Cdma Concept Presentation-08

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CDMA Concept & IS-2000 ProtocolCDMA Concept & IS-2000 Protocol

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Day 1 : CDMA ConceptDay 1 : CDMA Concept

Day 2 : IS-2000 ProtocolDay 2 : IS-2000 Protocol

Day 3 : Call Processing and OptimizationDay 3 : Call Processing and Optimization

Contents

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Overview of Wireless CommunicationOverview of Wireless Communication

Characteristics of CDMACharacteristics of CDMA

CDMA Basic Technologies CDMA Basic Technologies

About IS-95 CDMAAbout IS-95 CDMA

About IS-2000 CDMAAbout IS-2000 CDMA

Comparison between IS-95 & IS-2000Comparison between IS-95 & IS-2000

CDMA ConceptsDAY 1

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Increased Spectrum Utilization – 3 times lager than Analog System

Robust Radio Access – Various Multiple Access Technologies

Matured Digital Signal Processing

High Integration on VLSI

High Reliability and Precision

Compatibility with Data Communication and Digital Networking

Reduced Cell Equipment Size and Cost

Why Digital Wireless Communication?Why Digital Wireless Communication?

CDMA ConceptsCDMA ConceptsOverview of Wireless CommunicationOverview of Wireless Communication

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Co-Channel & Adjacent-Channel Interference

Long-term Fading Caused by terrain & man-made environment - Propagation Loss : 20 ~ 40dB(Field dependent)

- Shadow Loss : Diffraction due to an obstacle of propagation path

Short-term Fading Caused by multi-path reflections by local scatters - Multi-Path Fading(Rayleigh Fading) : Frequency Selective Fading and Flat Fading

due to the ISI(Inter-Symbol Interference) in time

- Doppler Effect : Fast Fading, Slow Fading due to the FM Random Noise

Overcoming the Fading : - Long Term Fading : Design of BTS concerning the Propagation Loss, Add the BTS in

Shadow Fading Area

- Frequency Selective Fading : Diversity, Direct Spreading Technology, Using Pilot

Channel

- Flat Fading, Slow Fading : Error Correction Coding

- Fast Fading : Error Correction Coding, Interleaving

Radio EnvironmentsRadio Environments


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Interleaving - Distribute burst type errors by permuting the symbols to be transmitted

Antenna Diversity - Combine the signals received at a distance

Equalization - Eliminate ISI(Inter-Symbol Interference)

RAKE receiver - Coherently combine the signals received

at a resolution time

Multi-path CountermeasuresMulti-path Countermeasures


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Multiple Access Concept – Multiple Access Concept – What is Multiple Access?What is Multiple Access?

Multiple Access is the simultaneous

use of a communication system by

more than one user

Each user’s signal must be kept

uniquely distinguishable from other

user’s signals, to allow private

communications on demand

Users can be separated many ways :

TransmissionTransmission

MediumMedium

- Physically : on separate wires

- by arbitrarily defined “channels” established in

frequency, time, or any other variable imaginable


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FDMA(Frequency Division Multiple Access)

TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access)

CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

Multiple Access Concept – Multiple Access Concept – 3 methods3 methods

- User separated by frequency(30KHz Channels)

- Example : AMPS

- User separated by frequency and time(30KHz

channels with 6 timeslots)

- Example : IS-54/136, GSM

- User separated by private digital code

- Example : IS-95A/B, J-STD-008, IS-2000frequency

power

frequency

power

time

powertime

time

frequency


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FrequencySub Channel Sub Channel Sub Channel

Total BandGuard Band

Amplitude

Multiple Access Concept - Multiple Access Concept - FDMAFDMA

Each user occupies a private Frequency, protected from interference through physical separation from other users on the same frequency


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Multiple Access Concept - Multiple Access Concept - FDMAFDMA

Advantages

- Easy to realize

- Less ISI(Inter Symbol Interference) → Equalizer not needed

- Network Synchronization not needed

- Easy Bit Time Recovery and Frame Synchronization

- Voice Coder not needed

Disadvantages

- Guard Band is needed to reduce interference between frequency

- Encryption is Difficulty

- Low Efficiency for Non-voice Data Transmission

- Restricted Capacity due to the Low Spectrum Utilization : Frequency Reusing

Factor is 7


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Channel 1

Channel 2

Channel 3

Channel n

Buffer 1

Buffer 2

Buffer 3

Buffer n

Channel 2Channel 3Channel n

Clock

Channel 1

One Channel of FDMA

Multiple Access Concept - Multiple Access Concept - TDMATDMA

Each user occupies a specific Frequency but only during an assigned time slot. The frequency is used by other users during other time slots

Frame Sync bit

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot N. . . . . . .

Frame

Sync bit Signaling bit

Information bit

Guard Bit


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Multiple Access Concept - Multiple Access Concept - TDMATDMA

Advantages

Disadvantages

- Frequency Sharing among N Users by time Scheduling

- Variable bit rate by changing slots

- Less stringent power control due to reduces inter-user interference : dedicated

frequencies and slots

- Mobile assisted/controlled handoff enable by available measurement slots

- Pulsating power envelop – Interference with devices link hearing aids have been

detected

- Complexity inherent in slot/frequency allocation

- High data rate imply need for equalization to overcome Inter Symbol Interference

- Large Overhead and Complex Hardware

- Restricted Capacity by Frequency Band and Time Slot


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Multiple Access Concept - Multiple Access Concept - CDMACDMA

Each user’s signal is a continuous unique code pattern buried within

shared signal, mingled with other user’s code pattern. If a user’s code

pattern is known, the presence or absence of their signal can be

detected, thus conveying information

All CDMA users occupy the same frequency at the same time.

- Time and Frequency are not used as discriminators

CDMA interference comes mainly from nearby users

CDMA operators by using CODING to discriminate between users

Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd – but with a uniquely

recoverable code


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Multiple Access Concept - Multiple Access Concept - CDMACDMA

Advantages

Disadvantages

- Easy to Voice Encryption through the PN Sequence using spread spectrum

- Large Capacity – 10~15 times than AMPS by using the Voice Activity

- High Frequency Utilization - Frequency Reusing Factor is 1

- Better Voice Quality : Less Fading due to the Variable Diversity Technology

- Easy to trace the MS’s Location by using the GPS

- Difficult to Control the Power of MS and BTS

- Failing the Power Control affect all voice call in one cell

- Receiver is complex for PN Sequence Acquiring and Tracing


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Advantages of CDMAAdvantages of CDMA

Large Capacity – 10~15 times larger than AMPS - Coding/Modulation Scheme, Voice Activity, Sectorization, Universal Frequency Reuse

High Quality - Overcoming the Multi-path Fading with Rake Receiver

- Decrease Call Drop through the Soft Handoff

- Using Vocoder with variable bit rate

CDMA Frequency Reuse of 1(Reuse planning not required)

1 1 11

1 1 11

1 1 11

1

AMPS Frequency Reuse of 7

1 46

3 67

2 7 34

5

5 2

CDMA ConceptsCDMA ConceptsCharacteristics of CDMACharacteristics of CDMA

7

5

3 56

1

1

1

1

1

1

24 7

4

1 1 11

1 1 11

1 1 11

1

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Soft Capacity - Traffic Channel Allocation is fixed in AMPS

- Dynamic Channel Allocation is enable in voice quality allowing range in CDMA


Canceling the Interference - Using Spread Spectrum

- Receivers de-spread wanted signals and spread interferences in received signals

Soft Handoff - Enable Soft Handoff : CDMA Cells use same frequency with adjacent Cells

- Less Call Drop


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Power Control and Low Transmit Power - Excellent Power Control Scheme

- Signal to Noise Ratio is less than TDMA or FDMA

- Increased System Capacity, Transmitting Less Power(Longer Battery Life)

- Less Power Consumption, Small and Light size


Enable Voice Privacy - Using Spread Spectrum and PN Code for Digital Signal Transmission

Support Various Supplemental Service - Voice Dialing Service, VMS(Voice Mailing Service), SMS(Short Message Service)

- Fax, Packet Data, VOD(Video on Demand), Multi-media Service

Economic - Easy to Cell Planning, Need less BTS than AMPS

- Transmitting less Power


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Capacity of CDMA – Capacity of CDMA – Reverse LinkReverse Link

100%

K1

6%

K2

0.2%0.03%

K30.01%

K4

Where : N : Calls per Sector W : Spread Spectrum Bandwidth [1.25MHz] R : Data Rate [9.6Kbps / 14.4Kbps] Eb/Io : Bit Energy / Io [7 dB]

(Io = Other User Interference Density) d : Voice Activity Gain [40%] f : Other Interference / Same Interference [0.6]η : Loading Factor [0.8] g : Reduction for Variable Power [0.85]

27 Users per Sector for R=9.6Kbps27 Users per Sector for R=9.6Kbps 18 Users per Sector for R=14.4Kbps18 Users per Sector for R=14.4Kbps

13.5 Times than AMPS13.5 Times than AMPS 5 Times than TDMA5 Times than TDMA

N = Eb / Io d 1 + f

W / R 1 1η g


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Capacity of CDMA – Capacity of CDMA – capacity comparison for reverse linkcapacity comparison for reverse link

ItemItem AMPSAMPS TDMATDMA CDMACDMA RemarksRemarks

①① BandwidthBandwidth 12.5 MHz12.5 MHz 12.5 MHz12.5 MHz 12.5 MHz12.5 MHz Based on CDMA 10 FABased on CDMA 10 FA

②②Frequency reusing Frequency reusing

FactorFactor77 77 11

③③ Channel BandwidthChannel Bandwidth 30 KHz30 KHz 30 KHz30 KHz 1.25 MHz1.25 MHz

④④ # of total Channel# of total Channel 12.5/0.03=41612.5/0.03=416 12.5/0.03=41612.5/0.03=416 12.5/1.25=1012.5/1.25=10

⑤⑤ # of channel per cell# of channel per cell 416/7=59416/7=59 416/7=59416/7=59 10/1=1010/1=10 Applied ②Applied ②

⑥⑥ # of Ch for Voice call# of Ch for Voice call 5757 5757 1010Exclude Pilot and Exclude Pilot and Signaling ChannelSignaling Channel

⑦⑦# of Voice call per # of Voice call per

channelchannel11 3 (3Ch/30KHz)3 (3Ch/30KHz)

20(8Kbps 20(8Kbps Vocoding)Vocoding)

⑧⑧ # of Voice call per cell# of Voice call per cell 57×1=5757×1=57 57×3=17157×3=171 10×20=20010×20=200 Applied ⑦Applied ⑦

⑨⑨ # of sector per 1 cell# of sector per 1 cell 33 33 33

⑩⑩# of voice call per # of voice call per

sectorsector57/3=1957/3=19 171/3=57171/3=57 200200

Using simultaneously Using simultaneously in CDMAin CDMA

⑪⑪Capacity comparison Capacity comparison

with AMPSwith AMPS11 33 1010


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Number of users per cell (capacity) approximated by

user

overhead

F

FCCapacity

1

- Foverhead : Fraction of power allocated to overhead channels

- Fuser : Fraction of average power allocated to a user

Capacity of CDMA – Capacity of CDMA – Forward LinkForward Link


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Simple CDMA Link StructureSimple CDMA Link Structure

Voice Encoding

Channel Encoding Interleaving Spread

Spectrum Digital

Modulation Multiple Access

Transmitter Output

☎

Bit Stream Wave Form

Voice Decoding

Channel Decoding

De-Interleaving

De-Spread Spectrum

Digital Demodulation

Multiple Access

Receiver Input

☎

Bit Stream Wave Form

< Data Transmission Block Diagram >

< Data Receiving Block Diagram >

CDMA ConceptsCDMA ConceptsCDMA Basic TechnologiesCDMA Basic Technologies

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Building a CDMA SignalBuilding a CDMA Signal

A CDMA Signal uses many chips to convey

just one bit of information

Each User has a unique chip pattern, in effect

a code channel

To recover a bit, integration a large number of

chips interpreted by the user’s known code

pattern

Other user’s code patterns appear random

and integrate in a random self-canceling

fashion, hence don’t disturb the bit decoding

decision being made with the proper code

pattern

Bits from user’s Vocoder

Analog Voice Signal

Vocoding

Symbols

Chips

Forward Error Correction

Coding and Spreading


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Spread SpectrumSpread Spectrum Traditional Technologies try to squeeze signal

into minimum required bandwidth

Spread-Spectrum System spreads the original

signal to wide frequency band and transmit

through the air

CDMA uses larger bandwidth but uses resulting

processing gain to increase capacity

Sender combines data with a fast spreading

sequence and transmits spread data stream

Receiver intercepts the stream and uses same

spreading sequence to extract original data

Using PN Code, Walsh Code and Operation

Increase Frequency Efficiency : Multiple

Access, PN Code, Walsh Code


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Spread SpectrumSpread Spectrum

Interference Suppression : A PN code is a mathematical model for infinite power to

be uniformly spread over all bandwidth Less Energy Density : spread the power of signals over the bandwidth so that a

small amount on average is uniformly spread over the whole range of frequency Fine Time Resolution Multiple Access

DS (Direct Sequence) FH (Frequency Hopping) TH (Time Hopping) Chip Spread Spreading

Type of Spread Spectrum

Advantages of Spread Spectrum


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Cell Mobile

TX

User Input

1 0 0 1 1

10011001100110011001(Spreading Sequence)

10011001100110011001(Spreading Sequence)

RX

1 0 0 1 1

User Output01101001100101100110

(spread data stream)

Direct Sequence Spread with Code - Direct Sequence Spread with Code - simplesimple

ex) 4x Walsh Code


Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence, transmit spread data stream Receiver intercepts the stream, uses same spreading sequence to extract original data

Tx Data

1 0 0 1 1

SpreadingSequence

User Input

1001 1001 1001 1001 1001

0110 1001 1001 0110 0110

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Direct Sequence Spread with Code – Direct Sequence Spread with Code – real systemreal system


CDMA combines 3 different spreading sequence to create unique,

robust channels (Walsh Code, PN Short Code, PN Long Code) The sequences are easy to generate on both sending and receiving

ends of each link

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Walsh CodeWalsh Code Consist of 64 codes each 64 bits long

Each Walsh Code is precisely orthogonal with respect to all other

Walsh Codes each other (Correlation is zero between codes) - It’s simple to generate the codes

- They’re small enough to use from ROM

Provide each channel with a unique identifier


Two codes are orthogonal if the result of exclusive-OR-ing them results in an equal number of 1's and 0's/Cross-Corelation between two Orthogonal codes is Zero. Hadamard Matrix is used to generate Orthogonal Codes

Example:

00110100110101001010

0110011001

Creating Orthogonal Codes:

0 0 00 1

00 0001 0100 1101 10

• Repeat code - Right - Below• Invert code(diagonally)

Orthogonal Code

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Walsh CodeWalsh Code


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Walsh Code – Walsh Code – walsh code treeswalsh code trees


CDMA adds each symbol of information to one complete Walsh Code Faster symbol rates therefore require shorter Walsh codes If a short Walsh code is chosen to carry a fast data channel, that walsh code and, all its

replicative descendants are compromised and cannot be resued to carry other signalsTherefore, the supply of available Walsh codes on a sector diminishes greatly while a

fast data channel is being transmitted

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PN(Pseudo-random Noise) Short CodePN(Pseudo-random Noise) Short Code Unique identifier for a cell or a sector in Forward Improving the Gain in Reverse Consists of two PN Sequences, I and Q, each 32,768(215) chips long - Generated in similar but differently-tapped 15 bit shift registers

- They’re always used together, modulating the two phase axes of a QPSK Modulator

Repeats every 26.67msec(75 repetition in 2 sec) No Cross-correlation between PN Code Sequence Deterministic Code Having the Characteristic of Random Noise – Enable Random Access


Seed register with 001(N registers) Output(before repeating) will be

1001011(2N-1 bits)

Modulo 2 Addition

Stage #1 Stage #2 Stage #3Output Sequence

※ Code Generation Example

0 0 1

Shift Register

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PN(Pseudo-random Noise) Long CodePN(Pseudo-random Noise) Long Code Unique identifier for : - Subscriber, Access channel (reverse Link), Paging channel (forward Link)

Performs spreading on reverse channels only Generated in a 42bit register, the 41.4 days long - too big to store in ROM in a MS, so it’s generated chip by chip using the scheme

shown below

Each MS codes its signal with the PN long code, but at a unique offset

computed using its ESN(32 bits) and 10 bits set by the system - this is called the “public Long Code Mask”

- private long code masks are available for enhanced privacy


AND

=

Long Code Register

(at 1.2288 MCPS)

Public Long Code Mask

(Static)

User Long Code Sequence

(at 1.2288 MCPS)

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 PERMUTED ESN

SUM

Modulo-2 Addition

0

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Applying Codes to CDMA ChannelsApplying Codes to CDMA Channels The three spreading codes are used in different ways to create the

forward and reverse links A forward channel exits by having a specific Walsh Code assigned

to the user, and a specific PN offset for the sector A reverse channel exists because the mobile uses a specific offset

of the Long PN sequence


Walsh Code : Individual User

Short PN offset : Sector

Long PN Code :

Data Scrambling

BTS

Forward Channels

Reverse Channels Walsh Codes : Used as

symbols for robustness

Short PN Codes : Used at 0

offset for tracking

MS Long PN Code Offset :

Individual MS

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Rake ReceiverRake Receiver Enable separate and combine two signals time shifted

Time Diversity Method to solve the Multi-Path Fading Problem

Consisted of Searcher and Fingers in Modem Chip - Every frame, MS uses combined outputs of the three traffic correlators (“Rake Fingers”)

- Each finger can independently recover a particular PN offset and Walsh Code

- Fingers can be targeted on delayed multipath reflections, or even on different BTSs

- Searcher continuously checks pilots

- When Soft Handoff, Searcher receives the Signal from the different BTS simultaneously


Mobile Station

Rake Receiver Rake Receiver

PN

Walsh PN

Walsh PN

Walsh

∑ ∑

SearcherSearcher

PN W=0

Voice, Voice,

Data, Data,

Messages Messages

Pilot Pilot Ec/IoEc/Io

RF RF

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Digital Voice Digital hardware is generally less expensive than analog hardware Error protection and correction schemes can be implemented in digital processing,

not true in analog Digital systems allow data transmission with speech since all data is digital format Digital systems allow speech to be scrambled for privacy

Vocoder (Voice Encoder / Decoder) Telephone quality speech is band limited to 4kHz When digitizing with u-law bandwidth can rise to 64kHz Compress speech, Reduce bit rate, Increasing Capacity Slight signal degradation occurs but bandwidth reduced Adopted Variable Rate Vocoding

- Rate set 1 (8k QCELP, EVRC) : 8.6kbps, 4.0kbps, 2.0kbps, 0.8kbps

- Rate set 2 (13k QCELP) : 13.35kbps, 6.25kbps, 2.75kbps, 1.05kbps

☞ QCELP : Qualcomm’s Code Excited Linear Prediction, EVRC : Enhanced Variable Rate Coder

Voice EncodingVoice Encoding


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Voice Encoding – Vocoder ConceptVoice Encoding – Vocoder Concept


Variable Rate Vocoder - Full rate during speech

- low rates in speech pauses

- increased capacity

- more natural sound

Voice, Signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMA

frames

DSP QCELP Vocoder

20ms sample

Coded Result

Variable Rate

bits

288

144

72

36

Frame Size

Full Rate Frame

1/2 Rate Frame

1/4 Rate Frame

1/8 Rate Frame

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Channel EncodingChannel Encoding In CDMA, bits are protected against transmission errors using channel

coding, turning them into symbols before transmission

After reception, the decoding process to recover the bits highly

tolerant of bad symbols. The correct bits can be recovered despite

symbol errors

Many different channel coding methods are available to convert bits

into symbols. CDMA Voice applications have always used

Convolutional encoders. CDMA2000 also introduces Turbo Coding

CDMA2000 gets its best results using a mixed selection of coding

types : - Adjust voice channel powers to achieve target 1~2% FER(Use Convolutional coders)

- Adjust data channel power at approximately 5% FER with Turbo coding, using packet

retransmission to correct lost frames


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- R = 1/2,

- K(Constraint Length,

Register +1) = 9,

- g0 = 753(Octal, 8)

- g1 = 561(Octal, 8)

ex) Forward link & Rate Set 2 Reverse Link

Channel Encoding – Channel Encoding – Convolutional EncoderConvolutional Encoder


Shift Register

Direct Coding input signal

High error correction characteristic but complex hardware structure

in receiver

Restore and Detect of Signal by Viterbi Decoding

Usually using R=1/2 or R=1/4 in Forward Channel

Usually using R=1/3 or R=1/4 in Reverse Channel

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Channel Encoding – Channel Encoding – Turbo EncoderTurbo Encoder

Turbo coders are a class of coders that works better for larger

groups of symbols, such as large frames high CDMA2000 data

rates - their design is experimental, optimal algorithms are not yet known

The turbo coder produces five output stream(fifth-rate Turbo

Coder) - the original stream + four others using a combination of feedback shift register and

interleaving techniques

Puncturing reduces the output rate 3 times original

This turbo coder has approximately 0.5 dB better error performance

than a convolutional encoder of similar rate


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Channel Encoding – Channel Encoding – IS-2000 Forward ChannelIS-2000 Forward Channel


Channel TypeChannel Type Forward Error CorrectionForward Error Correction RateRate

Sync Channel Convolutional 1/2

Paging Channel Convolutional 1/2

Broad Cast Control Channel Convolutional 1/4 or 1/2

Quick Paging Channel NoneNone --

Common Power Control Channel NoneNone --

Common Assignment Channel Convolutional 1/4 or 1/2

Forward Common Control Channel Convolutional 1/4 or 1/2

Forward Dedicated Control Channel Convolutional 1/4(RC3 or 5) or 1/2(RC4)

Forward Fundamental Channel Convolutional 1/4(RC3 or 5) or 1/2(RC1,2, or 4)

Forward Supplemental Code Channel Convolutional 1/2(RC1 or 2)

Forward Supplemental ChannelConvolutional or Turbo

(N≥360) 1/2(RC4), 1/4(RC3 or 5)

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Channel Encoding – Channel Encoding – IS-2000 Reverse ChannelIS-2000 Reverse Channel


Channel TypeChannel Type Forward Error CorrectionForward Error Correction RateRate

Access Channel Convolutional 1/3

Enhanced Access Channel Convolutional 1/4

Reverse Common Control Channel Convolutional 1/4

Reverse Dedicated Control Channel Convolutional 1/41/4

Reverse Fundamental Channel Convolutional 1/3(RC1), 1/2(RC2), 1/4(RC3 and 4)

Reverse Supplemental Code Channel Convolutional 1/3(RC1) or 1/2(RC2)

Reverse Supplemental ChannelConvolutional or Turbo

(N≥360)1/4(RC3, N<6120), 1/2(RC3,

N=6120), 1/4(RC4)

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Repetition maintains constant symbol rate output

Repeated Symbols used input of Block Interleaver

Symbol RepetitionSymbol Repetition


Rate SetRate SetInput Data Input Data Rate (bps)Rate (bps)

Repetition RateRepetition RateSymbol Rate (sps)Symbol Rate (sps)

FL / RLFL / RL

Rate Set 1Rate Set 1

96009600 No repetitionNo repetition 19200 / 2880019200 / 28800

48004800 Repeat 1 time (2 symbols)Repeat 1 time (2 symbols) 19200 / 2880019200 / 28800

24002400 Repeat 3 times (4 symbols)Repeat 3 times (4 symbols) 19200 / 2880019200 / 28800


Rate Set 2Rate Set 2

1440014400 No repetitionNo repetition 28800 / 2880028800 / 28800

72007200 Repeat 1 time (2 symbols)Repeat 1 time (2 symbols) 28800 / 2880028800 / 28800



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PuncturingPuncturing Remove the specific parts of data to decrease the data rate

For Forward Traffic Channel Rate set 2

Delete 2 of every 6 symbols maintain constant symbol rate output

Puncturing Pattern : ‘ 110101 ‘

( 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th symbols are passed )


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Puncturing – Puncturing – example of Convolutional code puncturing in forward channelexample of Convolutional code puncturing in forward channel


Base Code Base Code

RateRate

Puncturing Puncturing RatioRatio

Puncturing PatternPuncturing Pattern Associated Radio Associated Radio ConfigurationsConfigurations

1/21/2 2 of 62 of 6 ‘‘110101’110101’ 22

1/21/2 1of 51of 5 ‘‘11110’11110’ 44

1/21/2 1 of 91 of 9 ‘‘111111110’111111110’ 44

1/21/2 2 of 182 of 18 ‘‘1110111111 111111110’1110111111 111111110’ 99

1/31/3 1 of 51 of 5 ‘‘11110’11110’ 77

1/31/3 1 of 91 of 9 ‘‘111111110’111111110’ 77

1/41/4 4 of 124 of 12 ‘‘110110011011’110110011011’ 55

1/41/4 1 of 51 of 5 ‘‘11110’11110’ 33

1/41/4 1 of 91 of 9 ‘‘111111110’111111110’ 33

1/61/6 1 of 51 of 5 ‘‘11110’11110’ 66

1/61/6 1 of 91 of 9 ‘‘111111110’111111110’ 66

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Block InterleavingBlock Interleaving The Process of permuting a sequence of symbol

Changes sequence of data stream

Reduces loss sequential data (Burst Error → Random Error)

Improves ability to reconstruct original data

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 3637 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 4849 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Data Input

DataOutput

Block Interleaver Input Data : 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . . . . 59, 60

Block Interleaver Output Data : 1, 13, 25, 37, . . . . . . 48, 60


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- Estimate long-term fading, Slow Control

- Adjust TX power so that TX power + RX power = Offset Power

- Offset Power is determined from the Band Class and Spreading Rate

Power ControlPower Control

Open-loop Power Control

Forward Link Power Control

Closed-loop Power Control → Inner Loop + Outer Loop

- Can adjusts its transmit level based on Mobile’s reported error rate or EIB

- Fast Forward Link Power Control by PCB in Reverse Pilot Channel (IS-2000)

- Refine the estimate by Inner Loop Control(800 bps control), Fast Control

- Target Adjustment by Outer Loop Control

- BTS measures RX power every 1.25ms

- BTS commands MS to adjust power in 1dB step

Maintain the System Capability with Lowest Power Level in MS or BSS

Increase Link Capacity and Support QoS(Quality of Service) of MS


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Power ControlPower Control

AGC

PA

Closed-Loop

MSReceiver

MSTransmitter

Open-Loop

Tx Gain Adjust

BS TRX

Power Control Command

MS Signal Strength measure

FER Criterion

+


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BSC

Softer HandoffSofter Handoff


One BTS can have up to 3 or 6 sectors in one cell Each BTS sector has unique PN offset & Pilot MS will ask for whatever pilots it wants If multiple sectors of one BTS simultaneously serve a MS, this is called Softer

Handoff MS can’t tell the difference, but Softer Handoff occurs in BTS in a single

channel element MS can even use combination Soft/Softer handoff on multiple BTS & Sectors Voice data is combined at cell and passed as one frame to BSC Make before Break scheme !

Mobile Station


PN Walsh

PN Walsh

PN Walsh

∑ ∑

SearcherSearcherPN W=0

Voice, Data, Voice, Data,

Messages Messages


RF RF α

β

γBTSBTS

(CHC)(CHC)SelectorSelector

MSC

VocoderVocoder

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Soft HandoffSoft Handoff


BSC

Mobile Station


PN Walsh

PN Walsh

PN Walsh

∑ ∑

SearcherSearcherPN W=0

Voice, Data, Voice, Data,

Messages Messages


RF RF

α

β

γBTSBTS

(CHC)(CHC)

SelectorSelector

MSC

βγ

BTSBTS(CHC)(CHC)VocoderVocoder

Soft Handoff is driven by the MS - MS continuously checks available pilots

- MS tells system pilots it currently sees

- System assigns sectors(up to 6), tells MS

- All messages sent by dim and burst, no muting

Each end of the link chooses what works, on a frame-by-frame basis

(Voice data is selected at Selector to Vocoder in BSC)

Make before Break scheme !

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Soft Handoff ProcedureSoft Handoff Procedure


MS considers Pilots in sets - Active Set : Pilots of sectors actually in use

- Candidate Sets : Pilot mobile requested, but not yet set up & transmitting by system

- Neighbor Sets : Pilots told to mobile by system. As nearby sectors to check

- Remaining Sets : any pilots used by system, but not already in the other sets

MS sends Pilot Strength Measurement Message to the system whenever : - It notices a pilot in neighbor or remaining set exceeds T_ADD

- An Active Set pilot drops below T_DROP for T_TDROP Time

- A Candidate Pilot exceeds an Active by T_COMP

Pilot Sets Transition Pilot Sets Transition

Active Active

Candidate Candidate

Neighbor Neighbor

Remaining Remaining

Soft Handoff Here

Cell A Cell B

Mobile AssistedHard Handoff Here

Strength(Ec/Io)

T_ADD

Distance

T_DROP

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Hard HandoffHard Handoff


Multi System Hard Handoff (ex : Inter MSC)

Inter FA(Frequency Assignment) Hard Handoff

Inter Frame Offset Hard Handoff

Break before Make Scheme!

FA 1 FA 1

FA 2

BTS ABTS B

Inter FA Hard handoff

BSC

SelectorSelector

MSC

VocoderVocoder

51/185

RegistrationRegistration Process by which an idle mobile lets the system know it’s awake

and available for incoming calls - allows the system to inform the MS’s home MSC of the MS’s current location,

so that incoming call can be delivered

- allows the system to intelligently page the MS only in the area where the mobile is

currently located, thereby eliminating useless congestion on the paging channels

in other areas of the system

Save Subscriber’s Database in HLR(Home Location Register),

VLR(Visitor Location Register) There are many different conditions that could trigger an obligation for

the mobile to register(System Parameter Message)

- Registration by MS - Power Up Registration, Power Down Registration, Timer Based

Registration, Distance Based Registration, Zone Based Registration,

Parameter Change Registration, Packet Zone Registration

- Registration by System(MSC) - Ordered Registration, Implicit Registration, Traffic

Channel Registration


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Registration - Registration - messagemessage


IS-95 Message Type : system ParametersIS-95 Message Type : system ParametersPN Offset: 44 CONFIG_MSG_SEQ 0 SID 1121 NID 1REG_ZONE: 0 TOTAL_ZONES: 0 Zone timer length (min): 1MULT_SIDS: 0 MULT_NIDS: 0BASE_ID: 5586 BASE_CLASS: Public Macrocellular SystemPAG_CHAN: 1 MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2HOME_REG: 1 FOR_SID_REG: 1 FOR_NID_REG: 1,POWER_UP_REG: 1 POWER_DOWN_REG: 1PARAMETER_REG: 1 Registration period (sec): 1853.60Base station 0°00´00.00¨ Lon., 0°00´00.00° Lat. REG_DIST: 0SRCH_WIN_A: 20ch SRCH_WIN_N: 100ch SRCH_WIN_R: 320chNGHBR_MAX_AGE: 0 PWR_REP_THRESH: 2PWR_REP_FRAMES (frames): 905 PWR_THRESH_ENABLE: 1PWR_PERIOD_ENABLE: 0, PWR_REP_DELAY: 1 (0 frames)Re-Init and Re-acquire After This Message?: NoT_ADD: -14dB T_DROP: -16dB T_COMP: 1 DB, T_TDROP: 4sSending Extended System Parameters Messages?: YesAre Extended Neighbor List Messages Being Sent?: NoAre General Neighbor List Messages Being Sent?: NoUsing Global Redirect Messages?: NoAre Private Neighbor List Messages Being Sent?: NoAre User Zone ID Messages Being Sent?: NoAre Extended Global Redirection Messages Being Sent?: NoAre Extended Channel List Messages Being Sent?: YesThe System Parameters Message tells

IS-95 Message Type : RegistrationIS-95 Message Type : RegistrationACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 5 ACK_REQ: 1 VALID_ACK: 0ESN (Electronic Serial Number):0xB38092BCIMSI Class: 0 IMSI Class 0 Type: IMSI_S onlyIMSI_S: 694 582 9500Pilot Strength: -8.0 dBActive pilot is first one probed?: YesOriginal pilot is same as pilot in previous probe?: NoNumber of additional pilots: 0Registration Type: Timer-based Slot Cycle Index: 2Mobile Protocol Revision Level: 6Station Class Mark : Dual Mobile, Slotted, Discontinuous Xmit.Power Class 3Mobile-Terminated Calls Acceptable? Yes

The System Parameters Message tells all mobiles

when they should register. This mobile notices that

it is obligated to register, so it transmits a

Registration Message

IS-95 Message Type : OrderIS-95 Message Type : OrderACK_SEQ: 5 MSG_SEQ: 2 ACK_REQ: 0 VALID_ACK: 1Address Type : IMSI IMSI Class : 0ESN (Electronic Serial Number):0xB38092BCIMSI Class 0 Type : IMSI_S, IMSI_11_12, and MCCMobile Country Code(MCC) : 310 IMSI 11th+12th Digits : 00IMSI_S: 694 582 9500 Order Message Type : Base ACK

The base station confirm that the mobile’s

registration messages was received.

We officially registered!

53/185

IntroductionIntroduction

OS AUX IWF

MSCBTS BSCAbis

MSC

DMH

HLR

ACEIR

VLR

A

E

F C B

Mi

Di

Ai

Pi

X LO

I

H

I

D

G

otherVLRs

PSPDN

PSTN

ISDN

PLMN TA

DCE

Sm

WPT0

WPT1

TAP

WPT2

Rm

Rm

MS

TE1

TE2

TE2

Um

TE2

Rx

W

S

R

Rv

TE2

TE2

TE2

Mobility Managers(Terminal & Personal)

External Networks

WPT0 : Wireless Personal TerminalUm : Interface Between BTS and Wireless Personal TerminalSm,Rm : Interface Between WPT and Terminal EquipmentDCE: Data Communication EquipmentRv : Interface Between BCE and Terminal Equipment Type 2Rx : Interface Between PSPDN and Terminal Equipment Type2

CDMA ConceptsCDMA ConceptsAbout IS-95 CDMAAbout IS-95 CDMA

54/185

Characteristics of IS-95BCharacteristics of IS-95B Support Medium Data Rate – up to 76.8kbps(Rate Set 1), 115.2kbps(Rate Set 2)

Support Multi-Step Power Control – 3 Steps of 0.25dB, 0.5dB, 1dB

Support PUF(Power Up Function)

IMSI(International Mobile Station Identity) – Enable International Roaming

TMSI(Temporary Mobile Station Identity) – For Security

Dynamic Soft Handoff – Defined Dynamic Threshold

Access Handoff – Increase Handoff Success

PACA(Priority Access and Channel Assignment)


55/185

Forward IS-95B Channel StructureForward IS-95B Channel Structure


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Pilot Channel (Walsh Code 0)

- The Pilot is “structural beacon” which does not contain a character stream

- Allows Mobile to Acquire the System

- Reference Signal for System Acquiring, Timing, Coherent Modulation

- Provides Mobile with Signal Strength Comparison during handoffs

- Transmitted Constantly

- Non-Modulated Spread Spectrum Signal (Transmit Short PN Code)

- Has Unique PN Offset(512) for each Cell or Sector

- Approximately 20% of radiated BTS power is in the pilot

All 0's

W0 I PN

Q PN

1.2288Mcps



57/185

Sync Channel (Walsh Code 32)

- Used by Mobile to Synchronize with System

- Carries a data stream of system identification and Parameter information

used by MS during system acquisition

- Pilot PN Offset - System Time - Long PN Code

- CAI Rev. Level - System ID - Network ID

- Paging Channel Data Rate

- Tx at 1200 bps



1200 bps

W32 I PN

Q PN

1.2288Mcps4800 spsBlock

Interleaver

ConvolutionalEncoder and

Repetition

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Paging Channel (Walsh Code 1 up to 7)

- Used by Base Station to :

- Page Mobile - Transmit Overhead Information

- MS Control - Assign Mobile to Traffic Channel

- Provides Mobile with:

- System parameter Message - Neighbor List Message

- Access Parameter Message - CDMA Channel List Message

- Tx at 9600 or 4800 bps



9600 bps4800 bps

W1 I PN

1.2288Mcps

R = 1/219.2ksps

Paging ChannelAddress Mask Decimator

1.2288Mcps

19.2ksps

Q PN

BlockInterleaver

LongPN Code

Generator

ConvolutionalEncoder and

Repetition

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Traffic Channel (any remaining Walsh codes)

- Used to:

- Pass voice, commands, and requests from the Base Station to the Mobile

- Tx up to 9600bps on Rate set 1 and up to 14400bps on Rate set 2



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Reverse IS-95B Channel StructureReverse IS-95B Channel Structure


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Access Channel

- Used by Mobiles not yet in a call to transmit :

- Registration Requests - Call Setup Requests

- Page Responses - Order Responses

- other Signaling information

- Be really just a public Long Code Offset unique to the BTS Sector

- Be Paired to Paging Channel (Each Paging Channel can have up 32 access channels)

- Tx at 4800 bps, 20ms frame length



4800 bps

I PN

1.2288McpsConvolutional

Encoder andRepetition

R = 1/3 or 1/228.8ksps

Access ChannelAddress Mask

1.2288Mcps

Q PN

28.8ksps

307.2Kcps

D

1/2 PNChip Delay

LongPN Code

Generator

WalshCover

Block Interleaver

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Traffic Channel


- Be used by individual users during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS

- Be really just a user-specific public or private Long Code Mask

- there are many reverse Traffic channels as there are CDMA phones in the world

- 64-ary Orthogonal Modulator : For Non-coherent detection

- Data Burst Randomizer : For Power Control and Variable Rate Transmission


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CDMA2000 NetworkCDMA2000 Network

MSC/VLR(SSP)MSC/VLR(SSP)

BSC

(#0)

BSC(#0)

BSCBSC(#11)

BTS#0

BTS#0

MSMS

MSMS

PSTN/PLMN/ISDN

BTS#47

BTS#47

BTS#0

BTS#0

BTS#47

BTS#47

HLRHLR

Intra IPPDSNPDSN

HAHAAAAAAA

SMSCSMSCVMS/FMSVMS/FMS

AuCAuC

IWFIWF

Internet

G/WRouterG/W

Router

SCESCE

SCPSCP

IPIP SMSSMS

RAN

CCN

PCN

CAN


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Basic operation compatible with existing IS-95B Systems

CDMA2000 1X independent I & Q modulation doubles capacity

1xEV-DO, 1xEV-DV offer even faster data rates

New transmission modes offer faster data rates - Voice and Data to more than 144Kbps in unrestricted general mobile use(CDMA2000 1X)

- Up to 384kbps packet or circuit data at medium speeds (CDMA2000 1X gives 307.2Kbps,

CDMA2000 3X & 1xEV more)

- Up to 2Mbps data rates when fixed in favorable location(1X-EV)

CDMA2000 Capabilities OverviewCDMA2000 Capabilities Overview

Technology Data Capabilities

IS-95A/J-STD-008 Up to 14.4kbps using one traffic channel for supplemental data

IS-95BUp to 115.2 kbps using 1 traffic channel and up to 7 supplemental code channels supporting 14.4kbps each

IS-2000Up to 153.6kbps(RC3) or 307.2 kbps(RC4) [only RC3 avail today] uses fundamental & supplemental channels, advanced rate and quality of service management


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Connectivity to GSM-MAP in addition to IP and IS-41 Network

New layering with new LAC and MAC architectures for improved

service multiplexing and QoS management and efficient use of radio

resource

New bands and bandwidths of operation in supports of various

operator needs and constraints

Flexible channel structure in support of multiple services with various

QoS and variable transmission rate up to 1Mbps per channel and

2Mbps per user

Major New CapabilitiesMajor New Capabilities


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IS-2000 StandardIS-2000 Standard

TIA/EIA/IS-2000.1 : Introduction for cdma2000 Standards for Spread Spectrum Systems TIA/EIA/IS-2000.2 : Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems TIA/EIA/IS-2000.3 : Medium Access Control(MAC) Standard for cdma2000 Spread

Spectrum Systems TIA/EIA/IS-2000.4 : Signaling Link Access Control(LAC) Standard for cdma2000 Spread

Spectrum Systems TIA/EIA/IS-2000.5 : Upper Layer(Layer 3) Signaling Standard for cdma2000 Spread

Spectrum Systems TIA/EIA/IS-2000.6 : Analog Signaling Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems

Although the standards are dry reading, they are prime source of

authoritative detail on each new technology

The IS-2000 Standard is broken into six major sections

You can download current and past versions of these documents free

from the website of the Third Generation Partnership Project Two,

www.3gpp2.org


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- 1.25MHz full duplex bandwidth – “Spreading Rate1 (SR1)”, or “1X”

- 3.75MHz full duplex bandwidth – “Spreading Rate3 (SR3)”, or “3X”

1.25MHz configuration is similar to and compatible with the TIA/EIA-95

3.75MHz configuration uses a multiple-carrier FL and direct spread RL

Flexible 1X, 3X approach enables operators to have a smooth

migration

to the CDMA2000 features

CDMA2000 Bandwidth of OperationCDMA2000 Bandwidth of Operation


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Improvements and Capabilities of IS-2000Improvements and Capabilities of IS-2000 Larger Capacity - Enhanced Power Control Technology, Improved Forward Error Correction

Forward Transmit Diversity, Reverse Pilot, Reverse Coherent Demodulation

- Capacity is Twice Larger than IS-95B

Coherent Reverse Link Structure - Adopting the Reverse Pilot Channel in IS-2000 CDMA

- Better Success rate than IS-95 Reverse Link for using reverse Pilot Channel

- Reverse Link of IS-95 : Non-Coherent Detection

- Reverse Link of IS-2000 : Coherent Detection

- Estimate Frequency, Phase and Amplitude of received signal and Demodulate

- Need to Carrier Recovery or Timing Recovery

- Needed Eb/No is decrease

- Decrease MS’s Transmitting Power and Interference

- Increase System Capacity and Voice Quality


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Improvements and Capabilities of IS-2000Improvements and Capabilities of IS-2000

Enhanced Access Channel operation - R-EACH is Added to IS-2000

- Transmit with Pilot Channel at the same time

- Increase Stability, Data Rate and Channel Efficiency

- Decrease Preamble Length and Processing Delay

- Enhancing the Power Control Function

- Enable to allocate the Dedicated SMS Channel when the Reservation Access Mode

Supplemental Channel operation - Forward/Reverse SCH is added to IS-2000 CDMA for High Speed Packet Data

- High speed data channels allocated on a burst-by-burst basis

- Raw rates of 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, and 153.6 Kbps and higher

- Independent Forward and Reverse Supplemental Channel Rate

- Air link Dormant State is supported

- Voice on Fundamental Channel possible while dormant


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Quick Paging Channel operation - Improves the slotted-mode paging, increases battery life

- Quick Paging Channel indicator bits wake up mobiles to receive pages

New common channel structure and operation - Signaling can be either on Fundamental Channel(FCH) [bearer profile P1] or

Dedicated Control Channel(DCCH) [bearer profile P2]

- Using a new 4 state MAC Protocol to increase efficiency

Fast Forward Power Control - Need of the Forward Power Control due to the increasing Forward Packet Data Service

- Adopted more than RC3 of IS-2000 and used Closed Loop Power Control Mechanism

- Power Control Rate is 800Hz : Finally the mobile can say what it wants 800 times per

second

- Enhance the capacity


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Channel Coding - Enhance the Error Correction Capability by increasing coding rate in Convolutional

Coding

- Adding Turbo Coding Technology in IS-2000 CDMA for High Speed Packet Data

- Much better protection against FER but the more complex structure

- Needed Turbo Interleaver and Increase Processing Delay


Auxiliary Pilot Channel - Enable Transmit Pilot to specific MS or Area

- Support Beam-forming and Smart Antennas

- Expect advanced smart antenna products in 3~5 years

OTD(Orthogonal Transmit Diversity) - Divides the transmitted symbol stream into two streams before Walsh spreading

- Each signal is then transmitted by a separate antenna at a BTS

- Enhancing the Voice Quality

- Complex, but can give diversity gain


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Complex Spreading - Crossing the I Channel and Q Channel

- Preventing I Channel & Q Channel from being out of balance


Reverse Modulation - Decrease Zero Crossing of Symbol

QOF(Quasi- Orthogonal Function) - Generation Walsh Code for Forward Channel

MAC(Medium Access Control) - For Data Service

- Resource Allocation/Release, Logical and Physical Channel Allocation

- Support QoS


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Mobile Improvements in IS-2000Mobile Improvements in IS-2000

Reverse Link Pilot transmitted by mobile in advanced modes - synchronous demodulation improves reverse link budget


1X Mobile transmits continuous waveform, no blind rate detection - Not like today’s mobile and its TX data burst randomizing

W14 W23 W51 W07 W11 W16 W00 W63 W47 W13 W23W14 W23 W51 W07 W11 W16 W00 W63 W47 W13 W23

IS-95 MobileIS-95 Mobile

W0W0

CDMA2000 1X MobileCDMA2000 1X Mobile

W4W4

W1, 2W1, 2

W6, 8W6, 8

Pilot and Power ControlPilot and Power Control

Fundamental ChannelFundamental Channel

Supplemental ChannelSupplemental Channel

Access, DCCH, othersAccess, DCCH, others

Uses steady Walsh codes as channels much like a BTS does since it may transmit multiple channels simultaneously

Uses Walsh Codes as “symbols” of its information since it only transmits one kind of channel at a time

PilotPilot

Base StationBase Station

SyncSync

PagingPaging

Other’s Fundamental ChannelOther’s Fundamental Channel

My Fundamental ChannelMy Fundamental Channel

Supplemental Channel(shared)Supplemental Channel(shared)

Other’s Fundamental ChannelOther’s Fundamental Channel

Fundamental ChannelFundamental Channel

W0W0

W32W32

W1W1

W17W17

W25W25

W41W41

W3W3

W63W63

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CDMA2000 Systems still support operation of IS-95 mobiles just like

today - IS-95 B radio interface operation is still fully supported

- IS-707 data services standard still fully implemented

- Familiar Vocoders in widespread use are still supported

- IS-637 SMS supported

- IS-683 Over-The-Air(OTA) Activation fully supported

- IS-98 and IS-97 BTS and Mobile specifications still apply

- Pilot, Sync and Paging channels of IS-95 are still retained as Common Broadcast

Channels in IS-2000

CDMA2000 Compatibilities with IS-95 A/BCDMA2000 Compatibilities with IS-95 A/B

IS-2000 can be deployed in overlay mode with with existing IS-95

carriers This compatibility allows operators to immediately implement

CDMA2000 without waiting for widespread deployment of special

CDMA2000 mobiles

CDMA ConceptsCDMA ConceptsComparison between IS-95 & IS-2000Comparison between IS-95 & IS-2000

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Enhanced Data Throughput and System Capacity

Added Data Core Network for Packet Data Service - PDSN(Packet Data Serving Node)

- AAA(Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting)

- HA(Home Agent)

Support Mobile IP

Roaming Service using R-UIM(Removable User Identity Module)

ATM Based Backbone of BTS

Improve the QoS(Quality of Service) using Transmit Diversity

Major Difference between IS-95 and IS-2000 - Major Difference between IS-95 and IS-2000 - SystemSystem


76/185

Major Difference between IS-95 and IS-2000 - Major Difference between IS-95 and IS-2000 - CapabilitiesCapabilities


ItemsItems IS-95BIS-95B IS-2000(SR1)IS-2000(SR1)

NetworkNetwork Circuit BasedCircuit Based Circuit & Packet BasedCircuit & Packet Based

Data RateData RateForwardForward 57.6K(Max.110.4K)57.6K(Max.110.4K) 144K(Max.307.2)144K(Max.307.2)

ReverseReverse 14.4Kbps14.4Kbps 64Kbps(Max. 144kbps)64Kbps(Max. 144kbps)

Capacity / SectorCapacity / Sector 13 Users (14.4Kbps)13 Users (14.4Kbps) 25 Users25 Users

Handoff CapacityHandoff Capacity 40%40% 40%40%

Standby Time Standby Time 200 Hours200 Hours 300 Hours300 Hours

Fast Forward Power ControlFast Forward Power Control NoNo YesYes

Forward Transmit DiversityForward Transmit Diversity NoNo YesYes

Reverse Coherent DemodulationReverse Coherent Demodulation NoNo YesYes

Channel Card ChangeChannel Card ChangeShould Change if MDR is Should Change if MDR is

RequiredRequiredShould ChangeShould Change

Chip RateChip Rate 1.2288 Mcps1.2288 Mcps 1.2288 Mcps1.2288 Mcps

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Major Difference between IS-95 and IS-2000 – Major Difference between IS-95 and IS-2000 – Air and LinkAir and Link


ItemsItems IS-95BIS-95B IS-2000(SR1)IS-2000(SR1)

Modulation(Forward / Reverse)Modulation(Forward / Reverse) QPSK / BPSKQPSK / BPSK QPSK / BPSKQPSK / BPSK

Spreading(Forward/Reverse)Spreading(Forward/Reverse) QPSK / OQPSKQPSK / OQPSK QPSK / OCQPSK(HPSK)QPSK / OCQPSK(HPSK)

Channel Allocation CodeChannel Allocation Code Walsh CodeWalsh Code Variable Walsh Code(2-128)Variable Walsh Code(2-128)

Spread Spectrum Spread Spectrum CodeCode

ForwardForward -- Short Code (20ms)Short Code (20ms)

ReverseReverse -- Short Code / Long CodeShort Code / Long Code

Receiver SelectionReceiver SelectionForwardForward Non-CoherentNon-Coherent Coherent Common Pilot ChannelCoherent Common Pilot Channel

ReverseReverse Non-CoherentNon-Coherent Coherent Pilot SymbolCoherent Pilot Symbol

Power ControlPower ControlForwardForward Closed LoopClosed Loop Closed / Fast ForwardClosed / Fast Forward

ReverseReverse Closed / Open LoopClosed / Open Loop Closed / Open LoopClosed / Open Loop

Traffic Channel CodingTraffic Channel Coding(Forward Error Correction)(Forward Error Correction)

Convolutional 1/2, 1/3Convolutional 1/2, 1/3K=9K=9

Convolutional 1/2, 1/3,1/4, K=9Convolutional 1/2, 1/3,1/4, K=9Turbo Code 1/3, K=9Turbo Code 1/3, K=9

Control Channel CodingControl Channel Coding NoNoConvolutional 1/4, K=4(Reverse)Convolutional 1/4, K=4(Reverse)

Turbo Code ½, K=9(Forward)Turbo Code ½, K=9(Forward)

Random Access MethodRandom Access Method Slotted ALHOASlotted ALHOA RsMARsMA

Forward Transmit DiversityForward Transmit Diversity NoNo OTDOTD

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IS-2000 Layering Structure IS-2000 Layering Structure

IS-2000 Physical ChannelsIS-2000 Physical Channels

Data Service in IS-2000Data Service in IS-2000

IS-2000 ProtocolDAY 2

79/185


Following concept of OSI 7 Layer

The beauty of IS-2000 is supported by the Physical layer but the real

flexibility comes from the Link and Upper layers

The Upper layers define the service and applications supported by

IS-2000 - New service and applications will be developed and defined throughout the entire

service lifetime of the 3G technology

- The layer features and definition make it possible for application developers to plan

exploit standardized capabilities

The Link layers give protocol support and perform the functions

necessary to map the data transport needs of the upper layers into

specific capabilities and characteristics of the Physical Layer

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 Layering StructureIS-2000 Layering Structure

80/185


L1 (Physical Layer)

L3 (Application Layer)

L2 (Data Link Layer)

- Air Interface(Modulation, Coding, etc)

Function

- Handling of PDU(Primitive Data Unit)

from Upper Layer

- Support Multimedia

- High Efficiency

- QoS Management

- Call Processing

- Upper Layer of Data Protocol

- Voice Signaling


81/185

IntroductionIntroduction Frame Structure


LAC SDU or User Traffic CRCMuxPDU Header

IS-2000 Multiplex Layer

Information Bits FR/E T

IS-2000 Physical Layer Frame

SDU PaddingLAC Overhead

IS-2000 LAC Sublayer

Ex) General Handoff Direction Message

PDMSG_IDLAC_LENGTHARQAddressingAuthenticationRadio Environment Report

- Lower layer capsulate the upper layer information and then transmit to lower layer

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L2 (Data Link LayeL2 (Data Link Layer)r) Provides varying levels of reliability and QoS characteristics

according to the needs of the specific upper layer service

Subdivided into sublayers : LAC(Link Access Control) & MAC(Media

Access Control)


83/185

Management of logical resources (channels)

Channel Mapping and Switching between Physical and Logical

Channel

Coordination of resources between multiple services

Best-effort delivery

- reasonably reliable radio transmission using RLP(Radio Link

Protocol) at a best-effort level of delivery

Multiplexing & QoS control for packet and circuit data

- Enforcement of negotiated QoS levels

L2 (Data Link Layer) - L2 (Data Link Layer) - MACMAC


84/185


SRBP (Signaling Radio Burst Protocol)- Connectionless Signal Transfer Protocol

- Protocol that define Timing, Frame Boundary, Access Scheme of each channel

which defined in IS-95 Physical Channel

- Protocol that define Channel Structure and Procedure Sync Channel, Forward Common Control Channel, Broadcast Control Channel,

Paging Channel, Access Channel, etc.


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RLP (Radio Link Protocol)

- RLP is a NAK based Selective Repeat ARQ protocol.

- RLP is a link protocol which is designed in order to maximize utilization of IS-2000

physical channels.

- RLP provides an octet stream transport service over forward and reverse traffic

channels.

- RLP is unaware of higher layer framing; it operates on a featureless octet stream,

delivering the octets in the order received.

- The differences between RLP type III and type II are following. RLP type III has no transparent mode. RLP type III can support DCCH and SCH as well as FCH and SCCH. RLP type III can support full DTX operation, especially for P2. RLP type III has double sized RLP frame.

- IS-707-A-1 Chapter 10 contains the RLP operation specification for IS-2000 system,

so called RLP type III.


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Multiplex Sublayer

- Multiplex Sublayer carries out multiplexing/de-multiplexing function as an

interface between logical channels and physical channels.

- There are two kinds of operation mode, Mode A and Mode B. Mode A is used when

operating with a TIA/EIA-95-B physical layer, whereas Mode B is used when

operation with IS-2000 physical layer.

- Default service priority of Multiplex Sublayer is following :

- Signaling Traffic > Primary Traffic > Secondary Traffic

- Mobile station maintains transmission statistics of each channels for the O&M

purpose.


Common Channel Multiplex Sublayer- Channel Mapping between Common Signaling Logical Channel and Common

Physical Channel

- Transfer Signaling Message or Packet Burst

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Operation of Multiplex Sublayer

MultiplexSublayer

Data Service 1 (sr_id = 1)S ignaling

dschdtch, sr_id =

1

dtch, sr_id = 1

datablock

datablock

datablock

datablock

Header(form at bits)

MuxPDUHeader

data block CRC data block

MuxP DU Type 3

LTU

CRC

SC H SDU

FC H or DC C H SDU

MuxP DU Type 1 or 2

MuxPDUHeaderLPM Table

data block

data block

LTU

MuxP DU Type 3

Logical to Physical

mapping

Logical Transmission Unit

Rate set 1 or Rate set 2RC3 or more


88/185


Multiplex Option table in MuxPDU Type 1, 2, 3(SCH)


SCH Rate

Maximum Number of

MuxPDU in the Physical

layer SDU

Multiplex Option

Rate Set 1 Rate Set 2

MuxPDU

Type 1, 2

MuxPDU Type 3MuxPDU

Type 1

MuxPDU Type 3MuxPDU

Type 2

MuxPDU Type 3

Single Double Single Double Single Double

1X 1 0x03 0x04

2X 2 1 0x809 0x905 0x80a 0x906

4X 4 2 0x811 0x909 0x812 0x90a

8X 8 4 0x821 0x911 0x822 0x912

16X 8 0x921 0x922

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L2 (Data Link Layer) - L2 (Data Link Layer) - LACLAC

upper sublayer of Layer 2 - implements data link protocol for transport and delivery of Layer 3 signaling messages

- Uses services provided by Layer 1 and MAC Sublayer

LAC Signaling Planes : - Data Plane (contains protocol, where PDUs are generated, processed and transferred)

- Control Plane (where processing decisions are made)

LAC sublayer provides : - services to Layer 3 in the Data Plane. SDUs are passed between Layer 3 and the LAC

Sublayer

- proper encapsulation of the SDUs into LAC PDUs, which are segmented and

reassembled and transferred as LAC PDU fragments to the MAC Sublayer

Logical Channels : - SDUs and PDUs are processed and transferred along functional paths, without the need

for the Upper Layers to be aware of the radio characteristics of the physical channels


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CDMA2000 Signaling General Architecture

Control Plane

- Entire Resource Management

Data Plane

- transfer Primitive in IS-2000

transfer Primitive through SAP(Service

Access Point) between Layers


- SAP(Service Access Point) : Layer 3 to Layer 2,

Layer 2 to Layer 1, and LAC sublayer to MAC

sublayer exchanges use an interface known as

a Service Access Point At the SAP, Layer 3 and Layer 2

exchanges SDUs and Message Control

and Status Blocks using a set of

primitives

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Data Unit Processing

( ACK_PARM,ADDR_P,AUTH_P)( ACK_PARM,ADDR_P,AUTH_P)

L2 SDU

L2 SDU Partially-formedL2 PDU

L2 SDU L2 PDU

L2 SDUL CRC EncapsulatedL2 PDU

L2 PDU Fragments

MAC SDU

L3 SDU

Service Access PointService Access Point

Service Access PointService Access Point

(Message_Type,ENC_PARM)(Message_Type,ENC_PARM) (PDU_Padding)(PDU_Padding)

Layer 3Layer 3

Authentication,

ARQ,Addressing

Authentication,

ARQ,Addressing

UtilitySublayerUtility

Sublayer

SARSublayer

SARSublayer

LACSublayer

LACSublayer

MACSublayer

MACSublayer

PhysicalLayer

PhysicalLayer

Lower

Layers

Lower

Layers


LAC Sublayer performs the following f

unctions on dedicated channels :

- Delivery of SDUs to Layer 3 peer

entities using ARQ techniques for

reliability

- Segmentation of encapsulated PDUs

for carrying the SDUs

- Reassemly of LAC PDU fragments

into encapsulated PDUs

- Access Control to ensure delivery of

PDUs based on addresses which

identify particular MSs

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Mapping of Logical Channels to Physical ChannelsMapping of Logical Channels to Physical Channels Physical Channel

- Classify the Channel by physical elements – Walsh Code, Long Code,

Scramble Code, Frequency Band, etc

- Add the channel for High Rate Packet Data to IS-95A/B

- Divided Forward Link Channel and Reverse Link Channel

Logical Channel

- Interface with LAC and MAC Layer or MAC and Physical Layer

- Divided Traffic Channel and Control Channel

- Forward Link Channel and Reverse Link Channel

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 Physical channelsIS-2000 Physical channels

93/185

Mapping of Logical Channels to Physical ChannelsMapping of Logical Channels to Physical Channels

Physical ChannelPhysical Channel

f-dtch(dedicated traffic CH)

f-dtch(dedicated traffic CH)

Forward Channel Reverse Channel

Logical ChannelLogical Channel

F-FCH(Fundamental CH)

F-FCH(Fundamental CH)

F-SCH(Supplemental CH)

F-SCH(Supplemental CH)

F-SCCH(Supplemental Code CH)

F-SCCH(Supplemental Code CH)

F-DCCH(Dedicated Control CH)

F-DCCH(Dedicated Control CH)

F-PCH(Paging CH)

F-PCH(Paging CH)

F-CCCH(Common Control CH)

F-CCCH(Common Control CH)

F-APICH(Auxiliary Pilot CH)

F-TDPICH(Transmit Diversity Pilot)

F-PICH(Pilot CH)

F-SYNC(Sync CH)

F-CPCCH

F-BCH(Broadcast CH)

F-BCH(Broadcast CH)

F-QPCH(Quick Paging)

R-FCH(Fundamental CH)

R-FCH(Fundamental CH)

R-SCH(Supplemental CH)

R-SCH(Supplemental CH)

R-SCCH(Supplemental Code CH)

R-SCCH(Supplemental Code CH)

R-DCCH(Dedicated Control CH)

R-DCCH(Dedicated Control CH)

R-ACH(Access CH)

R-ACH(Access CH)

R-CCCH(Common Control CH)

R-CCCH(Common Control CH)

R-PICH(Reverse Pilot CH)

R-PICH(Reverse Pilot CH)

R-EACH(Enhanced Access CH)

R-EACH(Enhanced Access CH)

F-CACH (Common(Common

power control)power control)(Common(Common

assignment)assignment)

Physical ChannelPhysical Channel Logical ChannelLogical Channel

Phase II CHPhase II CH

Phase I CHPhase I CH

f-dsch(dedicated signaling CH)

f-dsch(dedicated signaling CH)

f-csch(common signaling CH)

f-csch(common signaling CH)

f-dmch(dedicated MAC CH)

f-dmch(dedicated MAC CH)

f-ctch(common traffic CH)

f-ctch(common traffic CH)

r-dtch(dedicated traffic CH)

r-dtch(dedicated traffic CH)

r-dsch(dedicated signaling CH)

r-dsch(dedicated signaling CH)

r-csch(common signaling CH)

r-csch(common signaling CH)

r-dmch(dedicated MAC CH)

r-dmch(dedicated MAC CH)

r-ctch(common traffic CH)

r-ctch(common traffic CH)

F-ATDPICH(Auxil Transmit diversity Pilot)


94/185

IS-2000 Spreading Rates and Radio ConfigurationIS-2000 Spreading Rates and Radio Configuration

Spreading Rate

Forward LinkRadio

ConfigurationData Rates Data Rates

Radio Configuration Reverse Link

SR1

1xRTT

1carrier

1.2288 MCPS

Required. IS-95B Compatible No CDMA2000 coding features RC1 RC1

Required. IS-95B Compatible No CDMA2000 coding features

Compatible with IS-95B RS2

No CDMA2000 coding featuresRC2 RC2

Compatible with IS-95B RS2

No CDMA2000 coding features

Quarter-rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600 RC3

RC3

Quarter-rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600

Half-rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600

Half-rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600 RC4

Quarter-rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 14400 RC5 RC4

Quarter-rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 14400

SR3

3xRTTFwd :

3carriers 1.2288

MCPS Rev : 3.6864 MCPS

1/6 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600 RC6

RC5Required. 1/4 or 1/3 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600Required. 1/3 rate convolutional

or Turbo coding, base rate 9600 RC7

1/4 or 1/3 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 14400 RC8

RC61/4 or 1/2 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 144001/2 or 1/3 rate convolutional or

Turbo coding, base rate 14400 RC9

9600

14400

9600

9600

9600

14400

9600

14400

14400

9600

9600

9600

14400

14400

14400

153600

307200

230400

307200

614400

460800

1036800 1036800

460800

614400

307200

307200

153600

230400


95/185

IS-2000 SR1 CDMA ChannelsIS-2000 SR1 CDMA Channels


Forward ChannelsForward ChannelsSame Coding as IS-95B,

Backward compatibleF-PilotF-Pilot

F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH

Same Coding as IS-95B, Backward compatible


Broadcast Control Channel

Quick Paging Channel

Common Power Control Channel

Common Assignment Channel

Common Control Channel

Forward Traffic Channels

Fundamental Channel

Dedicated Control Channel

Supplemental Code Channels for IS-95B only

Supplemental Channels for RC3, 4, 5

1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

R-PilotR-Pilot

R-ACH orR-ACH or

R-EACHR-EACH

R-CCCHR-CCCH

R-FCHR-FCH

R-DCCHR-DCCH

R-SCHR-SCH

Reverse ChannelsReverse Channels

Includes Power Control Subchannel

Access Channel (IS-95B compatible)

Enhanced Access Channel


Reverse Fundamental Channel (IS-95B compatible)


Reverse Supplemental Channel

R-TRAFFICR-TRAFFIC

1

1

0 or 1

1

0 or 1

0 to 2

96/185

FORWARD CDMA CHANNELfor Spreading Rates 1 and 3

(SR1 and SR3)

CommonAssignment

Channels

CommonPower Control

Channels

PilotChannels

CommonControl

Channels

SyncChannels

TrafficChannels

BroadcastChannels

PagingChannels

(SR1)

QuickPaging

Channels

0 - 1 DedicatedControl

Channels

0 - 1Fundamental

Channels

Power ControlChannels

0-7 SupplementalCode Channels (Radio

Configuration 1-2)

0-2 SupplementalChannels (Radio

Configuration 3-9)

ForwardPilot

Channels

TransmitDiversity Pilot

Channels

AuxiliaryPilot

Channels

Auxiliary TransmitDiversity Pilot

Channels

: Added Channel for CDMA2000

IS-2000 Forward ChannelIS-2000 Forward Channel

Broadcast dedicated Channel(Rev.A)

IS-95 ChannelSave Battery

Consumption

Separate Signal

Diversity

Technique

Separate signal from

Traffic IS-95 Channel IS-95B MDR

High Speed Packet

Data(Max. 2)


97/185

IS-2000 Forward Channel Key CharacteristicsIS-2000 Forward Channel Key Characteristics Channels are orthogonal and use Walsh codes. Different-length Walsh codes

are used to achieve the same chip rate for different information bit rates.

QPSK modulation is used before spreading to increase the number of usable

Walsh codes

Forward Error Correction(FEC) is used

- Convolutional codes(k=9) are used for voice and data.

- Turbo codes(k=4) are used for high data rates on SCHs.

Supports Non-orthogonal forward link channelization.

- Used when running out of orthogonal space(insufficient number of Walsh codes).

- Quasi-orthogonal functions are generated by masking existing Walsh functions

Synchronous forward link

Forward link transmit diversity

Fast-forward power control(closed loop) 800 times per second.

Frame lengths : 20ms for signaling & user information, 5ms for control

information


98/185

IS-2000 Forward Control Channel (SR1) - IS-2000 Forward Control Channel (SR1) - introintro

Forward channels can be a mix of old IS-95B and new IS-2000Forward channels can be a mix of old IS-95B and new IS-2000

- The wireless Operator can choose which channels to implement


First-Phase Implementation, serving IS-95 and CDMA2000 mobilesFirst-Phase Implementation, serving IS-95 and CDMA2000 mobiles

- F-Pilot and F-Sync same as IS-95B (+ updated Sync message)

- Paging Channel same as IS-95B (include configuration, orders and assignments)

- Optional : F-QPCH ‘flags” for better battery life

Second-Phase Implementation, serving only CDMA2000 mobilesSecond-Phase Implementation, serving only CDMA2000 mobiles

F-Pilot and F-Sync identical to IS-95B (+ updated Sync message) Paging Channel now carries only pages F-BCCH carries configuration F-CCCH carries orders & assignments F-QPCH ‘flags’ for deeper mobile sleep, longer battery F-CPCCH : more ‘polite’ access F-CACH for improved access

99/185

F-PICH (Forward Pilot Channel)F-PICH (Forward Pilot Channel)

- Same as IS-95B F-PICH Function and Structure

- Allow Mobile to acquire the System

- Supply Phase Reference Signal to MS

- Not Applied Walsh Code : W0

- Has unique Short PN Offset (512) for each Cell

or Sector

- Pilot, Sync, and Paging Channels are only

applied to the I Channel of the complex short

code spreader

- Result is the Same Spreading as TIA/EIA/IS-95B

- Approximately 10% of radiated Power is in the

Pilot

- Channel Frame : 22.66 ms → Same SR1 and SR3

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 Physical channelsIS-2000 Physical channels IS-2000 Forward Control Channel (SR1)IS-2000 Forward Control Channel (SR1)



F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

100/185

F-PICH Coding ProcedureF-PICH Coding Procedure

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 Physical channelsIS-2000 Physical channels IS-2000 Forward Control Channel (SR1)IS-2000 Forward Control Channel (SR1)

Walsh 128

Generator

I

Short Code

Q

Short Code

FIR

LPF

FIR

LPF

I

∑

∑

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

Q

I

Q

19.2 ksps

Complex Scrambling

+

+

+

-

I

Q

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

I

Q

The Pilot :

All Zero Data

Orthogonal Spreading

Nothing Connected

101/185

F-SYNCH (Forward Synchronization Channel)F-SYNCH (Forward Synchronization Channel)

- Same as IS-95B F-SYNCH Function and Structure

- MS Acquires Initial Time Synchronization

- BS Transmit Parameters to MS : System Information (P-REV, SID, PILOT_PN, etc.)

: Timing Information (SYS_TIME, LC_STATE, etc.)

- Bit Rate : 1,200 bps

- Symbol Rate : 4,800 sps

- Channel Frame : 22.66 ms → Same SR1 and SR3

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 Physical channelsIS-2000 Physical channels IS-2000 Forward Control Channel (SR1) IS-2000 Forward Control Channel (SR1)



F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

102/185

F-PCH (Forward Paging Channel)F-PCH (Forward Paging Channel)- Same as IS-95B F-PCH Function and Structure

- Used by Base Station to : - Page Mobile : Transmit Overhead Information

- MS Control : Assign Mobile to Traffic Channel

- Provides Mobile with : - System parameter Message : Neighbor List

Message

- Access Parameter Message : CDMA Channel

List Message

- Data Rate : 9600bps, 4800bps

- Channel Frame : 20ms

- Applied Long Code Mask and 64:1 Decimation

- Up to 7 Paging channel for Capacity Extension

- Primary Paging Channel is fixed to W1

- SMS(Short Message Service) can transmitted

through the F-PCH




F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

103/185

F-BCCH (Forward Broadcast Control Channel)F-BCCH (Forward Broadcast Control Channel)

- New Channel of IS-2000

- Channel for transmitting the common

information to all MS of BTS’s service area

- Uses 40ms frames with slots of 40, 80, or 160

ms in duration

- Transmit System Overhead Messages and

Broadcast Message at 19.2, 9.6, or 4.8kbps

- Consist of 768 bits : 744 Information Bits + 16

CRC + 8 Encoder Tail Bits

- Using R=1/4 Convolutional Coding for Forward

Error Correction




F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

104/185

F-BCCH (Forward Broadcast Control Channel) - F-BCCH (Forward Broadcast Control Channel) - StructureStructure


105/185

F-CCCH (Forward Common Control Channel)F-CCCH (Forward Common Control Channel)


- Transmit Data Burst Message or ACK Control

Message including the Personal Paging

Message or SMS(Short Message Service)

- Free to operator at higher data rates to improve

throughput

- Uses 20ms, 10ms, or 5ms frames : Variable

Frame Length

- Transmit Signaling Messages at 9.6, 19.2, or

38.4kbps

- Using R=1/4 Convolutional Coding for Forward

Error Correction




F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

106/185

F-QPCH (Forward Quick Paging Channel)F-QPCH (Forward Quick Paging Channel)

- Works for Mobiles Operating in Slotted Mode

- Each Cell can have up to 3 Quick Paging Channel

- Using W80, W48, W112

- Uses 80ms Slots that are Aligned 20ms ahead of

Paging Slots

- Transmit Paging Indicators 100ms before the

associated Paging Channel Slot

- If a mobile is to be paged in the next Paging Slot,

two Indicators are transmitted on the F-QPCH

- If no page indicators are present, Mobile goes to

sleep without reading the Paging Channel

- On-OFF-Keying(OOK) Modulation

- Being Divided into Paging Indicators and

Configuration Change Indicators




F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

107/185

F-QPCH Channel StructureF-QPCH Channel Structure

Assigned Paging

Slot

Before 100ms

Paging Indicator

- Indicator bit to monitoring the paging slot of F-CCCH or

F-PCH

- Acquiring the slot and bit position the existing the

second paging indicator through the hash function using

the IMSI

- effective when two paging indicators exist

Configuration change indicator

- indicator bit inform that the system information

is changed

- Mark2 and mark4 last two(four) indicator bit – two(4800bps)/ four(9600bps)


108/185

F-QPCH Channel Coding procedureF-QPCH Channel Coding procedure


Channel

Indicator Data

Channel Page

Indicators

2x/4x Symbol

Repetition

Serial to

Parallel

Walsh 128

Generator

I

Short Code

Q

Short Code

These are the bits that

serve as “flags” to tell

certain groups of

mobiles to “wake up”

and start listing to

the paging channel in

an upcoming slot.

“We have pages for

some of you!!”

FIR

LPF

FIR

LPF

The bit flags are encoded into

symbols and repeated to protect

against transmission errors

2.4 or 4.8 kbps

4.8 or 9.6 kbps

19.2 kbps

Gain

I

∑

∑

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

Q

I

Q

9.6 ksps

9.6 ksps

Complex Scrambling

+

+

+

-

I

Q

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

I

Q

The stream of symbols

is divided into two parts :

one on logical I and one

on logical Q

109/185

F-CACH(Forward Common Assignment Channel)F-CACH(Forward Common Assignment Channel)

- Operates only when the Base Station is using

Power Controlled Access Mode or Reservation

Access Mode

- Provides Fast Response to Mobile Access

- Providing fast response reverse link channel

assignments to support transmission of

random access packets on the reverse link

- Congestion Control

- Transmits at a Fixed Rate of 9.6kbps with 5ms

Frames

- For Power Controlled Access Mode : Provides Fast Acknowledgements to Mobile during

for power control

- For Reservation Access Mode

: Transmit a Shortened Address for Each Mobile that

is Allowed to talk on the R-CCCH

: Reduces collisions During Access Procedures




F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

110/185

F-CACH(Forward Common Assignment Channel) – F-CACH(Forward Common Assignment Channel) – Structure (R=1/4)Structure (R=1/4)


111/185

F-CPCCH(Forward Common Power Control Channel)F-CPCCH(Forward Common Power Control Channel)

- Operates only when the Base Station is using

Reservation Access Mode

- Provides Closed Loop Power Control Bits for the

R-EACH or R-CCCH during Access

- Each CPCCH can support Power Control for 24

R-EACH or R-CCCH : 12 Channels of PC Data are carried on the I Channel

: 12 Channels of PC Data are carried on the Q Channel

- Increased System Capacity since all Reverse

Channels in Access Mode are tightly Power

Controlled




F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

112/185

F-CPCCH(Forward Common Power Control Channel) - F-CPCCH(Forward Common Power Control Channel) - StructureStructure


113/185

In IS-95B mode (RC 1 or 2) Forward channels include :In IS-95B mode (RC 1 or 2) Forward channels include :

- 1 F-FCH for primary data at 9.6 or 14.4 kbps using IS-95B coding

- 0 to 7 F-SCCH for medium speed data using IS-95B coding

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 Physical channelsIS-2000 Physical channels IS-2000 Forward Traffic Channel (SR1) - intro IS-2000 Forward Traffic Channel (SR1) - intro

In CDMA2000 mode (RC 3, 4, 5) Forward channels include :In CDMA2000 mode (RC 3, 4, 5) Forward channels include :

- 1 F-FCH

- 0 or 2 F-SCH

In CDMA2000 mode, F-DCCH may be associated with F-FCH to In CDMA2000 mode, F-DCCH may be associated with F-FCH to

carry signaling and power control data carry signaling and power control data

- Power Control Bits can be either on F-FCH or F-DCCH

114/185

F-DCCH(Forward Dedicated Control Channel)F-DCCH(Forward Dedicated Control Channel)- Always be paired up with a FCH

(also related to any F-SCHs used in the call)

- Transmit Signaling Information and Optionally Power Control Information

relating the FCH

- Uses either 5ms or 20ms frames

- Data Rate always matches rate of the associated FCH

- May use discontinuous Transmission(DTX) during period with no data is to be

transmitted

- Can offload messaging which otherwise would have been required to go over F-FCH

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 Physical channelsIS-2000 Physical channels IS-2000 Forward Traffic Channel (SR1) IS-2000 Forward Traffic Channel (SR1)

115/185

F-DCCH(Forward Dedicated Control Channel)F-DCCH(Forward Dedicated Control Channel)


116/185

F-FCH(Forward Fundamental Channel) F-FCH(Forward Fundamental Channel)

- Used for transmission of user Data and

Signaling Information to a specific MS during

a call

- Variable Frame Length Supported

: 20 ms with RC1 and RC2 (Same as IS-95)

: 20 ms and 5 ms with RC3 through RC9

- There is continuous transmission except for

when a 5 ms frame is sent, then remaining

part of the 20 ms frame can be off.




F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

117/185

F-FCH(Forward Fundamental Channel) – F-FCH(Forward Fundamental Channel) – Structure(RC1)Structure(RC1)


Data Bits1/2 rate

Conv Encoder

Symbol

Repetition

PC

Puncturing

Walsh 64

Generator

Q

Short Code

FIR

LPF

FIR

LPF

8.6 kbps

1.2288 mbps

19.2 kbps

Gain

∑

∑1.2288 mcps

OrthogonalSpreading

I

Q

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

I

Q

I

Short Code

Power Ctrl

Decimator

+CRC &

Tail BitsInterleaver

9.6 kbps 19.2 ksps

Long Code

Decimator

Long Code

Generator

User Long

Code Mask

Power Ctrl

Bits

Gain800 bps

800 bps

Power Control

Puncturing

19.2 ksps

118/185



Data Bits1/2 rate

Conv Encoder

Symbol

Repetition

PC

Puncturing

Walsh 64

Generator

Q

Short Code

FIR

LPF

FIR

LPF

13.35 kbps

1.2288 mbps

19.2 kbps

Gain

∑

∑1.2288 mcps

OrthogonalSpreading

I

Q

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

I

Q

I

Short Code

Power Ctrl

Decimator

+CRC &


14.4 kbps

19.2 ksps

Long Code

Decimator

Long Code

Generator

User Long

Code Mask

Power Ctrl

Bits

Gain800 bps

800 bps

Power Control

Puncturing

Symbol

Puncturing

2 of 6

28.8 ksps

19.2 ksps

119/185



Serial to

Parallel

Walsh 64

Generator

I

Short Code

Q

Short Code

FIR

LPF

FIR

LPF

I

∑

∑

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

Q

I

Q

19.2 ksps

19.2 ksps

Complex Scrambling

+

+

+

-

I

Q

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

I

Q




on logical Q

OrthogonalSpreading

Full Rate

Data Bits

1/4 rate

Conv Encoder

PC

Puncturing

8.6 kbps

1.2288 mbps

19.2 kbps

Gain

Power Ctrl

Decimator

+CRC &


9.6 kbps 38.4 ksps

Long Code

Decimator

Long Code

Generator

User Long

Code Mask

Power Ctrl

Bits

800 bps

Power Control

Puncturing

120/185

F-SCCH(Forward Supplemental Code Channel) F-SCCH(Forward Supplemental Code Channel)

- Using for Backward Compatibility when RC1

and RC2

- Supply MDR(Medium Data Rate) Service

- Up to 8 supplemental code channels are

possible

- Using Multi-coding Method




F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

121/185

F-SCCH(Forward Supplemental Code Channel) – F-SCCH(Forward Supplemental Code Channel) – Structure(RC2)Structure(RC2)


122/185

F-SCH(Forward Supplemental Channel) F-SCH(Forward Supplemental Channel)

- New Channel of IS-2000 for High Rate Data

Service

- Operate with F-FCH

- Up to 2 supplemental channels are possible

- Only transmit User Data : Signaling is not

transmitted

- Applies only to RC3 and above

- Supplemental Channel support multi frame

length : 20ms, 40ms, 80ms

- Supplemental channel active set is a subset of

fundamental channel active set

- Operating Asymmetric Power Control Scheme

due to the Processing Gain

- Using Turbo Coding when above the specific

data rate




F-SyncF-Sync

PagingPaging

F-BCCHF-BCCH

F-QPCHF-QPCH

F-CPCCHF-CPCCH

F-CACHF-CACH

F-CCCHF-CCCH

F-FCHF-FCH

F-DCCHF-DCCH

F-SCCHF-SCCH

F-SCHF-SCH









Fundamental Channel




1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

1

0 or 1

0 to 7

0 to 2

F-TRAFFICF-TRAFFIC

123/185

F-SCH(Forward Supplemental Channel) - Structure (RC3)F-SCH(Forward Supplemental Channel) - Structure (RC3)


Serial to

Parallel

Walsh 4

Generator

I

Short Code

Q

Short Code

FIR

LPF

FIR

LPF

I

∑

∑

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

Q

I

Q

307.2 ksps

307.2 ksps

Complex Scrambling

+

+

+

-

I

Q

1.2288 mcps

1.2288 mcps

I

Q




on logical Q

OrthogonalSpreading

Full Rate

Data Bits

1/4 rate

Conv Encoder

152.4 kbps

1.2288 mbps

614.4 ksps

Gain

+CRC &


153.6 kbps 614.4 ksps

Long Code

Decimator

Long Code

Generator

User Long

Code Mask

800 bps

124/185

IS-2000 Reverse ChannelIS-2000 Reverse Channel

REVERSE CDMA CHANNELFor Spreading Rate 1 and 3 (SR1 and SR 3)

: Added Channel for CDMA2000

AccessChannel

ReverseTraffic

Channel(RC 1 or 2)

EnhancedAccess Channel

Operation

ReverseCommon Control

Channel Operation

ReverseTraffic

Channel Operation(RC 3 to 6)

Reverse Fundamental

Channel0 to 7 ReverseSupplemental

Code Channels

Reverse Pilot Channel

Enhanced AccessChannel


Enhanced CommonControl Channel


0 or 1 ReverseDedicated Control

Channel0 or 1 ReverseFundamental

Channel0 to 2 ReverseSupplemental

ChannelReverse

Power ControlSubchannel

Add the Pilot Channel in

Reverse Channel (Coherent

Detection)

IS-95 Channel

IS-95 Channel

IS-95B MDR

IS-2000 Channel Separate Signal

High Rate Packet

Data


125/185

IS-2000 Reverse Channel Key CharacteristicsIS-2000 Reverse Channel Key Characteristics Channels are primarily code multiplexed.

Separate channels used for different QoS and physical layer characteristics

Channels orthogonalized by Walsh functions and I/Q split (BPSK)

Hybrid combination of QPSK and BPSK

Coherent reverse link with continuous pilot

Forward power control information is time multiplexed with the pilot

Different Transmit Power and Independent fundamental and supplemental

channels of Target FER

Forward Error Correction

- Convolutional codes (k=9) used for voice and data

- Parallel turbo codes (k=9) used for high data rates on supplemental channels

Fast-reverse power control : 800 times per second

Frame lengths

- 20ms frames used for signaling and user information

- 5ms frames used for control information


126/185

IS-2000 Reverse Channel(SR1) - IS-2000 Reverse Channel(SR1) - intro intro


R-PilotR-Pilot

R-ACH orR-ACH or

R-EACHR-EACH

R-CCCHR-CCCH

R-FCHR-FCH

R-DCCHR-DCCH

R-SCHR-SCH









R-TRAFFICR-TRAFFIC

1

1

0 or 1

1

0 or 1

0 to 2

IS-95 mobiles never transmit more than

one kind of channel at a time

A CDMA2000 mobile can transmit up to

five different channels simultaneously,

all within its own signal using one long

code offset

IS-95 mobile transmits the contents of its

signal channel in the form of a string of

walsh codes which are symbols of the

information being sent

CDMA2000 mobile uses steady walsh

codes as individual channels of information,

the same way a base station does on the

forward link

127/185

IS-2000 Reverse Control Channels (SR1)IS-2000 Reverse Control Channels (SR1) R-ACH (Reverse Access Channel)R-ACH (Reverse Access Channel)

- Function and Structure is same as R-ACH of

IS-95

- Used by Mobile to: : Access system when not assigned to a Traffic

Channel

: Originate Calls

: Respond to Pages

: Register with System

- Paired with Paging Channel

- Using Long PN Code

- Tx at 4800 bps, 20ms frame length

- Using 64-ary Orthogonal Modulation


R-PilotR-Pilot

R-ACH orR-ACH or

R-EACHR-EACH

R-CCCHR-CCCH

R-FCHR-FCH

R-DCCHR-DCCH

R-SCHR-SCH









R-TRAFFICR-TRAFFIC

1

1

0 or 1

1

0 or 1

0 to 2

128/185

R-PICH (Reverse Pilot Channel)R-PICH (Reverse Pilot Channel)

- The reverse pilot channel is transmitted when

the R-EACH(Enhanced Access Channel),

R-CCCH(Common Control Channel), or

R-TCH(Reverse Traffic Channel) with RC3

through RC6 is enabled.

- The reverse pilot channel is also transmitted

during R-EACH Preamble, R-CCCH Preamble,

or the R-TCH Preamble.

- The pilot reference level varies across RCs.

- Transmit Power Control Bit for Closed Loop

Power Control

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 Physical channelsIS-2000 Physical channels IS-2000 Reverse Control Channels (SR1)IS-2000 Reverse Control Channels (SR1)

R-PilotR-Pilot

R-ACH orR-ACH or

R-EACHR-EACH

R-CCCHR-CCCH

R-FCHR-FCH

R-DCCHR-DCCH

R-SCHR-SCH









R-TRAFFICR-TRAFFIC

1

1

0 or 1

1

0 or 1

0 to 2

129/185

R-PICH (Reverse Pilot Channel) – Coherent DetectionR-PICH (Reverse Pilot Channel) – Coherent Detection

Power C on trol G rou p Nu m ber

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 1510

1

1/ 2

1/ 4

1.25 m sG atin g

R ate

5 m s20 m s

PCP ilot

- Reverse pilot channel for Coherent Detection

- Reverse pilot gating for power saving


IS-2000 Reverse Control Channels (SR1)IS-2000 Reverse Control Channels (SR1)

130/185

R-EACH (Reverse Enhanced Access Channel)R-EACH (Reverse Enhanced Access Channel)


- Transmit with Pilot Channel at the same time

- Increase Stability, Data Rate and Channel

Efficiency

- Decrease Preamble Length and Processing

Delay

- Enhancing the Power Control Function

- Enable to allocate the Dedicated SMS Channel

when the Reservation Access Mode

- Enhancing the Data Rate ( 4.8kbps → 9.6kbps,

19.2kbps, 38.4kbps)


R-PilotR-Pilot

R-ACH orR-ACH or

R-EACHR-EACH

R-CCCHR-CCCH

R-FCHR-FCH

R-DCCHR-DCCH

R-SCHR-SCH









R-TRAFFICR-TRAFFIC

1

1

0 or 1

1

0 or 1

0 to 2

IS-2000 Reverse Control Channels (SR1)IS-2000 Reverse Control Channels (SR1)

131/185

R-CCCH (Reverse Common Control Channel)R-CCCH (Reverse Common Control Channel)

- Acknowledge and Control the variable Control

Signal and MAC Message in no traffic state.

- Using Same Walsh Code with R-EACH

- Pilot Channel in R-CCCH transmit the reference

signal and Power Control Symbol for

Synchronous Demodulation

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 Physical channelsIS-2000 Physical channels IS-2000 Reverse Control Channels (SR1)IS-2000 Reverse Control Channels (SR1)

R-PilotR-Pilot

R-ACH orR-ACH or

R-EACHR-EACH

R-CCCHR-CCCH

R-FCHR-FCH

R-DCCHR-DCCH

R-SCHR-SCH









R-TRAFFICR-TRAFFIC

1

1

0 or 1

1

0 or 1

0 to 2

132/185

R-DCCH (Reverse Dedicated Control Channel) – RC3 ~ RC6R-DCCH (Reverse Dedicated Control Channel) – RC3 ~ RC6


- Using Dim and Burst Function

- Transmit Signaling Message and MAC

Message


IS-2000 Reverse Traffic Channels (SR1)IS-2000 Reverse Traffic Channels (SR1)

R-PilotR-Pilot

R-ACH orR-ACH or

R-EACHR-EACH

R-CCCHR-CCCH

R-FCHR-FCH

R-DCCHR-DCCH

R-SCHR-SCH









R-TRAFFICR-TRAFFIC

1

1

0 or 1

1

0 or 1

0 to 2

133/185

R-FCH (Reverse Fundamental Channel) – RC1 ~ RC6R-FCH (Reverse Fundamental Channel) – RC1 ~ RC6

- Used for the transmission of user data and

signaling information to the Base Station

during a Call

- Variable Frame Length is supported

: 20ms with RC1 and RC2

: 20ms and 5ms with RC3 through RC6

- Continuous transmission except when the

5ms frame is sent, then the remaining part of

20 ms frame can be off

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 Physical channelsIS-2000 Physical channels IS-2000 Reverse Traffic Channels (SR1)IS-2000 Reverse Traffic Channels (SR1)

