80

O

DISTRIBUTION OF CANARIAN

IN THE ISLANDS ANO

A

AIOLOPUC

AFRICA

81

narmw Darranco dcl lnflcrno, Tcncrlíc. HJcz nnd Iurnhlni (10132)

report that thnlaRSlnUR IR found ln huiiild hnbltnte, oítcn nHmclntcd wlth

Cymdon dactylon, thc cotniiion Durniuda Grasn. In thc Camrics,

Alolowa 16 found from a b u t 150 mctcre ln thc xemphytlc mnc upward

lo thc plno bclt . MATERIALSTUDIED (UhlhlZ) A . Fitrcpcns. iA PALMA: E l Tlnic

Se0 M, 7 O , 5 d, hlny; Fucncallcnlc 600 hl , 10 , hlny; Fucncnlicnto

400 M, i ? , Scpictiibcr; Road lo Darlovcnto, 2 O , 2 6, Scptcrnbcr;

-

Rond 10 Roque Faro 1200 hl , 16: hlay. TENERIFE: Flcld ncar

Merccdca700 R l , 110, I5d: January;San Andr6n 175 hl, 4 9 , Aprll;

Caetlllae 550 hl, 1 Q, Aprll; h y n c t a Alta , 1 0 , Fcbruary; nnrrnnco

del Inilcrno, 10 , hlay; Ap~aniansa pasturc, 8 9 , 2 6, hlarclt; llcalh

abovc Aguamansa 1320 hl, 1 O , Fcbruary; Flcld atnvc R;ilccn 1300 hl,

2 0 , Fcbruary. GOMERA: Darranco Vlllc, 1 O , 1 d, hlarch; El Ccdm

1000 M, 2 9 , 4 d', March; Cuiiibrc Carbncra 030 hl , 2 9 , hinrch. A . thdaanlnue. TENERIFE: Orolava.425 hl, 14 0 , 2 8. 2 nyniplia,

0ctobcr;Omtava 400 hl 10, hlay; San Andrén 250 M, 3 9 , 5 U", Aprll;

Pucrto do ia Cruz 100 hl, 3 9 , 2 8, Fcbruary; L?e ñlcrccdca 700 h l ;

3 #, Jnnuary. GRAN CANARIA: Agaclc 160 hl , 1 (F, Junc: Taldli 750

R l , 1 d', Junc; San Nlcolae 50 M , 2 0 , 1 u', 1 nymph, Junc; h h p n 770 M, 3 0 , 1 d, June. LA PALMA: Fucncallcntc 600 hl , 1 O , Scptcni-

bor; El Paso O00 hl , 1 d, Mny; El Tlmc 590 h i , 1 nyrnph; h l n y .

COMERA: Cumbre Carboncra 030 hi , 10 , 4 d, hlarch; Vallo Grm

ReytIOOM, 3 9 , Ud', hlarch.

-

3 3 -3 -3 -3

a .#

i - -

'. a . -

ea

pamlly: Acrldldae subfa ni 11 y : Ocd 1 pu d lnac mnus: -kbcuatn 6 p l e e on ihc Canary Ialande: Locu~ta mlaratorla (tliinacue 1758)

lncuRta mlgrnforla has a wlde non-lneular dldrlbullon In

~umpo , Aela, Alrlca and Australla. Uvarov (1968) rccognlzcd at

elght eubepcclcs of nilgratorla bascd on morlhomctrlc grounde.

I! 1s Iikcly ttiat Canarlnn malcrlal bclongs to Rclchc and Falrmalrts

m. mlerntorlodce (1850). - The Canarlan forme havo nevcr bccn known !o awarin naturally,

uid tend io be amad1 a8 coniprcd wlth rnalnland E. nilk:ratorlodca

(üvarov, op. clt.). Al1 of tlic npcclmcns sccn lrom tlie Canarica wcro

oí ilio solllarla phaec, charnctcrlzcd by a ralecd pxwmtal crcut rnd

uniform rrccn cobrallon. Apparcntly, unlkc ihc grcgrirla phase, thla

phaao 18 adapicd lo thc Irnmcdlatc cnvlronnicnt (Faurc, 1932; licrtt nnd

Imme, 1037; Ergcne, 1052). Accordlng (o Roonwai ($9521, thc numbcr

of hoppcr 'netare a8 weil ae numbcr o! anicnrwl s c m c n t s is incrcaacd

ln (ha eoUtar1a phaae a6 comparcd wlth the grcpria phiac.

CI 1 J 83 I,- J I, 1 1- 1

MAP 12. Dlatrihuflon ol IncuAta mlgratorla In thc Canary

blande ond Alrlca.

1 ccilcctcd ihla apcclce In locafitlce bctwccn 200 and G50 mcicra

i "-1 11 on tho ielande of Crin Canarta, Tcncriic, Comer? and La Palma (Map

12), tho tour ccnirnl Islrinds of tho nrchlpelag . It 18 usually found In

1 ptnbllle, vhlch fihnrcn tlio snine gcncrai Insular dlñtrlbutlon (hlap 15). [- , - hitcrc ntlngly, thc epccles le ivlt found on lho two lslands cloecst to

'x.

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88

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81

Mrlca, p88 lb ly h c a u e c thc sfirubby, Rrccii habltat I R nbscnt on tfictle

d C B C r t - l k C lelniids. Cimpard (1038) coneldcrrd thla spcclca ne P low

elevatbn form on tlic Island ol híadcita.

MATERIAL STUDIED (UhlMZ) COMERA: Cunibrc C a r b n c r a 630 h i ,

6?, 3 d, 2 nyiiipha, March; Barranco Vlllc 250 M, 1 0 , 1 u", March. TENERIFE: Caetlllas 550 hl, 2 ? , Aprll; San Andrés 250 M, 2 a*, Aprll. LA PALMA: El Tlmo 580 h¶, 10 , May; Lonn Caballo 580 h f , O @ , 3 nympha, May. GRAN CANARIA: Eaat oI Gula 200 M, 2 d ,

Juno.

Famlly: Acrldldac Bubfamlly: Ocdlpdlnac Gcnua: Ordalrus Spcclcs on 1bc Cinary lelande: Ofi?!cysdxmrm (Gerniar, 1826) -- -*-- _-

Ordalrwa eci icy:r i lcn~~ ( K r w s a , 1877)

Ocdnleus dccorue W ~ B flrst r c p r t c d froni TcnctUq in 1915 by

t. h l l v a r uiidcr Ihc name Ocdalrua nlp!nnclalun, a apcclce (ylw

recogilzcd PB milnly Nrlcan (Johndon, 1050, 1908). Prcvloue lo 1.

flollvnr'a tc lnr1 , ilurr (101 1) rcfcrrcd lo a ". . . Crinarlan rcprrsrriíaiivc oí O. nlgmfaaclalue" . . . belwcen 2000-3000 nictcre in . . ," thc v h c y cultlvPlcd". . . arca8 of Tenctlic m d also ncar tlic bolton1 of thc hcaih mno ncar A y a C a r c b of Uic samc Ieland. Allhough he Idrriilllcd lh l s

spccíce sts 9 . sclLP_Calcnsle, It le IUtcly that hle niatcrlal rrprcecnicd 9 . dccorue slncc ñcncCn;cnRls han not bccn rccordcd bcforc or s h c e frvm any lsland ollicr than La Palnia.

1 Iiavc mt aecn spccimcns of 0. dccoriin f roni tlic Cari;lrlcR,

I

i"

i3 i3 ia i" i"

L

i- ;a I 1

se r' i

ond, exccpt Ior lnformatlon glcancd fmm thc lltcraturc, 1 have llttlc

ccologlcal data on thc 8pccLca. Durr (1912) rcprtcd that dccorus l e

rarer but prcecnt at low clcvatlons on the Allantlc lslande (lncluding

Madclra); Cliopard (1938b) Iiidlcalcd that ln Madclra, dccorus le abun-

d a d only ln thc Iilgh niontane rango above 1500 metcre. ifowever, in

nriolher papcr on thc dcscrt Iauna oí Aírlca (1838a), Clmpard claaei-

flcd decorue wlth thc O ~ B ~ B habltat rathcr than the montanc.

t-; r i

9. dccorus hae a wldc non-lnoular dlstrlbutlon In North Afrlca, &mallland, Europc and Acla (Johnston, 1056, 1908) (Map 13).

(1951 a) rcpotle thnt dccorun l a thc only known Ocdalcua in France. MAP 13. Dlritrlbutlon o1 Cmarlan Ocdnlcue In Ihc 1elands and

Nrlca. Oednlcue scnc~alcnsle was tlrat rcprtcd Irom thc Cmary

1slMde by Krause (1892). In lhle papcr, Krauea madc no conimcnte

pbout Lho spcclca cxccpt that II occurrcd on íhc l ~ l a t i d o1 La Palma. 1t

h a s bccn coiicctcd on lhla lsland many tlrncn elncc, iimst rcccníly ro-

p r t c d by Chopard, 1054, Thc epcclce le a lm kmwn Iroin lhc Cape

Vcrdc Ielando (Jotinslon, 1950), and cxhlblta P mn-lnsular dldr lbulbn

thmudmut muc!i o1 Nr lca and Roulhwcatcrn A R ~ (Map 13).

f coLlcctcd ncnc~drne l e ot El Tlma, La Palma, a1 500 rnctcrs

h an opcn Ilcld. Joycc (1952) rcprte that In Eis l Ccntral Sudan, 1t 1s

conimon in 6hot-t irrasa and opcn arcaR. 9 . ncnrgalcnels In Iurthcr r c p r \ c d b y .!ayre tn br occnahnTi ly C(rrRnrlnics. In Sudan, hc hng

ni!norucd (icrir? w a : n i 9 o f tiiin npPcI'CR ''nintrii!li&" !n ImndR, tvth

O0

O

OISTRIOUTION OF CANARIAN OCDALEUS

IN THE ISLANOS ANO AFRICA

iiillllll

o1

Famlly : Acrldldac Subía ni I 1 y : Ocdllud lnac Gcnus: g c ! l ~ ) i j ! Spcclee on !he Camry lalanda: Ocdlinda cacrulc-r_nz (Lliinncue, 1758)

Ocd!poda c-aii;iriclim Krsutls, 1832 OCdlpoda íuscocliic.ia I.ucas, 1849

Oedlpda íuscoclncta wae ílrst r c p r l e d f r o i ~ i Ihc Canary

Jslands by üormans (1885). No niatcrlal ol lhla speclcs was avallnblc

to me íor etudy, and lhc only rcfcrcncc !o a 8pccUlc Insular dbt r lbu-

t b n was madc by Chopard (1054) In nn Idciitiílcatlon whlch tic qucsthncd

whlle chesllylng speclmcne hkcn by Llndbcrg and Frcy on Tcricrlfc.

9. canarlcnsle le endcrnlc lo !Ir Canary lslmda and thc Aznrce. Kraues conaldcrcd hle ncw epcclce a cloac rclallvc o! 9 . cLcrultaccnn. He dlotlngulehcd bctwccn !he two on tlic baale of prnmunccd rupRIty

of Iho hcad ;uld pmnolum and vcry bmad plgrncntalbn pattcrn on tlio

othcrollec h p l l n c wlng oí cannrlcnale,

hx, morphologlcally dlstlnc!lvc, bu! closrly r c ldcd forme

are indccd found in my smdl collccthn of Ordipdn rmn1 thc Cinary

lelnnde. Thcee corrcapond !o lhc dcrJcrlllbne 01 rarrulcficcilR 3rd

cowrlcnale . CIncc tliclr rangcs arc occaalonaily aympatrlc on i l ic

lelands, I havc qucstbncd íhc pss lb l l l ty lhst thla acrlce rcprcscnt a

mt t m , bu! one spcclcs on thc Canarlcn wllh rn lh tr varlnblc i m r p t n l -

ogy. For purpsce oí spcclce cnunicralbn and bccjusc 1 Inckcd a

largo cmugh scrlce for morphomctrlc snalysls, 1 found It ncccscnry

to m a p b l h (híap 14).

Oedlpoda IR abscn! on Lmizarotc and Fucrtcvrnturn, hng a I

O

MAP 14. Dletrlbutbn of Canarian Ocdlpoda In iho Mande and L;: 7 Nrlca.

-.-- .

I - - - A 1 - I a I .-

P 1

04 c '-1 1 1 r - 1 wldc dletrlbutbn on Crnn Canirla, and le poorly rcprcecntcd on t h s

nmre wcetern Ielande. Fmm thc polnt ol vlcw of poaelblc dcrlvatbn

of thc cnnarlcnsls iorm, It 18 lntcrcetlng tliat tlnec apcclnicns

reecmbllng the contlncntal cacrulcsccne havc thc broadcst rango on

the Canarlce. 1 coücctcd mnterlal ol cacrulcsccne a l the Darranco

dsl M l c r m , 240 mctcrs, Chlo at 810 mctcre, Vllaílor at 1400 mctcrs

on Tencrlic, and at ono bcallty on Gran Canirla, CuL 200 mctcre.

0. cnnirlcnsls wae collcctcd wlth cacrulcsccne at Chlo, Tencrüc. l t 1s c o m m n on Gran Cani r l a whcrc It 1s found from ncar eca lcvel at

1 t - 1

7 c - 1 1 c - - l 7 r i

Barranco ADctc (100 niclcrs) lo thc Roquc Nublo at 1700 mctcrs.

Famlly: Acrltlldic Subfani 11 y : Ocdl iudlnac

1 1 71 - Gcniie : & l ~ ~ ~ ~ r ¡ ~ s ~ Spcclcn on tlic Caiwry Islnnde: Sclntharlsla mtnbllis iiotabllle (Wakcr,

1 b i o ) - - -

Tho gcnue .Sclnlliarlsla ha8 bccn r c p r t c d to occur In rhc

Canary lelinde, Spaln, North Afrlca and muthcrn Aala. SLX apcclcs

aro krnwn from Afrlca; onc, nolabllls, rangce from thc Canary

lelands cast Inlo northwcatcrn Indla, m d north lnto thc Ibcrlan Pcnln-

suh. Wlthln thle arca, d1t;trlbuiion 18 oitcn dlscontlnuoue, colncldlng

wlth ayntcnis of old crudcd mounlilna iringhg dcacii cnvlrunrncnle

(Ilvamv, 1941).

