Cell strucure & organisation

Chap 2: Cell Structure & Cell OrganisationChap 2: Cell Structure & Cell Organisation

Cell StructureCell Structure

AnimalsAnimals

PlantsPlants

ComparisonComparison

Cell OrganisationCell Organisation

Living Process:•Locomotion•Feeding•Respiration•Excretion•Reproduction•Response to stimuli•Growth

Living Process:•Locomotion•Feeding•Respiration•Excretion•Reproduction•Response to stimuli•Growth

Amoeba sp.Amoeba sp.

Paramecium sp.Paramecium sp.

Cell Specialisation:•Cells•Tissues•Organs•Systems•Organism

Cell Specialisation:•Cells•Tissues•Organs•Systems•Organism

AnimalsAnimals

PlantsPlants

Parts involved & their functionsParts involved & their functions

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1GQyciJaTA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1GQyciJaTA

Regulation of internal environment via negative feedback loop

Regulation of internal environment via negative feedback loop

Focus onFocus on

Helps inHelps in

Click red-coloured box for more info.

Animal cellAnimal cell

Plant cellPlant cell

Both have a nucleus, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum & ribosomeBoth have a nucleus, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum & ribosome

ShapeShapeNo fixed shapeNo fixed shape Have fixed shapeHave fixed shape

Cell wallsCell wallsNo cell wallsNo cell walls Have cell wallsHave cell walls

ChloroplastsChloroplastsNo chloroplastNo chloroplast Have chloroplastsHave chloroplasts

VacuolesVacuolesNo vacuolesNo vacuoles Have vacuolesHave vacuoles

CentriolesCentriolesHave centriolesHave centrioles No centrioleNo centriole

Food storageFood storageGlycogenGlycogen StarchStarch

DensityDensity

MitochondriaMitochondria Sperm – Swim

Muscle cells - Movement

Sperm – SwimMuscle cells - Movement

Mesophyll palisade - photosynthesisMesophyll palisade - photosynthesis

ChloroplastChloroplast

Energy (ATP)Energy (ATP)

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Rough ERRough ER

Transport proteinTransport protein

Salivary gland – Secrete saliva & enzymesPancreas – Synthesise & secrete enzymes

Salivary gland – Secrete saliva & enzymesPancreas – Synthesise & secrete enzymes

Smooth ERSmooth ER

Synthesise lipidSynthesise lipid

Intestinal epithelium – Digestive enzymeLiver - Detoxification

Intestinal epithelium – Digestive enzymeLiver - Detoxification

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Process, package & transport protein & carbo.

Process, package & transport protein & carbo.

Goblet cells in intestine & respiratory tract – Secrete mucus

Goblet cells in intestine & respiratory tract – Secrete mucus

Density of organelles in tissuesDensity of organelles in tissues

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Movement:Cytoplasmic projection (pseudopodia)

Movement:Cytoplasmic projection (pseudopodia)

Feeding:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6i3F9nbHwA

Feeding:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6i3F9nbHwA

Respiration:Simple diffusion via whole plasma membrane


Reproduction:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUxPL8cySwY

Reproduction:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUxPL8cySwY

Response to stimuli:Retreat from bright light & acidic condition

Response to stimuli:Retreat from bright light & acidic condition

Excretion:Contractile vacuole in osmoregulation while waste is via diffusion


ParameciumParamecium

Movement:Movement:

Feeding:Feeding:





Reproduction:Reproduction:

Response to stimuli:Sense it using ciliaSensitive to chemicals, O2, CO2, light, contact & temperature

Response to stimuli:Sense it using ciliaSensitive to chemicals, O2, CO2, light, contact & temperature

Binary fissionBinary fission


CellCell

TissuesEpithelial tissuesMuscle tissuesNervous tissuesConnective tissues

TissuesEpithelial tissuesMuscle tissuesNervous tissuesConnective tissues

OrgansOrgans

SystemsNervous systemSkeletal systemCirculatory systemDigestive systemRespiratory systemExcretory systemReproductive systemEndocrine systemMuscular systemLymphatic system

SystemsNervous systemSkeletal systemCirculatory systemDigestive systemRespiratory systemExcretory systemReproductive systemEndocrine systemMuscular systemLymphatic system

Same cells form

Same cells form

Different tissues work together form


Different organs work together form


OrganismOrganismDifferent

systems work together form

Different systems work together form

Epithelial tissues1 or more layer of cells covering the body surfaces (eg:

skin) and inner lining of cavities (eg: lungs) Some form glands for secretion (exocrine & endocrine gland)Functions:a)Protection (skin)b)Gaseous exchange (in alveoli and blood capillary)c)Absorption (lining of small intestine)d)Secretion (goblet cells in sweat & sebaceous gland &

trachea)

