Cell structure & Cell structure & functionfunction

BRIEF OVERVIEW &BRIEF OVERVIEW &

REVIEWREVIEW

IntroIntroThe first time that a cell was The first time that a cell was discovered was seventeenth discovered was seventeenth

century by Antoine van century by Antoine van Leeuwenhoek.Leeuwenhoek.

Chapter goalsChapter goalsTo understand the function and To understand the function and

structure of cells.structure of cells.

We do not spend a ton of time We do not spend a ton of time lecturing about specific organelles. lecturing about specific organelles. For this chapter, individual reading For this chapter, individual reading

and reviewing is self-regulated.and reviewing is self-regulated.

AS you read….think about structure AS you read….think about structure and functionand function

VocabularyVocabulary

ProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic DNADNA RNARNA Various organellesVarious organelles

Cell theoryCell theory

1.All living things are made up of 1.All living things are made up of one or more cells. one or more cells.

2.Cells are the basic units of 2.Cells are the basic units of structure & function of all living structure & function of all living things.things.

3.All cells come from pre-existing 3.All cells come from pre-existing cells.cells.

Birth of Complex CellsBirth of Complex Cells

How did cells get to be so complex?How did cells get to be so complex?

Why are there still cells that are Why are there still cells that are “simple”“simple”

How do we classify cells?How do we classify cells?

3 Domains3 Domains

What are the three domains?What are the three domains?

3 Domains3 Domains

What are the three domains?What are the three domains?

Domain ProkaryaDomain Prokarya Domain ArchaebacteriaDomain Archaebacteria Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya

EykaryaEykarya

FungiFungi ProtistsProtists PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia

Difference between prokaryotes Difference between prokaryotes and Eukaryotesand Eukaryotes

Turn to your buddy and tell them the Turn to your buddy and tell them the difference.difference.

Difference between prokaryotes Difference between prokaryotes and Eukaryotesand Eukaryotes

Turn to your buddy and tell them the Turn to your buddy and tell them the difference.difference.

YOUR HOMEWORKYOUR HOMEWORK

Read and answer at least 80% of the Read and answer at least 80% of the questions at end of chapterquestions at end of chapter

Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell

MoneransMonerans Very small (1 to 10 microns)Very small (1 to 10 microns) No nucleus, no organellesNo nucleus, no organelles First prokaryotes cells 3.5 billion First prokaryotes cells 3.5 billion

years agoyears ago

EukaryotesEukaryotes

Fungi, animal, plantFungi, animal, plant Relatively large (10 to 100 microns)Relatively large (10 to 100 microns) Complex structureComplex structure First eukaryotes cells 1.5 billion years First eukaryotes cells 1.5 billion years

ago ago

Non membrane organellesNon membrane organelles

RibosomeRibosome Centriole (animal)Centriole (animal) microtubulesmicrotubules

Single membrane organellesSingle membrane organelles

VacuolesVacuoles LysosomesLysosomes VesiclesVesicles Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus PeroxisomesPeroxisomes Endomembrane systemEndomembrane system

Double membrane organellesDouble membrane organelles

MitochondriaMitochondria Chloroplast (plant)Chloroplast (plant)

KNOW THESEKNOW THESE

Plant CellPlant Cell

Animal CellAnimal Cell

Cell structure and functionsCell structure and functions

Cell structure/Cell structure/

organellorganellstructurestructure functionfunction

Plasma Plasma membranemembrane

Phospholipid Phospholipid Bilayer Bilayer

embedded with embedded with proteinsproteins

Defines cell Defines cell boundary boundary

regulation of regulation of molecule molecule passagepassage

nucleusnucleus Nuclear evolope Nuclear evolope surrounding surrounding nucleoplasmnucleoplasm

