Cell Structure and Function Chapter 7. Characteristics of Living Things Page 16.
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Transcript of Cell Structure and Function Chapter 7. Characteristics of Living Things Page 16.
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Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 7
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Characteristics of Living Things
Page 16
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Levels of OrganizationPage 21
Cell Size and how we know
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The Diversity of Cellular Life
Unicellular - single celled organisms, exhibit all the characteristics of life
Can be both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
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Multicellular - made up of many cells and all cells are interdependent
Each has a specific function that contributes to the whole (specialization of roles)
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The Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cellsCells are the basic units of structure and function in living thingsNew cells from existing cells
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Two Categories of Cells
Prokaryotes no Nucleussmaller, simpler cellsExample: Bacteria
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Eukaryotes Have a NucleusHave Organellesexamples: Plant cells and animal cells (pg 174 fig 7.5)
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Cell Project
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Cell Membrane
The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides protection and support
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Cell Membrane (pg 184 fig 7-15)
Phospholipid bilayer
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Semi-permeableSome substances can cross and others can’t
Protein molecules run through the lipid bilayerCarbohydrate molecules attached to outer surfaces of proteins
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Concentration - mass of solute in a give volume of solutionIsotonic - same strengthHypertonic - above strengthHypotonic - below strength
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DiffusionMolecules in solution move constantly and spread randomly through space.They naturally move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
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Equilibrium is reached when the solute is the same throughoutDiffusion does not require energy
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Osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules through a biological membraneNaturally moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
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Will continue until Equilibrium is reachedDoes not require energyOsmotic pressure is on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membraneAlmost all cells are hypertonic to fresh water
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Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion that occurs through protein channels in the cell membraneEach channel is specific and allows only certain molecules into the cell
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Does not require energyMolecules must flow from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
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Active Transport
Molecules move against the concentration difference and flow from a lower concentration to a higher concentrationRequires energy
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Examples: Sodium - Potassium pumpEndocytosis - the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane to make a vacuole
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Phagocytosis - taking in large particles by endocytosis
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Exocytosis - the removal of large amounts of material from a vacuole that fuses with the cell membrane forcing it’s contents out of the cell
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Every living cell contains a liquid interior and is surrounded by liquid. Cytosol - a solution of many different substances in waterCytoplasm = cytosol + organelles
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Cytoplasm
Cytosol + OrganellesFills the entire cellMade of water, salt and organic substances, also contains enzymes
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Cytoplasm
Functions to hold organelles, allows for storage of chemicals, and provides pathways for molecular movement (cytoplasmic streaming)
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Cell Wall
Not found in all cellsOutside the cell membraneMade of cellulose – a tough carbohydrate fiber
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Cell Wall
Porous enough to allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and some other substances through easilyMain function is to provide support and protection for the cell
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Nucleus
Largest organelleControl CenterContains DNA
Instructions for everything that goes on in the cell
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Nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to another
DNA
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Has to be able to carry info from one generation to another
Structure of DNA
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That info needs to determine characteristics Needs to be easy to
copy
Structure of DNA
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A long molecule made of nucleotides 5 carbon sugar (ribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base
DNA is…
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Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine
4 Bases
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Any sequence is possible Base order = the coded genetic information
Base order
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The amount of Adenine is always equal to the amount of Thymine and
Chargaffs’ rule
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The amount of Cytosine is always equal to the amount of Guanine
Chargaffs’ rule
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Adenine will always pair up with Thymine Cytosine will always pair up with Guanine
Base Pairing
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Took x-ray defraction photographs of DNA molecules Noticed a spiral shape
Wilkins and Franklin
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Looked at Chargaffs research and photos by Wilkins and Franklin Built a 3 dimensional model of DNA
Watson and Crick
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Discovered the shape = Double Helix (2 strands wound around each other) Page 294
Watson and Crick
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The DNA SongWe love DNA
Made of nucleotidesSugar, phosphate
and a baseBonded down
one side
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Adenine and thymineMake a lovely pair
Cyotsine without guanineWould feel very bare
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Sugar and phosphate make sides of the ladder The bases are held together with hydrogen bonds to make the rungs (C=G and A=T)
Like a Ladder
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This structure explains how DNA can be copied Each half has the info needed to make the other half (complimentary strands)
Replication
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Enzymes unzip the molecule by breaking hydrogen bonds (DNA Polymerase)
Replication
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Starts at one point and goes along entire molecule (can go in both directions) Each strand serves as a template for complementary bases
Replication
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The result is two DNA molecules identical to each other and to the original molecule
Replication
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Coded DNA instructions that control production of proteinsSequence of bases are in the DNA molecule
Genes
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Mutations Changes in the DNA
sequence that affect the genetic information
Changes the kind of protein made
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Proteins are the keys to almost everything that living cells do
Enzymes, growth regulators, building materials
Proteins
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Nucleolus
Makes Ribosomes
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Ribosome
Assemble proteins
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Step 1 – make RNA
What is RNA?
To make a protein
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Required for protein synthesis
Disposable copies of DNALong chains of nucleotides
RNA
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Sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose
Single strand not double Uracil replaces thymine
Different from DNA
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Messenger – carries copies of DNA instructions Ribosomal – found in the ribosome Transfer – transfers amino acids to the ribosome
3 Types
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The RNA Song
We love RNATranscribed from DNA
Single stands of three kindsM & T & R
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M is the messengerT does the transferR is in the ribosome
For translation to occur
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RNA and DNAMake a lovely pair
Synthesizing proteins and
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Copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence of RNA
Transcription
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Proteins are made of chains of Amino AcidsBases are read in groups of three to code for different Amino Acids
Transcription
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the three letter “words” are called codons
Transcription
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the three letter “words” are called codonsThere are 64 possible codons that can be made with the 4 bases
Transcription
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The decoding of mRNA to form a protein (polypeptide chain)Happens in the Ribosome
Translation
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1.mRNA is transcribed from DNA and released into cytoplasm (transcription), then attach to ribosome
To Make a Protein
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2. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome to match codons
3.Ribosomes form peptide bonds between amino acids and breaks bonds between amino acids and tRNA
To Make a Protein
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4. Peptide chain continues to grow until it hits a stop Peptide chain continues to grow until it hits a stop codon that causes it to release from the ribosome and the mRNA molecule
To Make a Protein
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Proteins are the keys to almost everything that living cells do
Enzymes, grow regulators, building materials
To Make a Protein
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Mutations Changes in the DNA
sequence that affect the genetic information
Changes the kind of protein made
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Changes sunlight into food
Changes food into energy
Create Energy
Chloroplasts & Mitochondria
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Energy
The ability to do work
All living things depend on Energy
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ATP
page 202Figure 8-2Adenosine TriphosphateUsed to store energy needed for life processes
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ADP
page 203Figure 8-3Adenosine DiphosphateSimilar in structure to ATP but has only 2 phosphates
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Phosphate groups can be added or taken away according to cell supply and needEnergy stored in ATP is released when it is converted into ADP and 1 phosphate group
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Uses for ATP in cellsMovement within the cell
organelles along microtubules
Active Transportsodium/potassium pump1 ATP molecule can move 3 sodiums and 2 potassiums
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Glucose and ATPCells only keep a small amt of ATP Glucose can store 90x the chemical energy of ATPThey keep larger amounts of glucose
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Glucose ATPmore value less valueless mass more mass
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Where does the cell get the energy it needs?
PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration
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Where do they get it?
AutotrophsHeterotrophs
(carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, decomposer,
scavenger)
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