Cell Structure and Cell Organism

8/3/2019 Cell Structure and Cell Organism

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NAME : NUR AFIQAH ABDULLAH

CLASS : 5 BERSIH (2012)

SCHOOL : SEKOLAH TUN FATIMAH



Animal Cell

and

Plant Cell



ANIMAL CELL



PLANT CELL



FUNCTION OF CELLULAR

COMPONENTS OF

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL



Plasma MembraneFunction:

y Separates a cell f rom its external environment.

y Holds the cell contents together.

y Control the exchange of molecules between the

cell and its external environment through active transport, passivetransport and simplediffusion.

Also known as the cell membrane.

Is a thin membrane

around the cytoplasm of the cell.

Is selectively permeableor semi-permeable.

Is made up of two lipid layers.



CELL MEMBRANEStructure:y Is the rigid cellulose

layer surrounding the plasma membrane of plant

cell.

Function:yProvides support and

protection for the cell.

yPrevents the cell

from burs ting in dilute solution.



CYTOPLASMStr uctur e:

y Refers to everything between the cell

membrane and thenucleus.

y Is a continuous aqueous solution, containing organelles except nucleus.

Function:

y Gives shape to cell

y Supports and protects thecell organelles.

y In general, its provides a medium f or all cellular metabolic r eactions to

occur. y Provides a medium to

produce energy to manuf actur e materials.



NUCLEUSStructure:

y Is an organelle bounded by the

nuclear membrane (two layers)containing a

nucleolus,chromosomes, and

nucleoplasm.

Function:

y Controls all the cell activities.

y Separates the genetic

material (chromatin)f rom the cytoplasm.

y Has many pores(nuclear pores) in the nuclear membrane for the material to enter and exit the nucleus.



ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUMStructure:

y Is a flat sealed sac that is

continuous with the nuclear membr ane.

y Is ER with r ibosomes

embedded on its sur face.

Function:

y Tr ansport protiens made

by r ibosome.y Present in large amounts

in cells that mak e protiens,

such as the rough ER in

gut cells that manufacture digestive enzymes.



SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUMStructure:

y Is tubular rather than

f laty Does not have the

ribosomes.

y May extend separately

f rom the outer membrane of the nucleus

or extend f rom the rough

ER.

Function:

y Synthesises and

transport lipids.y Present in large amounts

in cells that make lipids

and steroids, such as the

cells of the liver and testes.



GOLGI APPARATUSStructure:

y Also called the golgibody.

y

Consist of a stack membrane-bound s acswith sm all vesiclesbudding of the edges.

Function:

y Receives protien fromthe RER then modifies and combines the protien with carbohydrates toform glyco-proteins.

y Transport and store lipids.

y

Forms lysosomes.y Producesdigestive enzyme.

y Secretes w aste product from the cell.



MITOCHONDRIANStructure:

y Is rod-shaped

yHas two membranes: aninner membrane and

outer membrane.

y The outer membrane

limits the organelle.

y The inner membrane is

folded inwards to form

the cristae.

Function:

y Form the cell·s

powerhouse.y Produces adenosine

triphosphate (ATP), which

is an energy source for

the cell.



LYSOSOMESStr uctur e:

y Ar e sac-like organelles

bounded by a membraneand contain digestive

enzymes (hydrolytic

enzymes).

Function:

y Generally f or br eaking

down f ood and f or eign materials.

y Digest protein, lipids, and

carbohydrates.

y Transport undigested

material to the cell

membrane f or r emoval.



RIBOSOMESStr uctur e:

y Ar e small dot-like

organelles f ound in large numbers in all

cells.

y Ar e either attached to

the ER or occur f r eely in the cytoplasm.

Function:

y A small ³protein

f actories´ f or protein synthesises.



CHLOROPLASTStr uctur e:

y Ar e lens-shaped

organelle.y Have an inner and an

outer membrane.

y Contain chlorophyll in

the grana µtrap¶ sunlight energy.