Ihc Cnnnry lalnride. N. notn1)llla I R a1m known fmm Nortti Afrlca and - I__-

r '"1

85

muthcrn Spain. Johnaton (1908) addcd Nlgcr Colony In Wcst Afrlca lo

thls rangc! (Mnp 15).

i coüccted thle subcycclc~ on 1hrr.c of tlic Cannry lolni\tle,

Tcncrlle, Qmcra and La Palma. Cnrdiicr (1960) alm has B record

for mtabllle Mtabtits fmm Gula, Gran Canarla. In nll ca8cs, tho

elcvatlon of collcctcd arca8 wa8 200 nictcre and abovc; tlic hl[:hcñt \va3

at VlIaflor, i'cncrlfc, at 1400 mctcra. The lorm wae always collcctcd

omld tha sparec vcgctatlon o i barren lava bcde. Thle obscrvatbn le

consletcnt wllh Uvirov'e notc (op. cll .) that thc tamn icnde lo occur

abng barren, rocky elopre.

MATERIAL STUDIED (UMhiZ): COhlEnA: Dirraaco Vlllc 250 h l , 8 9 ,

1 C P , March. TENERIFE: San AndrCs 250 h l , 3 $! , 2 d, Aprll; Vlldlor 1400 M, 2 9 , 2d', Auyat. LA PALhlA: Li Cnldcri 50F h í ,

2 0 , 1 d, Scplcmbcr.

Famlly: Acrldldnc Subfamlly : Ocdiiudinic

notue baecd rccognltlon of 19 ~pccice grou(?.7 on nlorpliologtc~l char- -' acterlstlcs, such aesoloratbn of thc caudal I c p and w i n t p , aiid

o 2 .E)

!

O

08

rugpelty of thc pronotum. Nclthcr Uvarov (IQ48), nor 1, worklng

wlth Cannrlnn matcrlal, havo found thcse groups uacful in thc rccogr.. - tbn of ncw apccles, or ln reflectlng the llkcly courac of cvolutlon

vlthln gmups. As wlth moet Ocdlpdlnc gcncra, thle largc nnd ncarly

cosmoplltan gcnua le In nced of crltlcal rcvlslonary an;ilyols whlch

UBCB cytogcnctlc and bchavloril lnforniatbn in addltbn (o morphology

8s charactcra.

Fivc of thc acvcn epcclee of 3hlnl;Dmtus whlch havc becn

r e p r t c d fmni tlic Caniry iel.mds, have wldc dlstrlbutlone in Afrlca

and Euraela (hiap 16). Thc rcmdnlng tuo epcclca aro cndcmlc,

frcy_l on Gran Canarla nnd wlllcinscl occurrlng on Tcncrlfc. Wlthln a

glvcn sppclca, no niorphologlc31 dlffcrcnthtbn la npparrnt on or

bctwccn lslands. For th l s rcnson, 1 bcllcve that the mn-cndcmlc

apcclcs rcachrd thc Carurles a8 wcll dlffcrcntlatcd t x t .

6

Sphlnpnlue rubcacens and C,. cacrulana are mmcwhat of a systcrnatlc pmblcm on thc Canary Islands. Apparcntly, thcy a r c

frcgucn!ly mlalakcn, onc for lhc olhcr. Ortcn, spcclmcna of thc tu^

"opcles" Idcniiílcd by tlic mnic lnvceil~ator as diíicrcnt, canmt be

dldingulslicd exrcpt by bcallly. Tite Iltcratorc prior to 1954.18 wel l18

MAP 16. Dlslrlbulion of Canirlm Sphlnpnotus In tlic l d n n d a

and Afrlca.

I

i“ i‘ i’ i? i 3 i ” ¡ a i a - l a

1 - l a

1 - ’ ‘ a 1-

. 100

O

D l S f R l B U T l O N O í CANARIAN SPHINCONOTUS

IN THE ISLANDS ANO AFRICA

Q4.h D l S f R l B U T l O N O í CANARIAN SPHINCONOTUS

IN THE ISLANDS ANO AFRICA

I

L ’ 1 1 r l I C I 1 -

l

c - 1

l

il- 1 w- r ‘1

101

1054 ppcr clneeUylng Orlhoplcra collcctcd by M. 11. Llnrlbcrg on thc

lslande reporte g. rubcaccns na occurrlng on ail oi llic Is1:iiido; and although, eeacntlnlly al1 ollicr kmwn spcclce In lhc gcnue found in l l ic

lslande are cnumcritcd In hle work, 2. cncrulans la rnihcr obvbusly mlselng. Slnce dldlncllons bclwccn thcac two spcclce wlll probnbly

be bascdon othcr 0i.m nu>rpln>loglcal cr l lcr la , 1 lcivc ihc qurvtli~n 3s

It etands, and hovc mappcd dlelrlbullone accordlng lo tlic prcvaiting

opinbn.

tn 1037b MLetshcnko dcecrlbcd S . willrmscl on thc basie oí - nino speclmcne fmm h lon tda Dhnca, CaíÍndaa rcglon, TcncrUc. scnt

to hlm by Uvamv. Tlic fcmalc lypc and mi lc alloiypc wcrc dclx)qlicd

Ln iho Zoologlcil Inctllutc, UCSR Acadcmy of Sclcnccs, k n l n p a d ,

and paralypce wcrc scnl to Ihc Drltlsh hluecum (Nntural l l ldory). ln

1948, UVO~OV dcecrlbcd S. tcydcl, bwcd on P a m d l collcctbn from the 8am@ arca; Ihc malo typc! and iour pnratypce arc in thc l íe l~ inkl

2ooiogícal hluecum, and tan, paratypca arc in ihc DrlilAh hfuscuni

(Naiural Illstory). 1 havc concludcd on llic basls oi ihc obscrvaibns

rccorded bclow lhal tFydrl la a aynonym oi wlllrniscl, -- Paritypca of wllicmRc1 wcrc obtalncd irom ihc n r l t l n h hliisclum,

a serlce of spcclmcne ldcnllflcd a8 t ~ l / w l l l c m R c l by hloralcs Aga-

c h wae borrowcd frum hle colicctbn, and l pcrmnally colicctcd

addltbnal malcrlal from Ihc urca whcrc bolh wcrc suppscd Lo occur.

The dUfcrcncce bctwccn tlic two nolcd by Uvnrov wcrc Inbiilntcd (‘T:il>ln

?), and thc 39 apcclmcne aeecniblcd Ior etudy wcrc cxnrnincd lii dclall,

' 101

, Comparlnon of w n p n o t u e wlllemac. an the iiierature.

SIze pronotum

ElfirR colornt Ion

~ l n d Icmur colora! Ion

lilnd tlbli coloratlon

Ccncral body olzo

Prcscncc of hnlre

lIcad pel l lon and pnctatlun

Fmtlplum o1 thc vcrlcx

Trinsvcrsc eulcl oí lhc pronotutn

Lcngth of clytra

Eupr a -anal plal c

3.4 - 3.5 mm Scattcrcd dark apte h the aplcal hall

Daea1 haü Iiincr OutlacC bluo-black; wlth two palc Iaeclao

i h r k bluo

Mcdlum

Short whlic Iinlre

licad 2 r i lecd nbovo pronolum, Flncly puncturcd

Sroryly eloplng

Dlatinct

5.4 X wldth

No mcntlon

4.5 mm

Scattered dark

nplcal Mi: wlth s p t e In the

two dark Irrey- iar fasclao

Bim1 haU lnncr surlacc blackld, wllh a black pro- r p k a l íasclo

(dlacolorcd ?)

Mcdlum

Son, white hilre

Ncid wcll proml- ncnt a b v c prono- tum. Scarccly pUnCtat0

Wcakly eloplng

Verp dldlnct

c 1 r - 1 L - 1

-1 Mrty yellow

1 1

I 6.OXwldth r 1 Wlth two eclcm- "'-1- ' tltcd trlanplar lobcs; ctcnitlaíe

103

both wlth reepcct to tlioac charactere and In a ecarch for olhcr dlstlnc-

tbns. Although Uvarov atrceacd Ilie charactcrlstlcn o1 iiio nialc sub-

genltai and supri-anal platea as dlbtlnctlvc o1 tcydfl, thry pmvcd to bo

lndlatlnylshablc Irom tliosc o1 paratyjwa o1 wlllcniwA, nnd no dlffcr-

encee wcrc tound among tlic spcclnicne 1 cxanilncd. Notlilng In Ihc body

dlmcnslons (F1g:a. 8, 81, plgmcntatbnof thc clytra and hlnd icniur,

o h a p and eculyturlngol thc promtum, structurc oí thc ovlpsltor

valvee, or coloratlon o! thc hlnd t lb l i la lndlcatlvc o1 spcclflc dUlcr-

tnce.

The Cnradae o1 TcncrUc, Imni whlch bolti spcclce wcro dce-

crlbcd, le Iarpc, unlform pumlcc flcld b r m c d by !tic rcccnl cruldbn

of thc PICO dc Teldc In tlic cxírnslvc anclcnt cratcr 01 thc ieland. It l e

n truo eubalpliic dcscrt, wlth a unlquc and vcry unlforni flora. fn

Auyst, whcn my own collcctbne vcrc niadc, s. wlllrnirrcl occurn throughout thc C a h l a e ; most o! thc othcr collcctbne 8ccn In th ie átiidy

wcro tnkcn In Scptcmbcr. On ccolo~lcal niid cwlutbnary Enundn I t

eccms hlghly lrnpmbablc that tuo cbtlcly rclalcd tncnibrra of thc samc

genue could bc eympatrlc ln thle sharply dclimiicd, tcstrltilvc and

bmogencoue cnvlronmcnt . Wlth the cxccptbn o1 wlllcmsr1,whfch l e cndcmlc to !tic ~ u b -

alplno dcocrt oí TcncrUc, 2100 mctcre and aLiOvc, al1 mcmbcrs of Ihc

genus Splilnwmtiig aro íoutid ln thc llltoral and ecml-dctlcrt 71)nca,

malnly below 300 mctere.

L 8. NI endcmlc of Gran Canarla, has bccn collcctcri at

3 LI

n n n n n n n

c E

u0

c3

O O

24 26 BODY LENGTH 1N mm.

8

B

a

O

o

1i.

Q c a m

Y

m O o

O

O

O O

U

1 J

O 32 34 36 BODY LENGTH IN mm.

108 r 1

l L - - 1 1 #ea leve1 In thc outsklrte of h a Palmaa nnd Pucrto dc la Luz. I -.-1 1 8. canirlens& la oítcn lound In opcn sandy arca8 and punilce

flelds bclow 300 nictcra.

Thc thrce localltlee for whlch 1 havc matcrlal corrcepnding to

(he dcecrlptbn ol s. rubcsccne nre In thc bcach and scnil-dcscrt zonca, Gulmnr nt 300 mclcra, El hfcdam at sea lcvcl, and Pucrlo do la Cruz

on Tcncrlle.

8. cacrulana le occislonally found a h v c 300 mctcre on opcn pinilce such a8 In thc Darranco dc hlasca, 500 mctcra on Tcncrllc

howcvcr, 11 la dlstrlbutcd Ln thc acnil-dcecrt mnc bcbw 300 mctcre

on :ho Islands.

1 havc not Recn matcrlal of s. luciRII froni thc Canary lslanda.

Famlly: Acrldldac Su bf am I 1 y : Ocd I IXI d lna c Gcnue : Wc rnc r c I la Spccles on thc Cariary ielands: !Vcrncrc!h !SJ!C= (nruilC. 1840)

Wcrncrella prlivco! (üollvar, 1008) =nr.rfíb @6(i7Krnuna, 1892)

-_---- -I

Wcrnfrclla 6 U l G V l R ( h l l v l r , 1908) WErner¿iG 3.

Wcrncrclla la a strlctly Afrlcan gcnun, wlth rcportcd locdlllce

in dlajunct rcgbnn u n thc contliirnt and on lolmda on Ilic caet nnd wcat

m d at Ricncallcntc, 400 mclcre, on thc lalaiid of La Palma, 1

-1 3 1 11 1 1 71 ‘

I ’1

ind pnchccol, occur I n tlic north. üoth oí thcec North Nrlcan ~pcclca

aro bund on thc Canary Ielanda, ae are thrcc cndcmlc spcclca,

plctetl, sublicvla and w. 3. Wcrnerclla aripcra W ~ R dcscrlbcd (ürulld, 1840) fmni tlic

Canary lelanda. No data wcrc glvcn for thc typce, w r are thclr

whercabouta known (Johnston, 1056. 19G8). ln thc dcscrlptbn, ürulld

notcd thc slmlhrlly bctwccn thla ~pcclce and Splilnpmtus cncruiana

in body shapc and cob ra tbn . Krauea (1892) cxtcndcd thc dlstrlbution

of F. aapcra to Egyfi , and a190 notcd rccorda br Ilile spcclca on Lnnzarotc and Gracloea (ñlap 17).

