Cell Processes: Cell Division. Studying a Cell’s Size: Finding surface area to volume ratio 2.3 cm...
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Transcript of Cell Processes: Cell Division. Studying a Cell’s Size: Finding surface area to volume ratio 2.3 cm...
Studying a Cell’s Size:Finding surface area to volume ratio
2.3 cm 2.3
cm
2.3
cm
4.5 cm
4.5
cm
4.5
cm
Cell Size
Surface Area (length x width x 6)
Volume (length x width x height)
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in CellsSection 10-1
Go to Section:
Cell’s Are Limited in Size!
• DNA Overload- not enough information to support large cells
• Exchanging Materials across the cell’s membrane is affected
Water
Oxygen GlucoseWaste
Structure of a Chromosome
Chromosome
Supercoils
Coils
Nucleosome
Histones
DNA
double
helix
Go to Section:
Chromosome Structure in Eukaryotes
Organism Number (2n) of Chromosomes
Yeast 16
Mosquito 6
Housefly 12
Garden Pea 14
Corn 20
Fern 480-1,020
Frog 26
Human 46
Orangutan 48
Dog 78
Chromosome Numbers for Various Organisms
M phase
G2 phase
S phase
G1 phase
The Cell CycleSection 10-2
Go to Section:
Gap 1 Cells grow,
photosynthesize/respire, make proteins and
organelles~12 hours
M phase
G2 phase
S phase
G1 phase
The Cell CycleSection 10-2
Go to Section:
S phaseChromosomes are
replicated Each chromatid gets a
“sister”~ 6 hours
M phase
G2 phase
S phase
G1 phase
The Cell CycleSection 10-2
Go to Section:
Gap 2 Any organelles or
molecules needed for cell division are produced-
“getting prepared”~ 6 hours
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Pneumonic devices!• Cell Cycle: G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Go Sally Go! Make Children!
• Mitosis: (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase)
• People Meet And Talk!
Cell Division TimesCell Type Process Time
fly embryo mitosis 8 minutes
bacteria mitosis 20 minutes
yeast mitosis 2 hours
human skin mitosis 20 - 24 hours
human sperm meiosis about 64 days
human liver mitosis 1 year or more
human egg meiosis up to 40 years or more
human nerve mitosis never, once mature
What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?
Chromosomes that “match” because
they carry information for the
same traits. Organism created
by sexual reproduction
receive one from their mother and one from their
father.
Diploid
• Definition: A diploid cell is a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes. One set of chromosomes is donated from each parent.
• Cells made through Mitosis are “Diploid”
#6 uses the word Allele
• Alelle- fancy word for “different forms of a gene”
• Example- Gene for ear lobe placement: ear lobes attached or ear lobes free
Diploid Number
• The diploid number of a cell is the number of chromosomes in the cell. This number is commonly abbreviated as 2n, where ‘n’ stands for the number of chromosomes.
• Humans Diploid Number: 2N= 46• Fruit Fly Diploid Number: 2N=8
includes
is divided into is divided into
Concept MapSection 10-2
Cell Cycle
M phase (Mitosis)
Interphase
G1 phase S phase ProphaseG2 phase Metaphase TelophaseAnaphase
Go to Section:
How many chromosomes would a human sperm or an egg
contain if either one resulted from the process of mitosis?
Section 11-4
Interest Grabber continued
Go to Section:
• If a sperm containing 46 chromosomes fused with an egg containing 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would the resulting fertilized egg contain? Do you think this would create any problems in the developing embryo?
• In order to produce a fertilized egg with the appropriate number of chromosomes (46), how many chromosomes should each sperm and egg have?
What’s the difference?
Diploid Cells• “two sets” of chromosomes• Cells made in Mitosis
• Humans 2N= 46• Fruit Fly 2N=8
Haploid Cells• “one set” of chromosomes• Cells made in Meiosis
• Humans N= 23• Fruit Fly N=4
Meiosis I
Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Go to Section:
Meiosis I
Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Go to Section:
Meiosis I
Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Go to Section:
Meiosis I
Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Go to Section:
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Go to Section:
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Go to Section:
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Go to Section:
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Go to Section:
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Go to Section:
Special Events Of Meiosis:
• Crossing Over during Prophase I• Interaction between non-sister chromatids of a
homologous pair of chromosomes• Chromatids break at same places along the length
and exchange corresponding segments
Another Special Event of Meiosis
• Alignment of Homologous Pairs in Metaphase I• The alignment of homologous chromosomes is a
random event which places maternal and paternal chromosomes in a random location
• Possible combinations:
• Crossing over + Random alignment = ?
Another Special Event of Meiosis
• Alignment of Homologous Pairs in Metaphase I• The alignment of homologous chromosomes is a
random event which places maternal and paternal chromosomes in a random location
• Possible combinations:
2n = 223
• Crossing over + Random alignment = ?
Results of Meiosis In Males
• 4 genetically different, but equal in size sperm result each time Meiosis occurs
• This happens at sexual maturity and as needed in the testes
In Females• One viable egg is produced
the other three cells are called polar bodies
• This process occurs in the ovaries of the female in utero. The eggs will become ready at sexual maturity.