CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the...

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CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability to self-regenerate to form more stem cells Importance Development Repair of Adult Tissue Cancer

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Transcript of CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the...

Page 1: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

CELL TECHNOLOGYStem Cells

Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining

properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability to self-regenerate to form

more stem cellsImportance Development Repair of Adult Tissue Cancer

Page 2: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

CELL TECHNOLOGYStem Cells

Differentiation Potential Totipotent Cells

Can develop into all cell types Pluripotent Cells

Can develop into cells of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

Multipotent CellsCan develop into cells of a few types

Types Zygote: Totipotent Embryonic: Pluripotent Adult: Multipotent

Page 3: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.
Page 4: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

Definition Inner cell mass within fertilized cells.

Stage of DevelopmentBlastocyst Hollow ball of ~64 cells containing an inner mass and trophoblast.

ImportanceAble to be directed to any type of cell. “Pluripotent”

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BLASTOCYST

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EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

Page 7: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

ADULT (Somatic) STEM CELLS

Definition Tissue specific stem cells (Multipotent)

PurposeReplacement Damaged and injured tissue Continually-replenished cells

TypesBone Bone Marrow Stromal Cells :Bone, Cartilage,Fibers Hematopoietic Stem Cells : Blood Cells

Brain Neural Stem Cells: Neurons, Astrocytes,

Oligodendrocytes

Page 8: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

ADULT STEM CELLS

Page 9: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

ADULT (Somatic) STEM CELLS

Plasticity (Transdifferentiation)Definition Ability to differentiate into multiple cell types.Examples Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Brain, Muscle (Cardiac and Skeletal), and Liver Cells

Stromal CellsMuscle Cells

Brain CellsBlood and Skeletal Muscle

Page 10: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

PLASTICITY (TRANSDIFFERENTIATION)

Page 11: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

CANCER STEM CELLS

Teratocarcinomas (Teratomas)Definition

Germ cell tumor with mixed differentiated tissue and undifferentiated tissue

ExampleLeukemia Acute Increased growth in an early stem

cell Chronic Decreased response to death or differentiation in a stem cell

Page 12: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

Fundamental Remaining Questions

1) Does one common type of stem cell migrate to different organs and repair tissue or are there multiple types of stem cells?

2) Does every organ have stem cells (some of which have not yet been discovered)?

3) Are the stem cells programmed to divide a finite number of times or do they have unlimited cell proliferation capacity?

Page 13: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

CELL TECHNOLOGY

CloningDefinition Duplicating biological materialTypes Reproductive Therapeutic DNA (Recombinant Technology)

Page 14: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

DefinitionProduction of an organism that is genetically identical to an original donor.

Pseudo-cloneClone has genetic material from mitochondria.

ProblemsIncompleteness of genomic imprinting

Process Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Page 15: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER

Process1) Remove mammary cell from donor and starve.2) Remove egg cell from a different donor and enucleate.3) Place mammary cell into egg cell.4) Apply a brief shock to cause mammary cell contents to mix with egg cell contents. 5) Allow cell to go through mitosis.6) Implant into a surrogate sheep.

Page 16: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

Page 17: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

THERAPEUTIC CLONING

DefinitionProducing a blastocyst from a patient’s somatic cells to be used for therapy.

ProcessSomatic Cell Nuclear TransferExtract inner cell mass at blastocystic stageUse cells to grow tissue or organs

ImportanceCells will not be rejected

Page 18: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.
Page 19: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.
Page 20: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

DefinitionExcising DNA of interest from one genome and inserting it into a foreign genome.

ProcessGenetic Engineering

Biotechnology: Using genetic engineering to create biological systems that produce a

desired product.Importance

Drugs and medicationsGenome enhancement

Page 21: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

Fig. 24.15

Page 22: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Steps(1) DNA Isolation

a) Isolate foreign DNA from desired cell. b) Isolate DNA plasmid vector from bacteria. (2) DNA Fragmentation

a)Cut desired gene from foreign DNA using “Restriction enzymes”.

b) Open plasmid using “Restriction enzymes” to form a gap for DNA insertion.

Page 23: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

Page 24: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.
Page 25: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Steps(3) Plasmid Recombination Insert the foreign gene into the gap of the plasmid by complementary base pairing

of the sticky ends and sealing with DNA ligase.

