The following are cell process That you are required to know:1.Mitosis2.Cytokinesis3.Photosynthesis4.Respiration5.Diffusion6.Osmosis7.Active Transport

Mitosis - The process by whichthe cell’s nucleus divides into twonuclei.

Mitosis is a four step process that gets the cell ready for cell division.

Way to remember the phases of mitosis Please Make Anna Tell!

INTERPHASE:1. The period between cell divisions is known as interphase.2. During interphase all normal cell functions are taking place. The cell is not dividing. 3. Chromosomes are duplicatedduring this phase. (but you can’t see them!)

Step 1: Prophase - nuclear membrane begins to disappear.Chromosomes become visible.

Also in prophase, the centriolesbegin to move to opposite sidesof the cell. The centrioles beginto form the spindle (that will eventually pull the chromatids apart.

Step 2: Metaphase - Pairs line up in the middle of the cell.

Actual Cell Photo of a celgoing through metaphase

Also in metaphase, the spindleis completely formed and is pulling on the chromosomes causing them to line up down The middle of the cell.

Step 3: Anaphase -chromosomes split apart and move to opposite poles.

Actual cell in anaphase

Step 4: Telophase - Last stageof mitosis. Chromosomes begin to lengthen and nuclear membrane reappears.Results in two new nucleiPlant cell in telophase Animal cell in telophase

Cytokinesis: Cell divisionThe cell cytoplasm divides and Cells return to Interphase.

Metabolism -All controlled chemical reactions by whichcells gain and use energy.

1. Can cells make energy?

2. Where do cells get energy?

1. No, energy cannot be created or destroyed . However,cells can change energy from one form to another.2. In order to get the energy neededfor life processes, plants cells convert sunlight into food (glucose) and then breakthe glucose down to release the energy. Animals break down injested food to release the energy stored within it.

The sum of these reactions,which involve the building up and breaking down of molecules,is called metabolism.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight (Carbon Dioxide) + (Water)+ (sunlight)

Yields

C6H12O6 + 6O2 (glucose) + (oxygen)

Photosynthesis Defined

Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants use CO2 , H2Oand light energy and give offGlucose (sugar) and Oxygen.

**Chlorophyll traps light energywhich is needed to make the plants food (glucose).

Two Major steps for Photosynthesis 1. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy. When this occurs the water molecules split (Oxygen and Hydrogen.) 2. Hydrogen quickly combines with Carbon Dioxide (CO2) forming glucose (C6H12O6).

Respiration -The process by which cells release energy from food.

1. Aerobic Respiration aerobic - containing oxygenC6 H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy

2. Anaerobic Respiration -Energy released without Oxygen

Diffusion - process by which foodmolecules, oxygen, water and other materials enter and leave the cell through the cell membrane. Substances move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lesserconcentration. Cell Energy is not needed for diffusion.

Osmosis - the diffusion of waterinto or out of a cell.

Energy not needed for osmosis.

Water travels from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Active Transport:

Cells use energy to obtain orremove materials within the cell.

Substances are “pulled” or “pushed” out off the cell.