the impact of air distribution on indoor environmental conditions, including air temperature, humidity, veIocity, and contaminant concentration. The facility consists of two well-‐insulated chambers to simulate an indoor space adjacent to an ambient condition. The indoor room is reconfigurable to allow air supply from ceiling, wall, or under-‐floor diffusers. It is also reconfigurable to allow consideration of different types of indoor environments, such as offices, classrooms, industrial workspaces, air craft passenger areas, etc. The indoor chamber is equipped with a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system to enable visualization of the flow field. Measurement arrays of thermocouples, hot-‐wire anemometers, humidity sensors, and gas sampling tubes connected to a gas chromatograph allow detailed 3-‐dimensional characterizations.

Architectural Engineering Labs

The architectural engineering labs consist of several room-‐scale test spaces to study the combined impact of envelope/facade systems, lighting and thermal systems and controls on energy and comfort. The facilities include side-‐by-‐side test offices (with reconfigurable façade, glazing, curtain wall, shading, lighting, mixed-‐mode cooling, radiant cooling systems) and flexible, customized controls for each component. The spaces are fully instrumented with indoor and outdoor temperature, illuminance, solar

Access to Geothermal Field

Heat Exchanger Wind Tunnel



radiation, air velocity and humidity sensors, a weather station, power meters and imaging photometer camera systems. Except for comparative testing of technologies under real weather conditions, the facilities are used for accurate and realistic assessment of building design and control options on energy use, indoor conditions and comfort indices, and prototyping of new predictive control algorithms and new building technologies. Moreover, the facilities are used to develop and study renewable energy technologies, such as photovoltaic-‐thermal systems and solar collectors (solar heating and cooling).



Faculty

James E. Braun Director of the Center for High Performance Buildings

Herrick Professor of Engineering [email protected], (765) 494-9157

Modeling, analysis, and optimization with applications to: Intelligent Controls, Automated

Diagnostics, Component & System Improvements, and Building Simulation Tools

Stuart Bolton Professor of Mechanical Engineering

[email protected], (765) 49-42139

Noise Control, Sound Absorbing Materials and Systems, Sound Propagation and Transmission, Source Characterization, and Sound Field Visualization and Simulation

Qingyan Chen

Vincent P. Reilly Professor of Mechanical Engineering [email protected], (765) 496-7562

CFD for air flow in & around buildings with applications to: Indoor Air Quality, Homeland

Security, Energy Analysis

George Chiu Professor of Mechanical Engineering [email protected], (765) 494-2688

Dynamic Systems and Control, Mechatronics, Embedded Systems and Real-Time Control

Patricia Davies

Professor of Mechanical Engineering Director, Ray W. Herrick Laboratories [email protected], (765) 49-49274

Impacts of Noise on People: Annoyance, Speech Interference, Sleep Disturbance;

Sound Quality and Sound Perception. System Identification and Signal Processing.

Eckhard A. Groll Reilly Professor of Mechanical Engineering

Director, Office of Professional Practice [email protected], (765) 496-2201

Experiments and modeling with applications to: Alternative Refrigeration Technologies, Natural

Refrigerants, and Component & System Performance



W. Travis Horton Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering


Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps, Building Energy Performance Analysis

Jianghai Hu Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering


Panagiota Karava Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering


Mixed-Mode Buildings, Building-Integrated Solar Energy Systems, Buildings Systems Modeling and Identification, Model-Predictive Control, Human-Building Interactions

Neera Jain

Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering [email protected]

Dynamic modeling and optimal control applied to building systems and equipment

Robert Proctor

Distinguished Professor, Cognitive [email protected], (765) 494-0784

Human Performance, Human Factors and Human-Computer Interaction, and Experimental

Research Methods

Ming Qu Associate Professor of Civil Engineering


Solar Energy Systems, Intelligent Controls, Absorption Systems

Thanos Tzempelikos Associate Professor of Civil Engineering [email protected], (765) 496-7586

Building Envelope, Lighting and Daylighting, Dynamic Facades, Human Comfort



Recent Research Project Examples

• Optimal Design of Building Systems • Old-‐Flooded Vapor Compression A/C Systems for Hot Climates • Model Predictive Control for Buildings with Mixed-‐Mode Cooling • Performance of Heat Exchangers and Heat Sinks after Air-‐Side Fouling and Cleaning • Secondary Loop Air Conditioner for Residential Application Using Propane • Cold Climate Heat Pump using Vapor Injected Compression • Heat Pump System with Liquid Flooded Compression • Visual Comfort Assessment in Spaces with Smart Façade Controls • Development of shading and lighting control algorithms • Commercial Building Retrofit Assessments • Optimization Methodology for Energy-‐Efficient Housing • Air Cycle Heat Pumps for Industrial Applications • Investigation of Methods to Reduce the Effects of Mal-‐distribution on Evaporator Performance • Development and Assessment of Heuristic Control Strategies for a Multi-‐Zone Commercial Building

Employing a Direct Expansion System • Distributed Model Predictive Control for Building HVAC Systems • Development of Plug-‐and-‐Play Optimal Control Algorithms for Small Commercial Buildings • Analysis of a Rotating Spool Expander for Organic Rankine Cycles in Heat Recovery Applications • Design and Test Organic Rankine Cycle with a Scroll Expander • Increasing Net Work Output of Organic Rankine Cycles for Low-‐Grade Waste-‐Heat Recovery • Liquid Flooded Ericsson Power Cycle • Econometric Modeling and Optimization of CHP Operations of the Wade Power Plant • Waste Heat Recovery Options in Large Gas-‐Turbine Combined Power Plants • Optimizing the Control of Free Cooling and Energy Storage Options at Purdue • High COP Heat Pumps for Commercial Energy Applications • Low-‐Cost Virtual Power and Capacity Meter for Rooftop Units • RTU Economizer Diagnostics using Bayesian Classification • Virtual Sensor-‐Based RTU FDD for Multiple Simultaneous Fault Diagnoses • Methodology for Evaluating Performance of Diagnostics for Air-‐Conditioners • Mechanistic Modeling of a Dual-‐Unit Variable-‐Speed Ductless Heat Pump System • Inverse Modeling to Simulate Fault Impacts for Air Conditioning Equipment • Inverse Heat Pump Modeling • Integration of Humans and their Environment in Building Design and Operation • System Identification and Model-‐Predictive Control of Office Buildings with Integrated Photovoltaic-‐

Thermal Collectors, Radiant Floor Heating and Active Thermal Storage • Integration of Occupant Interactions with Window Blinds on Model Predictive Control of Mixed-‐

Mode Buildings • Plug-‐and-‐Play Cyber-‐Physical Systems to Enable Intelligent Buildings

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