(4) Recombinant Plasmid Uptake Plasmid is taken up by bacteria through transformation.

Page 26: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

Page 27: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.
Page 28: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.
Page 29: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.
Page 30: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Steps(5) Plasmid Replication

Bacterial cell is replicated producing desired DNA clones.

(6) Gene Isolation

DNA sequences can be cut from Plasmids and added to other genomes.

Protein ProductionBacteria can be put into a desired environment

to produce desired protein.

Page 31: CELL TECHNOLOGY Stem Cells Definition Unspecialized cells that have two defining properties: 1) the ability to differentiate into other cells 2) the ability.

Mesenchymal and epithelial differentiation ability of corneal stem cells

Mesenchymal and epithelial differentiation ability of corneal stem cells

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM - Human Anatomy and … · THE SKELETAL SYSTEM BMLS 2–E |Saint Louis University 2 TYPES OF CELLS IN BONE TISSUE a. Osteogenic cells → unspecialized stem cells

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM - Human Anatomy and … · THE SKELETAL SYSTEM BMLS 2–E |Saint Louis University 2 TYPES OF CELLS IN BONE TISSUE a. Osteogenic cells → unspecialized stem cells

The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis New cells can only be made when existing cells divide. All cells have the ability to divide – but some cells lose.

The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis New cells can only be made when existing cells divide. All cells have the ability to divide – but some cells lose.

Cloning and Selection. Cloning Why Do We Need To Clone? –To Isolate Cells With Specialized Properties –Unspecialized Cells Tend To Dominate –Cells Of.

Cloning and Selection. Cloning Why Do We Need To Clone? –To Isolate Cells With Specialized Properties –Unspecialized Cells Tend To Dominate –Cells Of.

Stem Cells of the Brain and Their Ability to Repair Damage

Stem Cells of the Brain and Their Ability to Repair Damage

DNA replication. SBI4U0- DNA Replication Cells need to have the ability to reproduce for many reasons. When cells make copies of themselves, they must.

DNA replication. SBI4U0- DNA Replication Cells need to have the ability to reproduce for many reasons. When cells make copies of themselves, they must.

Ethical Issues Seminar 8. Stem Cells Cells that have the ability to renew themselves Replicate exact copies indefinitely Adult Embryonic.

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Stem Cells – Emerging Concepts in Dentistry · ... organisms that retain the ability to renew themselves ... cells undergo two types of cell division. ... Stem Cells – Emerging

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What is a STEM CELL? Unspecialized cells: can become any type of cell in the body Serve as the body’s repair system Renew and Replenish other cells.

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Efficient silicon solar cells with dopant-free asymmetric ...ridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/publications/Efficient Si Solar Cells...A salient characteristic of solar cells is their ability

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Phylum Annelida. Characteristics Protostomia, eucoelomates Metamerism (= unspecialized segmentation) In the Classes: Parapodia Clitellium.

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Avalon Medical Educator’s 1. · Characteristics of Cardiac Cells Automaticity: Refers to the cells ability to spontaneously initiate an impulse. (Pacemaker cells posses this ability).

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Centroacinar Cells Are Progenitors That Contribute to ...diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/diabetes/64/10/3499.full.pdfcluding an ability to regenerate pancreatic b-cells (1,2).

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Stem Cells Stem Cells 1. What is a Stem Cell? GeneralSpecific Unspecialized cells Give rise to more than 250 specialized cells in the body Serve.

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Transport in Cells - bassoper9bdf.weebly.com · Transport of Cells 4.1 Diffusion •The phospholipid membrane’s ability _____ _____ the cell is called selective permeableor semipermeability

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Experimental Metastatic Ability of H-ras-transformed ... · transform NIH3T3 cells, as detected by foci of morphologically altered cells in tissue culture, following transfection

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GRACE FREEMAN STEM CELLS & THEIR BENEFITS. WHAT ARE STEM CELLS? Stem cells are unspecialized which means they can transform into any other type of cell.

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Neural Stem Cells - Stemcell Technologies€¦ · Neural stem cells (NSCs) are defined as cells with the ability to proliferate, ... Supports neural stem and progenitor cells from

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