Cell Cycle and Mitosis Uncontrolled Cell Growth. Benign Does not spread Does not spread Easily...

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Cell Cycle and Cell Cycle and Mitosis Mitosis Uncontrolled Cell Growth Uncontrolled Cell Growth

Transcript of Cell Cycle and Mitosis Uncontrolled Cell Growth. Benign Does not spread Does not spread Easily...

Page 1: Cell Cycle and Mitosis Uncontrolled Cell Growth.  Benign Does not spread Does not spread Easily removed Easily removed  Malignant cancer Spreads to.

Cell Cycle and MitosisCell Cycle and Mitosis

Uncontrolled Cell GrowthUncontrolled Cell Growth

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Uncontrolled Cell GrowthUncontrolled Cell Growth

Benign Benign Does not spreadDoes not spread Easily removedEasily removed

Malignant cancerMalignant cancer Spreads to other cells and tissuesSpreads to other cells and tissues Difficult to remove because it invades so may Difficult to remove because it invades so may

other cellsother cells

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Benign GrowthBenign Growth

Easily removedEasily removed WartsWarts PolypsPolyps Benign tumorsBenign tumors

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CancerCancer

Defined as uncontrolled cell division Defined as uncontrolled cell division coupled with the capacity to spread coupled with the capacity to spread ((metastasismetastasis) to other locations in the body ) to other locations in the body

Cancer cells actually build new blood Cancer cells actually build new blood vessels to send blood to the center of a vessels to send blood to the center of a tumortumor

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Testicular CancerTesticular Cancer

The red and white areas are cancer cells.The red and white areas are cancer cells.

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Breast cancerBreast cancer

Low magnificationLow magnification

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Skin CancerSkin Cancer

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Lung CancerLung Cancer

Healthy vs. CancerousHealthy vs. Cancerous

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Cancer cells are characterized by:Cancer cells are characterized by:

No contact inhibitionNo contact inhibition cells continue to grow and divide even after cells continue to grow and divide even after

contacting other cellscontacting other cells No "anchorage" dependency No "anchorage" dependency

Does not need to be attached to anythingDoes not need to be attached to anything No requirement for external growth factorsNo requirement for external growth factors

Most cells rely on hormones to tell them when and Most cells rely on hormones to tell them when and how to grow.how to grow.

Failure to differentiateFailure to differentiate cells stay immature instead of changing into skin cells stay immature instead of changing into skin

cells, heart cells, lung cells, etc.cells, heart cells, lung cells, etc.

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Why does a cell become Why does a cell become cancerous?cancerous?

OncogeneOncogene A mutation in DNA causes the cell to continue A mutation in DNA causes the cell to continue

dividing.dividing. Tumor-Supressor geneTumor-Supressor gene

This gene normally tells the cell to stop This gene normally tells the cell to stop dividing.dividing.

In cancer cells this gene has been changed, In cancer cells this gene has been changed, or mutated.or mutated.

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TreatmentsTreatments

SurgerySurgery removes tumors, but ineffective if the cancer has removes tumors, but ineffective if the cancer has

spread spread

RadiationRadiation prevents mitosis, so cancer cells are especially prevents mitosis, so cancer cells are especially

vulnerable. vulnerable. Sometimes coupled with temporary bone marrow Sometimes coupled with temporary bone marrow

transplants. transplants. Ineffective if the cancer has spread, because the Ineffective if the cancer has spread, because the

entire body cannot be irradiated. entire body cannot be irradiated.

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Treatments cont.Treatments cont. ChemotherapyChemotherapy

relies on a wide variety of drugs to find cancer cells relies on a wide variety of drugs to find cancer cells and destroy them, or to prevent the formation of and destroy them, or to prevent the formation of supporting tissue (e.g. new blood vessels). supporting tissue (e.g. new blood vessels).

Unfortunately, these drugs also kill healthy cells (hair Unfortunately, these drugs also kill healthy cells (hair follicles and intestinal lining), producing the well-follicles and intestinal lining), producing the well-known side effects of hair loss and nausea. known side effects of hair loss and nausea.

ImmunizationImmunization once thought impossible due to diverse nature of once thought impossible due to diverse nature of

cancer, but now there is some hope through of the cancer, but now there is some hope through of the action of new antibodies.action of new antibodies.

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Fighting Cancer: BeforeFighting Cancer: Before

A fully intact cancer A fully intact cancer cell surrounded by cell surrounded by the immune system’s the immune system’s killer t-cells.killer t-cells.

Notice the tentacles Notice the tentacles of the cancer cell. of the cancer cell.

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Fighting Cancer: AfterFighting Cancer: After

Notice how the cancer is Notice how the cancer is completely flattened and completely flattened and totally destroyed. totally destroyed.

A t-cell pokes holes in the A t-cell pokes holes in the cell membrane of the cell membrane of the cancer cell, allowing fluid cancer cell, allowing fluid and salts enter so that and salts enter so that the target cell eventually the target cell eventually bursts. bursts.