Although rn aspcra matcrlal W ~ E avallnblc l o n w , thc rcpcatcd

relercnce ln thc lltcraturc lo elnillarlly wlth S_I)IiInpn)ius, oul:p%le

that It 1s qultc dlffcrcnt from olhcr WcrncrcUaa on tlic Cariarirs. Iri

fact, Choprd (1954) rclcgatcd epccimcne collcctcd by Lliidbcrg and

Frey on TencrUc to tlic alatue SphlnLpmlue nripcr. Johnston (i9C8)

Ilds E. aspera and E. a t r u6 eymnyme. F. pchccol waa dcscrlbcd In 1908 by 1. Ihllvar an Foríunata

pchccol. Although thc typc materhl W ~ E írom k z a m i c , hc notcd

the non-insular dlsirlbutlon ln Momcco. Slrlce that tlrnc, pnchccol

has been coilcctcd wldcly on Fucrtcvcntura and Lantafotc nt clcvailone

bcbw 300 mctcra, and ha8 bccn rcpr tcd fmni hlrill In Nrlca . I t le

found on opcn prtmlcc and eparscly vcgctatcd arcas on thc castcrn

talande.

1. Bollvnr (1.908) dcscrlbcd E. twblncvle In I l ic mnic rnprr “‘11

I -- ¡a i- i' m 1

110

MAP 17. Diotrlbulbn of Cariarian Wcrncrclla in thc Islande

and Nrlca.

111

O

l Sepvstion of thc cv inae of the fustlgtum of the vertes Fmntai oceiius

Hind wing Pigrncnt ln f i r i elytra band

fu-sepulted

14.8 2 1.2 mm

+ (sllstrtly)

rugose

lncompletc ; pstcrior sldes raiscd

14.6 20.4 mm - (declded) SmoOth- prnctate Incomplete; pstcrior sidcs fccbly rlised

byrded

contlnuous

discontinuous; mt raised

mt h d e d bmken

fused; forming a feebly de- pressed o b - vate u e a mt banded bmken

= c .̂ I

TAüLE 8. (Coattirutd)

maie strpn-anal plue Vzivcs of the c ~ ~ ~ @ u m

Anguiarion terrnínus obtusa acute ObtUsC ObtQSe

in ktenl view mystn*rzfgtd margíastraigkt margincoocave caudal mirgfD bmadd, caudai m w , canüal -w, brpad, caatdil

concave Apicai m i v e of liarma -1 bmadened towards bmadened aedeaps base towards base Anguht!on disttl end 120'- 130' 1 loo- 120° 9O0-l1o0 12Oo-i3O0 vmtrai aedcagal valve

Anguiation distal end sh;illow > l20' deep < 100' deep < 100' deep < 100' ventrai oripsitor

Q p. .- L Y a 5 m

o L.-

G Y a O z A L

116 t - 3 c l c , 1 r., 1 C J c 1 c - 1 c l 1

'1 Charactcre wcrc trcatcd nccordlng to the mcthoda of Lcme nnd

Holtapfel (1068). in casca oí range ovcrlap or ovcrlap tn non-nuiiicrl- -1 cal featurce, f polnt wae awardcd. Whcn epcclce nro coniparcd two pt a time, a tablc niay bc constructcd wtilch ehowe elmllarlty of iaxa

based on thc charactcrs studlcd (Tablc 9).

WcrncrcJla pachccol nnd aublacvle cioscly reacmblo eich othcr;

Ilkcwlec, plctctl and F. 3. have many morphologlcal ícaturca Ln

comimn. W. 2. and plctctl a r e the only two epcclce that havc c lc i r '-1 hyallnc wlnge; It le lntcrcstlng that both have wcstcrn dldrlbullone.

Slnce pichccol ha8 a wldc dlstrlbutbn ln North Nrlca and lo 1 found on kintarotc nnd Fucrtcvcntura, ihc Mande closcot lo thc

Alrlcan coabt, 1t 1s llkcly lhat thle le thc stcm npcclce oí ttic Canarhn

Wcrncrcllri --- fauna. M y data au~gcelo ihat E. Rubinrvla rcprcscnte pachcroi on Gran Caiiatla,

1

Furlhcrnmrc, lt lo lkcly tliat the clcrir-wlngcd plctcti-W. 5.

gmup wno dcrlvcd fmni ihc band-wlngcd pichccol-sublncvle coiiiplcx.

From lhc snlnie of vlcw oí dlstrlbutlon and rnorphologr, (he most

almplo summary oí rclailone bctwccn Wcrncrcüri spcclcs on tho

Iolands mry bc summrirlzcd ne íollows: 6ublacvls dlvcrgcd from

pchccol . E. 2. wae dcrlvcd fmm sublacvls, and undcrwcnt ralhcr errtcnslvc dlffcrw~tlai!nn nn Crnn Cannrln, pnih>l>lv at htgti clcvatlon

tn Iho Roqric Nubb ntvn , nrid thrn q~rcnr! tp Ici.rr vlwnlione a!

oln,llar rcobgy , nn wrll a1p tu Tcricrlfc nrv! Compra, wlicre thc closcly

rclatcd plclctl I R rww found.

117

MATERIAL STUDIED. E. pchccol. FUERTEVENTURA: Playa Cofcte 1 M , 4 cf , 14 0 , UMMZ; Frallc-Jandla 150 hl , 7 O , UhlhíZ; Gran Valle 200 M, 2 d, 9 ? , UMMZ; h c a mal Noriibtc 5 hl , 5 o', S ? , UMMZ; Antlgua 250 M, 2 u", 2 9 , UhlhlZ; Playa Dlanca 1 M, 3d, 3 9 , UhlM2;CorrclcJo lOh1, l o " , UhlhlZ; Crin TarnJal 180 h l ,

3 O P , Madrld; Rb Cabra 20 M, 2 u', Madrld; Taralcjo 50 hl , 2 ? , Madrld, WNZAROTE: F c m b 150 M, 1 1 ? , 2 d, UhlMZ; La Cnlcta 10 M , 1 v , UhlhiZ; Anllgua 30 M, 19 , UMhlZ; ArrccUc 10 h l , 2 3 , llamburg, 1 ? BhlNH. Wcrncrclla plctctl. GOhlERA: Cunibrc

Carboncra 630 M, 1 d , 3 0 , UhlhlZ. TENERIFE: be Crlntlanoe 10 hl, 3 d , 6 0 , UhihlZ; Barranco dcl fnflcrrm 230 hl, 3 u', I I $' , UhlhlZ; Chb 800 ht, 3 U , 10 , Uh!hlZ; S n t l a p - h l a w a Q75 h l , 2 CS, 2 9 , UhlhlZ; hlasca 500 hl, 1 0 , UhlhlZ; h l c d m 5 h l , 7 u', 7 0 , Madrld; Guliiiar 300 M, 2 0 , h l a d r i d . Wcrncrrlla -- n u l k ~ c v i ~ . -- G R A N

CANARU: hiaepdomas 5 hl, 4 9 , 1 cf, üh!NII; Pucrlo dc 13 Luz 5 h!, 3 U', 3 8 , hladrld; t r is Palmae 10 M, 3 9 , 1 cf, ühlNII; ikirranco Baba b e LArcrOe, 1 O , DhlNti: Moya dc la Plata 10 h!, 1 d, 1 P , DMNti. Wcrncrclla 3. GRAN CANARJA: Cruz dc TcJcda 1450 h l ,

do*, 5 9 , Bh1KtI;RoqucNubb 1700M, 3 6 , 100, DhlKil, 3a', 2 9 ,

ühlMZ; San Dartolomd 750 M, 1 a", Uh!MZ; Tazart Ico (L10 h!, l ? ,

uhihiz; San NI COI^^ 150 ni, 1 #, 1 0 , tJhlhlZ; hiogrin 800 hl, 1 a", 2 $ , UI*IMZ.

118 [i _ . J ~ ~ m l l y : Acrldldno

gpecles on thc Can:iry Mande: Truxalla nnaula (LLnnacue, 1758) g&nmlly: Trunl lnac [.- 1 Truxalle nanutn le a non-endemlc spcclee known trom Grm

Cnnarla and Tencrlfc ol thc Canary telande. Ite non-lnsular dlstrlbu-

rmoüii rcglon ot eouthern Europa (híap 18). Thc aubfaniliy lo whlch

thls spccloa bcionge conlaine only o lew genero (Uvamv, 1QB6), whlch

occur nialnly ln (ha troplcal m d eublroplcal graeelande ol Aírlca.

1 coUcctcd two nyniphe oí Truxalla nariuta ín Junc, 1800, In a

laiiow ílcld ovcrcrown wlih graaecs, crucücre nnd composltce ncar

tho town o! Mogan, Gran Cinarla, al 770 mrtcre clcvatlon. 1 ale0

tbn la bmad, cxtcndhg thmugtnut moet of Alrlca ond lnlo the Mcdlter- [- '1 . a?-

found ono adult lcmilc ln a dlslurbcd arca near thc capital o1 ihc

Islitnd, Las Pdmae, late in Aprll. Cirdncr (lü00) rqior ts 1Uklng tuv

malas and ono lcnialc ol t h l s spcclce at Puerto dc la Cruz, Tcncrllc.

Farnlly : Acrldldac Subf am 11 y : Go ni pfioc c'r lmc Spcclce on thc C;in;iry laltnds: Dociostaurus niaroccanus (Thunbcrg,

--î iSfg-- Oflnccflluil @gpA (Krauss. 1892) Rcrr>lrli)»ud ipnnrlJ (Ihllvar, 1885)

Threo epeclce rcprcecnt thc vcry largc eubfamlly Cbmphoccr-

- . MAP 18. Dlstrlbutbn o í Truxilla nasut? ln thc Canary Islands

and Alrlca.

120 I.. 1 T ' DISTRIOUTION OF T R U X A l i $ NASUTA IN THE o

CANARY ISLANDS AND AFRICA

12 1

MAP 19. Dlstrlbullon of llic Cinirlnn Cornptioccrlnnc In Ihc

lslands and Aírlca.

1 - +

122

O

A O l S f R l B U T l O N OF CANARIAN COMPHOCERINAE IN 7HL ISLANúS ANO AFRICA

123

Ethlopca, and thc Cnnary and Cupc Vcrdc Ieinnde (DlrRh, IDU8). On

tho Canarlca, It has bccn reportcd ecvcral tlmce fmni Tcncrlfc

(Willcmsc, 1838; Cliopard, 1954), altluugh 1 have nccn tunc of t l i le

materlal.

bclostnurus mnmccnnus undcrgcs pliase chancea elnillar to

thc 10 BO wcll-known In Schlstoccrca and tncusta. In thc Canarlca I

havc collcctcd and eccn only tlic solltnrla iorm of t h l s spcclce, caelly

dlstlnplshcd fmni thc grcgarla forni by thc chnrply dcíinrd X on thc

doreum of thc pmnotum (Ctmpnrd, 1043). Tlile epcclca la known írom

flvc of thc lalanda (hlap lo), as wcll a8 fmm iocallilce In rrouihcrn

Eumpc, eouthwcstcrn Aela, NoHh Afrlci and hladclra. Clnpard

(1043) rcportn ttint In Afrlca It icnda !o rrprudiicc on hll:h platcaua. 1

have collcctlons of thle spcclcs from a11 (Ivc lslands w l f h thc cxccptbn

of Iilcrm; al1 collcctlone wcre niadc alnvc 400 nictcre. Allhouy,ti llic

tegclntbn nt thc coilectlon altca varlcd (Triblc lo), thc locaIliIce wcre

aii characicrltcd by wccdy, opcn vcgctatbn.

Studlcs of thc lntcrrwl gcnllalla oí nialre fmm t;i Palma and

Gran Canaria, and cxtcrnal gcnltnlla o! Icnialce Irom Tcnerlfe, L

Palma and Gran Canarla, lndlcatc thal dlvcrgcncc Into Insular mor@

has not occurrcd In U118 gmupon Ihc Islands.

Elghl epecIc8 O! OmoccRtus arc kmwn froni thc North Nrlcan

region. Two of thcec, 9. lucn~ll (Drleout, 1851) and raymndl (Ycr- sin, 18031, nrc alm known from southcrn Eumpc.

Stcnobothrue nlmonyl wae dcscrlbcd by Krause In 1892. Knrny,

- Cistus monswl icns is

Oauitia tuna

A??,r.Iiis arirvcnsis t\r.aru\x,mI hirtus Echium plnntirincum GllactitCS tcmCntoSa

i i m m

N N N N N N N ss Ch Ch Ch Cb H H H H T2 T2 T2 T2

1 +

+

1 1

1

cisli . 2 mng. 2 Bong. EU-. + Compo. + w o .

1 1

+ bbia . Cacta. Crass. Compo. Lsbia . Qym. C o m p . Pteri. Grami. R O W C .

PrLmU. Cruni.

C o m p . mmg.

+ + +

+ +

2 1

1

+

1 1

U hs P

+ 2

TABLE 10. ( a t & b U d )

Gnmt. + 1 1 AVCM barbata Th Brachvuxlmn dlstachwn Tb Grami. +

Gramí. Brtza m3xima Th Bmmus rubens Th Grami. Calcndula arvensis Th C o m p . Chrnopodium murale Th Emdium chrurn Th Geran. 1

-- 1

+ 1 2 2

-- 1

Chem. + --

+ 1

1 +

1

1 1

Th C o m p . Fii3~7J k.lilCa Campo. hllcnsis spimsa Th

Sdcnc \-u&L?re Th Trrlolium arvcnse Th teguum. Trrlolium c3mpestre Th Lcgum.

- + 1 Ctr)Q - + +

L N a

1 ii i' i- r I 3 i- i' i '- i '. i' i- id i' i' i ? - a

.-

128

1807, rc lcp tcd elnionyl to thc gcnue Chorthlppufl, nnd ln 1010,

Kbby Inclurlcd tlic spcclca ln (he malnly Afrlcnn gcnue, Omoccstua.

Omoccstus elmonyl le endemlc to the Canary lelmda. It wae

m w n only from hnzaro tc untll 1966, when 1 collcctcd matcrlal at La

~ U v n and Antlya In Fucrtcveniura. On both Mande, 1 fouiid the

apcclea Ilvliig ln t h e ecnil-dcscrt bclt. rho vegetatlon composltlon la

Inrgcly annual, wl th shnibby and m d y elenicnte conaletlng moetly of

wecdy (Nlcotlnna G I ~ u c ~ ) and hldily branchcd dcecrt fornia (Tablc 11).

