Cell Cycle (Honors Biology)
126
Regents Biology 2006-2007 Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division…
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Transcript of Cell Cycle (Honors Biology)
Regents Biology 2006-2007
Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division…
Regents Biology 2006-2007
MITOSIS:Making New CellsMaking New DNA
Regents Biology
Where it all began…
Regents Biology
Where it all began…You started as a cell smaller than a period at the end of a sentence…
Regents Biology
Where it all began…You started as a cell smaller than a period at the end of a sentence…
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§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…
Getting from there to now…
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§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…
and divide…
Getting from there to now…
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§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…
and divide… and divide…
Getting from there to now…
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§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…
and divide… and divide… and divide…
Getting from there to now…
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Why do cells divide…
amoeba
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
amoeba
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction amoeba
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
amoeba
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organisms
amoeba
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
amoeba
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adult
amoeba
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adult
amoeba
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement
amoeba
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement
amoeba
starfish
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement
amoeba
starfish
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement
§ replace cells that die from normal wear & tear or from injury
amoeba
starfish
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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement
§ replace cells that die from normal wear & tear or from injury
amoeba
starfish
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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
animal cellplant cell
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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
u DNA
animal cellplant cell
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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
u DNAu organelles
animal cellplant cell
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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
u DNAu organellesu cell membrane
animal cellplant cell
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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
u DNAu organellesu cell membraneu lots of other
molecules
animal cellplant cell
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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
u DNAu organellesu cell membraneu lots of other
molecules§ enzymes
animal cellplant cell
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Overview of mitosis
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Overview of mitosis
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Overview of mitosis
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Overview of mitosis
interphase
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Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
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Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
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Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase
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Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase anaphase
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Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase anaphase telophase
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Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
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Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
I.P.M.A.T.
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Interphase
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Interphase§ 90% of cell life cycle
u cell doing its “everyday job”§ produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes
u prepares for duplication if triggered
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Interphase§ 90% of cell life cycle
u cell doing its “everyday job”§ produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes
u prepares for duplication if triggered
I’m working here!
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Interphase§ 90% of cell life cycle
u cell doing its “everyday job”§ produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes
u prepares for duplication if triggered
I’m working here!
Time to divide& multiply!
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Interphase
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Interphase§ Divided into 3 phases:
u G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)§ cell doing its “everyday job”§ cell grows
u S = DNA Synthesis§ copies chromosomes
u G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)§ prepares for division § cell grows (more)§ produces organelles,
proteins, membranes
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Interphase§ Divided into 3 phases:
u G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)§ cell doing its “everyday job”§ cell grows
u S = DNA Synthesis§ copies chromosomes
u G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)§ prepares for division § cell grows (more)§ produces organelles,
proteins, membranes
G0
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Interphase§ Divided into 3 phases:
u G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)§ cell doing its “everyday job”§ cell grows
u S = DNA Synthesis§ copies chromosomes
u G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)§ prepares for division § cell grows (more)§ produces organelles,
proteins, membranes
G0
signal to
divide
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Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
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Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
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Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
G1, S, G2, M
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Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
G1, S, G2, M
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
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Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M G1→G0
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M G1→G0
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
brain / nerve cellsmuscle cells
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M G1→G0
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
liver cells
brain / nerve cellsmuscle cells
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M G1→G0
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
liver cells
brain / nerve cellsmuscle cells
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Copying DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
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Copying DNA§ A dividing cell duplicates its DNA
u creates 2 copies of all DNAu separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of
the cell u splits into 2 daughter cells
nucleus
cell
DNA
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Copying DNA§ A dividing cell duplicates its DNA
u creates 2 copies of all DNAu separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of
the cell u splits into 2 daughter cells
§ But the DNA starts loosely wound in the nucleus
nucleus
cell
DNA
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Copying DNA§ A dividing cell duplicates its DNA
u creates 2 copies of all DNAu separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of
the cell u splits into 2 daughter cells
§ But the DNA starts loosely wound in the nucleus
§ If you tried to divide it like that, it could tangle & breaknucleus
cell
DNA
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Organizing & packaging DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
nucleus
cell
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Organizing & packaging DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
nucleus
cellDNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell
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Organizing & packaging DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
nucleus
cellDNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell
DNA in chromosomes in cell getting ready to divide
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Organizing & packaging DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
nucleus
cellDNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell
DNA in chromosomes in cell getting ready to divide
DNA has been “wound up”
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Organizing & packaging DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
nucleus
cell
4 chromosomesin this organism
DNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell
DNA in chromosomes in cell getting ready to divide
DNA has been “wound up”
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double-strandedhuman chromosomesready for mitosis
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DNA must be duplicated…
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DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes
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DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes chromosomes in cell
4 single-stranded chromosomes
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DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
chromosomes in cell
4 single-stranded chromosomes
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DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
chromosomes in cell
4 single-stranded chromosomes
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DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
chromosomes in cell
4 single-stranded chromosomes
duplicatedchromosomes
4 double-stranded chromosomes
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
nucleus
cell
DNA
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA Copy DNA!
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA Copy DNA!
(interphase)
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Mitosis
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Mitosis § Dividing cell’s DNA between
2 daughter nucleiu “dance of the chromosomes”
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Mitosis § Dividing cell’s DNA between
2 daughter nucleiu “dance of the chromosomes”
§ 4 phasesu prophaseu metaphaseu anaphaseu telophase
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes
u DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes
u DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes Wind up!
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes
u DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes Wind up!
(prophase)
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help
them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help
them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Line up!
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help
them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Line up!
(metaphase)
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help
them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Line up!
(metaphase)
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help
them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Line up!
(metaphase)
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Separate!
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Separate!
(anaphase)
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Separate!
(anaphase)
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Separate!
(anaphase)
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 5: Cell starts to divide
u cells start to divideu nucleus forms again
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 5: Cell starts to divide
u cells start to divideu nucleus forms again
Divide!
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 5: Cell starts to divide
u cells start to divideu nucleus forms again
Divide!
(telophase)
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 6: DNA unwinds again
u cells separateu now they can do their every day jobs
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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 6: DNA unwinds again
u cells separateu now they can do their every day jobs
(cytokinesis)
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New “daughter” cells
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New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells
u same DNAu “clones”
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New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells
u same DNAu “clones”
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New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells
u same DNAu “clones”
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New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells
u same DNAu “clones”
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Cell division in Animals
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Mitosis in whitefish embryo
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Mitosis in plant cell
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onion root tip
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Overview of mitosis
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Overview of mitosis
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Overview of mitosis
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Overview of mitosis
interphase
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Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
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Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase
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Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase anaphase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
I.P.M.A.T.C.
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
I.P.M.A.T.C.
Please Make Another Two Cells
Regents Biology 2006-2007
Regents Biology 2006-2007
Any Questions??Any Questions??
