Cellular Aberration Lecture

7/30/2019 Cellular Aberration Lecture

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Possible treatment goals:

Curecomplete eradication of

malignant ds.

Control- prolonged survival &

containment of cancer cell growth

Palliation- relief of symptoms


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The primary method of treatment or

maybe prophylactic, palliative or

reconstructive


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Biopsy

performed to obtain a tissue sample for

analysis of suspected malignant cell

Mostly taken from actual tumor


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A. Excisional

For easily accessible tumors of the skin,

breast, upper & lower GIT & upper

respiratory tract.

Removes the entire tumor and

surrounding marginal tissues.


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B. Incisional

Performed if tumor mass is too large to

be removed.

Removes a part of the tumor.


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C. Needle method

performed to sample suspicious masses that are

easily accessible (breast, thyroid, liver & kidney).

Local anesthesia used

fine needle or core needle into a solid tumor


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To remove the entire tumor or debulking &

any involved surrounding tissue & regional

lymph nodes


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i. Local- removal of mass and a small margin

of normal tissue that is easily accessible.

ii. Wide or radical excisions (en bloc

dissection)- removal of primary tumor,

lymph nodes & adjacent structures.


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Electrosurgery Make use of electrical current to destroy the tumor cell.

Cryosurgery Used liquid nitrogen to freeze tissue thus causing cell

destruction.

Chemosurgery Combined topical chemotherapy & layer by layer

removal of abnormal tissue.

Laser surgery (light amplification by stimulatedemission of radiation)

Used of light & energy aimed at an exact tissue location &depth to vaporize cancer cells.

Stereotactic radiosurgery Single & highly precise administration of high dose

radiation used in some types of brain, head & neck

cancer.


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Removal of nonvital tissues or organs that

are likely to develop cancer.

Example: colectomy, mastectomy,

oophorectomy.


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Family history and generic predisposition

Presence or absence of symptoms

Potential risks and benefits

Ability to detect cancer at an early age

Patients acceptance of the post op outcome.


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If cure is not possible this treatment aims to

alleviate signs & symptoms and promote

patients comfort.

It is necessary to provide honest informative

information to avoid false hope and

disappointment .


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To improve function or obtain a more

desirable cosmetic effect

May follow curative & radical surgery

Maybe indicated for breast , head, neck &

skin cancer.


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Preop assessment General Preop nsg care

Provides health education

Provide emotional support Explain & clarify information that

physicians initially provided.

Assess patient response to surgery. Monitors possible complications.

Post op teachings


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Uses an ionizing radiation to interruptcellular growth.

Types of ionizing radiation:

Electromagnetic rays- x-rays & gamma rays

Particles

- electrons(beta particles), protons, neutrons, &alpha particles.


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It maybe used to:

Cure the cancer (hodgkins disease, testicular

seminomas, thyroid carcinomas, localized

cancers of the head & neck & cervical

cancer.

Control malignant disease

Prophylactic (prevent leukemic infiltration to

brain or spinal cord)

Relieve symptoms of metastatic disease


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1. During DNA synthesis & mitosis

2. Well oxygenated tumor


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An external beam radiotherapy directs

the radiation at the tumor from outside

the body.

The higher the energy the deeper the

penetration.


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Kilovoltage therapy devices

("superficial") X-rays are used for treating skin cancer and

superficial structures.

Linear accelerators & beatron machines

Higher energy X-rays are used to treat deep-seated

tumors (e.g. bladder, bowel, prostate, lung, or brain) with

less harm to the skin & less scattering of radiation to body

tissues.


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Gamma rays

Uses radioactive element (Cobalt 60) to deliver

radiation dose beneath the skin surface, sparing

skin tissue from adverse effects.

Particle beam radiation therapy

Accelerates subatomic particles through body

tissues.

Damages target cells as well as its pathway.


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Intraoperative radiation therapy

Delivering a single dose of high fraction radiation

to the exposed tumor bed while body cavity is

open during surgery.

Gastric, pancreatic, colorectal, bladder &

cervical cancers & sarcomas.

Precisely targeted to the diseased area and

avoid exposure of overlying skin and structures.


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Brachytherapy

Cellular Aberration Lecture

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