Charactcrlstlca of lnicrnd md extcrnll malc gcnltalla and of

tha cxíc:n?l gcnltaila of fcmalcs, a8 well a8 a varlciy of olhcr niorpho-

bglcal fcriturcn, werc studlcd ín dctall. hlalcrlal from L?nr;rrotc and

Fuertcvcntura could no1 bc dldlngulshcd on niorphologlcal p u n d a .

MATERIAL STUDlED. bclostaurus mimccanue (UhlhlZ). LA

PALMA: I3)arranco t i c a y a 1250 hl, 6 8 , 3 ? ; El kso O00 M , 3 d ,

3 0 ;E lT ln i c590h l , id, 2 9 ; b m o C a b a l l o 5 8 0 M , 30*, 4 v .

TENERIFE: Santlnp-hlasca 1050 hf, 4 nyniphe; Caatlllaa 550 M,

1 ? , 5 nynipha; Darrinco Igucdc 400-500 M, 1 0 . C M N CANARIA: fbquo IJublo 1500 A l , 3 8 , 4 0 . COhlERA: Tagamlclie 050 hi, 15 cymphs. 'mocentun slmonyl. LANZAROTE: Ilarla 200 hi, 4 cP,

DhlNII , 1 0 , UhlhlZ; La Oaicta, l ? , üh¶MZ; FUERTEVENTURA:

- --

FA Ollvn 280 h f , 4 n". 7 9 ; IJhlhlZ; Aii t Ig i2 350 h?, 1 9 , IJMhtZ; A ~ V P A l ; l 1 ~ ~ t ~ p t l t ~ m n hi, 3 {F, 5 O ~ nrww; rrap:tn CM R O R ~ ~ I Q 20 h'l, 4 $? , nb7iilr

+ eadd

r c +

127

H t r c t +

+ + + u + 4 L 1 t w r ( + - +

U + H t + + + +

1

TAaLE 11. (Cont?wed)

+ + Bmmus macmdachys Tb G n m í . + 1 Th Comp. +

2

ni Crami. +

ni M y g .

Calcnduia m-ensis

Chenowaisrn album Th Cheno. -- f i h m =!ha Th Comp. 21~:3r!:13 3

Centaurea ínelitcnsis Th C o m p . .c

h:edicrim minima Tb Leyn. Pxr id ium t incitanum Tb C O ~ p O .

+ + +

- + 1 3 u m ex b3 c c phab ~.ONS

C?IECC S 2 u i C 3 Tb Caqo. :cr.cnus b o o r ~ 3 u í Th Comp. - . r a n s rric~rnosus Th Crami. + 7. 1

+ +

+

+ 1

U Y, V O 3

n

o

s >

c % n - Y C a Y Y 1 o a €

: 8 3 3 2 O

a" c 07 5

6 3- o rn c Q

I

o 5 F: n o 5 Y U ? -

a a V (0

O 'I

o 0

L

m

!i o a 3 V

7 Y

o

r Y

V

a n - - c

a o O

o Y

n

a 0 - ? P 01 2 Y

a

190

heular distributione and epc in l adaptutlone oí tlio Acrlcbldca oí the

Canary lslaiids. Numbcr oí epcclcs of both Acrldoldca and vaeculnr

plants le corrclald wlth topogriphic lcaturca oí the islinde in M

dfort to achlcve en understanding oí thc h e l e o í thc distributbn oí

t m e gmups.

1. Orlnln ol t h p Cnnnry lnlnnd Acrldoidra.

Tablo 12 le a summary of thc gcographlc dlstrlbulbn oí tho

Acrldoldca of llio Cnmty lalinde. Thc 20 epcclce cndcmic to the

~ a m r ~ c e rcprcscnt a ~ a r g c íraction (43%) o í ttic total íaiina.' Scvcn

r? 5-l Y

spcclce oí thc cndcmlc tzxa bcbng !o A-&, a gcnus oí thc Catanto-

pLqae. Tho rcniatndcr bcbng to thc subfaniillca Ocdlpdlnac (O),

Cbmphoccrlnac (11, kmpliaglnac (21, Dcrlcorythinac (í), Calliptaiiilna

(l), Eyprcpcncrnldlnac (11, nnd to thc Pyrpmorphínac (1).

Twcnty-elx non-cndrrnlc epcclca are known lmni thc Caniry

lelanda. Al1 o í thcsc! taxa ale0 occur ln JUrlca. 01 thcsc, flvc,

.rlcorys Inbnta, Omfltnda fuñcoclncta, Sphinmmtue lucanu,

~ ~ c r n c r c l l a nfll;crq and Wcrncrrlla i~iclicco\ urc limitcd in distrU>uibn

to mriliwcctcrn Airica. A eLxth, Stcnohlj-ps bnnct i ,

hae a oomcwhat dioJunct rmgc , strctchlng cast to west acrurm norlh-

central Nrlca. Wo can concludo lhat at l c i d tlicsc p-oupo wcrc

prubably i n l r o h l r f 4 Ir, I h o (lrtirinny lo la ivft~ I i f r r v ( 4 - Afrlcnn conlltirrif

L 1

I:1 r .1 7 I

"-1

131

TADLE 12. Sumniary of thc gco([raphic rancc of Cnnnrinn Acrlcloldca Spcclcs Range

Canarlce only Aírlca Europc Asia

Wcrncrclla 2.

t t

+ +

t

4

t t

+

t t

t t + t + t +

+ + t + + t + t +

4 4 + t +

+ t t t

+ + +

+ +

+

t +

.) * + * * t t

+

t t

+

t

t

t +

t t t + + t + +

+

t +

132 r ' i T '

r 'i TADLE 12 (Continucd) 7' r 1 Canarlcs only Afrlca h r o p e Aela

+ + + +

+ +

+ +

-

20 28 18 17

T ' r' 1 Aim known from the Azorce.

133

A seventh iaxon, Sclntharlda notabllln ~ ~ t a b l l l a , hae a mnlnly North - Afrlcan dletrlbutlon, wlth a narmw cxtcnelon Into the eouthcrn p r t b n

of (he iberlan Penlneula (Uvarov, 1041).

A numbcr of othcr spcclca havc North Airican dlstrll)utlona,

but are ale0 known from Europc and/or Asla. Notable cxarnplca arc

Calllyitamua barbarue barharua (Map 5), Acmlylun Inriubrlcue Incubrl-

cm (Map 101, Ocdlpda ca-tcrulcRccna (Map 141, end Ikchstnurua

mamccnnua (Map 10). Furthcrmore, epcclce kmwn fmm muthcrn

Alrlca, as wcll as !hc Canary Ielande, a rc ala, wldcly dlatrlbutcd ln

mrthwcstcrn Nrlco. Schlrmccrca grcg'nrln (hlap 81, Armtylua pntrucl- -___-

& Acrotyh8 l on~ lpcs (Map lo), AhlopuH t h n k l R R i n U t 3 (hlap 11), b c u s l a mlmatorla (Map 12) nnd Truxnlln nnaul? (hlap 18) havc lhle

patlern of dlstrlbut b n .

The problcn; of orlglne of thc AcrldoId fauna in ciace whcre

spcclcs are known ale0 from Eumpc and/or A e l i le coniplcx, Tuvlvo

spccles from thc C m r l c s aro kmwn from eouthcni Eumpc, Asla and

Afrlca, ihrce addllbnil epcclcs found on ihc Canarlce are dletrlbutcd

in Aírlca and Europc, bu! not AnIa, nnd four laxa arc found ln Aela md

Afrlca, but not In eouthcrn Eumpe. Dclore thc gmgraphlc orlgln of thc

Canarlan ppulntlone of thcse flpcclce can bc asccrtaincd wlth n n y dc.

grce of certalnly, opcclmcne fmm al1 parta oí thc gmgrapiilc rnngce

muat bc sludlcd, md thclr pcrllncnt zoogmgraphlc lilolory iiiurit tw

dctcrmlncd fmm ihc bcglnnlng of lhc Tcrtlary. Tlicso rcqulrcnicnta

are bcyond lhc flcopc of !lile pmjcct.

I

---._ - .

134

The Ibcrlan Pcnlneula oí eouthcrn Europa would bc cxpcctcd to

be oí lmportance in conlrlbutlng to thc Acrlcbld fauna oí tho Canarlce.

severa1 reaeons conte to mlnd. Ocfore jolnlng tlic North Equatorlal

Current In the Atlantlc Occan, thc Canarlan Currcnt swcepe by the

weetcrn coast of thc Pcninsula, as well as paat thc mrthtvcetern coaet

of Airlca and tha Canary lelinde (Cokcr, 1947). Dcbrle movlng along

thls aquatlc aystcrn mlgtit bc cxpcctcd Lo carry eomo forme, Othcr

thnn Afrlca, thc lbcr lm Pcnlnsula $8 ihc cloecst Iand maee to thc

Canary lelanda. Rcprcscntatlvce oí a glven spcclce wldcly dlstrlbutcd

on thc Pcnlnsulñ w u l d bc cxpcctcd lo havo R bcltcr chanco oí rcachlng

tho l shnds Uian a elnillar poplalion in eoulhcrn Nrlca o r A s h .

Moralce Agaclm (1942) prcscnted a eummary oí lhc iocusta and graae-

hoppcre of thc Ibcrlrin Pcnlneula. A compr lmn of thc spcclce on hle

llst wlth B llst of Canarlan Acr lh ld e p c c l e ~ indlcatce that , wlth tho exccptlon al Acrotyliis lonflpcs, aii spcclce known from Eumpc

occurrlng on thc Camrlce arc also bund on thc Ibcrlui Fenlnsula.

rur thcr , Ihc ccnlcr oí cvolullon oí a1 1~361 Omoccrdua and Ocdlpda

8ccrne to bo muthcrn Europe. Thlrtccn spcclceof Omoccstus a r e

knoan from tho ibcrlan Pcnlnsulr a8 comprcd wlth only ecvcn írom

thc wholc oí Nr lca (Dlrsh, 1965); eix epcclca oí Ocdlpoda a r e known

I ' a 1 I 1 "1

from Uic lbcrlan Penlneula ae comprcd wlth only four írum thc Nrlcan

ront incril .

135

tho vnacular llora of thc Islanda. Leme (1858, 1960) concludce ltiat tho

majorlty of thc vaecular flora 01 thc Canirlca was dcrlvcd from epcclce

that had a malnly North Aírlcm-Mcdllcrroncan dldrlbutbn In lhe

Cretaceoua, o r poeslbly Juraeelc.

The core of the cndcnilc flora o í lhc Canary lalande bcbnge to

the gmgraphlc claeeUlcallon propecd by Chrlt4, lhc "hnclcnt Aírican"

(Chriet, 1892). Thle clcment auppecdiy w í e once ncarly contlnuoue

throu&ut the grcatcr prlbii oí Arrlca, bu1 w m dlsrupicd durlng lho

formatbn oí thc Sahma dcecrt a8 WCU a8 by thc expnnehn and contrac-

t b n oí the tmplcal raln lorest. At lhc prcacnl tlnic, thc remnants are

bund around thc pcrlphcry o! ihc conllncnt. Euphorblí rcgla-jubac,

Dracacnr draco, Prcnnnthce pcndulri and a 6corc oí othcr B ~ C C ~ C R íiU

into thia ctaaslllcaiion.

Tbe Sahara dcecrt Iisclí h3s contrlbutcd Liunaca, fliocnllc and

Tamarix \o iho Canarlan flora. Lcme (1058) concludce thnt lhcsc!

Introductlone wcrc pmbably rcccnl elncc most spccIcs canml bc dia-

tinyíalicd íroin thclr AIrlcan countcrprla. hluch o í thc llftoral

clcrncnt oí thc Canary lelande le of Arrlcnn and occaeionaiiy Europcan

orlgln, lncludlng mcmbcrs of lhc gcncra Crlltimum, Llmnnluq and

mat oí thc Clicmpdiaccae.

Tlie prcRcnt Mcc!ilcrrmcan flora ha8 conirlbulcd l o llic Cannrlro

a fcw spcclce whlch arc partlcularly wcll adaptcd to bng-dlslancc dls-

paren1 (O&, Junlpcrua, Plñlncca). Canarlan flpcclca of Cytlcu~,

Sprtoaytlsue, Adcnocarpue and Cli;tus appcar to bc dldantly rclatcd lo

I , I

dlscusscd In dctnll In n 13icr sccllon. Thc fauna 1s rel3llvcly Impvc r -

lehcd on lhc cadcrn lelande, Lanzarotc nnd Fucrlcvcntura, and

bccomce lncrcaslqly 60 wcst of Tcncrlfo.

L R . a 1st) 187

TABLE 13. Dlstrlb ion of apcclcs of Acrltbldea on lhc Canary 4 Islands. p,lcdlterrnncan crlcold-lcgunilnoee ehrubs. A thlrd group wllh kf&itcrranean rclntlane la lntroduccd wccde.

I The corrcspondcncc of foeslle of eouihcrn Eumpc, Spaln and

1 bure1 forest; tlile clemcnt of Tertlary raln forcst wae also probribly 1 d1fitributcd ln Norlh Nr lca durlng thc Mbccnc ruid Plioccno (Leme,

i tdy lnipllcate ihle gcograplilc arca wllh thc orlgln ol lhc Canarlan

I 1060).

