Cells and Tissues

Plasma Membrane

• Selective permeability• Fluid-mosaic model• Important features:

• Phospholipid bilayer• Membrane proteins• Glycolipids / Glycoproteins• Microvilli

Tissue TypesTissue Types

1. Epithelial - covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts

2. Connective - protects and supports body functions in various ways

3. Muscular - generates movement force

4. Nervous - detects changes and responds

1. Epithelial - covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts

2. Connective - protects and supports body functions in various ways

3. Muscular - generates movement force

4. Nervous - detects changes and responds

Primary Germ LayersPrimary Germ Layers

Ectoderm - Epithelial and Nervous

Mesoderm - Epithelial, Connective and most Muscle

Endoderm - Epithelial

Ectoderm - Epithelial and Nervous

Mesoderm - Epithelial, Connective and most Muscle

Endoderm - Epithelial

Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue

Cells closely packed in sheets Apical (free) and basal surfaces

(basement membrane) Avascular High rate of cell division Two types:

Covering and lining epithelium Glandular epithelium

Cells closely packed in sheets Apical (free) and basal surfaces

(basement membrane) Avascular High rate of cell division Two types:

Covering and lining epithelium Glandular epithelium

Covering and Lining EpitheliumCovering and Lining Epithelium

Simple SquamousSimple Squamous

Filtration, diffusion, secretion

Endothelium of heart and vessels

Alveoli Serous membranes

Filtration, diffusion, secretion

Endothelium of heart and vessels

Alveoli Serous membranes

Simple CuboidalSimple Cuboidal

Secretion and absorption

Some glands and ducts

Secretion and absorption

Some glands and ducts

Simple ColumnarSimple Columnar

Goblet cells Nonciliated

Microvilli GI tract, ducts of

glands Ciliated

Upper resp., uterus and fallopian tubes, central canal of spinal

Goblet cells Nonciliated

Microvilli GI tract, ducts of

glands Ciliated

Upper resp., uterus and fallopian tubes, central canal of spinal

Pseudostratified ColumnarPseudostratified Columnar

Nuclei at different levels, not all cells reach apical

Secretion and movement of mucus

Ex. Upper respiratory passages

Nuclei at different levels, not all cells reach apical

Secretion and movement of mucus

Ex. Upper respiratory passages

Stratified SquamousStratified Squamous

Protection Skin, mouth,

esophagus, vagina, tongue

Protection Skin, mouth,

esophagus, vagina, tongue

Stratified CuboidalStratified Cuboidal

Secretion and absorption

Ducts of sweat and esophageal glands

Secretion and absorption

Ducts of sweat and esophageal glands

Stratified ColumnarStratified Columnar

Protection and secretion

Urethra, large excretory ducts

Protection and secretion

Urethra, large excretory ducts

TransitionalTransitional

Distension Urinary

bladder, some of ureters and urethra

Distension Urinary

bladder, some of ureters and urethra

Glandular EpitheliumGlandular Epithelium

Gland Single or multicelled Endocrine - secrete hormones into

interstitial fluid and then blood (ex. Thyroid, pituitary)

Exocrine - secrete via ducts (ex. Sweat, salivary)

Some are both! (Pancreas, testes, ovaries)

Gland Single or multicelled Endocrine - secrete hormones into

interstitial fluid and then blood (ex. Thyroid, pituitary)

Exocrine - secrete via ducts (ex. Sweat, salivary)

Some are both! (Pancreas, testes, ovaries)

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Various functions Living cells in nonliving extracellular

matrix Cells secrete matrix Usually highly vascular (except

cartilage)

Various functions Living cells in nonliving extracellular

matrix Cells secrete matrix Usually highly vascular (except

cartilage)

Extracellular MatrixExtracellular Matrix

Ground Substance Medium between cells and fibers Water and large organic molecules

Fibers Collagen - most areas but especially bone, cart.,

tendons, and ligaments Elastic - skin, vessels, lungs Reticular - stroma of organs, basement membrane

Ground Substance Medium between cells and fibers Water and large organic molecules

Fibers Collagen - most areas but especially bone, cart.,

tendons, and ligaments Elastic - skin, vessels, lungs Reticular - stroma of organs, basement membrane

Loose Connective: AreolarLoose Connective: Areolar

Subcutaneous layer, lamina propria

Strength, support

Subcutaneous layer, lamina propria

Strength, support

Loose: AdiposeLoose: Adipose

Subcutaneous, joint padding, heart and kidney capsules, yellow marrow

Energy reserve, support and protection, reduce heat loss

Adipocytes

Subcutaneous, joint padding, heart and kidney capsules, yellow marrow

Energy reserve, support and protection, reduce heat loss

Adipocytes

Dense RegularDense Regular

Tendons and most ligaments

Attachment

Tendons and most ligaments

Attachment

Dense ElasticDense Elastic

Lungs, arteries, resp. passages

Stretching

Lungs, arteries, resp. passages

Stretching

CartilageCartilage

Collagen and elastic fibers in gel-like matrix

Chondrocytes in lacunae Perichondrium Hyaline, elastic, and

fibrocartilage

Collagen and elastic fibers in gel-like matrix

Chondrocytes in lacunae Perichondrium Hyaline, elastic, and

fibrocartilage

Hyaline CartilageHyaline Cartilage

Ends of long bones, nose, resp.passages embryonic and fetal skeleton

Flexibility and support

Ends of long bones, nose, resp.passages embryonic and fetal skeleton

Flexibility and support

FibrocartilageFibrocartilage

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee

Support and fusion

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee

Support and fusion

Elastic CartilageElastic Cartilage

Epiglottis, auricles, auditory tubes

Support and shape

Epiglottis, auricles, auditory tubes

Support and shape

Compact BoneCompact Bone

Support, protection, storage, blood formation, levers for movement

Osteocytes

Support, protection, storage, blood formation, levers for movement

Osteocytes

BloodBlood

Transport Immunity Clotting Fluid matrix

(Plasma) Erythrocytes,

leukocytes, thrombocytes

Transport Immunity Clotting Fluid matrix

(Plasma) Erythrocytes,

leukocytes, thrombocytes

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Conducts electrical signals

Neurons and neuroglia

Conducts electrical signals

Neurons and neuroglia

Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle

Voluntary contraction

Multinucleated Striated Cells = Fibers

Voluntary contraction

Multinucleated Striated Cells = Fibers

Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle

Involuntary contraction

Nonstriated Spindle-shaped

cells GI Tract, blood

vessels, etc.

Involuntary contraction

Nonstriated Spindle-shaped

cells GI Tract, blood

vessels, etc.

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle

Involuntary contraction

Striated Branching cells w/

intercalated discs Heart

(Myocardium)

Involuntary contraction

Striated Branching cells w/

intercalated discs Heart

(Myocardium)