CellsCellsChapter 7 Chapter 7

Page 168 - 197Page 168 - 197

Cell TheoryCell Theory

Types of CellsTypes of Cells

Organelles Organelles

Cell TheoryCell Theory

• Cells are the basic units of lifeCells are the basic units of life• All living things have cellsAll living things have cells• All cells come from preexisting cellsAll cells come from preexisting cells• Cells hold genetic information – DNACells hold genetic information – DNA• Cells have a membrane that encloses Cells have a membrane that encloses

and protects it from its surroundingsand protects it from its surroundings• Cells divide and produce more cells Cells divide and produce more cells

through mitosisthrough mitosis

Types of CellsTypes of Cells

• ProkaryoteProkaryote – has no nucleus or organelles – has no nucleus or organelles

- usually - usually unicellularunicellular (1 cell) (1 cell)

- bacteria & viruses- bacteria & viruses• EukaryoteEukaryote – has a nucleus and organelles – has a nucleus and organelles

- usually - usually multicellularmulticellular (↑ 1 cell) (↑ 1 cell)

- plants & animals- plants & animals• Both have a cell membrane & cytoplasmBoth have a cell membrane & cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cell

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

Section 7-1

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PROKARYOTE & EUKARYOTE

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Section 7-2

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Cell Venn Diagram

use organelles to show the differences & similarities of the two categories.

(page 175)

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Lysosomescentrioles

Cell membraneRibosomesNucleusEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusMitochondriaCytoskeleton

Cell Wall

ChloroplastsVacuoles

Section 7-2

Venn Diagrams

Go to Section:

Section 7-1 Quiz

1. Name 4 of the 6 points in the Cell Theory.

2. State the differences & similarities between prokaryotes & eukaryotes

3. Name the structures that are only found in the plant cell.

4. Name the structures that are only found in animal cells.

Cells- The Building Blocks of Life1. How many cells are estimated in make up the human

body?2. How many different types of cells are in the body?3. Red blood cells carry ________ through the body.4. White blood cells fight __________.5. __________ are specialized structures inside eukaryotic

cells6. DNA is found in the ___________.7. ____ is the “blueprint” of cells8. Ribosome's make ____________.9. Mitochondria create ________ for the cell.10. Plants have ____________ that contain a green pigment.11. The __________ is where water is stored in plant cells.

Cells – Basic Unit of Life Film – quiz 3/14/07

• 1. How many cells are estimated in make up the human body?

• 2. How many different types of cells are in the body?• 3. __________ are specialized structures inside

eukaryotic cells• 4. DNA is found in the ___________.• 5. ____ is the “blueprint” of cells• 6. Mitochondria create ________ for the cell.• 7. Plants have ____________ that contain a green

pigment.• 8. The __________ is where water is stored in plant

cells.

1. What is the structure that makes up every living thing?

2. What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek the first to see in the 1600s?

3. What did a thin slice of cork seem like to Robert Hooke when he observed it through a microscope?

4. What did the German botanist Matthias Schleiden conclude?

5. What did the German scientist Theodor Schwann conclude?

6. How did Rudolph Virchow summarize his years of work?

7. What are the three concepts that make up the cell theory?

8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about prokaryotes.a. They grow and reproduce.b. Many are large, multi-cellular organisms.c. They are more complex than cells of eukaryotes.d. They have cell membranes and cytoplasm.

9. What is an organelle?10. Are all eukaryotes large, multi-cellular

organisms?

Section 7-1 review questions – class work 7/2/07

8. Complete the table about structures that are common to most cells.

Structure Description

Cell membrane

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

category description example

Organisms whose cells

lack nuclei

Organisms whose cells

contain nuclei

Complete the table about the two categories of cells.

TWO CATEGORIES OF CELLS

A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of a computer work together to carry out different functions.

Answer the following questions.

1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions of these computer parts?

2. How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?

Warm up 3/15/07 Division of Labor

Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrian

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Section 7-2

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Animal CellSection 7-2

Go to Section:

nucleolus

nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Rough ER

Golgi Complex

Ribosome (fixed) Ribosome

(free)Cell membrane

mitochondria

Smooth ER

centriole

Organelle Description Function

Cell membrane

Cell wall

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Chromosome

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Mitochondria

Golgi complex

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Centriole

Cytoskeleton

Lysosome

Chloroplast

vacuole

Magic of Cells Quiz1. What are the 3 basic characteristics of life displayed

by all cells?

