Cell Structure:OrganellesEQ: What are the essential components of a cell?

Cells

• Cells are everywhere. Even though most cells cannot be seen with the naked eye, they make up every living thing.

• Your body contains trillions of cells.

Common Cell Traits

• Living cells are dynamic and have several things in common:

• 1. They are all the smallest unit that is capable of carrying on life functions

• 2. They all have a cell membrane surrounding it and are filled with a jelly-like substance called cytoplasm.

• 3. They all have ribosomes and DNA

Cell Types

Prokaryotic

• An organism that is made of a single cell

• No nucleus• They have a cell wall• Have a tail called

flagellum• Bacteria, Archea

Cell Types

Eukaryotic

• Have a nucleus, and other membrane-bound organelles.

• Anything not considered bacteria or archea are eukaryotic

• Plants, animals, Fungi

Cell Organelles

• Within a eukaryotic cell, there are structures called organelles.

• Each organelle has its own specific job to do.• Analogy: City

• Organelles are interdependent

Cell Wall

• Found only in plant cells• The outer layer of a plant

cell, it is strong, and made of cellulose.

• It supports and protects the plant.

• It allows water and carbon dioxide to pass in and out of the cell.

• “Wall of the City”

Cell Membrane

• Found in both plant and animal cells.

• Gives support and protection to the cell.

• Controls movement of materials in and out of the cell.

• Barrier between the cell and its environment

• Maintains homeostasis• “Gatekeeper”

Cytoplasm

• Found in both plant and animal cells

• Not a true organelle• Jelly-like material found

inside the cell membrane.• It supports and protects the

organelles.• Chemical reactions necessary

to cell function occur here.• “Ground”

Vacuole

• Found in plant cells• They are fluid-filled

sacs.• They support the cell• They store water• They store digestive

enzymes• “Storage Tank”

Chloroplast

• Found in plants only• Green, oval, usually

contains chlorophyll.• Traps energy from the

sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis)

• “Food Producer”

Nucleus

• Found in both plant and animal cells

• The control center of the cell

• Contains the DNA• “City Hall”

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Found in both plant and animal cells

• Extending from the nucleus to the cell membrane, it is a series of folded membranes

• Processes and moves substances

• Rough ER makes proteins• Smooth ER make lipids and

break down toxins• “Transportation Center”

Ribosomes

• Found in plant and animal cells

• Smallest and most common organelle

• They are small bodies that are either free floating or attached to the ER

• Make proteins• “Assembly Line”

Mitochondria

• Found in both plant and animal cells

• Bean-shaped with inner membranes

• Breaks down sugar molecules

• The broken down sugars are use for cellular respiration

• Results in ATP (energy)• “Power Plant”

Lysosome

• Found mainly in animal cells.

• Small, round and membrane-bound

• Protects the cell from foreign invaders

• Destroy worn out organelles

• Gets rid of the waste• “Sewer System”

Golgi Complex

• Found in plant and animal cells.

• Packages and distributes proteins and other materials out of the cell

• “Packaging Factory”• Vesicles: “Packages”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8

Plant Cell Animal Cell

CELL STRUCTURE MICROSCOPE LABEQ: What are the essential components of a cell?

Materials

• Microscope• 2 glass slides• 2 cover slips• Iodine stain• Blue stain• Eye droppers• An onion• A plastic knife• Paper plate• A toothpick• A cup of water• Paper towels• Lab sheet (per person)

Procedures --- Onion Cell

• Turn on and set up your microscope• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGBgABLEV4g• Peel a piece of onion as described on the lab sheet• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrX3h-AflZI• Place the piece of onion on a glass slide, and add a drop or two of the

IODINE solution. Use your best wet-mount technique• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43BvqjpgLjY• Observe the onion cell under both high and low power• Make a drawing of one onion cell, labeling the parts as you observe

them • Complete the Plant Cell Coloring diagram along with the analysis

questions on the back

Plant Cell

Procedures --- Cheek Cell

• Turn on the microscope• Place 1-2 drops of water in the center of a glass slide• Have one person gently scrape the inside lining of their cheek as described

on the lab sheet.• Transfer the cheek cells to the slide by tapping the toothpick gently. Some

cheek cells should fall onto the slide.• Using your best wet mount technique, add a drop of blue food coloring to the

slide and cover with a cover slip.• Observe the cheek cells under both low and high power.• Draw a diagram of one cheek cell and label the parts• Complete the questions on the lab sheet• Complete the Animal Cell Coloring diagram as well as the analysis questions

at the bottom of the page

Animal Cell

The Organization of Living ThingsEQ: How are cells organized to make up organisms, and how are organisms classified?