Epithelial tissues1 or more layer of cells covering the body surfaces (eg:

skin) and inner lining of cavities (eg: lungs) Some form glands for secretion (exocrine & endocrine gland)Functions:a)Protection (skin)b)Gaseous exchange (in alveoli and blood capillary)c)Absorption (lining of small intestine)d)Secretion (goblet cells in sweat & sebaceous gland &

trachea)

Muscle tissues Composed of muscle fibres 3 typesa)Cardiac muscles Striated, branched & multi-nucleated Heart Involuntary contraction to pump blood to whole bodyb) Skeletal muscles Striated, not branched & multi-nucleated Attached to bones (eg: tendons) Voluntary movements of the bodyc)Smooth muscles Non-striated, not branched and uni-nucleated Linings of digestive tract, blood vessels, reproductive tract etc Involuntary actions of the body (eg: peristaltic movement)

Muscle tissues Composed of muscle fibres 3 typesa)Cardiac muscles Striated, branched & multi-nucleated Heart Involuntary contraction to pump blood to whole bodyb) Skeletal muscles Striated, not branched & multi-nucleated Attached to bones (eg: tendons) Voluntary movements of the bodyc)Smooth muscles Non-striated, not branched and uni-nucleated Linings of digestive tract, blood vessels, reproductive tract etc Involuntary actions of the body (eg: peristaltic movement)

Same cells work together forming TISSUESSame cells work together forming TISSUES

More tissuesMore tissues

Nervous tissues Composed of neurones 3 types of neurones, ie. afferent neurone, efferent neurone &

interneuroneTransmit signals (nerve impulse) to whole body &

coordinate activities in the body

Nervous tissues Composed of neurones 3 types of neurones, ie. afferent neurone, efferent neurone &

interneuroneTransmit signals (nerve impulse) to whole body &

coordinate activities in the body

Connective tissues Variety of tissues that connect body parts All have cells and extracellular matrix Types of connective tissues:a)Tendons & ligaments – Densely packed collagen for

attachments of bone-muscle & bone-boneb)Cartilage – Strong yet flexible for support & cushionc)Bones – Cells embedded in a matrix of collagen hardened by

mineral deposits like Ca2+. Provides protection & supportd)Blood – RBC, WBC & cell fragments in fluid (blood plasma).

Manufactured in bone marrow. Helps in transportation & immune system.

e)Lymph – Immune system & forming internal environmentf)Fat cells – Store energy & insulation

Connective tissues Variety of tissues that connect body parts All have cells and extracellular matrix Types of connective tissues:a)Tendons & ligaments – Densely packed collagen for

attachments of bone-muscle & bone-boneb)Cartilage – Strong yet flexible for support & cushionc)Bones – Cells embedded in a matrix of collagen hardened by

mineral deposits like Ca2+. Provides protection & supportd)Blood – RBC, WBC & cell fragments in fluid (blood plasma).

Manufactured in bone marrow. Helps in transportation & immune system.

e)Lymph – Immune system & forming internal environmentf)Fat cells – Store energy & insulation

OrganOrgan

Epithelial tissuesEpithelial tissues

Muscle tissues (Smooth muscles)

Muscle tissues (Smooth muscles)

Nervous tissuesNervous tissues

Specialised epithelial tissues form glands and hair follicle

Specialised epithelial tissues form glands and hair follicle

Hair follicleHair follicleConnective tissuesConnective tissues

One of the organs in human body is SKINOne of the organs in human body is SKIN

SystemsSystems

Different tissues work together to form ORGANDifferent tissues work together to form ORGAN

Different organs make up SYSTEMDifferent organs make up SYSTEM

Nervous System Brain, spinal cord & nervesFunctions:a)Detects stimuli, transmit nerve impulse & formulates

responsesb)Controls physiological processes

Nervous System Brain, spinal cord & nervesFunctions:a)Detects stimuli, transmit nerve impulse & formulates

responsesb)Controls physiological processes

Skeletal System Bones, cartilage, tendons & ligamentsFunctions:a)Support b)Attachment of muscles c)Protection of internal organs

Skeletal System Bones, cartilage, tendons & ligamentsFunctions:a)Support b)Attachment of muscles c)Protection of internal organs

Circulatory System Heart, blood vesselsFunctions:a)Transport of nutrients, gases and hormonesb)Carry waste products to excretory systems

Circulatory System Heart, blood vesselsFunctions:a)Transport of nutrients, gases and hormonesb)Carry waste products to excretory systems

More systems

More systems

Digestive system Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small &

large intestine, rectum & anusFunctions:a)Ingest & digest foodb)Absorbs nutrientsc)Eliminates undigested food

Digestive system Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small &

large intestine, rectum & anusFunctions:a)Ingest & digest foodb)Absorbs nutrientsc)Eliminates undigested food

