Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and...

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Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The three Domains of living organisms. 6 emergent feature of living cells and organisms. Terminology: gamete, zygote, somatic cells, and germ cells. Structure of membranes and intra-cellular compartments. Structure and functions of organelles: a. Plasma membrane b. Cytoskeleton c. Nucleus d. Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) e. Golgi apparatus & vesicles f. Lysosomes g. Peroxisomes h. Mitochondria Coordination of functions of several organelles that bring about cellular functions such as secretion and flow of genetic information from DNA to protein

Transcript of Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and...

Page 1: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)

• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

• The three Domains of living organisms.

• 6 emergent feature of living cells and organisms.

• Terminology: gamete, zygote, somatic cells, and germ cells.

• Structure of membranes and intra-cellular compartments.

• Structure and functions of organelles:

a. Plasma membrane b. Cytoskeleton c. Nucleus d. Endoplasmic

reticulum (smooth and rough) e. Golgi apparatus & vesicles

f. Lysosomes g. Peroxisomes h. Mitochondria

• Coordination of functions of several organelles that bring about

cellular functions such as secretion and flow of genetic

information from DNA to protein

Page 2: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Types of Cells on Earth

Prokaryotic cells

- Lack a nucleus

Eukaryotic cells

- Possess a nucleus

and other organelles

Figure 2.2

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Domains of Life

Three broad categories of organisms

• Archaea – Unicellular prokaryotes

• Bacteria – Unicellular prokaryotes

• Eukarya – Includes both unicellular and

multicellular eukaryotes

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Atoms/Elements

Molecules

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

(Family)

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Chemical world

Bio

logic

al W

orld

Non-living

Living

Ascending

Descending

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Emergent properties of life shared by cells and all

levels if the biological organization

• Order

• Regulation of internal conditions (Homeostasis)

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• Growth and development

• Energy use

• Response to environmental stimuli

• The ability to reproduce

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Basic concepts

• Cells Interact:

send, receive, respond to signals

aggregate to form tissues, organs and organ

systems

• Health state- balance between cell

division and cell death

• Specialization of cell function- expression

of different subsets of genes.

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Human Development

Sperm cell

NucleicontainingDNA

Egg cell

Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents

(Zygote)

Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA

Offspring with traitsinherited fromboth parents

Unspecialized

replicating

cells

Different

specialized

cells

Page 9: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Human Cells

Gametes: • sperms and eggs• haploid

Zygote• diploid

Somatic cells: • body cells • diploid

Germ cells:• gonad cells that

produce gametes• diploid

Mitosis and

development

Multicellular

diploid adults

(2n = 46)

Diploid

zygote

(2n = 46) 2n

Meiosis Fertilization

Egg cell

Sperm cell

n

Haploid gametes (n = 23)

n

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• Cellular activities and abnormalities

underlie our inherited traits, quirks, and

illnesses Lack of

dystrophin

Muscular Dystrophy

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A cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts

Basic Features of an animal cell

• Boundary-plasma membrane

• Cytoplasm: Compartment (division of labor)

o Cytosol (soluble components)

o Organelles surrounded by membranes to

partition functions

• Nucleus DNA-information

Page 12: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

CYTOSKELETON:

NUCLEUS:

Nuclear envelope

Chromosomes

Nucleolus

Ribosomes

Golgiapparatus

Plasma membrane

Mitochondrion

Peroxisome

Centriole

Lysosome

Microtubule

Intermediatefilament

Microfilament

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Role of cell membranes in compartmentalization of cellular

functions

Hydrophilic

head

Hydrophobic

tail

Figure 2.8

A phospholipid bilayer

- Phosphate end

(hydrophilic)

- Fatty acid chains

(hydrophobic)

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Compartmentalized functions of animal cells

• Manufacturing, processing, and shipping of

molecules to appropriate destination: – DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

• Breakdown of molecules:

– large structures, lipids, detoxification of certain

substances

• Energy processing:

