CDMA Principle and Measurement - pudn.comread.pudn.com/downloads110/ebook/456459/CDMA2000.pdf ·...

Title of PresentationDate

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CDMACDMA Principle and MeasurementPrinciple and Measurement

Concepts of CDMA

CDMA Key Technologies

CDMA Air Interface

CDMA Measurement Basic


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Power

Frequency

Time

FDMA

Frequency

Power Time

TDMA

Frequency

CDMA

Power

Time

Cellular Access MethodsCellular Access Methods


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US Cellular Channel 384

Frequency

Amplitude

Frequency

Amplitude

AMPS

45 MHz

Forward Link

881.52 MHz836.52 MHz

Reverse Link

CDMA

45 MHz

836.52 MHz 881.52 MHz

Reverse Link Forward Link

CDMA is CDMA is Also Full DuplexFull Duplex


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3

6

CDMA Reuse FDMA Reuse

11

1

1

11

11

16

22

1

45

7

Cellular Frequency Reuse PatternsCellular Frequency Reuse Patterns


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Capacity = (Chan BW)(Data Rate)

×(1)

(Eb/I0)×

(1)(Vaf)

(Fr)×

CDMA = (1,230,000)

(9,600)×

(1)(5.01)

×(1)

(.40)(0.67)×

CDMA = 42 calls (Using 1.5 MHz BW)

AMPS = 1.5 MHz ÷ 30 kHz = 50 Channels

Capacity = 50 Channels ÷ 7 (1/7 Frequency Reuse)

AMPS = 7 calls (Using 1.5 MHz BW)

ProcessingGain

CDMA Capacity GainsCDMA Capacity Gains


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Interference Sources

Walsh CodeSpreading

Encoding &Interleaving

Decode & De-Interleaving

BasebandData

BasebandData

Background Noise External Interference Other Cell Interference Other User Noise

9.6 kbps 19.2 kbps 1228.8 kbps 19.2 kbps 9.6 kbps

CDMA Transmitter

CDMA Receiver

1.23 MHz BW

fc

1.23 MHz BW

fc

10 kHz BW

0

10 kHz BW

0

1.23 MHz BW

fc

1.23 MHz BW

fcfc

-113 dBm/1.23 MHz

fc

Spurious Signals

Walsh CodeCorrelator

1228.8 kbps

The CDMA ConceptThe CDMA Concept


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CDMACDMA

Analog

Analog

CDMA Paradigm ShiftCDMA Paradigm Shift

Multiple Users on One FrequencyAnalog/TDMA Try to Prevent Multiple Users InterferenceChannel is Defined by CodeAnalog Systems Defined Channels by FrequencyCapacity Limit is SoftAllows Degrading Voice Quality to Temporarily Increase CapacityReduce Surrounding Cell Capacity to Increase a Cell's Capacity


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Concepts of CDMA


CDMA Air Interface



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W =2

0 00 1

4W =

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

W = 01

n

n

n

n

W WW WW =2n

Walsh CodesWalsh Codes


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Walsh Code Tree


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Walsh Coding ExampleWalsh Coding Example


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Walsh Decoding ExampleWalsh Decoding Example


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Three users condition


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SynchronizationSynchronization

All Direct Sequence, Spread Spectrum Systems Should be Accurately Synchronized for Efficient SearchingFinding the Desired Code Becomes Difficult Without Synchronization


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+Sum of A & BWalsh EncodedData Streams

Channel AWalsh EncodedVoice Data -1

+1

1 100 0 0 0 0

Channel BWalsh EncodedVoice Data -1

+1

1 10 0 00 1 1

-1

+2

+1

-2

Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code

+2

-1

+1

1 1-1

+1

-2

x =+2

-1

+1

-2

=∫ 0.75-Original Data Was0 (-1), We Have Interference Now!

Original Time Delayed

What if Walsh Codes are Not Time Aligned ?What if Walsh Codes are Not Time Aligned ?