Respiratory System Nose, trachea, lungsFunctions:a)Provide gaseous exchange between blood & external environmentb)Allow O2 intake & CO2 elimination

Respiratory System Nose, trachea, lungsFunctions:a)Provide gaseous exchange between blood & external environmentb)Allow O2 intake & CO2 elimination

Excretory system Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungsFunctions:a)Remove waste products b)Regulate osmotic balance of blood

Excretory system Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungsFunctions:a)Remove waste products b)Regulate osmotic balance of blood

More systems

More systems

Reproductive System Testes, seminal vesicle & penis // Ovaries, fallopian tube,

uterus, cervix, vaginaFunctions:a)Produce sperm & male hormonesb)Produce ova, nurtures & developing foetus & produce

female hormones

Reproductive System Testes, seminal vesicle & penis // Ovaries, fallopian tube,

uterus, cervix, vaginaFunctions:a)Produce sperm & male hormonesb)Produce ova, nurtures & developing foetus & produce

female hormones

Muscular System Skeletal, smooth & cardiac musclesFunctions:a)Body movements

Muscular System Skeletal, smooth & cardiac musclesFunctions:a)Body movements

Endocrine System Pituitary, thyroid & adrenal glands, hypothalamus

etc.Functions:a)Coordinate body activitiesb)Hormone secretion

Endocrine System Pituitary, thyroid & adrenal glands, hypothalamus

etc.Functions:a)Coordinate body activitiesb)Hormone secretion

Lymphatic System Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymusFunctions:a)Immune systemb)Returns excess fluid to blood

Lymphatic System Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymusFunctions:a)Immune systemb)Returns excess fluid to blood


CellXylem and phloem cellsGuard cellsMesophyll cellsRoot cells

CellXylem and phloem cellsGuard cellsMesophyll cellsRoot cells

TissuesMeristematic tissuesa)Apical meristemb)Lateral meristem

Permanent tissuesa)Epidermal tissuesb)Vascular tissuesc)Ground tissues

TissuesMeristematic tissuesa)Apical meristemb)Lateral meristem

Permanent tissuesa)Epidermal tissuesb)Vascular tissuesc)Ground tissues

OrgansFlowerLeafRootStem

OrgansFlowerLeafRootStem

SystemsShoot systemRoot systemSupport systemReproductive system

SystemsShoot systemRoot systemSupport systemReproductive system

Same cells form

Same cells form





OrganismOrganism



Plant cells undergo differentiation to form SPECIALISED CELLSPlant cells undergo differentiation to form SPECIALISED CELLS

Xylem and phloem cells•No cytoplasm to allow water and minerals to move freely•End walls are perforated to allow continuous flow•Carry water (from roots) and minerals (from leaves)

Xylem and phloem cells•No cytoplasm to allow water and minerals to move freely•End walls are perforated to allow continuous flow•Carry water (from roots) and minerals (from leaves)

Root hairs•Long extension to increase surface area for absorption of minerals & water

Root hairs•Long extension to increase surface area for absorption of minerals & water

Guard cells•Specialised epidermal cells (kidney shape) to control size of stoma

Guard cells•Specialised epidermal cells (kidney shape) to control size of stoma

Palisade mesophyll cells•Elongated & cylindrical, arranged vertically, close to one another•Have a lot of chloroplasts

Palisade mesophyll cells•Elongated & cylindrical, arranged vertically, close to one another•Have a lot of chloroplasts

TissuesTissues

Plants have their own TISSUES tooPlants have their own TISSUES too

1) Meristematic tissues1) Meristematic tissues

Epidermal tissueEpidermal tissue

• Prevent H2O loss (stomata)• Absorption of H2O & minerals (root hair)

• Prevent H2O loss (stomata)• Absorption of H2O & minerals (root hair)

Ground tissueGround tissue

• Store products of photosynthesis• Support & shape

• Store products of photosynthesis• Support & shape

• Support• Support • Support• Protection (lignin)• Support• Protection (lignin)

2) Permanent tissues2) Permanent tissues

Xylem:• Carry H2O & minerals• For supportPhloem:• Transport organic substances

Xylem:• Carry H2O & minerals• For supportPhloem:• Transport organic substances

Vascular tissueVascular tissue

Apical meristemApical meristem• 10 growth• 10 growth

Lateral meristemLateral meristem

• 20 growth• 20 growth

Organs & SystemsOrgans & Systems

Different tissues form ORGANS & different organs form SYSTEMSDifferent tissues form ORGANS & different organs form SYSTEMS

Support systemSupport system

Reproductive systemReproductive system

FlowerFlower

• Those underlined are some of the examples of plant organs.• Those in boxes are some examples of systems in plants.


Cell strucure & organisation

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