Function:

y Carry out

photosynthesis in thechlorophyll of the grana.



CENTRIOLESStructure:

y Are paired cylindrical

organelles just outsidethe nucleus.

y Lie at right angles to

each other.

y Each centriole consists

of nine tubes, each tube

with three tubules.

y Are found in only animal

cell.

Function:

y Are involved in cell

division (mitosis and meiosis).

y Migrate to the opposite

poles of the cell, produce

spindle to assist the

movement of chromoses.



VACUOLEStructure:

y is a small cavi ty inthe cytop lasm of a

ce ll, bou nd by single me mb r ane andco ntaining water ,food or metabo li c waste.

y Ge ner ally for stor age,dige st i o n and waste re mo val.

yCe ntr al vacuo le inp lant ce lls for stor age and ce llexpansi o n.

y Food vacuo le s in

amoeba for phagocyto sis.

y Co ntr act ile vacuo le s in pa r amec i u m expe l water.



Comp are and contract an anim al

cell and a pl ant

cell



SIMILARITIESHave a nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane , ribosomes, golgi

apparatus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

y Smaller than plant cell.

y Not fixed shape.

y Cell wall is absent.

y Vacuole usually not present

y Chloro plast is absent.

y Centr ioles is present.

y Car bohydr ates stor age isglycogen.

y Lysosomes common.

y Larger than an animal cell.

y Fixed and regular shape.

y Has a thick wall.

y Has a large centr al vacuole.

y Chloro plast is present.

y Centr ioles absent.

y Car bohydr ates stor age is starch.

y Lysosomes is uncommon.



Cell

org anisms



The Living Processes of

Unicellular OrganismsUnicellular organisms are singlecelledorganisms capable of carrying out thefollowing basic life processes:

y Feeding

y Reproduction

y Respiration

y Excretion

y Locomotion

y Sensitively

y Growth

y

Osmoregulation



Living Processes of Unicellular

Organisms Amoebay Found in f resh water puddles, ponds.

y Have a irregular shape, with diameter 0.1mm.

y Its move by f ollowing its cyto plasm f or ward, f or ming

pseudo podium that helps it to move f or ward slowly.y A pseudo podium means a ³false f oot´.

y Is an omnivore and eats algae, bacter ia, plant cells, and other microsco pic organisms.

y Feeds by engulfing tiny f ood particles with its pseudo podia,f or ming a bu bble-lik e f ood vacuole to contain the f ood.

y This is called phagocytosis

y Digestive enzymes are produced in the f ood vacuole to digest the f ood particles.



AMOEBA



Living Processes of Unicellular

Organisms Parameciumy F

ound in fresh water, especially indecaying organic matter.

y Its has a slipperlike shape, with a lengthabout 0.3mm.

y

The outer surface of the cell membrane iscovered with fine hairs called cilia.

y It uses its hairlike cilia to beat againstthe water, enabling it to swim.

yTo swim forward, its beats its backwardsdiagonally; to swim backwards, it beat itscilia forward.

y Paramecium eats bacteria and other

microscopic organic material.



PARAMECIUM



The uniqueness

ofthe

ce

ll



THEUNIQUE CELLThe word uniqueness of the cell used with reference totissues, organs, and organs systems gives an exact description of the cell as:

y Each cell is one its kind after specialisation.

y Each cell performs a specialised fuction.

The cell unique because each cellular component:y Has its own distinctive structure.

y Has its own specialised function.



Cell without particular cellular component

Organelle missing Predicted State of the cell

Nucleus All cell activities stop

Cell does not live for long

The cell dies.

Mitochondrion No energy for cell activity

The cell dies

Ribosomes Cell unable to synthesisenzyme.

Cell growth stop.

Cell unable to repair itself.

Finally, the cell dies.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and

smooth)

Less enzyme produced.

Synthesis and transport of

protien and glycerol stop.

Golgi apparatus Protiens produced became

defective.

Cell unable to produce certain

types of protien



THE END

Cell Structure and Cell Organism

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