Cellular Anatomy & Physiology

Paramecium spp.

I. CellsA. Cell Theory: cells are the fundamental

units of life b/c the Cx of life are notpresent below this level of organization.

B. In humans =100 trillion cells; 200 types

C. Vary in size: 2 um - 1 m

I. Cells (cont.)D. Generalized (composite) cell

1. Cell Membrane2. Nucleus3. Cytoplasm4. Organelles

1. Cell (plasma) Membranea. Phospholipid bilayer

(1) hydrophilic heads(2) hydrophobic tails

Red blood cell with phospholipid bilayer

P. 68 Marieb; Pp. 69 Hole’s

2. cytoplasma. fluid portion of cell (cytosol) +

b. suspension of organelles

3. Organellesa. endoplasmic reticulum

(1) highway system of cell(2) plasma membrane

nuclear membrane

Golgi apparatus(3) 2 types

(a) rough(b) smooth

a.ER- 2 types(1) rough = has ribosomes

i.Transports new proteins

Pp. 75 Hole’s;Pp. 85 Marieb

a. ER- 2 types(2) smooth = no ribosomes

i. steroid hormone syn.ii. Cholesterol/lipid syn.iii. detoxifies drugs

b. ribosomes (1) free floating or with ER(2) protein manufacturing(3) made of protein & rRNA(4) 2 subunits (alpha, beta)

c. Golgi apparatus(1) packaging & delivery

d. mitochondria (bilayer)(1) power plant

i. cristae = inner foldsii. adenosine triphosphate (ATP =energy dollars)iii. has own DNA mtDNA)

Pp. 84 Marieb

e. lysosomes

(1) garbage disposal

(2) enzymes packaged by golgiin sac-like vesicles

(3) suicide sacs = autolysis

Cameron Lord, a child with Tay-Sachs disease, a lethal progressivedegeneration of the nervous system

about 6 months old

about 18 months later

www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/

exhibitions/genes/im...

Etiology: autosomal-recessive inherited disorder,

Pathogenesis: lack of lysosomal emzyme hexosaminidase A leads to accumulation of

the glycolipid ganglioside GM2, which destroys nerve cells

Mutation of the HEXA gene (chromosomal locus 15q23-q24)

f. Peroxisomes

-structurally- look like lysosomes-enzymes detoxify hydrogen peroxide,

alcohol, & formaldehyde

g. cilia – microtubules (tubulin)(1) oars of the boat(2) numerous, eyelash-like(3) respiratory/reproductive passages

h. flagella(1) propulsion units(2) few in #(3) whip-like tails(4) microtubules propel ‘em(5) sperm

i. Centrosomes: non-membranous sacwith 2 centrioles (right angle)

(1) 3 x 9 microtubules(2) move chromosomesduring cell division

j. Membrane bound nucleus

a. membrane bilayer= nuclear envelope

b. nuclear pores (protein channels)1. portals = transport (e.g., RNA)

c. information center (DNA)d. chromatin (“thin” DNA)

(1) condenses into chromosomes for mitosis

k. nucleolus(1) protein/RNA bodies in

nucleus

(2) manufacture RNArRNA & tRNA

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