AP Biology 2006-2007 Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration.
Cellular Respiration AP Biology
description
Transcript of Cellular Respiration AP Biology
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Cellular RespirationAP Biology
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ATP—Adenosine triphosphate• The energy currency
of the cell. ATP powers almost every energy requiring process in cells
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html
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Cellular respiration relies on electron acceptors & electron carriers
NAD+ is an electron acceptor
NAD+ + e- NADH
NADH is an electron carrier
FAD+ is an electron acceptorFAD+ + e- FADH2 FADH2 is an electron carrier
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Key Questions in Cellular Respiration
• What is the purpose of glucose?• When does oxygen get consumed?• When does CO2 get produced?• What are the most important end
products?
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Cellular Respiration—Four Stages Master Chart
Stage
Stage Name
Location Reactants Used
Products
1 Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate Oxidation
3 Krebs Cycle
4 Electron Transport
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Stage 1—Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glyco—
Lysis—
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Step 1. Two ATP molecules each provide a phosphate to form a new 6-carbon compound. Two ATP molecules are used.
Step 1
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Step 2. The six carbon compound is split into two three carbon molecules of PGAL.
Step 1
Step 2
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Step 3. The two PGAL molecules are oxidized (lose an electron) and receive a phosphate group. The electrons are added to NAD+ to form NADH
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
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Step 4. The phosphate groups added are removed and each added to ADP to form ATP. The result is the formation of two, three carbon molecules called pyruvic acid.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
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Major Outcomes of Glycolysis
• Splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
• Yields a net of 2 ATP molecules• Produces 2 NADH molecules
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Cellular Respiration—Aerobic RespirationStage 2: Oxidation of Pyruvate
Steps of Pyruvate Oxidation
1.Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix & reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA.
2. CO2 is released
3. NAD+ is reduced to NADH
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Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle
Step 1. Acetyl CoA (2 C) combines with OAA (4 C) to form citric acid (6 C).
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Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle
Step 2. Citric Acid releases a CO2 molecule to form a five-carbon molecule. A hydrogen atom is transferred to NAD+ forming NADH.
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Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle
Step 3. The five carbon molecule releases a CO2 to form a four carbon compound. NAD+ is reduced again to NADH & ATP is formed.
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Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle
Step 4. The four carbon compound releases another hydrogen to reduce FAD to FADH.
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Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle
Step 5. The four carbon compound releases another hydrogen to reduce NAD+ to NADH. This regenerates OAA.
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Major Outcomes of the Kreb’s Cycle
• Two pyruvic acid molecules convert to two acetyl CoA molecules
• The acetyl CoA breaks down• 6 molecules of CO2 are released (waste)• 2 ATP molecules are produced (energy)• 8 NADH are formed (fuels ATP synthesis)• 2 FADH2 are formed (fuels ATP synthesis)• Oxaloacetic Acid is reformed, regenerating the
cycle
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Electron Transport in the Mitochondria
The electron transport chain lines the inner membrane of the mitochondria
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Electron Transport in the Mitochondria
Step 1. NADH & FADH2 release hydrogen atoms and regenerate NAD+ and FAD.HH+ + e-
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Electron Transport in the Mitochondria
Step 2. High energy electrons move through the electron transport chain. The energy they lose, pumps the protons (H+) to the other side of the membrane.
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Electron Transport in the Mitochondria
Step 3. The high concentration of protons move through ATP synthase & form ATP.
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Electron Transport in the Mitochondria
Step 4. The protons and electrons that reenter the matrix are accepted by oxygen to form H2O.
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Major Outcomes of Electron Transport Chain
• From one molecule of glucose, each of the eight NADH generates 3 ATP molecules—24 ATP molecules are produced
• Each of the two FADH2 generates 2 ATP molecules—4 ATP molecules are produced
• Electrons and hydrogen from the two cytoplasmic NADH (produced in glycolysis) are transferred into the mitochondria & yield 6 ATP
• Oxygen accepts electrons and protons to form water as a byproduct
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