2. Prokaryotes are primarily of what type of organism?

3. How many cells are in the human body?

4. What are the 3 divisions found within the eukaryotic cell?

5. Define semipermeable.

6. What does organelle mean?

7. What is a vesicle?

8. What is the function of DNA within the nucleus?

9. What are the 3 organelles found only in plant cells?

10. What is the difference between cilia & flagella?

Key for OrganellesKey for Organelles

• = what the organelles are = what the organelles are made ofmade of

1. = functions of the 1. = functions of the organellesorganelles

Cell MembraneCell Membrane• Thin flexible barrier made of a Thin flexible barrier made of a lipid lipid

bilayer bilayer that surrounds cellsthat surrounds cells• Lipid bilayer – 2 layers of lipids Lipid bilayer – 2 layers of lipids

with proteins embedded in it with with proteins embedded in it with CHO chains attachedCHO chains attached

1.1. Regulates what comes in & out of Regulates what comes in & out of cellcell

2.2. ProtectionProtection

3.3. supportsupport

Cell WallCell Wall• Rigid layer outside of cell membraneRigid layer outside of cell membrane• Made of carbohydrates & proteinMade of carbohydrates & protein• Found only in plant cellsFound only in plant cells

1. Provides support & protection to 1. Provides support & protection to the cellthe cell

NucleusNucleus

• Large organelle surrounded by a Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelopenuclear envelope

• Contains DNAContains DNA

1.1. Controls all cell activitiesControls all cell activities

2.2. DNA made hereDNA made here

NucleolusNucleolus

• Small dense region inside the Small dense region inside the nucleusnucleus

1. Makes ribosomes1. Makes ribosomes

ChromatinChromatin

• Granular material that consists of Granular material that consists of DNADNA

• Found in the nucleusFound in the nucleus

1. Condenses to form chromosomes 1. Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divideswhen the cell divides

ChromosomeChromosome• Thread like structures that contain Thread like structures that contain

genetic informationgenetic information

1.1. Passes genetic information from Passes genetic information from one generation to the nextone generation to the next

2.2. Units of heredityUnits of heredity

CytoplasmCytoplasm

• Jellylike substance outside of Jellylike substance outside of nucleus but enclosed by the cell nucleus but enclosed by the cell membranemembrane

• Where all organelles are foundWhere all organelles are found

1. Gives cell its shape1. Gives cell its shape

RibosomeRibosome

• Small particles of RNA & protein Small particles of RNA & protein • Found throughout the cytoplasmFound throughout the cytoplasm• 2 types – free & attached2 types – free & attached

1. Makes proteins1. Makes proteins

MitochondriaMitochondria• Peanut shaped organelle enclosed by Peanut shaped organelle enclosed by

2 membranes (inner & outer)2 membranes (inner & outer)• Only inherited from your mom!Only inherited from your mom!

1.1. Converts the chemical energy stored Converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell in food into compounds that the cell can use for energycan use for energy

2.2. ““powerhouse” “energy maker”powerhouse” “energy maker”

Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex

• Stacks of membranes closely packed Stacks of membranes closely packed togethertogether

1. modify, sort, & package proteins & 1. modify, sort, & package proteins & other materials from the other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for storage in the cell or for secretion storage in the cell or for secretion out of the cellout of the cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth (ER)Reticulum Smooth (ER)

• Internal membrane system without Internal membrane system without ribosomesribosomes

• Contains enzymesContains enzymes

1.1. Makes lipids Makes lipids

2.2. Transports materials inside cellTransports materials inside cell

Smooth ER

Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Reticulum Rough (ER)Rough (ER)

• Internal membrane system with Internal membrane system with ribosome's attached ribosome's attached

• Surrounds the nucleusSurrounds the nucleus

1. Synthesis of proteins from ribosomes1. Synthesis of proteins from ribosomes

CentriolesCentrioles

• Located near the nucleus Located near the nucleus • Made of microtubulesMade of microtubules

1. Helps with cell division1. Helps with cell division

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton• Network of protein filamentsNetwork of protein filaments• Made of microfilaments & Made of microfilaments &

microtubulesmicrotubules

1.1. Help support cellHelp support cell

2.2. Maintains its shapeMaintains its shape

3.3. Helps materials move within the Helps materials move within the cellcell

LysosomeLysosome• Small organelle filled with enzymesSmall organelle filled with enzymes• Found only in animal cellFound only in animal cell

1.1. Eats or breakdown lipids, Eats or breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, & proteinscarbohydrates, & proteins

2.2. Removes junk from cellRemoves junk from cell

3.3. Breakdown old organellesBreakdown old organelles

ChloroplastChloroplast• Large stacks of membranesLarge stacks of membranes• Found only in plant cellsFound only in plant cells

1. Capture energy from sunlight & 1. Capture energy from sunlight & converts it into chemical energy - converts it into chemical energy - PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

VacuoleVacuole• Storage saclike structuresStorage saclike structures• Found only in plant cellsFound only in plant cells

1. Stores water, food, salts, 1. Stores water, food, salts, Carbohydrates, proteins & wastesCarbohydrates, proteins & wastes

Contractile vacuoleContractile vacuole• Specialized vacuoleSpecialized vacuole

1.1. Pumps excess water out of cellsPumps excess water out of cells

2.2. Helps maintain homeostasisHelps maintain homeostasis

Warm Up “In or Out?”Warm Up “In or Out?”• How is a window screen similar to a cell membrane? Read on to find out.How is a window screen similar to a cell membrane? Read on to find out.

• 1. What are some things that can pass through a window screen?1. What are some things that can pass through a window screen?

• 2. What are some things that cannot pass through a window screen? Why is it 2. What are some things that cannot pass through a window screen? Why is it important to keep these things from moving through the screen?important to keep these things from moving through the screen?