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112

2

3

4567

8

9

1011

CDMA System TimeCDMA System Time

How Does CDMA Achieve Synchronization for Efficient Searching ?Use GPS Satellite System

Base Stations Use GPS Time via Satellite Receivers as a Common Time ReferenceGPS Clock Drives the Long Code Generator


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Time

Frequency

Amplitude

The Rake ReceiverThe Rake Receiver


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Output

T0

W0

T4T1 T2 T3

W1 W2W3 W4

+

Delay Taps

Tap Weights

Antenna

Rake Receiver DesignRake Receiver Design


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Power Control Basic

CDMA interference limited.Near-Far problem.


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Reverse Link Power ControlReverse Link Power ControlMaximum System Capacity is Achieved if:All Mobiles are Powered Controlled to the Minimum Power for Acceptable Signal QualityAs a result, all Mobiles are Received at About Equal Power at the Base Station Independent of Their Location

There are Two Types of Reverse Control:Open Loop Power ControlClosed Loop Power Control

Open & Closed Loop Power Control are Always Both Active !


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Open Loop Power ControlOpen Loop Power Control

Assumes Loss is Similar on Forward and Reverse PathsReceive Power+Transmit Power = -73All powers in dBm

Example:For a Received Power of -85 dBm• Transmit Power = (-73) - (-85)• Transmit Power = +12 dBm

Provides an Estimate of Reverse TX Power for Given Propagation Conditions


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Closed Loop Power ControlClosed Loop Power ControlDirected by Base StationUpdated Every 1.25 msecCommands Mobile to Change TX Power in +/-1 dB Step SizeFine Tunes Open Loop Power EstimatePower Control Bits are "Punctured" over the Encoded Voice DataPuncture Period is two 19.2 kbps Symbol Periods = 103.6 usec


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CDMA Variable Rate Speech CoderCDMA Variable Rate Speech Coder

DSP Analyzes 20 Millisecond Blocks of Speech for ActivitySelects Encoding Rate Based On Activity:High Activity: Full Data Rate Encoding (9600 bps)Some Activity: Half Data Rate Encoding (4800 bps)Low Activity: Quarter Date Rate Encoding (2400 bps)No Activity: 1/8 Data Rate Encoding (1200 bps)

How Does This Improve Capacity? Mobile Transmits in Bursts of 1.25 ms

System Capacity Increases by 1/Vaf


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CDMA Frame = 20 msFull Rate

Half Rate

Quarter Rate

Eighth Rate

Mobile Power BurstingMobile Power Bursting

Each Frame is Divided Into 16 Power Control GroupsEach Power Control Group Contains 1536 Chips (represents 12 encoded voice bits)Average Power Is Lowered 3dB for Each Lower Data Rate


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Soft handover

4

B SB S

Frequencyf1

Frequencyf1

•Unlike GSM hard handover•Cdma make soft handover for BS with same frequency•Soft handover, more effective and reliable


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Concepts of CDMA


CDMA Air Interface



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WalshCover

I Short Code

Q Short Code

FIR

FIR1.2288Mbps

Walsh Code Generator

I

Q

1.2288Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

Long Code

19.2 kbps

19.2 kbps

VocodedSpeech data

20 msecblocks

Interleaver

Power ControlPuncturing

19.2 kbps

19.2 kbps

800 bps

800 bps

P.C.MUX

9.6 kbps

19.2 kbps

3/4 rate

1/2 rate

14.4 kbps

19.2 kbps

ConvolutionalEncoder

Long CodeScrambling

Short Code Scrambler

Forward Link Traffic Channel Physical LayerForward Link Traffic Channel Physical Layer


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To I/QModulator

1.2288 Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

Q Channel ShortSequence CodeGenerator

Walsh CodedData at1.2288 Mbps

I Channel ShortSequence CodeGenerator

Why Spread Again with the Short Sequence ?Why Spread Again with the Short Sequence ?

Provides a Cover to Hide the 64 Walsh CodesEach Base Station is Assigned A Time Offset in its Short SequencesTime Offsets Allow Mobiles to Distinguish Between Adjacent CellsAlso Allows Reuse of All Walsh Codes in Each Cell


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chip0 5 10 15 20 25 30

1

Pseudo-Random Sequence

0

-1

chip offset

Auto-Correlation Versus Time Offset

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

AutoAuto--CorrelationCorrelation

Is a Comparison of a Signal Against ItselfGood Pseudo-Random Patterns Have:Strong Correlation at Zero Time OffsetWeak Correlation at Other Time Offsets


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chip offset

Auto-Correlation VersusTime Offset with 17 dB Noise Added

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

Short Code CorrelationShort Code CorrelationShort Codes Are Designed to Have:§ Strong Auto-Correlation at Zero Time Offset§ Weak Auto-Correlation at Other Offsets§ Good Auto-Correlation In Very Poor Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Environments

Allows Fast Acquisition in Real World Environment


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Walsh Code 32

Walsh Code 0

Pilot Channel

Sync Channel

Walsh Codes 1 to 7

Walsh Codes 8-31, 33-63

Traffic Channels1 up to 55 Channels

All 0's

19.2 kbps 1228.8 kbps

1228.8 kbps

1228.8 kbps

I

Convert to I/Q & Short Code Spreading



FIR LP Filter &D/A Conversion




Q

4.8 kbps

I Data

I Data

I Data

I Data

Q Data

Q Data

Q Data

Q Data

Paging Channels1 up to 7 Channels

19.2 kbps 1228.8 kbps Convert to I/Q & Short Code Spreading

Forward Link Channel FormatForward Link Channel Format


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l Uses Walsh Code 0:3All 64 bits are 0

l All Data into Walsh Modulator is 0

l Output of Walsh Modulator is Therefore all 0's

l Pilot Channel is just the Short Codes

Q

Walsh Code0

I Short Code

Q Short Code

FIR

FIR1.2288Mbps


I

1.2288Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

All 0 input


WalshModulator

Pilot Channel Physical LayerPilot Channel Physical Layer


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Walsh32

CoverI Short Code

Q Short Code

FIR

FIR1.2288Mbps


I

Q

1.2288Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

Sync Channel Message Data

Interleaver

4.8 kbps

1/2 rate



2x

4.8 kbps

SymbolRepetition

2.4 kbps

1.2 kbps

Sync Channel Physical LayerSync Channel Physical Layer


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Walsh1 to 7Cover

I Short Code

Q Short Code

FIR

FIR1.2288Mbps


I

Q

1.2288Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

19.2 kbps

Paging ChannelLong Code

19.2 kbps

Long CodeScrambling


Paging Channel Message Data

Interleaver

19.2 kbps

1/2 rate


2x

19.2 kbps

SymbolRepetition

9.6 kbps

4.8 kbps

Paging Channel Physical LayerPaging Channel Physical Layer


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Interleaver

I Short Code

Q Short Code

1.2288Mbps I

Q

307.2 kbps

t/2

1/2 Chip Delay28.8 kbps20 msec

blocks

VocodedSpeech Data

64-aryModulator

1.2288 Mbps

1 of 64 Walsh Codes

Long Code

1.2288 Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

FIR

FIR

Walsh Code 1

Walsh Code 2

Walsh Code 0

Walsh Code 62

Walsh Code 63

Walsh Code 61


9.6 kbps

28.8 kbps

1/3 rate

1/2 rate14.4

kbps

28.8 kbps

Long Code Modulator


Reverse Link Traffic Channel Physical LayerReverse Link Traffic Channel Physical Layer


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307.2 kbps

Walsh Code 1

Walsh Code 2

Walsh Code 0

Walsh Code 62

Walsh Code 63

Walsh Code 61

28.8 kbps

6464--aryary ModulationModulationEvery 6 Encoded Voice Data Bits Points to One of the 64 Walsh CodesSpreads Data From 28.8 kbps to 307.2 kbps:(28.8 kbps * 64 bits)/ 6 bits = 307.2 kbps)

Is Not the Channelization for the Reverse Link


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Why Aren't Walsh Codes Used for Reverse Why Aren't Walsh Codes Used for Reverse Channelization ?Channelization ?

All Walsh Codes Arrive Together in Time to All Mobiles From the Base StationHowever, Transmissions from Mobiles DO NOT Arrive at the Same Time at the Base Station


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WalshModulatedVoice Data

307.2 kbps

1.2288 Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

XOR

Long CodeGenerator

Reverse Channel Long Code SpreadingReverse Channel Long Code Spreading

Long Code Spreading Provides Unique Mobile ChannelizationMobiles are Uncorrelated but not Orthogonal with Each Other


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t/2 QFIR

I Short Code

Q Short Code

1.2288Mbps I

1/2 Chip Delay

1.2288 Mbps

1.2288 Mbps

FIR

Reverse Channel Short Sequence SpreadingReverse Channel Short Sequence Spreading

Same PN Short Codes Are Used by MobilesShort Sequence Spreading Aids Base Station Signal Acquisition Extra 1/2 Chip Delay is Inserted into Q Path to Produce OQPSK Modulation to Simplify Power Amplifier Design


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I

Q

I

Q

00 01

11

01

1110

00

10

OQPSK Modulation

QPSK Makes one Symbol Change Every PeriodOQPSK Makes two Symbol Changes Every Period if both I and Q Data ChangesExample Symbol Pattern is:00, 10, 01,11


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Filtered Offset QPSKFiltered QPSK

I I

QQ

Base Station Pilot Channel TX Mobile Station TX

CDMA Modulation Formats


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Function Forward Link{Base to Mobile}

Reverse Link{Mobile to Base}

9.6 kbps ConvolutionalEncoder

1/2 Rate{9600 in 19200 out}

1/3 Rate{9600 in 28800 out}

14.4 kbps Convolutional Encoder

3/4 Rate{14400 in 19200 out}

1/2 Rate{14400 in 28800 out}

Walsh Coding Channelization 64-aryModulation

Long CodeSpreading

Voice Privacy Channelization

Short Code Spreading Base Station Identification

Aid Base Station Searching

Channelization Summary


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CDMA Service OptionsService Options Are:§ 1- Voice Using 9600 bps IS-96-A Vocoder§ 2- Rate Set 1 Loopback (9600 bps)§ 3- Voice Using 9600 bps (EVRC)§ 4- Asynchronous Data Service (circuit switched)§ 5- Group 3 Fax§ 6- Short Message Service (9600 bps)§ 7- Internet Standard PPP Packet Data § 8- CDPD Over PPP Packet Data§ 9- Rate Set 2 Loopback (14400 bps)§ 14-Short Message Service (14400 bps)§ 32,768- Voice Using 14400 bps (CDG)


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Ten Minutes in the Life of a CDMA Mobile Phone

Turn-on§ System AccessTravel§ Idle State Hand-OffInitiate CallSystem AccessContinue Travel§ Initiate Soft Handoff§ Terminate Soft HandoffEnd Call


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CDMA Turn On Process

Find All Receivable Pilot SignalsChoose Strongest OneEstablish Frequency and PN Time Reference (Base Station I.D.)Demodulate Sync ChannelEstablish System TimeDetermine Paging Channel Long Code Mask


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SYNCSYNC

Sync Channel MessageContains the Following Data:Base Station Protocol RevisionMin Protocol Revision SupportedSID, NID of Cellular SystemPilot PN Offset of Base StationLong Code StateSystem TimeLeap Seconds From Start of System TimeLocal Time Offset from System Time Daylight Savings Time FlagPaging Channel Data RateChannel Number


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PagingPaging

Read the Paging Channel

Demodulate the Paging Channel:Use Long Code Mask Derived from the Pilot PN Offset Given in Sync Channel MessageDecode MessagesRegister, if Required by Base StationMonitor Paging Channel


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CDMA Idle State Handoff

No Call In ProgressMobile Listens to New CellMove Registration Location if Entering a New Zone


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CDMA Call Completion

Base Answers Access Probe using the Channel Assignment MessageMobile Goes to A Traffic Channel Based on the Channel Assignment Message InformationBase Station Begins to Transmit and Receive Traffic Channel



CDMA Soft Handoff InitiationMobile Finds Second Pilot of Sufficient Power (exceeds T_add Threshold)Mobile Sends Pilot Strength Message to First Base StationBase Station Notifies MTSOMTSO Requests New Walsh Assignment from Second Base StationIf Available, New Walsh Channel Info is Relayed to First Base Station



CDMA Soft Handoff Completion

First Base Station Orders Soft Handoff with new Walsh AssignmentMTSO Sends Land Link to Second Base StationMobile Receives Power from Two Base StationsMTSO Chooses Better Quality Frame Every 20 Milliseconds



Ending CDMA Soft Handoff

First BS Pilot Power Goes Low at Mobile Station (drops below T_drop)Mobile Sends Pilot Strength MessageFirst Base Station Stops Transmitting and Frees up ChannelTraffic Channel Continues on Base Station Two



CDMA End of Call

Mobile or Land InitiatedMobile and Base Stop TransmissionLand Connection Broken



IS-2000 Terms & DefinitionsChipü Is the period of a data bit at the final spreading rateSR - Spreading RateüDefines the final spreading rate in terms of 1.2288 Mcps. So a

3.6864 Mcps system is called a SR3 system.RC - Radio ConfigurationüDefines the physical channel configuration based upon a base

channel data rate.üRCs contain rates derived from their base rate. For example, RC3 is

based on 9.6 kbps and includes 1.5, 2.7, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, 153.6, and 307.200 kbps.üRCs are coupled to specific Spreading Rates



IS-2000 SR1Is an Improved TIA/EIA-95-B Narrowband SystemOccupies the Same 1.23 MHz Bandwidth as TIA/EIA-95-BForward Link:

üAdds Fast Power ControlüQuick Paging Channel to Improve Standby TimeüUses QPSK Modulation Rather than Dual BPSK to:

• Use 3/8 Rate Convolutional Encoder instead of 3/4 for 14.4 Service (improves error correction)

• 128 Walsh Codes to Handle More Soft Handoffs for 9.6 serviceReverse Link:

üUses Pilot Aided BPSK to Allow Coherent DemodulationüUses 1/4 Rate Convolutional Encoder Instead of 1/2 or 1/3Doubles System Capacity



SR1 Forward Radio ConfigurationsRadio Configuration 1 - RequiredüBackwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA-95-BüBased on 9,600 bps TrafficRadio Configuration 2üBackwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA-95-BüBased on 14,400 bps TrafficRadio Configurations 3, 4, and 5üAll use new IS-2000 coding for improved capacityüRC3 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 153,600 bpsüRC4 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 307,200 bpsüRC5 is based on 14,400 bps and goes up to 230,400 bps




Concepts of CDMA


CDMA Air Interface


CDMA Mobile Testing



Base Station Simulator

Pilot ChannelWalsh Code 0

Sync ChannelWalsh Code 32

Paging ChannelWalsh Code 1

Traffic Channel

OrthogonalChannel NoiseSource

Additive White Gaussian NoiseSource

RFOutput



CDMA Transmitter Testsü Frequency Accuracyü CDMA Hard Handoffü Time Reference AccuracyüWaveform Quality (rho)ü Range of Open Loop Power Controlü Time Response of Open Loop Power Controlü Access Probe Output Powerü Range of Closed Loop Power Controlü Maximum RF Output Powerü Minimum Controlled Powerü Standby and Gated Output Powerü Conducted TX Spurious Emissionsü Radiated TX Spurious Emissions



Waveform Quality

CDMA Transmitter Figure of Merit:Rho - Power Correlation Coefficient

An Expression Giving the Percent of Transmitted Power That Correlates to the Ideal CodeMobiles Must Meet rho of 0.944This level of Performance Produces 0.25 dB of Increased Interference to Other Users



Frequency Accuracy and Static Time Offset

Transmitted Carrier Must be Accurate To Within ±300 Hz (PCS ±150Hz)Cannot Be Measured With a Conventional Frequency CounterDerived from rho MeasurementStatic Time Alignment (Mobile's Transmitted Data Clock) Must Also Be Accurate To ± 1 µsMeasurement is Relative to the Pilot Channel's Transmitted Data Clock



Open Loop Power Test

Verifies Open Loop Power Control Estimate AccuracyMeasured Over an 80 dB Dynamic RangeMeasured at:Base -93.5dBm - Mobile +20dBmBase -65 dBm - Mobile -8 dBmBase -25 dBm - Mobile -48 dBmMobile Should be Accurate Within ±6 dB, and Must be Within ±9.5 dBTest set must be within 0.2dB uncertainty for all power measurement

+20 dBm

-50 dBm



Time Response of Open Loop Power ControlMeasures MS output power response to step change in input power.Method of Measurement:Connect BS to MS.Make a call.Send alternating up/down power control bits.Change BS output power and measure MS output as function of time.Minimum Standard:Output power shall transition according to mask limits.

-80 dBm

100 ms Time

Ior^

-60 dBm-40 dBm

Time (ms)



Closed Loop Power Tests

Verifies Closed Loop Power Control Range and LinearityMeasured Over a ±24 dB Dynamic RangeMobile Must Offer at least ±24 dB of Closed Loop Power Control Around the Open Loop Power Control EstimateMeasured by Send 100 Up and then 100 Down Power Control Bits

+24 dB

-24 dB



CDMA Power MeasurementsMaximum Output Power TestSet CDMA Source to -104 dBm/1.23 MHzSet Access Channel Parameters to Produce Full PowerMake a Service Option 002, Full Rate CallMeasure Power

Maximum Power Specifications:Class 1 Mobiles: 1.25 to 6.3 WattsClass 2 Mobiles: 0.5 to 2.5 WattsClass 3 Mobiles: 0.2 to 1.0 Watt

Requires the Accurate Measure of a Wideband Signal with High Crest Factor



Gated Output Power

1.25 msec

Power vs. Time Template

20 dB

3 dB

6µs 6µs



Overview of TX Tests with Agilent 8960Performs TX Tests Using the 8960:ü Frequency Accuracyü Hard Handoffü Static Time ReferenceüWaveform Qualityü Range of Open Loop PCü Time response of open loop power controlü Range of Closed Loop PCü Gated output powerü Max RF Output Powerü Min RF Output Powerü Access Probe Output Powerü Spurious Emissions

Establish a Service Option002 Call Using the 8960



Receiver Testsü Demodulation of Paging Channel in AWGNü Demodulation of Forward Traffic Channel in AWGNü Demodulation of Forward Traffic Channel in Multi-path Fading Channelü Soft Handoff Power Control Bit Testsü Receiver Sensitivity and Dynamic Rangeü Single Tone Desensitizationü Inter-modulation Spurious Response Attenuationü Receiver Spurious Emissions



What is Frame Error Rate ?

Every 20 ms of Digitized Speech (9600 bps or less) Constitutes a CDMA FrameWhen a Frame Cannot be Correctly Decoded, a Frame Error Has OccurredIndividual Chip Errors (Over-the-Air) Do Not Significantly Degrade CDMA PerformanceCDMA Voice Quality is Acceptable with Frame Error Rates up to 3%.



Confidence Limit Testing

Measuring Frame Error Rates or Message Error Rates Involves Testing Random ErrorsConfidence Limits Use Statistical Models to Determine if FER or MER Measurements Meet a Target Specification with a Specified ConfidenceConfidence Limit Testing Results in the Absolute Minimum Test TimeExample:Must meet 0.5% FER with 95% Confidence



Confidence Limit Curves

95% Confidence Limit for 0.5% FER

600 900 1400 2800 4500 8200 16000 30000 56000 1000000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5Measured FER

PASS1 Error

2 Errors

4 Errors

8 Errors

16 Errors32 Errors

64 Errors128 Errors 256 Errors

512 Errors

12 18 28 56 90 320 1120164 600 2000



Base Station Simulator Configuration for Sensitivity Tests

CDMA Sensitivity DynamicChannels Test Range Test

lor - Total Power -104 dBm -25 dBm

AWGN OFF OFF

PILOT -7.0 dB -7.0 dBSYNC -16.0 dB -16.0 dBPAGING -12.0 dB -12.0 dBTRAFFIC -15.6 db -15.6 dbOCNS -1.645 dB -1.645 db



Receiver Sensitivity and Dynamic Range

Establish a Service Option 002 Call (Data Loopback Mode) with the CDMA Mobile

Cell Power = -104 dBm / 1.23 MHz

Measure FER and verify less than 0.5% with 95% Confidence

0.5%FER



Thanks & QA

CDMA Principle and Measurement - pudn.comread.pudn.com/downloads110/ebook/456459/CDMA2000.pdf ·...

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