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ThermodynamicsAn Engineering Approach

Fourth Edition

Yunus A. Çengel

Michael A. Boles

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CHAPTER

1

Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

FIGURE 1–5Some application areas of thermodynamics.

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FIGURE 1–7The definition of the force units.

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FIGURE 1–13System, surroundings, and boundary.

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FIGURE 1–14Mass cannot cross the boundaries of a closed system, but energy can.

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FIGURE 1–17A control volume may involve fixed, moving, real, and imaginary boundaries.

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FIGURE 1–25A process between states 1 and 2 and the process path.

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FIGURE 1–28The P-V diagram of a compression process.

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FIGURE 1–32The various forms of microscopic energies that make up sensible energy.

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FIGURE 1–39Ground-level ozone, which is the primary component of smog, forms when HC and NOx react in the presence of sunlight in hot calm days.

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FIGURE 1–40Sulfuric acid and nitric acid are formed when sulfur oxides and nitric oxides react with water vapor and other chemicals high in the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight.

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FIGURE 1–41The greenhouse effect on earth.

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FIGURE 1–45P versus T plots of the experimental data obtained from a constant-volume gas thermometer using four different gases at different (but low) pressures.

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FIGURE 1–47Comparison of temperature scales.

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FIGURE 1–51Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures.

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FIGURE 1–55The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the points are interconnected by the same fluid.

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FIGURE 1–57The basic manometer.

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FIGURE 1–61Schematic for Example 1–8.

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FIGURE 1–63The basic barometer.

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FIGURE 1–75Some arrangements that supply a room the same amount of energy as a 300-W electric resistance heater.

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