€amlty Bibfamlly

PAMPI1AClDAE Pamphaglnac Acmstlra bciinniyl

Specles L F C T 0 P f1

+r +r Purpurarla c~

PYR COMOR PitI DA E + Pyrgomorphlnae

cornla ACRIDIDAE

üorlcorythínae Dcrlcorya lobnta t t 4 &icorya minuta

Caüiplaminaa Cailiyitnmun h i r -

I barus + Callltitaniue plcblua Eyprcpcncmlnl- Eyprclncnrrnla cln .

nao Cyrtacnntha-

cr ldinao I ”- id r a

Anacrldium P l l J Y t lum

Schl kfoc crc a glc(:arla

Chowrdmlnda CanarlfnHls

Armlnrla brunncrl Arniiiida burri Armlnds 1 s - ñ i l d n a l ñ Armlnda fucrte-

venturac Ar m r 7 i ñ Z i i t t cnm- Armlnda Intifrona

+

+ * t + Catantoplnao

u, e

t c t t + t t t t + + t + + t t +

t

Ocdlpodhe t t +

+ t

+ + + 4 4

+

+ l

L

138

La r -

I 'a 1 -

I ' 3 l --

I TABLE 13 (Contlnucd) often m r c than 10 (Tablc 14). Tablc 14 coniparce the nuinbcr of specles in gcncra coninion to thc Cnnary Islmds and to Aírlca, Thcsc F0rnllY '

Sublamlly Spcclca L F C T O P 11 c data p o M to thc concluslon that thc Canarlm AcrldDId fauna le a rathcr

Oedlpodr

tjG~~luda íuscocincía +? &Intharlt&a wtabl-

caerulcsccna + + + '. - lncomplete rcpreecntatbn of at lea& thle malnland countcrpart . Ocdlpdn canarlcnels e* +*e

not tus

&i i In~ in~!h~- f r l y ! e &lnfimlu H luc asll t

SphlnLwiK~ t u 9

According lo MacArthur and Wlleon (19671, tlicrc le a tcndcncy

11 e ' v" towards lose In absolutc numbcre o1 both spcclce md hlglicr laxa canarlcnele + + + + + r ' Crcasltt (1864) studlcd thc Arthmpd Iauni o1 Antarctlca and scvcral cncrulvne + + + + * + + ' T ' a total of lees Uian 1000 spcclca. On CampbcU lsland hc found 381 '' T3 *h aVCrPgCOf 1.4 spccica pcr gcnue rcpicecnte o vcry dlvcrec fauna.

'* -7' Irom 1.1 on !Ile& Lo 1.Bon Tcncrlfc ond Gran Cmnrla (Tablc 15.

+ + + + durlng dlspcreal aiong lslmd chalne a8 comprcd wlth rnalnland arc3e.

S p h l I I l ~ I K l t U R

nibantnrctlc lalande, Aucklanda, Campbcll and hlacquarlc, and rcprtcd T'

9Jilnipn)tu H rubcficrns + r i v l ~ + + + + w I Ur in se1

-- spccles of land Arthropds bclongIng to 138 Iamlilcs aiid 200 gcncra.

&&l ir) I u (I

Wcrncriqlilspcra t +? +r --

WcrncrrlG 3). e W c r n e ~ l h p c h c c o l + + --.. Wcriicrrlln - PIS* Wcrncrclla sub-

TruxaUnac Truxilla nasuta + + Go m phoc cr h a o

ninrocc;inuR

On indlvldual lelande in Ihc Cmarlee, the sptclca to gcnue rallo t m g c s --.- --

4' e*

Nclthcr Tnblc 14 nor the statlstlca of Crcmltt takc arca lnlo

account in comparlng Islmd and malnlmd Iaunaa. Ilowcvcr, Gtant

(1808) showcd that thc numbcr o1 land blrda pcr gcnue on thc Trce

Marlne lelande le elgiUlcantly Ices (han on lhc cqulvalrnt arca of Ihe

adJaccnt Mexlcan const .

l a c v l a F - - -

lh c In id tu:- Omccriiun !!En2 +.* e* I:tcrw>hlpplle I X ~ i i i i C l I

--.--

The comparloon of spcclco pcr gcnue nunibcr on lelmd and

malnlmd a r m e 1s ecologlcally Intcrcstlng, but such comparlsons aro

Total apcclce pcr Islind: 14 11 25 27 15 11

# Inlnndn a ! ) l ~ r r v l x t d b y l l r ~ i Idter . Slnglp 1 ~ 1 7 r i d ri iJnmlcn.

* * Cnili,riitr, )> t i ! f q w n ~ n t Ii,in c1un t i , l n i r 4

watcr, dlífcr ccoioglcaily from malnland cnvlmnmcnls In Importad

140

TADLE 14. Compirleon o1 epcclce numbcr o1 Acrldoldca Ln thc Canary Ielande and AfrIca.

# r --J mnera in common to a e Canarlee and AírIca in Afrlca' the Canary Ielands

Numbcr o1 epccles Number of epeclcs in

- rldQJ= 6 2 g[rpmorpha 20 Calllptamus I 6 Eyprcpcncnile 10 h a c r Idlum 0 &hl docerca Acmtylus Alolopue tncUt5kl

0cd;ilcus OcdIpoda kln lhar Isl a Sphlnpnot u e Wcrncrclla TruxalIs Doc lo st auru 0 Stcnohlppus OmoccRtus

TOTA 19 :

c__

1 36 10 1

16 4 6

31 3

11 3 8 1

187

-

r i --r 2 2 1 1 r ' 1 1 3 2 1 2 s 1 1 6 1 1 1 1

37

-

I

14 1

reapccte. Fbr cxnmplc, elmply thc thcrmal buffcrlng cffcct o1 thc

ocean glvce h n z n m t c a cllmatlc atabllliy In strong contrnAt to a

deeert aren of equal alzc In thc Spanlsh Sahara, a rcglon whlch

approxlniatea knzarotc In vcgctation Fjtructurc.

WIth (he cxccptlon o1 the remotc leland, lllcrro, wlth a btal

Acrldold I a u r ~ ~ o1 only 8 epc'cIce, thc proportbn o1 congcncrlc Actl-

&Id epcclee le approxlniatcly thc e imc for all of tlic Cannry talanda,

r ep rd l eae of el tc (Tablo 15). G r m i (1960) lmpllcd th i t thc alzc o i nn

lrland tcnde to Influcncc thc numbcr of 118 congcncrlc apcclce, tho

lorgcr thc leland tho niorc congcncre, rceultlng fmm thc Irúluciicce 0 1

amount and virlcty o1 rceourcce avallablc. Such a concluabn la mt

opproprhtc In thc prcecnt caec.

TADLE 15, Proprtbn o1 congcncrlc RPCCICB o1 thc btd AcrlQid fauna on ihc Crriwry ltilande.*

lsland L F C T O P 11 - lbtal S ~ C C ~ C S 14 11 25 27 15 10 8 Congcnerlc

'bcongcncrs 57 44 80 82 17 10 25

spcclcs 8 6 15 17 7 4 2

Mcui epcclce pcrgcnue 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.1

* Ialande abbrcvlaled to Ilrst Icttcr.

. . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. -

TABLE 16. WlStlc8 o0 endemism of Lb8 Acrlcbld k.mt of the C m hlmdr.*

Totai specbs of Acrlcbidea

Specles endemíc to a singie isiand

L F C T C P E T U spcie8

14 11 25 27 15 11 0 46

1 2 6 1 2 O 1

Species endemlc, but on more ulyr one isluid** 1 1 4 6 2 2 1

13

7

Konendemlc specíes 12 0 15 20 11 9 6 26

144 r i sndcnilca wlth i l ic cistcrn l d n n d a niay, In p i r t , bo ri functhn ol

dldnncc, ne wcll a8 rclatcd lo dlffercnccn in ccology. 8

The dlstrlbulbn of endenilc Acrldoldca on and bctwccn lelinde

le ailopotrlc. in only two casce le more thin onc ~pcclca of a genue 4 dlotrlbutbne on thzt Islwd. Wcrncrclla fiublncvla aiid E. 2, are b t h [: -4 eotabiishcd on nny glvcn Island, and ln thcec the sycclce have aliopatrlc loiind on Gran Canarla; twwcvcr, the formcr le a mndy-bcach dwciler,

wlillc E. a. la found at hlgh clcvatbne. Slnillarly, Arnilnda (Chrqmd- w 2 ) canarlrnRln and Arnilntla (Arminda) burrl Rrc both cstabllshcd

on Gran Canarla. A, cnnnrlcnels 1s found a b v c COO mctcre, and E !e known fmm thc low-clcvatbn scmldcscrt rcdon.

Tiic tcndcncp towarda nilopntry nniong tho Canarhn cndcrnlc

taxa niay bc n rcsponsc to compctltlon for ccolofilcal rcmurcca.

E l b n (194(5), 1-xk (1944) mnd othcre prcscntcd cvldcnco euggcsting

(hit! congcnerlc npcctca arc ntorc alnillar ecoioglcaily [han Iictcm-

gcncrlc EpCClCE. Thie la prohbly brciuee lhc congcncrlc epcclcs

poacee ntorc s l m l l u adafllvo sysicme t l i m thc hctcrogcncrlc onco

(ci. Lnck, 10G5). l l ic allopattlc dlatrlbutbnoí cndcnilce la p r l l cu -

lar19 lnicrcuílng whcn It le rcallzcd lhal tticrc orc many hahltnía bi

whlch Armlndi, for cxxnnplc, wuuld bc cxpcctcd lo ourvlvc, bld elmply L-T4

u

145

numbcra ol Indlvlduals nnd scnmnnl niovrnirnta of orpniciitn of p p u l a -

tbne. Tho centar of nbundancc of spcclca A mny bc ln tlic vallcy of

Harla durlng onc scnson, only lo bc found In an ccologlcally sinillar,

but gmgraphlcally diffcrcnt rcglon 10 ycrire hcncc.

iI1. Vertlcal strnllflcatlon of sprclcs on thc lslands wlth rcspwt to vencl n t Ion zo nc e,

h a of lhc charnctcrlellc fcaturce of nionlnnc occanlc lfllands le

predlctoblc pattcrn ot cllmatlc stratlllcat b n . Thc Canary lalanda nro

cxposcd to thc northcast tridc wlnde durlng most o t thc ycir and thcw

wlnde are npprenlly thc niajor factor dctcrnilnlng thc cllniatc in a11

sxccpt tho rcgbne a b v c 1500 rnctcre. Thcrc thc cllmalc le Iargcly

aífcctcd by thc countcr-lridc wlnde of thc uppcr alr Iaycra (Ccballoa

ond Ortuib, 1951).

Wllhln Uio cllmatlc eyslcme dornlmtcd by ihc t r idc wliide, a

numbcr of eUbrCpbnal cllmallc typca may bc dlstlqylehcd: thc utca

ncar Bca lcvcl whcrc condcnealion le lnircqucnt, thc mrth and mrthcad

windward sldc on cich laland whcrc condcnmtlon rcsultfl In cloud

formation and riin, and thc lccward sldc of the lelande whcrc tha nlr

dccrciacs Lnliumldlly as 11 dceccnds thc dry slopca. Fiom thc p l r i l of

vlcw of cllmatlc otratülc3tton, thcn, thc Canary IdrindR can be dlvlflrd

hto four major arcas:

1) bwlanda bclow 400 mctcrs: c l lmatc wllh inlld wli i t r re niid

warm, dry summcre.

148

2) North and northcaetcrn tncca o2 mountalne, 300 - 1500 metcrs, whcre cloud íormntlon occure. Thle rcylon le rarcly

wlthout moleture ln thc torrn ot cloude, tog, or raln.

3) South and muthwcslcrn slopce, 300 - 1500 metere, wlth dry, warm 10 cool cllmntc, dcpcndlng on altltude.

4 ) iilghlanda a b v c 1500 mctcre, wlth dry countcr-trade wlnd

cllmato charactcrlzcd by warm, dry eummcre nnd molst cool

wlntcra, wllh s m w trcqucnt aliovc 2UOO nictcra.

Tho rclatlonohlp bctwccn clcvallon and cllinatlc bclte la shown

in Flgura 10 (inodiílcd Irom Lcrns, 1858).

Only thc lslande of Tcncrüo, Gran Cmarh and ia Palma

psscsfl rill four of thc cllmntlc typce. The othcr leiande Rrc iiol hld,

cnough 10 rccclve thc cifccta of Ihc countcr-tradc wlnde. On Comcra

and lllcrro, tlic cbude nrc not caught on thc wlndward aldc o! tho

laland a s thcy aro ln thc n b v c , brit ralhcr pour ovcr lhc topa o1 thc

muntalna, evaporatlng on thc dry lccwird oldce. WIth tho cxccplbn

o1 tho emall Jaiidla rldKc on muthcrn F'ucrtcvciitura, Fucricvcntura

end L~izaroto nrc csncntlally wlthout II cloud bclt cífcct . Thcsc ialands are slmply foo low ror ctiough rlslng nnd coollng 01 ?Ir íor

cbud forrnation 10 occúr.

Thc-e !q r( pir

vopd 'qflnn typp !n 1111. CnnnrlpR, Tliroo rnajor vccctatlori ZRIICR a t e

recognlzrd by i.criia (1050), thc bnml xcropliyllc rcl:lon (rou~tily cor-

rcspondlng Ir> tlic 1owl:ind cllmallc hcll bclow 3CO iiictcre), thc forcst

c-1 147

r ..A FIGURE 10. Rclailonship bctwccn clcvilbn and cl lmitc In tho

Canary Islmde. Arrowa Indlcalc wlnd dlrcctbn.

Wlppllng showe approxlnialc arca of thc xcmphytlc

cono. h w leland rcprcecnte cltlicr hnznmtc or

Ricrtqvcntura, laland of lntcrmcdlntc clcvitlon

reprcecnle Gomcra or Illcrru. Thc tallccl lalarid

may k Tcncrlte, Lii h l m a or Crin Cmarla.

l I

I

l

l !

l 1

,

I I

149

regbn (300 - 1500 nictcre), and thc subalplnc rcgbn (atuvc 1500 mdcra). Wlthln theee Iargc bclts are many cornmunltice of plante

Whkh Lcms dcflnce by mclhode dcacrlbcd by üraun-üinnquct (1932).

