Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis. The Cell Cycle Mitosis Interphase.
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Transcript of Cell Division and Mitosis Chapter 10. 10.1 The Cycle of Cell Growth and Division: An Overview The...
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Cell Division and Mitosis
Chapter 10
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10.1 The Cycle of Cell Growth and Division: An Overview
The products of mitosis are genetic duplicates of the dividing cell
Chromosomes are the genetic units divided by mitosis
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Mitotic Cell Division
DNA replication
Equal separation (segregation) of replicated DNA molecules
Delivery to daughter cells• Two new cells, same information as parent cell
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Mitosis
Mitosis is the basis for• Growth and maintenance of body mass in
multicelled eukaryotes
• Reproduction of many single-celled eukaryotes
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Chromosomes
DNA of eukaryotic cells is divided among individual, linear chromosomes • Located in cell nucleus
Ploidy of a cell or species• Diploid (2n)
• Haploid (n)
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Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Fig. 10-2, p. 203
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Sister Chromatids
DNA replication and duplication of chromosomal proteins produces two exact copies (sister chromatids)
Chromosome segregation occurs during cell division
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10.2 The Mitotic Cell Cycle
Interphase extends from the end of one mitosis to the beginning of the next mitosis
After interphase, mitosis proceeds in five stages
Cytokinesis completes cell division by dividing the cytoplasm between daughter cells
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10.2 (cont.)
The mitotic cell cycle is significant for both development and reproduction
Mitosis varies in detail, but always produces duplicate nuclei
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Mitotic Cell Cycle
Includes mitosis and interphase
Mitosis occurs in five stages• Prophase
• Prometaphase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
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The Cell Cycle
Fig. 10-3, p. 203
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Interphase
Fig. 10-4a (1), p. 204
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Fig. 10-4b, p. 205
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Stage 1: Prophase
Chromosomes condense into short rods
Spindle forms in the cytoplasm
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Prophase
Fig. 10-4a (2), p. 204
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Stage 2: Prometaphase
Nuclear envelope breaks down• Spindle enters former nuclear area
• Sister chromatids of each chromosome connect to opposite spindle poles
Kinetochore of each chromatid attaches to the spindle microtubules
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Prometaphase
Fig. 10-4a, p. 204
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Spindle Connections at Prometaphase
Fig. 10-6, p. 206
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Stage 3: Metaphase
Spindle is fully formed
Chromosomes align at metaphase plate• Moved by spindle microtubules
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Metaphase
Fig. 10-4b, p. 204
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Stage 4: Anaphase
Spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite spindle poles
Chromosome segregation is complete
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Anaphase
Fig. 10-4b, p. 204
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Stage 5: Telophase
Chromosomes decondense• Return to extended state typical of interphase
New nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes
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Telophase
Fig. 10-4b, p. 204
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Animation: Mitosis step-by-step
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Mitosis
Fig. 10-5, p. 206
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Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm completes cell division
Produces two daughter cells• Each daughter nucleus produced by mitosis
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Cytokinesis in Animal Cells
Proceeds by furrowing• Band of microfilaments just under the plasma
membrane contracts
• Gradually separates cytoplasm into two parts
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Cytokinesis by Furrowing
Fig. 10-8, p. 208
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Plant Cytokinesis
Cell wall material is deposited along the plane of the former spindle midpoint
Deposition continues until a continuous new wall (cell plate) separates daughter cells
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Cytokinesis by Cell Plate Formation
Fig. 10-9, p. 208
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10.3 Formation and Action of the Mitotic Spindle
Animals and plants form spindles in different ways
Mitotic spindles move chromosomes by a combination of two mechanisms
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Spindle Formation
In animal cells• Centrosome divides, the two parts move apart
• Microtubules of the spindle form between them
In plant cells with no centrosome• Spindle microtubules assemble around the nucleus
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Centrosome and Spindle Formation
Fig. 10-10, p. 210
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In the Spindle
Kinetochore microtubules • Run from poles to kinetochores of chromosomes
Nonkinetochore microtubules • Run from poles to a zone of overlap at the
spindle midpoint without connecting to chromosomes
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A Fully Developed Spindle
Fig. 10-11, p. 210
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During Anaphase
Kinetochores move along kinetochore microtubules• Pulling chromosomes to the poles
Nonkinetochore microtubules slide over each other • Pushing the poles farther apart
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Anaphase Spindle Movements
Fig. 10-12, p. 211
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Kinetochore Movement
Fig. 10-13, p. 211
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10.4 Cell Cycle Regulation
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases• Internal controls that directly regulate cell division
Internal checkpoints• Stop cell cycle if stages are incomplete
External controls• Coordinate mitotic cell cycle of individual cells
within overall activities of the organism
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Cell Cycle Control (1)
Complexes of cyclin and a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) • Directly control cell cycle
CDK • Is activated when combined with a cyclin
• Adds phosphate groups to target proteins, activating them
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Cell Cycle Control (2)
Activated proteins trigger the cell to progress to the next cell cycle stage
Each major stage of the cell cycle• Begins with activation of one or more cyclin/CDK
complexes
• Ends with deactivation of complexes by breakdown of cyclins
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Cyclin/CDK Control
Fig. 10-15, p. 214
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Internal Controls
Important internal controls create checkpoints• Ensure that the reactions of one stage are
complete before cycle proceeds to next stage
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External Controls
Based on surface receptors that recognize and bind signals • Peptide hormones and growth factors
• Surface groups on other cells
• Molecules of the extracellular matrix
Binding triggers internal reactions that speed, slow, or stop cell division
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Cancer
Control of cell division is lost • Cells divide continuously and uncontrollably
• Form rapidly growing mass of cells that interferes with body functions
Cancer cells break loose from their original tumor (metastasize)• Form additional tumors in other parts of the body
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Tumor Cells
Fig. 10-16, p. 215
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Animation: Mitosis overview
PLAYANIMATION