Storage of Storage of genetic material genetic material

(DNA)(DNA)

nucleolusnucleolus Concentrated Concentrated area of area of

chromatin; RNA chromatin; RNA -> proteins-> proteins

Ribosomal Ribosomal functionsfunctions

Ribosomes Ribosomes Two unitsTwo unitssmall subunit &small subunit &

Large subunitLarge subunit

Build proteins; Build proteins; can build a can build a

protein in one protein in one minute minute

Centriole Centriole 9 groups of 3 9 groups of 3 arranged as a arranged as a

cylindercylinder

Cell divisionCell division

Pulls Pulls chromosoms chromosoms

apartapart

Rough ERRough ER

smooth ERsmooth ER

Series of tubes Series of tubes and flattened and flattened membranesmembranes

transport,transport,detoxify of detoxify of

poison poison

Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus Similar to ERSimilar to ER

““stacks of stacks of pancakes”pancakes”

Modification of Modification of lipids,lipids,

package of storepackage of store

LysosomeLysosome Liquid filled sacLiquid filled sac digestdigest

Mitochondria Mitochondria Shaped like Shaped like rounded cigarsrounded cigars

Uses ATP for Uses ATP for aerobic aerobic

respirationrespiration

chloroplastchloroplast Disk like stacksDisk like stacks Light and dark Light and dark reactionreaction

cytoplasmcytoplasm Jelly-like Jelly-like substancessubstances

Allows Allows movement with movement with in cell, where in cell, where

chemical chemical reactions occurreactions occur

cytoskeletoncytoskeleton Network of Network of protein fibers protein fibers

and and microtubulesmicrotubules

Provides Provides structure and structure and support to cellsupport to cell

Cell wall Cell wall Provides support and structureProvides support and structure

Endomembrane Endomembrane systemsystem

For transportFor transport

microtubulesmicrotubules Resemble Resemble strings of beadsstrings of beads

TransportTransport

Structure and Structure and movementmovement

Pull apart Pull apart chromosomeschromosomes

VesiclesVesicles Liquid filled sacLiquid filled sac Package liquids Package liquids and substancesand substances

Peroxisomes Peroxisomes Like lysosomesLike lysosomes Break down Break down fatty acids, a. a. fatty acids, a. a.

and alcoholand alcohol

Cilia and flagellaCilia and flagella Whip like fails Whip like fails on hair like on hair like projectionsprojections

Used for Used for movementmovement

vacuolevacuole Liquid filled sacLiquid filled sac Stores water, Stores water, food and wastefood and waste

chromatinchromatin Tangled mass of Tangled mass of DNADNA

Stores genetic Stores genetic infoinfo

Review HighlightsReview Highlights

Cell theoryCell theory Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellProkaryotic and eukaryotic cell Animal and plant cellAnimal and plant cell

DiffusionDiffusion

Concentration gradient: move high to Concentration gradient: move high to lowlow– Concentration change in a particular Concentration change in a particular

directiondirection– Results from kinetic energyResults from kinetic energy

Particles in areas of greater concentration are Particles in areas of greater concentration are more likely to “bounce” towards areas of lesser more likely to “bounce” towards areas of lesser concentration.concentration.

– NOT affected by other substancesNOT affected by other substances– NO energy expended by the cellNO energy expended by the cell– How do you change the rate of diffusion?How do you change the rate of diffusion?

OsmosisOsmosis

Diffusion of WATER down a Diffusion of WATER down a concentration gradient across concentration gradient across selectively permeable membraneselectively permeable membrane

Which way does water move across a Which way does water move across a membrane?membrane?

Osmosis (cont.)Osmosis (cont.) IsotonicIsotonic

– Solution concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, Solution concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, so no NET diffusion/osmosisso no NET diffusion/osmosis

HypotonicHypotonic– Solution Solution insideinside the cell is more concentrated than outside the cell is more concentrated than outside– Water will move into the cellWater will move into the cell

Animal cell: burstsAnimal cell: bursts Plant cell: vacuole expands, becomes turgidPlant cell: vacuole expands, becomes turgid

HypertonicHypertonic– Solution Solution outsideoutside the cell is more concentrated than inside the cell is more concentrated than inside– Water will move out of the cellWater will move out of the cell

WATER ALWAYS MOVES HYPO WATER ALWAYS MOVES HYPO HYPER! HYPER!

The EndThe End