Fbr a varlcty of rcamne, it la not fcasiblc lo rttcnifl classüi-

catbn of the Acridold s p c c l ~ e of thc Canarlcli accordlng to Ilorlstlc

communltlee. Many plant coniniunltlca have not bccn dcficrlbrd in lhe

Islands. Largc porlbnn of lhc eouthwoetcrn portlon of Gran Canarla

have mt y d bccn edflclcntly Invcsllgatcd from lhc p in t ot vlcw of

plpn( t ~ c l o b g y lo dcflnc florlstlc naecniblagce. Cornmunitica of pirints

mü occaebiwlly 'but of place, '' followlng a sircam bcd or barranco

Inb an uncxpcclcdly low clcvallon. Thle may cxplaln thc largc numbcr

of gasshoppcr epcclce whlch eharo adJaccnt vcgclatlon mnca (Tablc

nj. Most Invcsdptors a v c c ihat niost apcclca of Oritiopcra havo

rnthcr wcll-dcflncd ccobglcal prcfcrcnccs. Cantrall (1043) found that

the Oiihoptcran inhabllants of lhe E. 9. Gcotge Rcecrvc, hilchigan,

couid bc dlvldcd accordlng !o mijor ccologlcal calcgorlce: dwcllcre In

xerlc, xcromcslc and hydtlc cnvimnmcnta. Thcec thrco m3)or habl-

tala could Lhcn be Iurthcr Bubdlvldcd on ccologIcal grounde. Cantralf

obeerved that although ccrtrln taxi wcrc rcstrlctcd (o R ~ C C U I C habitats

(Orchcllmum carnpcstre ülatchlcy), that olhcrs wcre gcnerallzcd In

prdercncce, occaelonally changlny habltai wlth scasonal idvancc

(Melampus fcmur -rubrurn ícrnur-rubrum).

In hle dudy of lhc Alutacca group of llic gcnue Schl!ilorcrca,

TADLE 17.

160 161

Triixn I I R ! i ~ y i . s DuclostauriiR niamccanus Onioccfiiun filriionyl

+ + + +

+

t + +

+

t + b

4

_L_

13

+ t + t + + + + t + t + t t t t + + + t + t

t + t

4 + +

+ 20

t

t + t + + +

t t + + + + t t + + t +

t

+ .t + +

21 4

m m e arcas, whlle ln other arcas , occurrlng In grassy duncs and open

beach ocgctat b n .

Tablcs 3, 4 , 6, 10 and 1 1 lndlcatc lhat aniong Acrlduld epcclcs

on the Canarlce for wlilch florletlc data wcrc prcparcd, epcclce tcnd l o

be lound In a par t lcuhr structural typc of vcgclatlon, U not aseoclatcd

wlth a apccUlc f b r l s t l c conimunlty. For cxamplc, Cnlllpiamu.s - -- plcbclua tcnds to bc found in shrubby habltate, whllc 0nicrcfllu.s Rlmonyl

~ i d h c l o s l n u r u s maroccanus lcnd to bc found ln a n u a l , wccdy arcas .

--

Shcc thc maJor vcgctalbnal brlie rccognlzcd by Lcms (1959)

may be dcscrlbcd by ddlnl tc ccologlcal paramrtcrs including mi only

tcmpcrature, r a M i l l and fiyslcal Icaturce ot thc eubstratc, ht ale0

thc atructural growth fornis 01 thc plante thcrcln, 1 havc clioecn to

examine thc vcrtlcal dlrdrlbutlon of t h c Acrldoldca of thc Canary

Islands accordlng to thla clasaiflcatlon. To lhcsc vcgciallonal bclts,

llded on p g e 146, 1 havc lncludcd onc addltbnal dlvlslon to dufcrcn-

tlaie bctwccn thoec spccles found on sandy brach as dlstlnct from

thoeo found In typlcal xcro~ihyílc ocrub.

As indlcatcd ín Tablc 17, thc majorlty of Acrldold ~ p c c l c s a t e

íound bcbw Ihc subilplnc t d t , and thc Acrltl>Id fauna 1s rriost dlvrroc

bctwecn Uie xcmphytlc bcli md 1500 mctcre. Only four of thc 39

1 I

I

i' i

1 l !'

r

I I

152

[4 [TI

Sphln@notua sav lpyl , -- Wcrncrclla pichccol, Wcrncrclla eublacvla md c 71 r ,1 r - 1

speclcs llntcd a r e found n h v c 1500 mctcre: Cnlllptamue plcbclua,

bcmtylus pntruclla, Sphinfpmtus wlllcnieel and Wcrncrclln ep. Threo

~pec l ee are unlquc to tlic opcn bcnch: Dcrcorys mlnuta, Eyprcpc-

n e m b clncrea and Splilnpmtus frey!, elx epccles characterlzc tho

xemphytlc bclt : Calllptan\us barborus, Sphlnpmlua canarlcnsla,

Omocestus slmonyl. Slx epcclee pro found only In tlic forcst rcgbn:

Acrontlra bellnmyl, Piirpararla crna, Chopardnilnda canarlcnsla,

Ocdalcua ac~cCalcnRlrt, Ordlpda carrulcaccna and Doclostnurua

mnroccnnue.

Sphln~rtotue wlllcmacl. 11 a taxon la found ln more lhan onc vcgctatlon

Eone, the zoncs a r e alwaya ndjaccnt; in no case le a Rpeclce ndiptcd to

non-contlyoua mnco.

A slngle apcclcs L B an lndlcator oí tlic subalplnc mnc,

11 le lntcrcstlng tliat thc only spcclce found ln a11 of Ihc vcgcta-

tlon bclta (Acmlylun patruclln) la aleo onc 01 tuo spcclce kmwn from

al1 scvcn ol thc Canary Islanda. Thle apcclcs oppcara Lo be of hlgh

ccologicnl valvncc on thc nialnland o8 wcll, occurrlng wldcly ln Mrlca,

mu!hcrn Europc md muihwcntcrn Aalo. Moralce Agnclm (1042) lndl-

catcd that thc ~ p c c l c s la iicarly ublqultoua on thc lbcrlan Pcnlnsuh.

Wlth the cxccptlon of !*ncrclla Q., apcclca occurrlng on a einglc

laland a re Iuunrl lti rin imre t l n n t v m vcgctntlnn 7 n i w ~ . Oirly tqwcltw

fooirnd on f l v n 0 7 I I IPI I> Inlnnc'o circiir ti1 1Jirpp 01 Iti'iro vcgctatlon hcltn.

Cl)opat4 (1!)37) clns:1lfi

I I

I i

I

I

1

1

164

TADLE 18. Numbcr oí epcclce on coneccutlvc numbcie oí lelande.

Nurnbcr of lsknde

Nunibcr of spcclce

Numbcr oí Numbcr oí Pcrccnt gcncro subíimlllce cndcmlce

22 10 2 3 6 2 2

13 7 2 3 5 2 2

8 SD 8 60 1 O 1 O 4 20 1 O 1 O

165

Ten epcclce are kmwn írom two oí thc Cnnary l~landa. TlicRe

10 reprcecnt seven gcncra and e lx eubfanilllce. Slx of thcae spcclca

are endemlc to thc lelands (60%). In every cnee, cndcmlc spccice

occur on adJaccnt lslands (Tablc 13).

Oí Iho spcclee fouiid on niorc than tuv Islands, only onc le

endomlc to thc Canarlce (Calllptntiius plcbclus Wnlkcr). Al1 otlicr laxa

found on rnultlylc lslande a r e wldcly dlstrlbulcd on thc nialniand. hlost

spcclee of Acrldoldca íound on morc than tu-o lelands bclong l o rhc

subíamlly Ocdlpdlnac (1 1). The eubíamlllcs Calllptniiihac ( l ) ,

Cbmphocerlnac (1) aiid Cyrtacaiithacrldlnac (1) arc aleo rcprcecntcd

In thls group.

Scveral concluslone may bc drawn f r o m consldmlng thc nunicri - cal dletrlbullon oí epcclce on thc Canarlce. I t le l lkcly tliai non-

cndcrnlc spcclce íound on o elnplc leland a r e rcl.illvcly rcccnt lnvadcre

Lo Oie Canarlce. T h l s la certalnly 80 lor Annrrldlum aqyIi(1um whlch

wae not kmwn frorn tho Canarlce untll 1080, allliough I t le wldcly

didrlbutcd ln Aírlca, Europo and Aela M d has bccn h w n fmni 1110

more nortlicrn híadclra l a h d s for many ycare. 1 would cxpcct lhle

gcncrnllralbn to Iiold p r t l cuh r ly b r thoee epcclce wllh wldc dictrl-

butbne on mainland afeas, Implying eithcr hlgh vaglllly or gcnerillzcd

ecologlcal prcícrcncce.

Tho obecrvatbn that dlelanco ímm t h o nialnland pcr BC, a

mcaaure oí Ir i la tbn dl.scuaecd ln detall In Acclbn VI , I1ns csscnttally

IY) ofícct on numbcre of epcclcs prcecnt on an lsland supprle llic

168

contcntbn that much of thc Acrlcbld fauna le rathcr ncw; lt le, ln fact,

vory pJselblc that thcec lelanda do no1 rcprcecnt barrlcre 10 dlstrlbu-

t b n at nli for niany epcclc8, partkularly for thoec atmng tilcre f O r

whlch cxtcndcd fllghte a r e charactcrletlc. The most rcmotc leland ln

thls chaln, La Paliiia, le only about 280 mllce tmm thc wcel coa& of

Nrlca.

Furthcrnioro, tlic b w proportbn of leland cndcmlcs prcacnt on

Duro than a elnglc leland, may p l n t to tlie sanic concluslon, that thc

ma)orlty oí thc Acrldold fauna le rathcr ncw and a8 oí y&, rclatlvcly

undlffcrcdl~ted. For cxample, ecvcn epcclce oí Armlnda are found on thc Canary 1sl.muid.s; di11 nre cstabllelicd on oiily n s l n ~ ~ I c l dmd . I b w -

ever, two spcclmcna 01 tho gcnua hnvc bccn takcn on adJaccnt lslands

a s crratlce. In thc large eerlca of Armlnda that 1 had avallablc for

dudy 1 found onc epwlmcn o í 4. b z from TcncrUc. Thc fipccIc6 wae known prcvbuely from only the adJaccnt Ie lnd , Gran Canarla.

Slmllarly, n nlnglc apcclmcn of &. brunncrl ha8 bccn mtcd from IA Palma (tblzaplel, 1071); thls apcclce wae prcvbuely rccognlzcd ne a

narrow cndcmlc oí Tencrlfe, No1 only ln thla case, bu1 ln cvcry caec,

endcmlc spcclcs a r e known only from rdJaccr* lelands. In m inslanco

le thcrc a broad dl6juncllon In a spcclca cUstrlhllon, for cmmplo

brtwecn li!t>rro arvi G r a n Cqt in~ f? , twn lr l7nrlR wliich eliarc! mnny

qcologtcni Ien tur ra . ntnnd disjciiir!!nn rnly fit1t:ccd 3 rcllct hldory.

1 iriirryrct tlic obncrv:itlor\R In hrmlndn n~ p~q1l)lc cxpiiialon of

rangcs on thc lslands, whlch d t c r a long hlslory o í lntroductbn and

-,1 L +J ‘- 1.1 II] il_l i1 J C J ’ i

l

-

167

exchangc wlth othcr lelanda, could rcmlt ln eynipatrlc dlRtrlbutlon a8

9 the rule, rathcr than iho cxceptlon.

In addltbn to thcse charnctcrlstlc adJaccnt dlstrlbutlone ln

cndemlce, thcrc le no cvldcncc 01 dificrcntlatlon lnto subspcclflc status

in anyof thc cndcnilc laxa of Acrldoldea. OniOCCRtUR nlnionyl, Wcrncr-

olla plctctl, Armlnda brunncrl, Armlnda b s a r i d Calilptaniua e l -

u 2 wcre cardully etudlcd Ior morphologlcal dUfcrcntlat b n . A l 1

resulte mpport thle conclualon.

V. WInj$mncsy m d thc Acrldolclra of thc Cinary tslnnds. - Tho notbn that nplcry In lnsccte 1s rclalcd to windlncse ard

othcr fcaturce of occanlc lelanda ha8 bccn malntalncd elncc thc daye o1

Darwln (Darwln, 1859; Carlqulst , 1908). híoel rccciiily Grcssitt

(1OU44) has corrclatcd thc hlgh r a i b of fllrSitlcse mlcmptcmue ineccta

on Campbcil Island wlth thc wlndy witurc of iho Island. Slnce a ralhci

n

I have bccn lmprcsecd wlth thc allopalrlc dlctrlbution o1 lhc Orthoptera In thc Canary Idands. in rc1:ard lo thc obcrrvaibn thal h only two cu8ce a r c morc thnn o slnl:lc cndcmlz of P R l v r n 1:cnus round on onc leland, thc ccncrallzatbn holdn for lhc -ktiIla)nllnc 1:rnus C;iIiI. phon;ion thc Canary rnd hlndclra latandis. Thrcc R ~ C C I C ~ of c:iiiiptic;np arc kmwn from t h c Canary Islands: konlcl, a short-wlngrd fGi i Í r fGi thc leiand of TcncrUa, p l m w w l ~ , a k.

-1

- 4 11 118 rs 168 lnrge pmportbn of thc Canarlnn Acrldold fauna la wlnglcse, a etudy

01 factor8 Mlucnclng wlng lcngth In lneecte and a mmparlmn of tho dltchce, grave1 plts nnd artlilclol ponde wcrc Illgtitlcse.

Data prceentcd by Darllngton (1043) suggcet íhat the - 4

proportbn of aptcry and mlcroptery in taxi common to both the Canary

irlande and Afrlca wcre consldcrcd to be l n ordcr, montane Carabld fauna of Ihc Crcatcr Antillce ha8 a hlyh pcrccntagc o? ' yrl wingices forme whcn comparcd wilh thc fauna of low clcvatbn lalande

1 3 Therc le rnuch evldencc fmm P variety of lneect groupe (Colmp- in the eame nrca. Darllngton corrclatce t h l s obscrvatbn wlth . - ter', Lepldopcra* Odonata, Orthoflcra and DL@era) that many factors

may lnfhcncc wlng Icngth. f n niany gmupe, thcrc sccrne to bc a -TJ the preecnce oi stabic vegctallon bclte In thc rnountalmue rcgk)ne a8

(3 . - I r 1 mntraetcd wlth dcctduoue, lcae pcrelstcnt vcgctatbn typce on thc correlatbn bctwcen dcycloprncnt of adaptatlona which reduce diepcrsal

abllity ond llvlng In perrnancnt habitate. 'O Thc waye In whlch dlapcrea

i s llmiicd varice wllh lhc tamn undcr coneldcratbn. Itowcvcr, lhc

adaptatbns tcnd to faU lnto two rnabr catcgorics: rcductbn In flylng

abllity and Incrcasc ln Icngth of thc 1Uc cyclc. Jackson (isze), In a dudy of fllght ablllty of watcr bcctlcü, clmxWcd acvcral hundrcd

apcclce fmm tcrnpcrate regbne of thc uwld Inio thc iollowlng catc-

prlcs: 1) Mabltmls of pcrmmcnt rlvcre, 2) lakcs, 3) bog ponde

-TJ bwer Mande. Lcme (1058) Iiae shown that altbugh thc forcst rcgion of the Canarlce le charmtcrlzcd by a ama11 nunibcr oi stable, cllniax --rl communltice (laurcl forcst, Iicath nnd plnc), that dcíinltbnof cllniax

--%

. - ' a i -. ' O

communltlce In thc lowland arca8 le mt only dlíilcult , biit pcrhapa Inappy-oprlatc. hb6t oi the iowlmd cornniunltlca dcílncd on mclologl-

cal grounde have dlsjunct dlstrlinillons, both on and bctwccn lslanda

and, 9t bcst, rcpr¿scnt dlscontliiuoue habltate whcn conlraetcd wUh

the contlnuoue dlfitrllutbn o1 iorcet comrnunltlce.

,- i . - - 1 l

r c i "

r i

L+ - ami pcat pools, 4 ) small ponde, 5) dltches, grave1 plts and tcmporary Mnny Invcetlgatore havc rcldcd Icnflh of winp and íllgtit nbl lJty

to Icngth of IUc cyclc (Alcxaiidct, 1967; Jackmn, 1928; Sclllcr, 1054;

and othere). hiaeakl md Oyama'e cxpcrlmcnte wlth thc crlckd

artUlc1ai ponde. SXty pcrccnt of Ihc Carabld fauna of thc pcrmancnt

rlvcrs werc Illphtlcea, 23% oí Iho Iakc fauna, 14% o í the bog pond -.

I 'a

-_ beetlco, and 5%01 (he emaU pond c a l c p r y wcre uruble lo f ly . None of Ncmoblus y c m c n ~ l e In Japin aumniarizce thc impllcatlons oí Ihcsc f a reportn (1063). Ncrnoblue ycmensla mrrnaily ovcrwhtcre ae a latc

nymph In Japan, and le an adult carly in thc sumrncr. I t le thc only

cr lckd ln J a p n that ovcrwlntcre ln a stagc more advanccd thnn thc

egg, nnd thc only crlckct In Japnn in

pro kmwn naturally. Photopcrlodic studlce of dcvciopmrrit of c g ~ e of

the bccilce iound ln thc most tcmporary habltata lncludlng dralnago

-. 4 8 lo A pcrmmcni Iialilht 18 ttcfincd as oiw vhlch aould rcrnaln

whlch only mlcroptcroue forms

linchaiigcd for tJioIicnnd8 cf ycnrs; íor rxariiple, a !irEc rivcr or a cllrnax vegctatbn lypc Ilkc thc hcntli 0 1 tlic Crinary Islnrlds. 1hiR typs 01 Iiabllat le lo bc ronlraritcd w l t h a trmlnrary hn!)iiat, such a6 a dralnago dllch. o r cñr ly Hucccnfllonni R1al:c Iii tlic vcKctalbn oí nn area .

l *

I N

thls epcclea ovlpeltcd ln thc l abra tory showcd ttiat devclopmcnt durlng

a long day of 16 houre of llght la elgnlflcmtly more rapld t h i n dcvelop-

ment undcr condltlone of short day wlth 12 or fcwcr hours of llght.

Rir lhernme, In no case dld lndlvlduale have long wlngs whcn rcarcd

undcr short day condltlone whlch rcsultcd in elow devclopmcnt. A hlgh

pmportbn of lndlvlduals dcvclopcd long wlnge undcr iong day condlt bna.

Thus, In eomc lnsccts, thcrc l e a correlatbn bctwccn lctiflh of tlme

for dcvclopnicnt and Icngth of winge,

Wlng icndh In Lnoccte has also becn rclated to p p u h t b n dcnslty

(Fwaeu-f)racecti, 1961; Sackl, 1900), gcnctlce (Sclllcr, 1054; DOwdcn,

1963; Prcvosll, lDOO) , and (cnipcraturc of tho cnvlroiinwnt (Alcxandcr,

1967).

Fmm thls vcry brlcl rcvlcw of P ralhcr coniplcx yrob!crn, ono

10 Pble to concludc Iliat wlng h g t h ln lnaccis may bc rchtcd to II

n r l c t y of factnre, niany oí whlch urc probably lnlcrrclaicd In nature.

b b i Iaclors arc opcrallvc on milnhnd ond Lneular arcas ailUte, hcnco

reduction ln wlng icngüi 28 on "lslsnd syndmme" can bc qucdhncd.

In ordcr io clctcrnilnc tfic rclatbndilpof wlny Iccyrh ln tho C w r y Ioland and Afrlcan Acrldold faunas, thc ptopt t lon of bng-

wlnged lo wln~ l r s e aiid rcduccd-wlngcd spcclca In cirli arca wa8

dcterinliicd. A apcclcs w i e considcrcá lo Iinve reducrd uliig Icngth U

thc hind wlrKri wrrp rtnrtcr ffinrr f h o - h h n i c n , n . i t a h r i f i c g Afrlcan

fauna I s h n n d on D l r r b ( i n c ? ) , .irilioc!on (!9!iC), 2rid nc(nrirl.iry

rrlcrrnrrr) i t r d h y 1 1 1 < ~ ~ . ( - : l t l t l l n r fl,

Although thle nnalyala may euffcr fmni thc c rmr tlini tlic

Acrldold fauna of thc Cinnry la l~nda la bcitcr k m w n thnn tlint of

Afrlca, lníormatlon on wlng Icngtli wns nvallablc for 1,427 spcclee

of Acrldoldca fmm tlic wholc 01 Nrlca. Of thcRc, 631 or 44% are

elther entlrely wlnglcse or wlth rcduccd wlnga (Tablc 19). In cnntraut,

only 8 o t 19% of thc 46 Rpcclce o1 Acrl

m

!

i g 1 - i l !

i 3

l a u L o u o o o o o ~ o o o u

3

O -

cl > U P m

ID L

E 5 op

e L = o o N Y O LI

C=r9 Islvldr Aírica Numkr of Sumber o< Number of hbmber of N u m k r of Nomber

p e r a aindess bng-winged genera wingiess of bng-

Qcedwíng species species species and re- winged

k p h m d a e * h p h s s f n í e

Acrlüidae Ca*antopiiue Acridínae Cslliptarninae Dericorythiaae Truzaibae CyrtacanthacridUxte E yprepocnemidhae

q'rgu mo rphinae Bqprnorphidae

Totais

Percent winglesa

2 2 O 10 60 O

2 7 O 61 99 104 8 O 23 89 52 274

1 O 2 7 O 43

1 O 2 5 13 2

4 O 4 49 26 138 2 O 2 16 1 47 1 O 1 16 16 19

1 O 2 40 78 55

21 9 37 299 345 E92

L o o

species: 19 33 The Comphocerhze are bcre tnciuled In the -e.

“ . a .-

’ - a . -

. w . -

- i

.

1

164 c 1 r [ Y r . 1 r . 1 1 - 1 - 1

1 J 1 i

-- -- 7

whcre hlgh proporllone o[ wlnglcee E ~ C C ~ C E wcro mtcd by h r w l n

(1858) and Dwllngton (1943). -r The entlre eubfamlly to whlch Purpurarla m d Acrostlra bclong

le brachypteroue, mlcroptcroue or apterous; thc cloacet known relallve

of thc Armlnda-C1ir)pnrdmlnda complcx, PemtdtLx Durmclster, 1840,

le mlcroptcroue (Krauee, 1092). ln vlcw of thc íact tliat thc cbecst

reiatlvee of al1 wlnglcae taxa nrc also wlnglcee or mlcroptemua on

codlnental IUrlca, lt eccnle cvidcnt that thc npteroue condltlon does

mt reprcscnt an adaptatlon to Ineular condltbne In lhle fauna. * -r The wlnglceii condltlon oí Acrkbldca oí thc Canarlcs doce, how-

evcr, 8ccm 10 bc rclntcd to dcbTcc of cndcmlem. Al1 01 thc wlnglces

gcncra of Acrldoldcn prcecnt on thc lelande are cndcmlc. On tho othcr

hnnd, non@ of thc gcncra oí wingcd ~asshoppcre on tlic Canarlce ato

cndcmlc, nltliouCh 11 ol tho apcclce nrc (Tablc 13). ñiorcovcr, al1

of the nptcroua B ~ C C I C E nrc es(ab1lshcd on elnglc islande, whcrcae

severa1 of tho wlngcd cndcrnlc epcclce occur on ecvcral or nl lcast

adJacent lelande (Cnlllptamus plrbclue Wnlkcr ; Oinoccfdue Rlmonyl

Kr nuee) . VI. Rclallonshlp bctwccn npcclcn dlvcrelty o1 hcrldoldra, ihc varicular -- _. - 1

-

r --r

1 -

1-

- -.

flora, and topoeaphlc Icaturce o1 i hc Islande.

T~blt-9 7 1 :\nd ?7 n i i m i i i n r l z ~ i h n ~ t n t l s t l p n on \tic hcrlchld

fauna, V P R C U I ~ ~ (lora niid l i l iyqlrT\ f m i t 1 r r*n o! fiis r:\n:~ry Inlnridn.

Thcse data w r p coinparcd by mcanfl ol rrgrconlon annlysce b a d on . -

d Y O

- 1

185

N

n li

1 I 1

l I

167

least q u a r c e dctcrmlnatlona, and lhc rcaulte wcrc tcstrd for stat1Rtl- L ..J

r 1

L a -r

cal slgnlllcance by nicann of F-testa. Cocfflclcnte of corrclation a ro

glven in table 23. CocíílcIcnte of corrclation wlth slgnlíicancc cxcccd-

Lng the 0.05 lcvcl are starrcd, and lndlcitc correlatlons of prcdlctcd

bbloglcal slgniflcancc . 1t has bccn obscrvcd by nunicmue Invcatigators, tliat as hori-

mntal dlstance from lhc malnland lncrcascs thc ibsolutc nunibcra oí

spcclcs on Islande, or spcclce dlvcrsity, dccrcascs (Ravcn, 1935;

Tatewakl, 1963; Carlqulst, 1965; hlacArthur and Wllsun, 1QG7). Thle

o b s c r v i t b n ha8 bccn attrlhtrd to diifcrcntlal dlcpcrsal Iaclllty of

spcclcs in ihe eourcc fauna, rcduccd probablllly of any indlvldual

rcaching P rcnioie arca as compacd wllh a ncar nrca, nnd C C O h g k l l

p u c l t y o! en id i Islande. For both thc Canary leland Acrldold fauna

end tho vaecular flora, lhc rclatbnshlp bctwcrn dlstancc from ttic

rnalnland nnd apccicn dlvcrslty dDce rwt 111 3 ncgatlvc líncar filopc, bu!

rathcr incrcasce Inlt lal ly, lhcn dmps prcclpllously tn Idands mcrc

dlRtant than 280 kllomctcre Imni t h c Afrlcnn coant. 'IIIP treiidn In t h i ~

c o r r e h t b n nrc csacnllally ldcntlcal In vascular planta nnd AcridrJidra

(Flgs. 11, 12).

The ccntrd lslands cupporílng rlch blotae are, tmwcvcr, largc

lelanda (Tablc 21). Thc obscrvatbn that thcre l e oflcn a prcdlctablc

rclatlonshlp bctwccn numbcre 01 G~CCICR and suríacc arca on whlch

thcy a r o fouiid 18 wcll áocuiiirntcd, and rrcciitiy Iinn I J r c ii ur,rd Ir )

formul3ia u thcory oí blogcogaphy o í al1 Island Iornifl (hiarArtli~ir niid

e M 4

- 8 ? 0 0

. . m o w

[ I T [ l -T FIGURE 1 1 . Spcclc8-dlslmcc curvc for lhc Acrldoldcn of thc

Cnnary lelmda. If plollcd 18 n llncar rclallon

accordlnc lo thc equal b n y = mx + b, b 17. U8

and m = -0.0070. Thc cocfflclcnt of corrclatbn

lil -0.096.

r

n

Q i (B i O i

0

0 ) / c 0 o

\ \ \

O

G\, \ '\ *P

\

.H ' f

100 200 300 2

P (o

? m o o O

e va 5 5 n o P C Y c

Y a

2 + U

U -

a io

u W N

d

L 4 O

172

0 /

\J Q \

lL' O

173

Wllmn, 1867). It 18 poaelblc that U eurfaco arca wcrc tnkcn into

account, thc llora and fauna wu ld codorm to thc prcdlclcd drcrcasc

h ~ p m l e ~ dlvcrelty of dlstant lelands.

Darlington (1957), ln llic hcrpcb-tauna of ilic W w t lndics,

observrd that dividlng thc surlacc arca o! thc leland by 10 dlvldcs the

launa by 2. WUmn (1961) ha8 ducumcnlcd a elnillar eystcm In wtilch

the nunibcr oí pncr lnc ant spcclcs In hlclaricela lncrcnsco witli arca .

IUs daia add lhc addltbml Inlcrctiting anpcct tiiat Liicrcaw in nunibcr

oí spcclcs wlth arca le more rapld on Isolalcd lslande or a r c h l p c l ~ p c s

thnn In cxprnding saniplc arca8 tnkcn on n slnglc Iaiid n i n s a . Crccrr-

olada (1007) has shorn a cioac corrclallon bclwccn alzc o! blrd f w n i

and arca ol kndlvldual lslands ol lhc Colomn gmup.

Although Gran Canarla nnd Tcncrlfc a rc lndccd luo o( [tic

thrco largcst of thc Canary lslrinds (Tablo 21), htcrtcvcnturi, the

thlrd oí (he Iargc lelarid lrlplct, houece nn Inipovcrlnhcd [lora and

granshoppcr fauna ( F l y r c e 13, 14).

Thua, nclthct elze nor dhtnnco can cxplaln tlic r;i)cclca dlvrr - 8íty ol laxa on thc Cinary lslanda In crúlrcly alncc Fucrlcvcntura i n

not only Uic cioecst lsland lo thc rnalnland, bu1 alm ( A Ihc sccoiid

largcst land mas8 In thc archllwlqo.

Ifamllton nnd Rublnot! (1DG3, 1DG4) Iiavc slmwn ttiat dlctnncc

from tho ncarest nclglibor Islarid Inliabltcd by tlnchce 1s ItTipIrtaIit in

cxylalnlng thc varlallon In both total nunibore of flnch spcclcs on n n

taland and nunibcr ol cndcmlca on an lslnnd. K 2arcet nri~lilmr,

174

\

$\ LL I

\ O'

\ \a

Q c l \ O \ \

(9 \ \ O

=o\ \ . - - -

FICüRE 13. Cpcclco-arca curvc for lhc Acrldoldca of Ihc Cinary

Ishnds. Thc cocfflclciit of corrclallon 1s 0.008.

z 0 0.318 whcrc 9 - CAZ nnd whrrc S le ihc numbcr of epcclce on an lsland, A le lhc surface arca of Ihc

Island, C le n constant, and 2 1s n mcasurc of Ihc

fnunal lncrcaec wlth slzc (MacAriliur and Wllmn,

[ -,1 ! -J

1967).

' O O

' O M

O 0

' O i F

O ' O 9

178

V3010QIü3V S3133dS

178

1 FIGURE 14. Spcclcs-arca cutve íot the vasculir flora oí the I

I

!

i.-

Canary lulande. The cocfílclcn! oí corrclatlon la

0.500. z 0 0.424 whcre 9 0 CAZ aiid whctc S 18

the numbcr o í spcclce on 3n leland, A 1s 11 e

surface nrca oí thc island, C la a consimt . and 2 le n rncnsutc 01 floral lncrcasc wlih slz J

(MaeArtliut and Wllson, 19G7).

c ' 1 - -Y

- 7 -1 -r-

1 . , ., I

-

- . .

177

\ \

IL O

\ O\ O

t e

\ A \

e \ a. \ e

\ \

\ O \

' ? \ I

!

I-LicI

I J I ,:1 l . ’I

-1 1 I

- 1 * -- J J J 1

-. J ,i

-- !

17 8

bwevor , doce no1 eeem to be relatcd lo lhe dlverelly o1 lhc Acrldold

fauna or lhe vascular flora on thc Canary lelands (-.268 and h . 103

reepcctive coefficicnte of correlatlon).

--r Koopman (1058) sludled the rclallve roles of gmgraphlc barrlcrs and ecology In dcterminhg the Iaund composllbn o1 lhe Carlbbcan

ielmde. On lheac lalande, ccobgy (in parllcular vcgctatbn type) waa

the prlmary dctermlnanl o1 bat dlverelty. Table 23 ehowa a vcry hl@

correlalbn bctween spcclce dlversUy o1 plante and Acrldoldca on lhe

Canary ielande, a rcsult whlch may bc lnterprdcd caueally. Allhou&

thcre le lllllc doubt lhal thr? graeshoppcr fauna la depcndcnl on lhc

vcgctatbn for food, thc fact !ha1 lhc Ocdlpdlnc grasshoppcra, whlch

make up lhe largcel p r l lon 01 lhc Canarlan g a e s k p l x r fauna, llvo

ln vcry opcn habl1318, suggcsts lhal ílorlstlc dlvcrslty le no1 dctcrrnln-

Ing faunldlc dlvcrslty In lhla eystcm. Ralhcr, 1 expccl lhal lhls hlgh

correlatbn rcpreecnta a elmllar response 01 both plante and v l 8 8 -

b p p c r s lo lhe samc array 01 t oppaph lc Icaturce 01 clcvalbn, dl8-

ecclbn, didance Irom tlie mainland and arca.

‘ . -

- -

-

- _

’-

.-

lsland dleecclion wu ld eccm lo be a criilcal factor Ln dcler- -

_.

mlnlng mt only nurnbcr 01 endcmlc apcclce, bu1 ale0 total 8pCCiCB

4lvcr~i ty In

~n nfrqrd n I W T P ~ I ~ C ~ P C n p q p n 1 b i - p nf n!rlicrl thm ,a ~ln ip lc , flnt

~ ~ l n m i . I tc i i ra ,

by qumtllntlvc nican9, nnd corrclnlc dlsarctlon wlth opcclce dlvcrnlty. -

The rnost rcliablc mcane of cstlmatlng tlile paranicter wae íound l o be

lar aR a topgraphlcslly rigomlie leland mny be cxpccled’-l-

ql tmvpf W J R r n n d ~ tr i riip?qc*rr topgrnphir dlnscction- ’-

- 7 -

170

delcrmlnitbn o1 thc totnl nunibcr o1 barrancoa tcrrnlnnting at sca lcvcl

per klbmcter dletnnco of pcrlmclcr. Prcclac nnd currrnl gnqrnphlc

maps o1 lhe Canary felanda make lhla lyyc of anslyele pes l l l c .

Thc melhod 1s 6Ub)eCl lo c r m r In thal rnajor mlcanlc cruptlone

tend lo oblllcrale vallcye. Thle objccllon eceme lo be n vaüd crltlclem

oi eeecntlally any tcchnlquc uacd 10 measurc dlasccllon slncc the com-

plete gmbglc hletory o1 any leland l e unllkcly lo bc detcrnilncd, A

rlmllar lcchnlquc o1 mcaaurlng complcxlly may bc cniploycd whlch 1s

les8 preclsc (han thc pcrlmctcr mclhod 3nd eubjcct lo thc Rnnic c r ror ,

that 01 laylng out a randoni p l d eyelcm, covcrlng lhc cntlrc arca OI

each leland. Thle lcchnlquc le lcee usclul !han thc pcrlnictcr nicthod

rlnce lelands dUfcr qca l ly In slzc. Only 10 coniplctc 10 kllomctci

square grlda may bc lald out ovcr lho niap of Gomcra, but 46 v i d 3 of

the erme elze wll l IIt over thc Idand o1 Fucrlcvcntura. Wticrcaa grld

2 wlll have a 10% ch;mcc of bclnfi saniplcd by ranhm nicana tor Comcrq

grld 2 wlll stand only a 2% chancc 01 bclng saniplcd ror Fucrtwen!ura.

Furihcr, pcnlnsulae a r c rircly wldc crough lo f111 a cornplctc grld arpa.,

md OIcrcfora tcnd Lo bc dlscountcd.

.. #

Table 24 le P aumrnary ot avcragc nurnbcr of 1)nrrarico~ pcr

kllomcter pcrlmctcr for Cach of thc ecvcn rnajor i6i:inda. Tablc 23 Indlcatce ihat topographlc dlescctbn corrclatca vcry wci l wlth nutiillera

o1 vascular plant spcclce, and wcll wllh nunibcr of Acrldold ~ iwclcs .

Elevation, amlhcr mcaeurc 01 ecoloClca1 tilvcrelty, hrie n ti1111

corrclalion wlth topgraphlc dlssccllon (cocfflclcnt of corrrlntlon -

180

TADLE 24. Dcterminatlon of leland complcxlty in the Cenarles.

lsland Number of barrancoa Total dlstance Number of terniinatlng at nca around l e h n d barranco8

leve1 (ln krn.) per km. -

Lo Palma 162 Hlerro 48 Lanzaroto 26 Fuerteventura 153 Gran Canarla 189 Tcncrlfe 431 Gomcra 107

119 1.4 85 0.8

160 0.2 242 0.7 167 1.1 238 1 .o

77 1.4

181

0.887; Flgure 15). Thcre le rnuch cxpcctcd rcdunkincy 111 tlic r c o l o u

mcaeurcd by thcse tw csllnintce for ecvcral rcasons, Iticlutllii~ the

fact that a nilnlniurn clcvntlon le rcqulrcd brforc cloud forinntlon le

poeelble wlilch tcnds to produce barranco-fornilng ruii-off, The ovcrlnp

ín theec two mcanures la clcar wlicn Iiotli are uRrd in niultlpic rcgrca-

sbn analyola. Thc addltbn oí clthcr onc a8 an lndcpcndrni varlnblc

whcn the olhcr factor 1s alrcndy includcd, hna csacntlnlly TY) clfcct on

tha multlplc r cg rccebn cocíflclcnt,

The factor8 of elcvation aiid loliovraphlc dlnsrrtlon arc more

I m p r t a n t ln cxplnlnlng thc dlvcralty of planta t h i n of Acrlchldca,

although n yueltlvc lincar elope le nchlcvcd In b t h (FIIyrcs 10, 17) .

Thle rcsult 1s not uncxpccted; thc dlfitrlbutbn of niany plnnl R ~ C C I C S l a

dlrcctly dclcrniincd by spccUic fcaturcs of lhc suhctrnlc. For cxaniplc,

a numbcr of plnnt laxa a r c íound only on Ihr? Tcr t lnry rocG outcropa !n

the CaMry Isl inds, suppscdly in r c s p n s c to spcclilc nilncral

requlremcnts (Lcrna, 1058).

Con~ldcr lng thc ovcrall eyalcm oí loppraplilc corrclnthn wltb

spclca dlvcrelty oí vasculnr planle and graealnppcrm on Ihc Canxrv

telands, whcn Btudlcd slngly, e tvcra l conclusbnn niay bc drnwn:

1) The llora and fauna studlcd eccrn l o r c s p n d slrnllarly lo topgrrilihIc

fcaturce. 2) Ncarcst nclghl a r , arc3 bclow I l ic cloud bclt arid dlr;!aiicc

ímrn thc nialnlnnd havc Illtlc cff rc t ln dctcrnilnlng R ~ H I C ~ C R dlvcr slty.

3) Elevnllon :ind topgrnplilc dlnRccthii arr t l i c 1)Pf.i l id!c;iir)rn of

e p c c i ~ a divctalty In tlic vascular plnnts o í ílic Is lni idn, n l t t lcw~:t l fiel f n r c

H W N

2.0.

1.5-

1 .o*

05-

e f I’ 0 I

.G

0 0

*H

0

0 0

0 0

0

0

0

I

0

1 1000 2000 3 COO

ELEVATION 1N METERS

2 9 9 + ? P W

.pI

U I

? O UI

U ¶ P

L

3

? O O ir N

3 O'

200 -

10.

d 7 o 1 o

n a - O

C o 4

-

(B W

o W a, v)

- I

*H

L

T@ O C

O P

L Q) m

ELEVATION IN METERS

FiGURE 17. Rclatbnshlp ln lhc viscular plante bclwccn epcclee

dlvcrsity and clcvallon. The corrclatbn cocffl-

clcnt 1s O.Dl1. b 165.37 and m 0.2208 whcre

y = m x + b .

l

1

'r

1 7- 1 r- 1 r

r- 1 r- 1 r- 1

w- 1 -1 1

-1

187

\ \ \ \ \ \ \

\ % \ \

o \ O \

\

\ \ \ \" A? o

I . o O O

I

O VI - . . r

I I I I I

i

I

! l l

1

1

1

l

188

area 1s a lm Iniportant ln thle eyetem. 4) Elcvalbn, topogtaphlc

dleocctbn and eutfnce arca a r e about of q u n l lmpt tancc In cxplalnlng

Ac r Ldo ld dlvcr elt y.

Hamllton d al. (1804, 1865, 1967) have uecd mcthods of niultl-

plo regteesbn analysle lo coneldct the ewlulbnaty ptoblcnl of tela-

t lve lmpottanco of vatbua topgraphlc fcatutee In dctctnilnlng speclcs

divcrslty. Hamllton, Rublmff, tiarth and Dush (1963) havc ehown thai

elevatlm le lhc maJor factor influcnclng nunibcre of plant spcclce on

tho Cal$p~gof~, and tlanillton and hle co-uotkcte havc s b w n lhat ln tho

cano of plyphylctlc nuscinblagca of blrd upcclce on ntchlpclape ln

tho Enet Indlce, East Ccntral PacUIc, Wcel Indlce md ihc CVU of

Gulnca, arca of Island Le the maJor lndlcitor of epcclcs nunibct (80-

90%) whcn consldcrcd abng wlth elcvatlonof lahnd (2-157) and va tbue

mcoeutce of Imlatlon (Ilanilllon and Rublidf, 1083, 1064, 1007;

Himlllon and Atmetrong, 1005).

1 havo subjcctcd lhc topopaphlc factora fot whlch 1 h w c data to

multlplc tcvcaa lon analyels. Thc factor6 of Ilkcly blologlcal l m p