– forming cellular energy form

• Structural support, movement, and

communication

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Figure 2.3

Plasma Membrane

Forms a selective barrier

Contains proteins,

glycoproteins, and

glycolipids

- Important to cell function

and interactions

- May be receptors

- Form channels for ions

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Figure 2.3

Inherited Diseases caused by

Faulty Ion Channels

Sodium channels

- Mutations lead to absence or extreme pain

Potassium channels

- Mutations lead to impaired heart function and

one form of deafness

Chloride channels

- Mutations lead to cystic fibrosis

Clinical Connections 2.2, page 26

Page 17: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Figure 2.3

Cytoskeleton

A meshwork of protein

rods and tubules

Includes three major

types of proteins

- Microtubules

- Microfilaments

- Intermediate filaments

Figure 2.11

Page 18: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Figure 2.3

Cytoskeleton Functions

• Maintain cell shape

• Connect cells to each other

• Transport organelles and small molecules

• Provide cell motility (some cell types)

• Move chromosomes in cell division

• Compose cilia

Genetic disorders of the cytoskeleton?

Page 19: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Figure 2.3

Inherited Disease caused by faulty connections

between the plasma membrane and the

cytoskeleton

Hereditary Spherocytosis

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Figure 2.3

The Nucleus

The largest structure in a cell

Surrounded by a double-layered nuclear

envelope

Contains:

- Nuclear pores that allow movement of some

molecules in and out

- Nucleolus, which is the site of ribosome

production

- Chromosomes composed of DNA and

proteins

Page 21: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

The Nucleus

Page 22: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Figure 2.3

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Interconnected membranous tubules & sacs

Winds from the nuclear envelope to the

plasma membrane

Rough ER contains ribosomes and is

involved in protein synthesis

Smooth ER does not contain ribosomes

and is important in lipid synthesis

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Figure 2.3

Golgi Apparatus

Stack of flat membrane-enclosed sacs

Processing center of added sugars that form

glycoproteins and glycolipids

Site of final protein folding

Products are released into vesicles that bud

off to the plasma membrane

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Secretion

Coordination

of function of

organelles

Figure 2.5

Protein Traffickinghttp://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/proteintrafficking/movie-flash.htm

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Transport vesiclebuds off

Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle

Glycoprotein

Polypeptide

Ribosome

Sugarchain

Rough ER

1

2

3

4

Page 26: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Nucleus

VacuoleLysosome Plasma membrane

Smooth ER

Nuclearmembrane

Golgiapparatus

Rough ER

Transportvesicle

Transportvesicle

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Figure 2.3

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound sacs

containing > 40 types

of digestive enzymes

Break down bacteria,

cellular debris, and

nutrients

Tay-Sachs is an

inherited lysosomal

storage disorderhttp://www.ygyh.org/tay/whatisit.htm

Figure 2.6

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Lysosomes• Membrane-bounded sacs of hydrolytic enzymes

that digestive enzymes

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter5/animations.html#

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Figure 2.3

PeroxisomesSacs with one membrane filled with several types of

enzymes

- Break down lipids, rare biochemicals

- Synthesize bile acids

- Detoxify compounds from free radicals, H2O2, and

alcohol

- Abundant in liver and kidney cells

Lorenzo’s oil

Adrenoleukodystrophy absence of a peroxisomal enzyme leads

to accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in brain and spinal

cord

Page 30: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Figure 2.3

Mitochondria

Surrounded by two

membranes

Site of ATP (energy)

production

Contain their own

circular DNA

Human mitochondrial

DNA is inherited

only from the mother

Lou Gehrig Disease

Figure 2.7

Page 31: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Structures and Functions of

Organelles

Table 2.1

Page 32: Cells and Organelles (Learning Objectives)faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 130/lectures/Cells and Organelles... · • Health state- balance between cell division and cell death

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Animal and Plant cells

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index.asp?objID=AP11604

Secretion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrHULUxAsGg