CDP C40 Cities Global Report 2011

7/29/2019 CDP C40 Cities Global Report 2011

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CDP Cities 2011Global Report on C40 Cities

Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)www.cdproject.net+44 (0) 207 970 [email protected]

Report written orCarbon Disclosure Project by:


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Foreword

Michael Bloomberg

Mayor o New York City and Chair o the C40 CitiesClimate Leadership Group (C40)

Throughout my career as a businessman, mayor and now chair of the C40, I have learnedthe critical connection between good data and good decisions: if you cant measure it, youcant manage it. Thats true in business, and its true in government. Only by regularly andrigorously measuring and analyzing our efforts can we learn what works, what doesnt, andtake effective action.

The data in this report has been compiled from a voluntary disclosure process in which C40cities reported standardized information about their climate impact and associated plans foraction. Aside from limited academic studies, no systematic reporting of carbon emissionscurrently exists across the large cities of the world. It is the rst of its kind, and more than asymbolic gesture

This candid report establishes an invaluable baseline of information for future actionsthat can be taken locally, but have a global impact. This transparency will give peopleeverywhere condence that cities the level of government closest to the majority ofpeople on the earth have the foresight and courage to confront the greatest challengethat humanity has ever created for itself.

For the rst time in history, half of the worlds people live in cities and together areresponsible for more than 70 percent of the worlds greenhouse gas production.Collectively, the C40 cities account for approximately 21 percent of the global GrossDomestic Product. Roughly 12 percent of the worlds carbon emissions are produced inour metropolitan areas. And nearly one of every 12 people on Earth lives in or near ourcities limits.

Granted there is no single solution for confronting global climate change. Still, the best

scientic data tells us that it is long past time to address this challenge, and that cities mustlead the way. This report represents a critical rst step in our leadership as individualMayors and as a collective - towards a common, sustainable future.

Foreword

2011 Carbon Disclosure Project


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Foreword

Paul Dickinson

Executive Chairman, CDP

The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)together with our partner C40is proud to bringto publication this landmark report on greenhouse gas measurement, management, andadaptation to climate change in the worlds largest cities. This report is not just anotherassessment of climate change and urban areas. Rather, it is uniqueall of the data in thesepages is self-reported by city governments. Forty-two C40 cities and six voluntary citiesaround the world have taken the time to measure dozens of climate change related-metricsand report them to the world.

Why is self-reported data important? For the last ten years, our not-for-prot organization,CDP, has provided a reporting platform for the worlds largest companies. Thesecompanies measure, assess, and analyze their climate change-related data every yearin preparation for their annual report to CDP. Last year, 410 of the worlds largest 500companies reported to CDP. Many of these companies have told CDP that this processhas helped them to better understand their businesses. Because they measure, they areable to manage. And management of carbon and other climate change-related metrics hasled to benets for many companies. In the words of Andy Green, CEO of Logica, We haveused CDP as the main tool to drive carbon reporting right across our organization. It hasbeen really fantastic for us. Weve discovered cost savings, and we have probably saved10 million pounds in various ways.

The connection between measurement and management is no less clear for citygovernments. As concentrations of people, businesses, and wealth, cities are both largeemitters of greenhouse gas emissions and highly vulnerable to the potential physicaleffects of climate change. With the right processes in place, local governments, just likecorporations, can gain strategic insight into their operations and reduce their exposure toclimate change through assessment of climate risk. Through public disclosure, cities share

their methodologies and insights as they create transparent, climate-safe places in which tolive and work.

Our partner in this rst year, the C40, has done as much as any organization to highlightthe importance of city governments in the ght against climate change and empower themto act. Under the leadership of Mayor Bloomberg, the C40 provides an inspiring leadershipexample for urban areas around the world. We are also indebted to our lead sponsors,Autodesk and Jones Lang LaSalle, for their expertise and guidance over the last year.

We at CDP are delighted to welcome C40 cities to the worlds largest climate changereporting platform.



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CDP Cities 2011

Contents

Executive Summary 5

1 Governance and Planning 8

2 Greenhouse Gas Measurement 14and Management

3 Climate Change Risk Assessment 26and Management

4 Voluntary Cities (non-C40 Cities) 32

Conclusions 35

Appendix 36



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Introduction

CDP and C40 joined together in 2010to extend CDPs proven reportingplatform to the C40 Climate LeadershipGroupa network of the worlds largestmega-cities around the world dedicatedto climate change leadership. CDP

Cities builds on the last 10 years ofCDPs work collecting climate change-related data in a standardized wayand making it available to the globalmarketplace.

City governments sit at a critical climatechange nexus. They are responsiblefor large amounts of greenhousegas (GHG). Their populations andinfrastructure are immensely vulnerableto the damaging effects of warmingtemperatures, sea level rise, andincreased occurrences of catastrophicstorm events. And they are oftenwell-positioned to act quickly andconvincingly due to their governmentalstructures and deep understandingof the complexity of local conditions.As such, a number of cities havepioneered extraordinary approaches toGHG reduction and climate resilience.The CDP process provides a commonframework for cities to report publiclyon their GHG emissions and climatechange risks, how they are measuringthem, and how they are tackling the

challenges presented by a changingclimate.

This report, prepared by KPMG, analyzesthe responses from C40 cities to the CDPCities 2011 information request.

Methodology

In November 2010, through apartnership between C40 and CDP,New York Mayor and C40 Chair MichaelBloomberg invited the C40 cities (40participating cities and 18 afliate cities)to report their climate change-relateddata to CDP by lling in the answersto an online questionnaire. 42 citiesanswered our call.

Throughout this report, most responserates reect the full number of disclosingcities (42). However, due to the natureof the information request not allcities had the opportunity to answer allof the questions we present somestatistics out of the number of citieswho answered a particular question.

Tables and charts clearly indicate thesample size used for evaluation.

The CDP questionnaire covered 4 mainareas: governance, greenhouse gasemissions, adaptation, and strategy.CDP offered cities the chance to report2 separate emissions inventories1 for the emissions from their citygovernment (also known as localgovernment or municipal) operations,and also 1 for the emissions fromtheir entire city (often referred to ascommunity or citywide emissions).The questionnaire was entirely voluntary,and cities were not scored. Cities hadthe opportunity to make their responseavailable to the public or keep it privatesolely for use by CDP and C40.

6 non-C40 cities also participated in therst year of the CDP Cities program,choosing to voluntarily report climatechange-related data to CDP. Thesecities are included in this report inthe Voluntary Cities section; we haveseparated them from C40 cities for

analytical purposes.

Highlights rom 2011disclosure

C40 cities show extraordinaryawareness and commitmenton climate change issues.Animpressive 42 out of 58 citiesresponded to CDP this year, a 72percent response rate. 38 citiesmade their responses available to thepublic. Such high rates are unusualin what is for many cities the rst yearof reporting and demonstrate clearleadership by C40 cities.

Responsibility or climate changesits at the highest level in C40

cities. Nearly every responding cityreports the involvement of their seniorleadership in taking responsibilityfor climate change. Many cities alsomake special note of their efforts toengage local citizens, businesses,and other stakeholders in climatechange-related decisions.

Large city governments arekeeping pace with majorcorporations on greenhouse gasmeasurement and disclosure.2 out of every 3 responding citiesmeasure and report their GHGemissions, a number just slightlylower than the equivalent metricfor the Global 500, the largest 500companies in the world.

Climate change risks to cities areserious and immediate. Over 90percent of disclosing cities identifythemselves as at risk due to climatechange. And a further 43 percentreport that they are already dealingwith the effects of climate change intheir areas.

Businesses in major citiescould be at risk due to warmingtemperatures. 79 percent of citiesreport that climate change couldaffect the ability of businesses tooperate successfully in their cities.

As cities grow and the climatechanges, maintaining safe, resilientenvironments for people andbusinesses will be increasinglyimportant.

C40 cities report city-wide GHGemissions totaling 609.5 million*metric tons CO2-e. This gure isequivalent to the total emissions froma country like Canada.

Voluntary cities lead the wayamong non-C40 cities in reportingtheir climate change-related data.6 non-C40 cities participated in theCDP process this year, joining theworlds largest cities in standardized,international climate change reporting.

ExecutiveSummary

*Notethisgurehaschangedfroma

previousversion

ofthereportduetoanamendmenttoacitysresponse.

ThisversionisupdatedasofJune102011



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1 City governments capacity toimplement climate change policiesand action plans is closely linked topolicy-making structures. A mayor withdirect nancial or political control overareas like transport, waste, and greenspace can more easily take action toreduce GHG emissions. But a citys

capacity for action is also related to thegovernance and oversight functionsthat are embedded within the city. Likemajor corporations, cities can benetfrom establishing robust, transparentgovernance structures. High-levelleadership from the mayor, for instance,combined with wide support fromcitizens and local businesses canenable cities to tackle climate changeaggressively. 3

Responsibility or climate changesits at the highest level in C40citiesWith only a few exceptions, climatechange is an issue directed by themost senior leadership in C40 cities.93 percent (39) of disclosing citiesstate that overall responsibility forclimate change sits at the top level(Governor, Mayor, city manager, orother chief executive of the city).To demonstrate their commitment,many cities have set targets for GHG

reductions, in some cases moreambitious than national commitmentsand, for many, in the absence ofnational commitments. 38

Many cities are turning todedicated councils or steeringcommittees or oversight o

climate action1 out of every 2 disclosing citieshas created a special unit within themayoral ofce responsible for themanagement and execution of energyand climate policy.

Some cities collaborate withstakeholders (science, business,community) in local governanceand programmingAn encouraging trend amongC40 cities is the involvement ofstakeholders in identifying, developingand implementing local solutions.36 percent (15) of disclosing citiesinclude some combination of localcitizens, businesses, and academicexperts in decision-making processesrelated to climate change mitigation.C40 cities are showing that it is notjust city governments who must takeresponsibility for creating sustainablecities, but a wide cross-section ofsociety.

The Mayor and thecouncil members areresponsible to ensurethat climate changeimplementation mandateis achieved. Climate

Change issues arediscussed in theSub- Mayoral Committeeon Climate Change.

Johannesburg

So Paulo created theClimate Change andEco-Economy Commit-tee, represented bypublic and privatestakeholders anddirectly linked to seniorSecretaries to the Mayor.

So Paulo

Governance andPlanning

o C40 Cities (39)seat climate changeresponsibility at thehighest level

%93

High Level Responsibility

o C40 Cities (24) havespecic GHG reductiontargets or city-wideemissions

%57

Reduction Targetso C40 Cities (21) havea dedicated council orsteering committee%50

Oversight

o C40 Cities (26) havedeveloped a climatechange action plan%62

Climate Change Action Plan

Fig. 02: Emerging practices rom C40 Cities in climate change governance



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Governance and Planning

Inormation sharing with nationalgovernments is important to C40cities16 cities report to the nationalgovernment on GHG emissionsin some way or another. For citygovernments operations emissionsmore than 1 in every 3 cities (38

percent) reports to the nationalgovernment, compared to 1 in every4 cities (27 percent) for communityemissions.

A small but signicant numbero C40 cities are incentivizingemployees or management oclimate changeOver the last 10 years in the privatesector a steadily increasing numberof corporations have reported using

incentives to reward climate-friendlystaff behavior. In 2010, 64 percent ofGlobal 500 companies respondingto CDPs annual request reportedthat they incentivize their employeesfor management of climate changeissues.1 The CDP Cities results showthat an emerging number of C40

cities are thinking along similar lines.Some 26 percent (11) of respondingcities provide incentives for individualor departmental management ofclimate change issues, including theattainment of GHG reduction targets.Types of incentives include monetaryreward (6 cities), recognition (6) and /or prizes (5).

5

1 CDP Global 500 Report (*Figure is out o 410 respondingcompanies)

Fig. 03: Incentivizing climate change management

14% 14% 12%

6 out of 426 out of 42 5 out of 42

Monetary rewardRecognition Prize

Percentage of cities with incentives in place

Type of incentives

50 60 70 80 90 100

%

5%

26%

69%

403020100

Yes

Blank

No

BMA has set up theSteering Committeeor Global Warming and5 Working Groups toreview progress andmanage overall responsi-

bility or climate change.

Bangkok

The city has a nancialprogram o rewardingpublic workers orachieving their targets.The reduction ogreenhouse gasesemissions is one o thetargets and the Environ-ment Department is

rewarded i the targetsare achieved.

Rio de Janeiro

Recognition serves asan incentive. CCAPseeks to providerecognition throughincorporating greeninitiatives intopresentations to theGreen SteeringCommittee (GSC) at theExecutive departmentlevel, thus recognizingthe eorts o projectmanagers.

Chicago



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CDP Cities 2011

Fig. 04: Governance across regions

City Region City-wide targets Actions GovernanceChicago North America To reduce GHG emissions

by 25percent by 2020 and80 percent by 2050

... launched the ChicagoClimate Action Plan (CCAP) inSeptember 2008 a roadmap ove strategies with 35 actions toreduce greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and adapt to changes.

...CCAP has been held accountableprimarily by the Green Ribbon Committee(GRC), a group o business and communityleaders who are appointed by the Mayor.The GRC reviews perormance againstCCAP goals and recommends revisions,adjustments and improvements. GRCreleases an annual letter o recommen-dations to the Mayor and regularly convenesprivate sector actors to showcase CCAPprogress to date, energize the communityand highlight the continuing importance oeective action.

Rotterdam Europe To reduce GHG emissionsby 50 percent by 2025

The aim o the RCI (RotterdamClimate Initiative) is to achievea 50 percent reduction o CO2emissions in 2025 with respectto 1990, prepare or climatechange, and promote theRotterdam economy. The RCIoers a platorm or government,organizations, companies andcitizens to work together on thesegoals.

The deputy mayor(elderman) responsible orthis program has delegated the day to daygovernance to a city ocial who is DirectorSustainability. She provides an ocialprogress report three times per year to thecity government about the progress o theprojects.

Seoul East Asia To reduce GHG emissionsby 40 percent by 2030

...is actively addressing climatechange issues through projectssuch as establishment o climatemonitoring system; developmento Seoul climate & energy map;development o GHG inventory;and launch o Seoul EmissionTrading System.

Under the Environmental Protection Head-quarters, there is Climate Change and AirQuality Division, a dedicated division toaddress climate change issues in Seoulwhere proessional stas rom relevant eldsare developing and implementing climatechange related measures such as mitigationand adaptation policies to encourage moreparticipation rom the citizens and thebusinesses. To review its progress, Seoulevaluates project analysis annually andestablishes plans or the uture... Based onthe GHG database rom the inventory andgreenhouse gas management system, Seoulplans to integrate management o annualreductions.

Johannesburg Arica Not disclosed Climate Change Programmes arereviewed every quarter as part othe Environmental DepartmentalBalance Scorecard. ClimateChange issues are discussedin Sub Mayoral Committee onClimate Change. The ExecutiveDirector Environment ensures thatAir Quality and Climate ChangeDirectorate implement the climatechange programmes.

The Municipal Manager is a ChieAdministration Ocer who oversees theimplementation o the Council resolutionswith regard to climate change. The Head oDepartment (HoD) o Environment ensuresthe operational implementation o theclimate change decisions as recommendedby the council.

Sydney Southeast Asiaand Oceania

To reduce GHG emissionsby 20 percent by 2012 and70 percent by 2030 below2006 levels

Sydney has set up SustainableSydney 2030 which providesa long term strategic visiono Sydney as Green, GlobalConnected. It suggests 5Big Moves to make Sydneymore sustainable, vibrant andsuccessul.

In 2007, the City o Sydney asked residentsand businesses what they wanted to seehappen over the next 20 years and beyond.The result is a collective vision or Sydneyssustainable development, called SustainableSydney 2030, which will make Sydney agreen, global and connected city.

So Paulo Latin America To reduce GHG emissionsby 30 percent by 2012below 2005 levels

The City o So Paulo createdthe rst comprehensive ClimateBill in Brazil and is under

nal discussions or creatingits guidelines or a ClimateChange Action Plan. One o theactions involves 100 percentuse o renewable uel in publictransportation.

The City o So Paulo has created theClimate Change and Eco-EconomyCommittee, comprised o both public and

private stakeholders. Actively involvingcitizens and businesses in decision-makingprocesses can encourage and motivatethem to change their behavior and attitudes ultimately making the job o the citygovernment much easier.



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Fig. 05: Master plan, by city

Region City How GHG reduction isincorporated into master

plan

City highlights

Arica Addis Ababa Green areas Our City master plan o city mandates 39% o the total area orgreenery.

Arica Lagos Buildings & Green areas Beore approvals are granted or development 40% o the land areamust be reserved or greening,

East Asia Changwon Buildings & Transport to reduce emissions rom households and commercial buildings weimplemented various measures to enhance public awareness aboutclimate change such as public education and carbon point system.

East Asia Seoul Buildings, Transport, Energysaving, Increase share orenewable energy sources (RES)

& Waste

planning to realize all-around green innovation ranging rom building,urban planning and transportation to daily lie by 2030 to become a citywith world-leading green competitiveness.

East Asia Tokyo Energy saving ...promotion o the 10-Year Project or a Carbon-Minus Tokyo whichincludes the most advanced energy-saving measures in the world.

East Asia Yokohama Buildings, Transport & Energysaving

the Smart City Project, which will introduce 2,000 units o EV andHouse Energy Management Systems to 4,000 households by 2014.

Europe Copenhagen Buildings, Transport, Increaseshare o RES & Green areas

localizing public institutions with many visitors and work placesclose to public transportation.

Europe Heidelberg Energy saving & Increase shareo RES

Energy reduction and ecient and renewable energy supply areintegral part o all city development plans.

Europe London Buildings, Energy saving & Increase share o RES

strategic planning policy seeks to reduce CO2 emissions in newdevelopment proposals, support retrotting initiatives, and promote theuse o RES technologies.

Europe Milan Buildings, Transport & Energysaving

enhancing energy eciency (over current regulations) and plans newinrastructures o public transport related to the Urban Development

Areas.

Europe Rotterdam Energy saving In (re)developing city areas, energy is a major aspect in design.

Europe Warsaw Energy saving & Increase shareo RES

goals connected with improving energy eciency and introducingrenewable energies.

North America Los Angeles Buildings, Transport & Greenareas

Promoting higher density housing in areas close to transportationstops is an important component o the Citys General Plan.

North America Portland Transport In our new plan we will continue to incorporate goals and policies toachieve a 50% reduction in emissions by 2035.

North America New Orleans Energy saving City wide master plan incorporates the GreeNOLA strategy as itsmethod or energy reduction.

North America Philadelphia Buildings, Transport, Energysaving & Green areas

Reduce VMT, increase % non-auto trips, encourage mixed-usedevelopment, support energy conservation in buildings, increase treecover and support alternative energy.

North America Portland Transport In our new plan we will continue to incorporate goals and policies toachieve a 50% reduction in emissions by 2035.

North America Seattle Buildings Seattles Comprehensive Plan has a section on climate change andincludes the Citys greenhouse gas reductions goals... ... to achievegreenhouse gas reduction goals, should reduce ossil-uel consumptionin construction o existing and new City-owned buildings...

Southeast Asia

and Oceania

Bangkok Buildings, Transport, Green

areas & Waste

To reduce GHG emissions by 15% targets apply to Expand MassTransit and Improve Trac Systems Improve Building EnergyConsumption Eciency and Expand Green Areas in BangkokMetropolitan Region

Southeast Asia

and Oceania

Jakarta Transport, Energy saving &

Waste

30% reduction in GHG by 2030 across all relevant sectors (energy,waste, transport, etc).Formulate the Road Map o 30% reductioneach potential sector

Southeast Asia

and Oceania

Melbourne Resilience measures planning process or precinct structure plans has incorporated

consideration o uture needs or sustainable inrastructure.

Southeast Asia

and Oceania

Sydney Energy saving, Increase share o

RES & Waste

plan is being developed or Trigeneration, Renewable Energy, andAdvanced Waste Treatment.



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CDP Cities 2011

Cities are incorporating GHGreduction into master planning orlong-term results25 cities separately provide data onprojected population growth by 2025,and the majority of responding citiesreport an expected positive increase.The cities of Dhaka, Lagos, Jakartaand Caracas are rapidly expanding witheach projecting growth of over 2 millioninhabitants by 2025. Integrating masterplanning with a strategy for low carbongrowth can help cities to manageinterconnected social, environmentaland economic challenges in order toshape their long-term future.

The results of the survey highlight a

trend towards the inclusion of GHG

emissions reduction into masterplanning. 69 percent (29) of disclosingcities are incorporating GHG reductionsinto master planning.

The data also shows that this trendis not simply a developed-worldphenomenon. 100 percent (3) ofdisclosing African cities incorporateGHG reduction measures into masterplanning. Mega cities of Asia andLatin America report strong effortsto incorporate GHG reduction intoplanning. Like Melbourne, many C40cities are beginning to consider climateresilience in their urban planningprocesses a trend which we couldsee rise as cities gain more awareness

about the risks from climate change.

Fig. 07: Cities that incorporate reduction targets into master planning, by region

29 out of 42

Total

2 out of 8

Latin

America

25%

8 out of 9

Europe

89%

8 out of 10

North

America

80%

South and

West Asia

0 out of 24 out of 5

East Asia

80%

Southeast Asia

and Oceania

4 out of 5

80%

3 out of 3

Africa

100%69%

as regional percentage....%

Fig. 06: Categorization of

greenhouse gas reduction

measures incorporated intomaster plans

Responses

20105 15

12

11

4

1

6

6

6

10

0

Energy saving

Transport

Green areas

Waste

Resilience

measures

Increase

share of RES

Buildings

Number of responding cities (42)

The planning process

or precinct structureplans has incorporatedconsideration o utureneeds or sustainableinrastructure. This hasbeen considered againstthe environmental targets(or Eco City Goals) set orthe city in the Future Mel-bourne community plan.To date, the Southbank

Structure Plan has beencompleted and structureplans or other precinctsare being completed.

Melbourne

Berlin established ahigh-ranking climate

protection council in2007, consisting o 16climate experts. Theirtask is to advise theSenator or Health, theEnvironment andConsumer Protection, inall issues concerningclimate protection,especially climate impactresearch and the

adaptation o climateimpacts.Berlin

The city legal masterplan demands thatclimate change and itseects has to be in scopeo urban planning anddevelopment.

Rio de Janeiro



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Pockets o C40 cities are benetingrom using digital inormation tomanage climate changeCDP asked cities to describe the waysin which they are using digital datafor sustainability planning or urbandesign. 37 cities responded to thisquestion with 12 reporting that theyrequire digital models or digital plansfor infrastructure development to besubmitted to the city government forplanning or permitting purposes.

The results demonstrate widespreadinterest spread evenly across regionsand suggests a large opportunity for

city governments and businesses inthe immediate future in both highlydeveloped and emerging economies.

The value o digital data to cities

With global internet adoption growing at triple digitrates over the past 10 years and mobile phonepenetration approaching 80 percent, citizens othe worlds cities are nearing a condition o beingcontinuously connected. Healthcare, banking, andcommunication services oer online tools today thatallow immediate access to personal inormation romanywhere, empowering users to eel more in control o

their personal lie and building expectations or similarvisibility into public and civic lie. The perormanceo uture governments to provide timely access toinormation and decision making or citizens will bemeasured in days and hours, not weeks or months.The availability o digital data or managing, planningand designing change in the urban environmentis the primary vehicle or cities to deliver timelycommunication and approval processes while meetingpublic saety, environmental, budget, and aestheticproject goals.

Paul McRoberts,Vice President,Inrastructure Product Line Group,AEC solutions, Autodesk

Chris Andrews,Senior Product Manager,Inrastructure Product Line Group,AEC Solutions, Autodesk

Fig. 08: Cities that require digital plans/models to be submitted for planning or permitting, by region

29% 33%

AfricaTotal

50%South and

West Asia

40%

Southeast Asia

and Oceania


12 out of 42

20%

East Asia


North

America

20%

2 out of 10

Latin

America

25%


Europe

33%


Bangkok requires digitalinrastructure data orurban design to developan inormation systemor city management (360degree), integrated withGIS map.

Bangkok

Through GIS theplanning institutedevelops all the plans orthe development oinrastructure in the city.

Curitiba



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It is common for cities to haveresponsibility for 2 types of GHGemissions inventories: emissionsresulting from municipal operations,and those relating to activities acrossthe community as a whole. CDPoffered C40 cities the option todisclose city government operations

emissions and/or communityemissions, or neither. The gures andndings in this section are based onthe information that C40 cities havedisclosed to CDP. 11

City government operations

Like national governments, citygovernments often own or operate alarge number of assets that produceor consume energy. The emissionsthat result from these assets can bemeasured and analyzed separatelyfrom the overall emissions that arisefrom all public and private activitieswithin the citys geopolitical boundary.City governments can themselves besignicant energy users and carbonemitters but can also exert directcontrol over emissions reductions frommunicipal operations. 12,13,14

Almost hal o the C40 citiesdisclose emissions rom citygovernment operations

45 percent (19) of the cities disclose

emissions from city governmentoperations. The aggregate emissionsfrom the responding 19 cities comprise27.3 million metric tons CO2 -e,which is roughly equal to the totalemissions from a major oil companylike Repsol YPF, which operates inover 35 countries producing oil and

gas. Estimates of emissions resultingfrom city government operationsrange between 1 percent (So Paulo,London, Melbourne) to 7 percent (NewYork, Toronto) of total community wideemissions.

Cities use a variety omethodologies, yet somecommonalities are presentEfforts to measure GHG emissionsfrom city government operations in aharmonized way have not yet caughton widely. Many cities utilize existinginternational methodologies like theICLEI Local Government OperationsProtocol or the IPCC, and thencombine these approaches with theirown proprietary methodologies that tlocal circumstances. As such, the datasuggests that many cities recognizethe value of international protocolsbut still nd them lacking. There is nopreferred methodology. In general,cities prefer to capture emissions databased on actual usage or activity data,rather than extrapolating from regional/

national/economic sector statistics.

Greenhouse GasMeasurement andManagement

Fig. 09: Cities that disclose city government operation emissions, by region

19 out of 42

Total

100%

10 out of 10

North

America

South and

West Asia


East Asia

40%40%

Southeast Asia

and Oceania

2 out of 5 2 out of 8

Latin

America

25%

2 out of 9

Europe

22%

1 out of 3

Africa

33%45%


Between responding cities, there isvariation between the GHG inventoryyear reported. The majority of citiesreport emissions data over 2009 and2010, whereas other cities reportemissions inventories for years rangingfrom 2004 to 2008, though overallthe trend is towards calculating and

reporting emissions data annually.

Spreadsheets dominate, butNorth American cities movetoward enterprise sotwaretools to help manage emissionreduction projectsIn their efforts to collect and manageemissions, city governments haveadopted a number of software tools,with varying levels of sophistication.The most common approach is usingspreadsheets (like Microsoft Excel);more than half of the cities reportspreadsheets as their software of choicefor tracking city government operationsemissions. However, a few pioneeringcities are utilizing more sophisticatedsoftware tools. A trend emerging froma number of cities in North America isthe move towards enterprise software-based resource management systemsto collect, calculate, and analyze data.15

2



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Fig. 11: IT used to collect, calculate

and manage city government

operations emissions data

(% of respondents)

Software tool

Spreadsheet

Software tool and spreadsheet

Other

65%13%

13%

9%


Cities include a variety oemissions sources in theirinventoriesTo specically address the differencesin methodologies between citygovernments, CDP asked C40 citiesto identify the emissions sources thatwere included in their GHG inventories.

The results indicate concordance insome areas while showing variationin other areas. More than half of thecities, for example, include buildings,transport (public transport andeet) and street lighting in their citygovernment operations emissionsinventories. Some cities extensivelydisclose emissions subcategories ofsources (e.g. Toronto and So Pauloeach include over 10 primary sourcesin their inventory), whereas other citiesdisclose total emissions only. 16,17

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management

10

4

1

1110

15

5

0

3

2 1 1

Local GovernmentOperations Protocol

International EmissionsAnalysis Protocol

Greenhouse gas protocol

Proprietary

OtherChicago Climate Exchange

None

Number of responding cities (23).Cities were instructed to select as many as apply.

Fig. 10: Methodologies applied to calculate

city government operations emissions

Fig.12: Categorizations for

reporting city government

operations emissions

(% of respondents)

100

%

19%

6%

75%

6%

80

60

40

20

0

Facilities

Departments

IPCC sector

Other


The City has ormed apartnership with ENXSuiteand will be usingENXSuites sotware,Green City Suite, tocollect and analyze data inthe uture. Among itsabilities, ENXSuite

sotware will specicallyhelp CCAP by: collatingdata; inserting data into adashboard o CCAPprogress; providinganalysis and reportingcapabilities; administrativeabilities to maintain afexible sotware platorm;and helping to benchmarkprogress against otherentities.

Chicago



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CDP Cities 2011

The City o Seattlemeasures the ollowingScope 3 emissions:employee commute,municipal solid waste,and employee air travel.Seattle

Assessment o Scope 3 emissions

is still uncommon4 cities provide separate gures forScope 3 emissions, suggesting that asmall number of C40 cities believe thattheir indirect emissions are importantto measure and track. Scope 3emissions are indirect emissions thatlie under the inuence of the citygovernment, excluding electricity andenergy consumption. They mightinclude, for example, contractedservices (like school buses), businesstravel (like air travel/taxis) and paperuse. Toronto, Sydney, Seattle, andNew York in particular provide clearinformation about how they calculateScope 3 emissions. In the privatesector, research has demonstrated thaton average more than 75 percent ofan industry sectors carbon footprint isattributable to Scope 3 sources2.

Natural gas is the most common

uel typeThe CDP Cities questionnaire alsooffered C40 cities the chance to reporton the types and quantities of fuelthat they consume. Natural gas (oftenassociated with heating of buildings)is the most commonly reported andrepresents 91 percent of total reportedfuel consumption. The total amountof fuel consumption reported by the15 cities answering this question wasapproximately 800 million GJ, whichis almost as much as the total energyconsumption of Denmark3.As reported,the largest consumer of fuel is theMoscow city government, followedby Buenos Aires and New York,although consumption gures relateto the scope of services provided byeach city and are therefore difcult tocompare.

Fig.13: Breakdown of city government operations emissions, by scope

24% 10%26%

1.562.72

Scope 1Total GHG emissions Scope 2

0.02

Scope 3

total emissions

(in million metric tons CO2-e)

45%

27.3

Number of responding cities (42)....%

2 Categorization o Scope 3 Emissions or StreamlinedEnterprise Carbon Footprinting

Huang, Y.A., C.L. Weber and H.S. Matthews (2009).

3 U.S. Energy Inormation Administration.Total Primary Energy Consumption (2008).



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Fig. 14: Sources of emissions included in city government operations

greenhouse gas inventory (% of respondents)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Buildings

Municipal vehicle eet

Street lighting

and trafc signals

Buses

Electricity generation

Wastewater treatment

Waste collection

Landlls

Electricity transmission

and distribution

Water supply

Local trains

Subway / underground

Roads / highways

Airport(s)

Regional trains

Thermal energy

Employee commuting

Maritime port


93%

79%

68%

57%

57%

57%

54%

39%

50%

29%

39%

25%

29%

25%

14%

14%

4%

18%

Many cities also purchase energysuch as electricity, heat and steam.11 cities report the percentage oftheir budget that goes towardspurchasing energy: for roughly half,electricity purchases represent lessthan 1 percent of municipal budgets,indicating that energy procurement isnot a signicant cost factor for largecities. Although for some cities, thebudgetary impact is more substantial:New Orleans, for instance, estimatesthat 10 percent of its budget goestowards energy procurement. As withfuel consumption, energy purchasesdepend on the level and scope of

services provided by a municipalgovernment.

Emissions reporting is mostlyvoluntary or city governmentoperations emissions10 cities report that they complywith national reporting requirementsor report via voluntary nationalregistries, often as part of the nationalgovernments commitment to report tothe United Nations. 7 cities report thatthey undertake international reportingfor city government operationsemissions (e.g. through ICLEI or theEU Covenant of Mayors), while 7 citiesdo no reporting.




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18

CDP Cities 2011

Adding value through data validationand vericationIn the private sector, the vericationof emissions data is becomingfundamental for establishing credibilityof data with stakeholders. Although lesscommon to public sector organizations,the 2011 responses show that asmall number of C40 cities have theirgovernment operations emissionsveried by a third party. 10 respondingcities indicated that all or part of theiremissions data has been veried insome manner.

City of:

Addis Ababa

Austin

Bangkok

Buenos Aires

Changwon

Chicago

Copenhagen

Heidelberg*

Jakarta

London

Los Angeles

Melbourne

Milan

New Orleans

New York

Portland

Rotterdam

Sydney

Philadelphia

Tokyo

Toronto

Warsaw

Yokohama

Fig. 16: City government operations emission reduction targets, by city

85 90 95 00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

0 - 10 years

10 - 25 years

> 25 years

Timescale for reduction:

75%

100%

15%

20%

20%

20%

30%

80%

35%

100%

20%

30%

10%

50%

12%

10%

80%

25%

20%

70%

30%

33%

6%

*City did not disclose a baseline

Fig. 15: External verification of

city government operations

emissions data

(% of respondents)

i i i

100

%

63%

37%

80

60

40

20

0

Yes

No


Cities have set targets to reducegovernment emissions by up to 100percent, but details vary greatly69 percent (27) of responding citiesindicate they have set GHG reductiontargets. Additionally, some cities thatreport no targets mention a desire to doso in the near future. Some examples ofcity targets include Los Angeles, whichaims for a 35 percent reduction by2030, and Warsaw, which aims for a 20percent reduction by 2020.

Average targets equate to around 2.3percent per year, which is in line with theannual targets set by large corporations

such as Arriva, Boeing or IBM. Based onregional averages, targets set by NorthAmerican or European cities fall belowthe C40 average.

Verication is nowunderway and to beconducted to areasonable level tocomply with the recentlyintroduced National(Australian) Carbon OsetStandard.Sydney

Retrotting buildings emergesas most common GHG reductionmeasure28 cities provide specic details aboutthe types of measures underwayto achieve emissions reductions with the results showing a priorityon the retrotting of existing publicbuildings, followed by renewableenergy projects and street lightingupgrades. Seattle, for instance, reportsthat it has completed 30 municipalenergy audits and will retrot 14municipal buildings to improve energyefciency. For renewable energyprojects, many cities focus on 2

types of interventions: the installmentof renewable energy sources inmunicipal buildings (e.g. photovoltaicpower generation systems) and the



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19

Fig. 17: What percentage of your city governments budget goes

towards purchasing energy?

0-1% of budget

1.1-5% of budget

5.1-10% of budget


55% 9%36%

1007550250

Fig. 18: City government operations emissions reduction measures

(% of respondents)


70 80 90 1006050403020100

Retrotting buildings

Renewable energies

(Street) lighting

Fleet

Awareness

Technical solutions

Public transit

Property development criteria

Funding

Waste

Infrastructure

Procurement

Energy efciency laws

in public sector

District cooling/heating

Tree planting

Public private partnership

Wastewater treatment

Offset

68%

46%

36%

36%

29%

29%

29%

21%

18%

18%

14%

14%

11%

11%

11%

7%

7%

7%

$30M AUS will beinvested into energyeciency upgrades, solarphotovoltaics,trigeneration and LEDstreet lighting to achievethe 70 percent reductiontarget by 2030.

Sydney

The inventory o GHGemissions o Moscowsenergy industries (section

1.A.1 IPCC classication)is executed in accordancewith the statement ochapter 1 Introductionand chapter 2 StationaryFuel Combustion o theLeading principles onational GHG inventory(IPCC 2006, vol.2Energy).

Moscow


introduction of procurement programsfor renewable energy. 8 of the 28 citieswhich responded to this question (29percent) formulate employee awarenesscampaigns aimed at creating behavioralchange.

The missing link: nancing GHGreduction measuresOnly a small number of cities respondedto the question of how much nancialinvestment will be required to achieveGHG reduction targets. Cities suchas Berlin and Toronto provide specicinformation about the nancialinvestments they have made over the

last 3-10 years. 3 cities (New York,Austin, Sydney) have clear statementsabout how they intend to fund futurereduction measures. However, amongthe responding cities, investmentestimates vary considerably.



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CDP Cities 2011

City-wide emissions

City governments often takeresponsibility for measuring GHGemissions produced and/or consumedwithin the entire city. This task is adifcult one. Each city faces uniquechallenges ranging from boundarydenition to data collection. Yet fewdispute that the task is important: acity government that measures its city-wide GHG inventory is better placedto manage reductions and implementspecic reduction measures.

2 out o every 3 cities disclose

community emissionsAn impressive 67 percent (28) of C40cities report city-wide emissions data.This high number is an excellent startfor the rst year of public disclosureand bodes well for future efforts byC40 cities on carbon measurementand reporting. The total quantity ofemissions is also signicant: these 28cities account for 609.5 million metrictons CO2-e, roughly the emissionsproduced by an entire nation such asCanada. There is no doubt that C40cities are major players in the ghtagainst climate change.

Measurement approaches varyamong C40 citiesThe results from the CDP Citiesprogram show some standardizationin the methodology or approachesthat C40 cities follow in measuring andcalculating their emissions inventories.Just as for city government operations,the majority of responding citiescombine standardized approaches(ICLEIs IEAP, EU Covenant of

Mayors, World Bank, or an inter-national framework like IPCC) withproprietary approaches that t localcircumstances. The unbounded natureof cities, in terms of where they drawtheir resources from and the goodsand services that ow in and out,presents great complexity in calculatingemissions. Even cities that use similarapproaches show variations in whatdata is collected and how.

The differences in methodology arereected in a wide variety of GHGcategorizations. Some C40 citiescategorize their emissions by sector

(residential, commercial, industrial).Some C40 cities use categorization byend user (transport, waste, water, etc).A third of responding cities provideemissions data using the Scope 1,2 and 3 categorization embracedby IPCC and World ResourcesInstitute. Some use an entirely differentcategorization, while some citiescategorize their emissions in multipleways.

Variations in size, makeup andmethodology combine to createmassive differences in the amountof emissions reported by from eachC40 city, with the spread betweencities up to ten-fold. 4 cities reporttotal community emissions of 5 millionmetric tons CO2-e, whereas 2 othercities show community emissions to begreater than 50 million metric tonnesCO2-e. As methodologies improveand cities coalesce around commonemissions accounting approaches, wecan expect this variation to decreasesubstantially.

67%

Fig. 19: Cities that disclose community emissions, by region

28 out of 42

56%

5 out of 9

Europe

33%

1 out of 3

AfricaTotal

63%

5 out of 8

Latin

America

80%

8 out of 10

North

America

South and

West Asia

0 out of 2

100%

5 out of 5

East Asia

80%

Southeast Asia

and Oceania

4 out of 5


We collect statisticaldata rom otherorganizations such asnational ministries andutility companies. Withthis data, we estimate theamount o GHGemissions and release iton our websiteTokyo

Data or communitytransport is collected romthe air quality monitoringstations; water data iscollected rom JoburgWater and electricity romEskom and City Power.Johannesburg



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21

Fig. 22: IT used to collect, calculate

and manage community

emissions data

(% of respondents)

Software tool

Spreadsheet

Other

Software tool and spreadsheet


16%47%

21%

54%

18%

7%

Fig. 23: Organizations to which

cities report community

emissions

(% of respondents)

%

35%

27%

12%

27%

40

50

30

20

10

0

National government

International body

Both

None


Fig. 20: Boundary used for

community emissions

inventory (% of respondents)

100%

10% 3% 3%

83%80

60

40

20

0

Geopolitical boundary

Part of the geopolitical boundary

Geopolitical boundary(incl. parts of external transport)

Geopolitical and organizationalboundaries


Fig. 21: Methodologies applied to

community emissions

30

9

5 1

18

20

10

0

Other

Proprietary

International EmissionsAnalysis Protocol

International Standard for DeterminingGreenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities

Number of responding cities (27).

Cities were instructed to select as many as apply.

An emission actor orpower rom the Danishpower grid is provided bythe company, which runsthe Danish transmissionsystem, Energinet.dk. Anemission actor or districtheating in the regionaldistrict heating system isprovided by local energycompanies. Emissionactors or dierent types

o trac are provided bythe Danish Ministry oTransport.Copenhagen




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22

CDP Cities 2011

Fig. 24: Breakdown of community emissions, by scope

31%33%

101.8160.1

Scope 1Total GHG emissions Scope 2

total emissions (in

million metric tons CO2-e)

67%

609.5

Number of responding cities (42)....%

The City o Seoul has letLloyds Register QualityAssurance (LRQA)veriy the GHG emissionsdata or the calendaryears rom 1990 to 2008using the ISO 14064-3standard.

Seoul

The City o Melbourneincorporates all emissionsrom the geopoliticalboundary plus emissionsrom hal o all externaltransport trips originatingor terminating in the muni-cipality.

Melbourne

Between responding C40 cities, thereis also great variation between theyears chosen for reporting throughCDP on community GHG emissions.Few cities (5 out of 28 respondents)report community emissions data for2009 and 2010. The majority of C40cities report emissions inventoriesfor years ranging from 2000 to 2008,with 2008 being the most commonaccounting year disclosed to CDP.

Despite these challenges, there aresome commonalities in the ways citiesmeasure emissions. For example,most cities identied their geopoliticalboundary as the reference for theircommunity emissions inventory. Whilethe size and breadth of this boundaryvaries from city to city, the fact thatmost cities use a similar metric is animportant point of concordance.

Neighborhood-level data is notwidespreadCDP asked cities to dene the spatialscale at which they collect data.

23 cities collect community emissionsdata at the city level. A small numberof cities take a more granular approachand collect emissions at the streetlevel or by postcode. More granulardata is more challenging to collect andtrack, and may not necessarily providegreater insight into emissions drivers.But for some cities, having this levelof understanding can enable them tobetter tailor policy.

Few cities have their emissionsdata externally veried24 percent (7) of C40 cities reportingcity-wide emissions have theirinventories externally veried oraudited. Although verication is stillat an early stage, based on numberof respondents, the ability to call onveried data may provide governmentorganizations with a powerful toolin their efforts to inuence policiesor regulations at other levels ofgovernment or to communicate withother community stakeholders, or evento qualify for international funding.



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Fig. 25: Spatial scale of community

emissions data collection

(% of respondents)

100

%

7% 7% 7%3%

77%

80

60

40

20

0

Street level

City level

County/borough

Combination

Other


Fig. 26: External verification of

community emissions data

(% of respondents)

Yes No


24% 76%

1007550250

Community-wide emissionsreporting is mostly voluntaryThe CDP questionnaire askedC40 cities to identify the reporting

requirements to which they aresubject. 19 responding C40 citiesreport emissions to at least 1national or international body, mostlyvoluntarily. 7 cities respond as a resultof national requirements (i.e. nationallaws, national reduction program ornational communications to the UnitedNations). 7 of the responding cities donot report community emissions datato any other bodies.

C40 cities have set aggressive, butwidely divergent, targets27 cities have established GHGreduction targets for communityemissions although baseline yearsand ambitions vary. Targets forcommunity emissions are generallyset for a longer time period than forcity government/municipal emissions.Results show that 50 percent ofresponding cities set targets for a timeperiod longer than 20 years, and witha GHG reduction target less than orequal to 50 percent. 2 cities have setthe very ambitious reduction target

of 100 percent. Among the differentbaseline years, 1990 is the mostcommonly reported and 30 percent isthe most popular reduction goal.

Subsidies, scal incentives andbuilding standards are the mostpopular GHG reduction activitiesDisclosing C40 cities identify a wide

range of measures to achieve theirreduction targets, including physical,nancial and behavioral measures.The most commonly identied activitiesare subsidies, scal incentives, andbuilding standards. For instance,Heidelberg has implemented apassive house standard for the newcity district Heidelberg Bahnstadt,one of the largest city developmentprojects in Germany.

For scal support, cities focus onenergy efciency loans and rebates,tax reduction for cleaner transportor cleaner vehicle technologies. TheTokyo Metropolitan Governmentapplies various subsidies and scalincentives, such as tax deductions onelectric vehicles, energy-conservationequipment and other related goodstogether with subsidies for solarenergy appliances for households.Tokyo also provides low-interestloans for energy conservationequipment for small and medium-sized business.

We are aware that the actions we are implementing arenot enough to attain the behavioural changes we need inorder to ght climate change. An enormous task liesbeore us, as we need all o the citys inhabitants tobecome aware o the responsibility that each o themhas in reversing this trend.Buenos Aires




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24

CDP Cities 2011

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

City of:

Bangkok

Berlin

Buenos Aires

Changwon

Chicago

Copenhagen

Heidelberg

Hong Kong

Jakarta

London

Melbourne

New Orleans

New York

Philadelphia

Portland

Rio de Janeiro

Rotterdam

So Paulo

Seattle

Seoul

Sydney

Tokyo

Toronto

Warsaw

Yokohama

0 - 10 years

10 - 25 years

> 25 years

Timescale for reduction:

40%

32%

35%

100%

19-33%

30%

60%

100%

30%

30%

20%

20%

50%

30%

40%

70%

25%

20%

80%

80%

80%

80%

15%

25%

20%

Fig. 27: Community emissions reduction targets, by city



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25

Fig. 28: Community emissions reduction measures (% of respondents)


706050403020100

Subsidies & (scal) incentives

Building standards

Awareness & consultation

Infrastructure & urban planning

Transport

Renewable energies

Retrotting

Waste treatment

Permitting incentives

District heating

Tree planting

Water management

Technical solutions

66%

59%

53%

34%

28%

25%

25%

25%

13%

9%

9%

9%

3%

Ater a thoroughanalysis o the variousmitigation and adaptationmeasures, and aterevaluating their potentialGHG emission reduction,the City o Buenos Aireshas set a goal to reduce32.7 percent o GHGemissions by 2030 in

reerence to emissions in2008.

Buenos Aires

Hong Kong Government has proposed...to adopt avoluntary carbon intensity reduction target o 50% -60% by 2020 as compared with 2005 level through theimplementation o proposed action agenda.

Hong Kong

Physical measures include transportinfrastructure (including designatedlanes for buses and taxis, pedestrianareas, cycling network), renewableenergy, retrotting of buildings, districtheating and tree planting. Changwonis constructing green networks(parks, roads and rivers) and alsoimplementing a One Million TreeProject. Importantly, 17 respondingcities reported awareness-raising asan important means of reducing GHGemissions in their communities.

Financing GHG reduction measuresDespite the large number of cities

reporting a reduction target, only a fewof these cities calculate the nancialinvestment that may be required.

London has estimated that 40bnwill be required to meet the Mayorstarget to reduce CO2 emissions by 60percent (1990 levels) by 2025. In orderto deliver the Mayors existing climatechange mitigation programme in fullit is expected to cost in the region of14bn by 2025.




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Adaptation to the adverse effectsof climate change is a key issue forall cities. While the world moves toreduce GHG emissions, cities alreadyface devastating impacts from climatechange including increased incidencesof extreme weather events, oods,droughts and water scarcity.

Nearly every C40 city is exposedto signicant physical risks romclimate change93 percent (39) of disclosing citiesreport that they consider themselvesat risk due to climate change. Thenear unanimity of this responsedemonstrates a high level of awarenessin C40 cities about the potentialdangers resulting from warmertemperatures and other local climateimpacts, and shows that many citieshave passed a crucial rst step on theroad to climate resilience.

Climate change is already aectingcitiesand they anticipate it willget worse23 C40 cities (54 percent of reportingcities) identify risks from climatechange effects that are alreadyunderway or that are expected tooccur in the short term. Of these 23cities, more than half (15) indicate thatthey currently face serious to extremelyserious levels of risk. Temperature

changes (e.g. more hot days), moreintense rainfall, increased severity ofstorms and oods, and rising sea levelare the most frequently mentioned.Some cities describe compoundingfactors that may worsen the physicaleffects of climate change in the city.

For instance, many port citiesmentioned that their low lyingtopographies in combination withdense populations (Sydney, Jakarta,Dhaka, Lagos, Rotterdam) and risingsea levels, ooding and increasedstorm surges put them at greaterrisk for adverse impacts on urban

infrastructure, citizens and localbusinesses.

C40 city governments areconducting local climate changerisk assessmentsTo fully understand the effects ofclimate change and anticipated risks,many C40 cities are conductingclimate change impact and vulnerabilityassessments. 35 responding citiesidentify or are in the process ofidentifying the specic risks they facefrom climate change. The scope ofthese assessments generally coversthe city as a whole, while sometimesfocusing on certain economic sectors(such as industry, commerce, leisure,agriculture) or city functions (suchas transport, infrastructure, publicservices, public health, urban parks).Portland, for instance, is currentlyundertaking a vulnerability assessmentand working to evaluate the extentto which Portlands natural, built, andhuman systems are resilient acrossa variety of scenarios. Caracas is

establishing climate scenarios inVenezuela by 2060 by using simulationmodels of the UK UKTR MeteorologicalOfce and CCC-EQ of the CanadianCenter for Climate Modeling andAnalysis.

Climate Change RiskAssessment andManagement

Fig. 29: Cities that said they were exposed to significant physical

risks from climate change (% of respondents)

Yes No Dont know


2%

1007550250

93% 5%

60 percent o residents

o Karachi city live inslum areas and do nothave the adequateacilities to sustain theheat waves.

Karachi

Some parts o the Cityare built on reclaimedland areas that arealready subject tofooding which would beexacerbated by impactso climate change such assea-level rise, morerequent and intensestorm events, king tides,and storm surges.

Sydney

3



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27

The approach toassessing climate risksand impacts consists othe ollowing sequentialsteps: (1) determiningclimate variables at the

level o the city/watershedthrough downscalingtechniques; (2) estimatingimpacts and vulnerabilitythrough hydro-meteo-rological modeling,scenario analysis, andGIS mapping; and (3)preparing a damage /loss assessment andidentication/prioritization

o adaptation options.

Bangkok

Risk assessment methodology isvaried and unstandardized22 responding cities base theirrisk assessment on an establishedmethodology, like UNDP, IPCC, orWorld Bank guidelines, or the UKClimate Impacts Programme (UKCIP).Other cities extrapolate methods and

data from national centers for climatemodeling. A number of cities reportto CDP the step by step process theyfollow for assessing risk.Some cities use scenario analysesfor mid- and long-term projections ofthe future effects of climate change.Buenos Aires for instance has preparedfuture climate scenarios based onglobal climate models provided bythe World Climate Research Program(Couples Model IntercomparisonProject), a set of models used by theIPCC in preparing the Fourth ReportSynthesis.

Fig. 30: Physical eects o climate change identied by cities

Eect % o respondents Top 3 sectors aected

Temperatureincrease/heatwaves

Human health, Energy, Water

More requent/intense rainall

Buildings, Water, Transport

Sea level rise Buildings, Waste, Transport

Storms and foods Human health, Buildings, Water

Drought Water, Human health, Energy

Number o responding cities (33)

85%

79%

67%

58%

42%

CCAP consulted theUniversity o IllinoisUrbana Champaign andTexas Tech University tostudy the physicalimpacts o climate

change on the Midwestand Chicago. Chicagoclimate changeprojections wereassessed over thecoming century throughstatistical downscaling.

Chicago

Since Curitiba is locatedin the head o the Iguazuriver basin, which ends atthe Iguazu Falls, foodinghas always been aconcern. With climatechange the probability o

harder and more requentrain is very high. The CityHall is commissioning theVulnerability Study toconrm this tendency.

Curitiba

Climate Change Risk Assessment and Management



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CDP Cities 2011

Several cities take impact assessmentsa step further. Melbourne uses socio-economic and sensitivity factors(demographics, infrastructure conditionand capacity, institutional controlmeasures, community knowledgeand skills, and emergency servicescapacity) in their impact assessments.Sydney uses a tool to assess theimpacts of rising sea levels, oods andextreme heat events, and the citysadaptive capacity.

7 cities are adopting a collaborative

approach by teaming up with researchagencies, universities, businesses,citizens and other stakeholders tostudy the physical impacts of climatechange and formulate actions.

National and internationaladaptation reporting is at an earlystageVery few C40 cities noted that theyreport on their actions to adapt toclimate change. According to thesurvey results, only 4 countriesrequire cities to report on adaptationto national governments. In Ethiopia,Addis Ababa is mandated by FederalEnvironmental Protection Authorityto report about their climate change

In 2008, Mayor Michael Bloomberg convened theNew York Panel on Climate Change (NPCC) to ensurethat the Citys climate resilience eorts were based onstate-o-the-science inormation. Modelled on theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),the NPCC consists o a multi-disciplinary group oleading climate and impact scientists, academics,economists, and risk management, insurance, andlegal experts.

New York

Businesses activities in the city are highly dependent oncertain predictable weather conditions such as

agriculture, water, transportation system, energy andtourism.

Addis Ababa

Under the UK Governments Climate Change Act, theGreater London Authority is required to report to the UKGovernment on adaptation.

London

The Business Value o Climate Change Data

Since its launch, CDP has been instrumental in driving businesses to develop asophisticated understanding o the risks and opportunities associated with carbonmanagement and climate change. As a result, many businesses have made publiccommitments to cut their emissions.

They are now seeing the benets in their operations from both revenues and cost. At Jones Lang LaSalle, we expectthat consideration of climate change-related risks will play an increasing role in businesses location decisions. This isparticularly the case as energy prices and risks of supply chain disruption increase.

To attract private investment, cities will need to provide the right physical and regulatory environment. This will enable

cities to foster local economic development and to become more resilient in an increasingly competitive environment.The CDP Cities initiative provides a unique platform for marketing cities climate change strategies, which will enablebusinesses to make informed location decisions.

Lauralee MartinGlobal Chie Operating and Financial OcerJones Lang LaSalle



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29

adaptation strategy. 6 respondingcities are working in partnership withinternational organizations on theiradaptation work, including ICLEI, IPCC,or the World Bank, but consistent riskand adaptation reporting remains along-term goal.

Nearly every city government notedthat climate change could threatenthe ability o businesses to operatesuccessully in their city79 percent (33) of responding citiesbelieve that the physical impacts of

climate change could threaten theability of local businesses to operatesuccessfully. Extreme weather eventsmay interrupt businesses directly orindirectly. Direct impacts relate toproperty damage, human mobility orhealth, whereas indirect impacts couldcause disruption to supply chains.In addition, extreme weather events(or risk of) may lead to an increase inthe cost of insurance premiums andsecurity.

Several cities also mention that theyforesee additional risks for some socialgroups, such as low-income individuals,(pregnant) women, children, elderlypeople and the disabled.

In February 2007, Jakarta was hit by one o the worstfoods ever experienced covering 70% o themetropolitan area, with total Financial Losses o US$ 879 million, 79 lives lost and 223,203 reugees.

Jakarta

In December 2010, our city ormulated the MidtermFour Year Plan (2010-2013) and eight Yokohama GrowthStrategy, and the rst strategy, Environmental CuttingEdge City Strategy aims to vitalize the economy in ourcity by creating demands necessary to shit to a low-carbon society.

Yokohama

The City has a staggering amount o blighted propertiesthat it is still dealing with ater Hurricane Katrina. As wedeal with this excessive blight, encouraging developersto invest in the City as time goes by becomesincreasingly dicult.

New Orleans

Water: A Careul Balance

O all the issues that cities ace, water deserves special mention. It is vital to cities,but too much or too little water can push a city to the brink. Cities reported thatextreme changes to the amount o rainall they receive pose a serious risk or theircitizens and the ability o businesses to operate successully in their jurisdiction.Cities inundated with increased frequency and intensity of rainfall are experiencing oods, landslides and other naturaldisasters which are claiming lives and destroying property. In 2010, Rio de Janeiro experienced one of the worstnatural disasters in Brazils history due to an intense rainfall. Intense rainfall also results in reduced water quality inurban areasparticularly around combined-sewer drainage systems which are overwhelmed during heavy precipitationevents leading to sewage overow into water bodies.

On the other hand, C40 cities are facing the opposite situationmore frequent/intense droughts are creating water

supply issues. Water shortages have implications not only for drinking water, but for industry located in the watershed.In water-stressed regions water is often jointly managed and a decrease in ow can have political implications.Las Vegas reported that changes in the availability of water would complicate the complex water-rights and interstatecompacts that govern water allocation regionally. In Seattle, reduced average annual rainfall will decrease the quantityof water available for electricity generation. In Rotterdam, when water levels drop due to drought, river transport andnavigation becomes limited. A variable and unpredictable water supply disrupts the careful and often precariousbalance that cities have struck- arranging sufcient water for people, industry and agriculture while avoiding danger.Cities that identify the risks their city will face and make plans for the future are those that will best be able to guaranteesecurity for citizens and business alike.




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CDP Cities 2011

Most cities have a plan orincreasing their resilience26 cities have plans to protectinfrastructure, business sectors,and citizens against extreme weatherevents for increasing resilience to theexpected impacts of climate change.Between regions and cities, largedifferences exist:

In Japan, Tokyo and Yokohamahave formulated local disastermanagement plans

In North America, most cities havea dedicated Ofce of Emergency

Management

In Europe, 50 percent of theEuropean cities indicate that theyhave an adaptation plan

In Latin America, cities (excludingBrazil) are in the process of initiatingactions plans

A small but signicant number ocities identied opportunities ortheir cities stemming rom climatechangeAt present cities seem to be morefocused on capturing risks rather thanidentifying the potential opportunities.

However, 24 cities state that theyexpect to see some positive effects ofclimate change.Cities highlight how growing interestin climate change by stakeholders hashelped obtain new levels of funding(Los Angeles), has expedited theimplementation of a drainage masterplan (So Paulo), or has createdincentives to collaborate with businesson energy efciency.

Jakarta, for instance, anticipatesbenets from increased rainfall, throughthe provision of greater amounts ofclean water, which can be used to

extend green areas.

Some C40 cities are capitalizing onthe opportunityIn the corporate sector a number ofcompanies see climate change asan opportunity for innovation and apathway for competitive advantage.This trend has not gone unnoticed byC40 cities. 6 cities (Seoul, London,Copenhagen, Tokyo, Yokohama,Rio de Janeiro) see climate changemanagement as an opportunityfor economic growth and as a keyarea for differentiation, improvedcompetitiveness and a timelyopportunity to kick start a greeneconomy.

Fig. 31: Cities that have a plan for increasing citys resilience to climate change, by region

3 out of 326 out of 42 4 out of 9 3 out of 87 out of 10

EuropeAfricaTotal

Latin

America

North

America

Southeast Asia

and Oceania

South and

West Asia

5 out of 5 1 out of 2

East Asia

3 out of 5

100%62% 100% 38%44%50%60%70%

Number of regional percentage....%

Fig. 32: Positive physical effects of climate change identified by cities

(% of respondents)

Change in rainfall amount or patterns

Longer growing season /

New agricultural products

Fewer or less extreme freezes

Carbon fertilization effect

Other- Temperature increase

- Tourism

- Energy efciency

- Cooperation


24% 21% 3% 30%22%

1007550250

Copenhagen has anambition o becoming theworlds rst carbonneutral capital and the cityhas a goal o using this asa catalyst or GreenGrowth, ocusing ongreen energy, greentransportation and greenconstruction.

Copenhagen

The Mayor wantsLondon to be a leadinglow carbon capital andmaximise the economicopportunities rom thislow carbon transition.London already hasstrengths in areas such ascarbon markets, nancing,

legal services, andresearch anddevelopment.

London



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Fig. 33: Serious effects of climate change currently faced by cities


Cities as leaders in climate change fight

Climate change is widely recognized as one of the most serious challenges the worldfaces, with consequences that go far beyond its impact on the environment alone.It is no longer a question of if we have to move into a low-carbon energy future buthow we will get there.

Despite a complex array of challenges, it is encouraging to see that both C40 cities and non-C40 cities are (voluntarily)taking great strides towards shaping the global approach to climate change. An overwhelming number of citieshave responded to the CDP Cities questionnaire, highlighting cities commitment to sound disclosure and climatechange. Cities that measure and analyze their emissions will be in a better position to manage them and adapt to newcircumstances. Each city is a frontrunner in the combat against climate change in its own right.

Although it is encouraging to see that many cities have articulated a strategic vision around energy & climate and havedeveloped GHG reduction emissions targets and innovative measures, it is only through a collective effort that climatechange can be seriously contested.

Yvo de BoerSpecial Global Advisor, Climate Change and Sustainability

KPMG International



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Voluntary Cities

In addition to the 42 C40 citiesthat have responded to the CDPCities 2011 questionnaire, a further6 non-C40 cities have voluntarilyreported to the CDP. Throughoutthis chapter we refer to these citiesas voluntary cities. Voluntary citiesare Kaohsiung and Taipei (East Asia),

Burlington, Edina and Las Vegas(North America) and Dublin (Europe).Some of these cities, like Burlington,Edina, and Las Vegas, participated inthe CDP Cities Pilot program in 2009.The other cities are new to CDP thisyear. City sizes vary strongly, from47,000 inhabitants (Edina) to 2.6million inhabitants (Taipei). However,by reporting voluntarily to CDP, thesecities have all demonstrated a strongcommitment to transparency andclimate action.

Climate change is high on theradar o voluntary citiesIn 4 cities, overall responsibility forclimate change lies at the mayoral (orequivalent) level. Where climate changeis not overseen by the mayor, stronggovernance structures are in place. InBurlington, for example, responsibilityfor climate change sits not with themayor but rather with a ClimateAction Planning team. In addition,most voluntary cities have articulatedenergy & climate programs and have

incorporated GHG reduction emissionstargets into urban master planning.

Voluntary cities show strongleadership on city governmentemissionsAll cities report GHG emissionsfor local government operations.On average, these cities reportmore recent emissions data thanthe C40 average, with the majoritychoosing either 2007 or 2009 as theiraccounting year. It is encouraging to

see strong evidence that cities beyondthe C40 are demonstrating leadershipand commitment to measurement anddisclosure.

Measurement methodology variesbetween cities. 3 reporting citiesutilize the ICLEI protocol, while the

other cities use either an IPCC-derived methodology or a proprietaryapproach. Voluntary cities all includebuildings in their analyses of their ownemissions, and a majority of citiesinclude emissions from the municipaleet, street lighting, and trafc lighting.2 cities report Scope 3 emissions.They both calculate their emissionsfrom employee commuting. Only 1city has its city government operationsemissions data externally veried.

Voluntary city governmentshave set targets or reduction oemissions5 voluntary cities are committingthemselves to GHG reductiontargets for city government operationemissions. Interestingly, voluntary citiesdiffer from C40 cities in two ways.Firstly, voluntary cities on averageset shorter targets: 4 cities have settargets that are designed to be metwithin 15 years. Secondly, whenannualized, targets of the voluntarycities fall below the C40 average.

Targets of voluntary cities equate toless than 1.7 percent per year, asopposed to an average of 2.3 percentper year for C40 cities.

Like C40 cities, voluntary cities applya wide range of measures in orderto achieve targets. These citiesparticularly focus on retrotting ofbuildings and the upgrading of streetlighting. The most popular ways toreduce emissions from transport areby encouraging employees to change

The City o Kaohsiunghas positionedsustainability as one othe core policy objectivesor the overall citydevelopment

Kaohsiung

The Edina City Councilhas created an Energyand EnvironmentCommission, signicantlyexpanding Edinascommitment to com-prehensively address

environmental and energyissues.

Edina

Burlingtons emissionsreduction plans werecreated through across-sectoral, multi-jurisdictional processinvolving governmentocials, communitystakeholder groupleaders and experts.

Burlington

4



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modes (e.g. bicycle over car) andintroducing alternative fuel eets (e.g.hybrid cars and buses). However, fewvoluntary cities have a grasp of thenancial impact or GHG reductionpotential of measures. Having anunderstanding of the GHG reductionpotential alongside cost can enablecities to identify the GHG reductionefforts with maximum returns.

Community emissions inventoriesvary across voluntary cities3 voluntary cities measure anddisclose community related emissions.Comparable to C40 cities, emissionsdata collection and managementare conducted in different waysacross different cities. KaohsiungCity, for example, makes use ofIPCC guidelines for their emissions,subdivided into different categories,while Burlington uses the ICLEImethodology together with the CleanAir and Climate Protection softwaretool.

As with C40 cities, an importantmethodological area of concordancebetween cities is the boundarydenition for community emissionsprole. Every city that reported itscommunity emissions identied thegeopolitical area of the city as itsboundary. None of the voluntary citiesreport emissions by scope. None havetheir community emissions veried by athird party.

The city is currentlyreviewing new sotwaretools that will acilitatedata integration,inormation sharingacross dierentdepartments andcommunication o GHGemission data to the CityCouncil and residents.

Edina

The City o Las Vegascontracted with asotware provider todeliver an energymanagement solution totrack energy consumptionacross the organization.This sotware programprovides a centrally andsecurely managed

repository o all (GHG)emissions, environmentaland energy activities andassociated emissions orreporting and real-timeview o progress.

Las Vegas

Ever since 2008, wehave appropriated budgetor energy saving andcarbon reductionprojects, and or theexpenses o increasing orreplacing energy savingequipment in governmentagencies & schools.

Taipei

Fig. 34: Emerging practices rom voluntary cities in climate change governance

Burlington Edina Kaohsiung Las Vegas Taipei

Highest level o responsibility orclimate change

Team-basedapproach

Chie executive othe city




Incentives or management o climatechange issues

No No No No All employeesare entitled tonon-monetaryrecognition

Voluntary cities

The City o Burlington

has conducted a cost-carbon-benet analysisto highlight the topstrategies o a list o 200generated through anintensive stakeholderengagement process.

Burlington

Across both C40 and voluntarycities, the physical risks oclimate change have captured theattention o city governments5 voluntary cities state that currentand/or anticipated effects climatechange present signicant physicalrisks to their city. 5 cities have takensteps to identify these risks throughrisk assessments. Drought and heattopped the list, with 4 cities reportingrisks due to warming temperatures.



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CDP Cities 2011

Cities consider climate change aserious enough threat that many othem report a potential impact onlocal businessesVoluntary cities report that the potentialimpacts of climate change couldthreaten the ability of businessesto operate successfully in theircity. Potential impacts mentionedare damages to water supply,infrastructure, buildings and agriculturedue to oods as well as droughtaffecting water supply, energy and foodprices and the tourism industry.

4 cities indicate that they have a planfor increasing their citys resilience tothe expected physical effects of climatechange. Responses include emergencypreparedness plans, the managementof river catchment areas, strengtheninginfrastructure including drainageworks and awareness campaigns onintegrated water control.

The Kaohsiung City Government issetting up a database of the vulnerableand sensitive areas for the city. Thedatabase is expected to be thereference for future urban developmentand disaster prevention.

Fig. 35: Risk prole o voluntary cities

Burlington Edina Kaohsiung Las Vegas Taipei

Identied physicalrisks rom climatechange

Yes - Yes Yes Yes

Compounding actorsthat may worsenphysical eects oclimate change

Largest urban area inState o Vermont

Projected considerablywarmer and drier climate,especially in summer

Over-developmentalong the coast (erosion,impacts o sea levelrising)

Desert location -

Threat to abilityo businesses tooperate successully

Increased food riskcould imperil many armslocated in low-lyingfoodplains

- Flooding aects watersupply, transportation

Water shortages andincreased aridity impactleisure and hospitality

-

Other risks Increased demand orsocial services

Climate change anddemographical changes(aging population): healthrisks, isolation

Regulation: majoremission sources are toreport GHG emissionsand energy perormance

-

Taipei City is located inthe Taipei Basin innorthern part o Taiwan. Itis bordered by the XindianRiver on the south and theDanshui (Tamsui) River onthe west, with the Keelung

River meandering slowlyacross the city rom eastto westAlthough thesethree rivers have beenextensively embanked inthe past decades, Taipeicity is still vulnerable tofooding.

Taipei

Water shortages andincreased temperatureswill negatively

CDP C40 Cities Global Report 2011

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