In some ways, cells are like machines…

Each organelle is specialized, just as parts are specialized in a machine…..

But while most machines have many parts….

• Some organisms exist as a single cell.• Other organisms have many --- even trillions of cells• Most cells are smaller than the period at the end of a

sentence in your Science book.• Yet, every cell in every organism performs all the

processes (transportation, protein production, waste disposal, etc) of life.

• ARE THERE ANY ADVANTAGES TO BEING MULTICELLUAR????

• T-P-S

YES!!!! There are many benefits of being multicellular!

• “Multi” means “many”

• We are multicellular• Multicellular

organisms grow by making new cells, not by making their cells larger.

Larger Size

• While many multicellular organisms are small, they are larger than single-celled organisms

• Larger organisms usually have fewer predators.

• Larger predators can eat a wider variety of prey

Longer Life

• The life span of a multicellular organism is not limited to the life span of any single cell

• One cell = dead when cell dies

• Multicells = longer life

Specialization of Cells

• Each type of cell has a particular job.

• This specialization makes the organism more efficient.

• Cardiac muscle cells

More Complex

• All the parts of a multi-cellular organism can come together and work as a whole to be greater than the some of the parts.

• This allows a multi-cellular organism to complete much more complicated tasks and be much more efficient at completing simpler tasks.

The Organization of LifeEQ: How are cells organized to make up organisms, and how are organisms classified?

Organelles Make Up Cells

• As you know, organelles make up cells

• T-P-S organelles of plant/animal cells

• Nucleus• Mitochondria• Vacuole• Lysosomes

Cells Make Up Tissues

• And in turn, groups of cells make up tissues.

• Animals have 4 types of tissue:• Muscle – movement, moves

blood, food and waste through body, responsible for mechanical digestion

• Connective – protects and supports organs, stores nutrients, protects joints and muscles,

• Nervous – brain, spinal cord, nerves

• Epithelial – protects (skin), filters (kidneys), absorbs (gut), secretes (forms glands)

Cells Make Up Tissues

• Plants have three basic types of tissues:

• Transport (Vascular) tissue: move water and nutrients

• Protective (Dermal) tissue: helps plant retain water and protects

• Ground tissue: photosynthesis

Tissues Make Up Organs

• A structure made up of two or more tissues working together to perform a specific job is called an organ.

• T-P-S organs in your body

Tissues Make Up Organs

• Your heart is an organ• Mostly made of muscle

tissue , but also contains nerve tissues and the tissues of your blood vessels.

• They all work together to make your heart pump blood through your body

Tissues Make Up Organs

• Your stomach is also an organ• Muscle tissue makes food move

in and through your stomach.• Special tissues make the

chemicals that digest your food.• Connective tissues hold your

stomach together• Nerve tissues carry the message

to your brain to signal hunger or “fullness”.

Tissues Make Organs

Animals

• Intestines

• Brain

• Lungs

Plants

• Stems

• Roots

• Leaves

Organs Make Up Systems

• A group of organs working together to perform a particular function is called an organ system

• Each organ system has a specific job to do

• T-P-S organ systems in your body

• Digestive System: break down food into smaller particles

• Stomach• Intestines

Systems Make Up Organisms

• All organ systems together make up an organism.

• Anything that can perform life processes by itself is an organism.

• Can be one-celled (unicellular)

• Can be many celled (multicellular)

The Organization of Life

• Organelles make up cells• Cells make up tissues• Tissues make up organs• Organs make up organ systems• Systems make up organisms

Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism

• OCTOSO• Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organism• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODfJjMaQmvA

3-2-1 Summary

• 3 benefits of being multiceullar (with detailed explanations)

• 2 reasons why your organ systems are interdependent

• 1 Prediction of what would happen if any step of OCTOSO was out of order or skipped and why

Structure and Function

Structure

• The arrangement of parts in an organism

• The shape of the part• Materials the part is made

of• Lungs: large, spongy sac

Function

• The job that part does

• Lungs: bring air to the body