Cellular respiration
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Transcript of Cellular respiration
![Page 1: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042817/559c94111a28ab95128b462a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Energy and Metabolism
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Energy and Metabolism
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Energy and Cellular Work
Eukaryotic Cell: Neuron
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Energy and MetabolismEndergonic and Exergonic Reactions
• When do our cells perform exergonicreactions?
• When do our cell perform endergonicreactions?
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Our cells perform exergonicreactions when …
They
mak
e new
hair
They
mak
e new
skin
They
burn
fats
1 an
d 2
25% 25%25%25%
1. They make new hair2. They make new skin3. They burn fats4. 1 and 2
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Our cells perform endergonicreactions when …
They
mak
e new
hair
They
mak
e new
skin
They
burn
fats
1 an
d 2
25% 25%25%25%
1. They make new hair2. They make new skin3. They burn fats4. 1 and 2
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Energy and MetabolismBiosynthetic and Degradative Pathways
• Biosynthetic Pathway: Anabolism
• Degradative Pathway: Catabolism
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Energy and MetabolismAll Living Organisms Require Energy
Sources
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The Flow of Energy or How Organisms Relate
Producers or Autotrophs (Photoautotrophs)
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Decomposers
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The Flow of Energy or How Organisms Relate
• Photoautotrophssynthesize high energy organic molecules during photosynthesis
• Both photoautotrophs and heterotrophs use such organic molecules to obtain energy (ATP) through cellular respiration for fueling cellular work
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Participants in Metabolic Pathways
• Substrate:
• Intermediate Product(s):
• End Product(s):
• Enzymes:
• Energy Carriers:
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Photosynthetic bacteria are autotrophs because they have the ability to produce their own high
energy organic compounds (food). Do you agree?
Yes No
50%50%
1. Yes2. No
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Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP)
• What part of the molecule is the most electronegative?
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What part of the molecule is the most electronegative?
ribos
e
phos
phate
grou
ps ad
enine
33% 33%33%
1. ribose2. phosphate groups3. adenine
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Hydrolysis of ATP into ADP
Energy and inorganic phosphate are released. What for?
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The ATP/ADP Cycle
From Degradative PathwaysFor Synthetic Pathways
Phosphorylation
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Energy Releasing PathwaysFermentation
Fermentation (alcoholic and lactic): 2 ATP’sproduced. www.schmohz.com/beerinfo1.html
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Energy Releasing PathwaysFermentation
Yeast
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Energy Releasing PathwaysAnaerobic Respiration
• Anaerobic Respiration: 2 ATP’sproduced.
• Commonly known diseases caused by anaerobic bacteria include gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism. Nearly all dental infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria.
• Anaerobic bacteria can cause an infection when a normal barrier (such as skin, gums, or intestinal wall) is damaged due to surgery, injury, or disease. Body sites that have tissue destruction (necrosis) or a poor blood supply are low in oxygen and favor the growth of anaerobic bacteria.
• Anaerobic organisms perform anaerobic respiration
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Energy Releasing PathwaysAerobic Respiration
• Aerobic Respiration: approximately 36 ATP molecules produced
• Aerobic organisms perform aerobic respiration
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Which one of the following is the most effective pathway for producing ATP?
fermen
tation
anae
robic r
espir
ation
aerob
ic res
pirati
on
33% 33%33%1. fermentation2. anaerobic respiration3. aerobic respiration
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Depending on their oxygen needs, organisms are
• Strictly Aerobic: require oxygen• Facultative Aerobic
• Strictly Anaerobic: do not tolerate oxygen• Facultative Anaerobic
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Humans and plants are ___
stric
tly an
aerob
ic
facu
ltativ
e ana
erobic
stric
tly ae
robic
facu
ltativ
e aero
bic
25% 25%25%25%1. strictly anaerobic2. facultative
anaerobic3. strictly aerobic4. facultative aerobic
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Steps of Aerobic Respiration
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Where does aerobic respiration occur?
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Steps of Aerobic Respiration:Glycolysis
• All organisms (anaerobic and anaerobic) break down glucose trough the process of glycolysis, which occurs in the cell’s cytoplasm
• Only aerobic organism process the products of glycolysis to obtain further amounts of ATP
• Glucose is actively transported into the cell and phosphorylated (step 1), process that turns on glycolysis
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Steps of Aerobic Respiration:Glycolysis
• 2 molecules of pyruvate are produced per molecule of glucose
• A net of 2 ATP per molecule of glucose are produced in glycolysis
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Steps of Aerobic Respiration:Krebs Cycle
• The Krebs cycle accomplishes two important functions: the production of multiple intermediate products, and of electron donors (NADH, FADH2)
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Steps of Aerobic Respiration:Krebs Cycle
• The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
• It is initiated when one molecule of pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion by an oxygen dependent transport protein
• Upon entering the mitochondrion, pyruvate is turned into acetyl CoA, which initiates the cycle
• CO2 is produced and will eventually leave the mitochondrial matrix and collect in blood vessels
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Where is the pyruvate coming from?
Lacti
c ferm
entat
ion
Alcoho
lic fer
mentat
ion
Aerobic
resp
iratio
n
All of th
e abo
ve
25% 25%25%25%
1. Lactic fermentation2. Alcoholic fermentation3. Aerobic respiration4. All of the above
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Steps of Aerobic Respiration:Krebs Cycle
• Per molecule of pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, 3 CO2, and 4 NADH are produced
• NADH and FADH2 will initiate the last step of aerobic respiration, the electron transport phosphorylationsystem (ETPS).
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Steps of Aerobic Respiration:ETPS
• ETPS consists of a series of proteins located in the inner mitochondrial membrane
• NADH and FADH2 link glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the machinery that produces large amounts of ATP
• NADH and FADH2 turn on the ETPS. Electrons cascade down the chain from one protein to the next until they finally reach the molecule of oxygen, the final acceptor
• As electrons cascade down, protons are released
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Steps of Aerobic Respiration:ETPS
• As proteins release H+ in the intermembranespace, they produce a gradient of H+, which activates ATP synthase, the enzyme that produces about 32-34 ATP molecules. Chemiosmosis refers to the activation of ATP synthase by a H+ gradient.
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Where am I?
Cell’s c
ytopla
sm
About
to ge
t into
the...
Insid
e the
mito
chon
d...
Comple
tely lo
st
25% 25%25%25%
1. Cell’s cytoplasm2. About to get into the
mitochondrion3. Inside the mitochondrion4. Completely lost
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Steps of Aerobic Respiration:ETPS
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Aerobic Respiration:What does it produce?
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Plants need to burn sugars and fats to obtain ATP. Do you agree?
Yes No
50%50%
1. Yes2. No
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Other molecules other than sugars undergo aerobic respiration
• Proteins and fats are used in aerobic respiration for the production of ATP.
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Other molecules other than sugars undergo aerobic respiration