• 3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which regulates what enters 3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Why is it important to regulate what moves into and out and leaves the cell. Why is it important to regulate what moves into and out of a cell?of a cell?

Section 7-3

Go to Section:

Answers to Warm UpAnswers to Warm Up1.1. - air- air

- dust- dust- water- water

2.2. - bugs- bugs- cats- cats- dogs- dogs

3.3. - to make sure only the needed materials - to make sure only the needed materials come in like CHO, lipids, water & mineralscome in like CHO, lipids, water & minerals- to make sure the right things go out. Like - to make sure the right things go out. Like wastes, and materials made in the cell that wastes, and materials made in the cell that are needed in the rest of the bodyare needed in the rest of the body- to make sure homeostasis is kept stable - to make sure homeostasis is kept stable inside the cellinside the cell

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel

Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

Section 7-3

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CELL MEMBRANE

Proteins – embedded in lipid bilayer

- form channels & pumps that help move materials in & out of the cell

- have Carbohydrates attached to them

- CHO act as chemical identification cards, so cells can communicate with eachother

Cell membrane

Higher Concentrationof Water

Lower Concentrationof Water

Water molecules

Sugar molecules

Section 7-3

Figure 7-17 Osmosis

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Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane

Water moves from higher concentration to lower concentration

Water will tend to move across a membrane until EQUILIBRIUM is reached.

ISOTONIC = “same strength”

- SAME CONCENTRATION

HYPERTONIC = “above strength”

- MORE CONCENTRATION

HYPOTONIC = “below strength”

- LESS CONCENTRATION

Cell membrane

Higher Concentrationof solute

Lower Concentrationof solute

solute

Section 7-3

Figure 7-17 Osmosis

Go to Section:

DIFFUSION – when particles tend to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

When the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane – EQUILIBRIUM is reached

DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY

Even when EQUILIBRIUM is reached, particles will continue to move across the membrane in both direction

Is no further change to the CONCENTRATION

FACILITATED DIFFUSIONFACILITATED DIFFUSION• Some molecules can not Some molecules can not

freely pass through the freely pass through the cell membranecell membrane

• PROTEINSPROTEINS in in membrane will help or membrane will help or “FACILITATE”“FACILITATE” the the movement of these movement of these moleculesmolecules

• Proteins act like Proteins act like CHANNELS OR CHANNELS OR “TUNNELS”“TUNNELS” so the so the molecules can molecules can pass in pass in and out of celland out of cell

• Even though it is fast & Even though it is fast & specific, specific,

• IT IS STILL IT IS STILL DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION

• SO IT DOES NOT SO IT DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGYREQUIRE ENERGY

Molecule tobe carried Low

Concentration

CellMembrane

HighConcentration

Moleculebeing carried Low

Concentration

CellMembrane

HighConcentration

Energy Energy

Section 7-3

Figure7-20 Active Transport

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ACTIVE TRANSPORT

When particles move from a lesser concentration to a higher concentration

OPPOSITE of DIFFUSION

REQUIRES ENERGY

Carried out by transport protein or “pumps” that are in the membrane

Classwork 11/8Classwork 11/8Answer the following questions on a Answer the following questions on a

separate piece of paper. This is due at separate piece of paper. This is due at the end of the period.the end of the period.

1.1. Describe the functions of the cell Describe the functions of the cell membrane & the cell wall.membrane & the cell wall.

2.2. What happens during diffusion? Draw a What happens during diffusion? Draw a picture to show the process.picture to show the process.

3.3. Describe how water moves during osmosis. Describe how water moves during osmosis. Draw a picture to show the process. Draw a picture to show the process.

4.4. Name the basic structures of a cell Name the basic structures of a cell membrane. Draw a picture to illustrate it.membrane. Draw a picture to illustrate it.

5.5. What is the main way that active transport What is the main way that active transport is different from diffusion?is different from diffusion?

Quiz on section 7-3Quiz on section 7-3

1.Name the 3 substances that make 1.Name the 3 substances that make up a cell membraneup a cell membrane

2.List 2 characteristics of diffusion2.List 2 characteristics of diffusion

3.List 2 characteristics of osmosis3.List 2 characteristics of osmosis

4.List 2 characteristics of facilitated 4.List 2 characteristics of facilitated diffusiondiffusion

5.5.Compare and contrastCompare and contrast diffusion diffusion and active transportand active transport

Organelle Quiz 3-28-07Organelle Quiz 3-28-07

1.1. In addition to a cell membrane, plant cells In addition to a cell membrane, plant cells also have a __________ that serves to also have a __________ that serves to provide strength & support to the cell.provide strength & support to the cell.

2.2. The cell structure that prepares & The cell structure that prepares & packages proteins either for use within the packages proteins either for use within the cell or for shipment out of the cell is the cell or for shipment out of the cell is the _____________._____________.

3.3. The _______ is the semiliquid portion of the The _______ is the semiliquid portion of the cell in which the cell parts are located.cell in which the cell parts are located.

4.4. The “powerhouse” of the cell is the The “powerhouse” of the cell is the __________.__________.

5.5. The ________ is referred to as the The ________ is referred to as the headquarters of cell operations.headquarters of cell operations.