R-PilotR-Pilot

R-ACH orR-ACH or

R-EACHR-EACH

R-CCCHR-CCCH

R-FCHR-FCH

R-DCCHR-DCCH

R-SCHR-SCH









R-TRAFFICR-TRAFFIC

1

1

0 or 1

1

0 or 1

0 to 2

134/185

R-FCH (Reverse Fundamental Channel) – R-FCH (Reverse Fundamental Channel) – Structure(RC3)Structure(RC3) This is the fundamental channels for SR1 RC3, with frames 20ms long when it is

carrying voice information CRC and tail bits are added The data is passed through a R=1/4 convolutional encoder, providing very powerful

protection against errors The resulting symbols are block-interleaved against bursty fades Symbol repetition then brings the rate from 38.4 ksps to 76.8 ksps Each of the phone’s reverse channels has a different Walsh code :

the R-FCH always uses Walsh code #4 at 16-chip length


R-FCH

Data Bits

Channel

Coder

1/4 Rate

Convolutional

Encoder

1 Frame

Block

Interleaver

X2 Symbol

Repetition

Walsh Code

Generator

8.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 38.4 kspsAdd CRC& Tail Bits 38.4 ksps

Orthogonal

Spreading76.8 ksps

1.2288mcps

Spread

Factor = 16

135/185

R-SCH (Reverse Supplemental Channel) – RC3 ~ RC6R-SCH (Reverse Supplemental Channel) – RC3 ~ RC6

- New Channel of IS-2000 to support High Rate

Packet Data Service

- Operate with R-FCH

- Up to 2 Supplemental Channels are possible

- Applies only to RC3 ~ RC6

- Only transmit User Data : No Signaling

transmission

- Turbo Coding may be used for Error Correction

- Supplemental Channel support multi frame

length : 20ms, 40ms, 80ms

- Supplemental channel active set is a subset of

fundamental channel active set

- Operating Asymmetric Power Control Scheme

due to the Processing Gain


R-PilotR-Pilot

R-ACH orR-ACH or

R-EACHR-EACH

R-CCCHR-CCCH

R-FCHR-FCH

R-DCCHR-DCCH

R-SCHR-SCH









R-TRAFFICR-TRAFFIC

1

1

0 or 1

1

0 or 1

0 to 2

136/185

Data Flows on a IS-95B CDMA NetworkData Flows on a IS-95B CDMA Network

IS-2000 ProtocolIS-2000 ProtocolData Service in CDMA2000Data Service in CDMA2000

2G CDMA networks were designed primarily to handle voice Additional hardware is needed to carry data on a 2G network Data to/from the user connections near the selector in the BSC - Passed through the MSC as 56kbps data links in 64kbps PCM

Data Connection to outside world handled by IWF(Inter-Working

Function) - Includes modems to convert data stream into PCM for dial-up uses

- Can contain data routers to access IP or PPP network

- May include capability for FAX and other communications modes

IWFIWF

BSCBSC

PSTNPSTN

InternetInternet

Backbone Backbone NetworkNetwork

BTSBTS

Internet Internet RouterRouter

Traditional Circuit DataTraditional Circuit Data

Slow IP Data EnvironmentSlow IP Data Environment

CDMA RF EnvironmentCDMA RF Environment

MSCMSC

CDMA IOSCDMA IOS

- Coverage Holes- Coverage Holes- Pilot Pollution- Pilot Pollution- Missing Neighbors- Missing Neighbors- Forward Power Overload- Forward Power Overload- Reverse Power Overload- Reverse Power Overload- Search Windows- Search Windows- Isolated cells- Isolated cells- Slow Handoff- Slow Handoff

MSMS

137/185

Data Flows on a CDMA2000 NetworkData Flows on a CDMA2000 Network


For full-featured data access over a 3G network, a true IP

connection

must be established to outside Packet Data Networks This requires a PDSN(Packet Data Serving Node) - ISP and operator-provided services are provided by external Home Network and

Home Agent servers

- Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting provided by external server

The IWF is still maintained to allow old mobiles to use dial-up and

WAP/Wireless web keypad access

IWFIWF

BSCBSC

AAAAAA

PSTNPSTN

InternetInternet


R-P InterfaceR-P Interface

BTSBTS



Fast IP Data EnvironmentFast IP Data Environment


MSCMSC

CDMA IOSCDMA IOS


PDSN(FA)PDSN(FA)

MSMS

138/185

Summary of CDMA2000 Data ServiceSummary of CDMA2000 Data Service


CDMA2000 provides Packet Radio Service by introducing MAC

sublayer

P2 mode in MAC sublayer provides more efficient packet radio

service in terms of delay-throughput performance and capacities

Wireless IP network for CDMA2000 introduces Mobile IP service in

addition to Simple IP service

Types of Data services - Packet Transmission : Dynamic Channel Allocation

- Circuit Transmission : Dedicated Channel Allocation

139/185

Types of CDMA2000 Data ServiceTypes of CDMA2000 Data Service Packet Data ServicesPacket Data Services - - The packet service and MAC layer can support multiple mobiles

- Traffic : highly burst traffic patterns with relatively long periods of inactivity

- Dedicated channel is allocated when demanded, and released when activity period

finished

- After Dedicated Channel is released, Short Data for Signaling or Control is transacted

BS and MS

( Ex :mobile-IP registration, notification services, location tracking services )

Circuit Data ServicesCircuit Data Services - - Dedicated traffic and control channels are typically assigned to the MS for extended

periods of time during the circuit service sessions.

- Low Efficiency of Air-interface capacity

- Adaptable video applications that is sensitive to delay


140/185

IP Network of CDMA2000 Data Service – IP Network of CDMA2000 Data Service – Simple IPSimple IP

In a Simple IP network, the MS is able to connect to the external

packet networks directly through the PSTN attached to the local BSC

Only mobile originated call supported

IP address dynamically allocated/No mobility management

supported

using CHAP Authentication

Local Mobility (dynamic IP address valid within PDSN coverage area)

Uses Standard (MS-Windows) dial-up protocols in mobile / laptop

Optional Private Network Access via L2TP

If the MS moves into a different network, the data session ends - The MS can establish an entirely new connection through the new network, if desired


141/185

IP Network of CDMA2000 Data Service – IP Network of CDMA2000 Data Service – Simple IP Call FlowSimple IP Call Flow

Normal Session (Mobile Initiated) - MS generates call with Packet Data Service Option

- PCF assigned by BSC, PDSN assigned by PCF

- PDSN begins PPP negotiation with mobile

- CHAP challenge is sent to MS, MS returns NAI and CHAP secret

- PDSN sends RADIUS Access-Request to AAA server

- AAA returns Access-Accept

- PDSN knows this is normal PPP situation, assigns IP address to MS

- PPP negotiation completes, MS exchange bearer data


Session Transition to Dormant - No data has been exchanged for TD seconds

- BSC drops air-link connection to MS, drops SVC on L-interface to PCF

- PCF maintains connection with PDSN over R-P interface

- PPP states remain unchanged in MS and in PDSN(upper layers unaware of change)

142/185

IP Network of CDMA2000 Data Service – IP Network of CDMA2000 Data Service – Simple IP Call FlowSimple IP Call Flow

Re-activation after Dormant (Mobile Initiated) - Dormant MS has data to send, generates call with Packet Data Service Option

- BSC routes SVC re-connection to previously assigned PCF

- PCF and PDSN recognizes this as an existing PPP session(by MS’s IMSI)

- PPP state and IP address are all unchanged during dormant

- Mobile sends bearer data, PDSN forwards to backbone network


Re-activation after Dormant (PCF / PDSN Initiated) - PDSN receives packets from internet, forwards to PCF

- PCF determines MS is dormant, buffers data for mobile

- PCF initiates new SVC request to BSC with IMSI of dormant MS

- BSC pages MS, MS responds, BSC acknowledges connect to PCF

- PPP state and IP address are all unchanged during dormant

- PCF forwards bearer data to MS

143/185

IP Network of CDMA2000 Data Service – IP Network of CDMA2000 Data Service – Mobile IPMobile IP

Subscriber’s IP routing service is provided by a public IP network

MS is assigned a static IP address belonging to its Home Agent

MS can maintain the static IP address even for handoff between

radio networks connected to separate PDSNs

MIP / AAA Authentication

Full Mobility management supported

Private Network Access via corporate HAs

Secure Reverse Tunnels between FA and HA

Mobile IP capabilities will be especially important for mobiles on

system boundary

Without Mobile IP roaming capability, data service for border-area

mobiles will de erratic


144/185

IP Network of CDMA2000 Data Service – IP Network of CDMA2000 Data Service – Mobile IPMobile IP


145/185

Forward Link SCH SchedulingForward Link SCH Scheduling


The main bottleneck is the forward link itself : restricted by available

transmitter power and Walsh codes

Each connected data User has a buffer in the PDSN/PCF complex

- When waiting data in the buffer exceeds a threshold, the PDSN/PCF asks the BTS

for an F-SCH. Its data rate is limited by ;

available BTS forward Tx power, available Walsh Codes, competition from other

users who also need F-SCHs and MS capability

- When the buffer is nearly empty, the SCH ends; FCH alone

- QoS(Quality of Service) rules also may be implemented, giving preference to some

users and some types of traffic

146/185

Packet Data Service Call control StatesPacket Data Service Call control States


The MS performs a packet data service call control function

considering of the following states :

Null State : - Call control functionality is in this state when packet data service has not been

activated

Initialization State : - In this state, the MS attempts to connect a Packet Data Service Option

Connected State : - In this state, the Packet Data Service Option is connected

Dormant State : - In this state, the packet data service is disconnected

Reconnect State : - In this state, the MS attempts to connect a previously connected Packet Data

Service Option

147/185

State Managing F-FCHs, F-SCHsState Managing F-FCHs, F-SCHs


Every time a call enters

the active state, an F-FCH

is set up - at new call setup

- at return from dormant to

active state

Messages are exchanged

on access and paging channels to setup F-FCH FCH setup only occurs if necessary resource available - Walsh Codes, Forward Power, Reverse Power, Backhaul, Hardware

If a new F-FCH is blocked because an existing F-SCH is tying up resources,

the existing F-SCH is release early to free-up resources Network today give same priority to new F-FCHs When Packet data is finished, Active to Dormant Timer begins - at end of timer, F-FCH is extinguished and link enters dormant state

- but Packet session is still maintained

148/185

CDMA Call Processing BasicsCDMA Call Processing Basics

System Performance OptimizationSystem Performance Optimization

Call Processing and OptimizationDAY 3

149/185

Troubleshooting Call ProcessingTroubleshooting Call Processing


CDMA Call Processing is complex!! - Calls are a relationship between mobiles and System

The events driven by messaging the channels supported by RF transmission

- Multiple codes and channels available for use

- Multiple possible problems – Physical, configuration, software

- Multiple concurrent processes in the mobile and the system

Troubleshooting focuses on the desired call events - What is the desired sequence of events?

- Compare the actual sequence of eventWhat’s missing or wrong? Why did it happen?

Messaging is a major blow-by-blow troubleshooting tool

RF indications reveal the transmission risks and the channel

configurations

Call Processing and OptimizationCall Processing and Optimization

150/185

CDMA2000 Layer 3 Messages CDMA2000 Layer 3 Messages In CDMA, most Call Processing events are driven by messages

Some CDMA channels exist for the sole purpose of carrying messages

(they never carry user’s voice traffic) - Sync Channel (forward Channel)

- Paging Channel (forward Channel)

- Access Channel (reverse Channel)

- Forward or Reverse Dedicated Control Channels

Some CDMA channels exist just to carry user traffic - Forward Fundamental channel and Supplemental channels

- Reverse Fundamental channel and Supplemental channels

- On these channels, most of the time is filled with traffic and messages are sent only

when there is something to do

All CDMA messages have very similar structure, regardless of the

channel on which they are sent

Call Processing and OptimizationCall Processing and OptimizationCDMA Call Processing BasicsCDMA Call Processing Basics

151/185

CDMA2000 Layer 3 Messages – CDMA2000 Layer 3 Messages – Acquisition & Idle StatesAcquisition & Idle States

Access Parameter Msg.Access Parameter Msg.

System Parameter Msg.System Parameter Msg.

CDMA Channel List Msg.CDMA Channel List Msg.

Extended SystemExtended SystemParameters Msg.Parameters Msg.

Extended Neighbor Extended Neighbor List Msg.List Msg.

Global ServiceGlobal ServiceRedirection Msg.Redirection Msg.

Extended Global ServiceExtended Global ServiceRedirection Msg.Redirection Msg.

SSD Update Msg.SSD Update Msg.

Null Msg.Null Msg.

General Page Msg.General Page Msg.

Order Msg.Order Msg.- BS Acknowledgement- BS Acknowledgement- Lock until Power-cycled- Lock until Power-cycled- Maintenance required….- Maintenance required….

Channel Assignment Channel Assignment Msg.Msg.

Failure Assignment Msg.Failure Assignment Msg.

Feature Notification Msg.Feature Notification Msg.

Authentication Challenge Authentication Challenge Msg.Msg.

Status Request Msg.Status Request Msg.

TMSI Assignment Msg.TMSI Assignment Msg.

Data Burst Msg.Data Burst Msg.

Pilot ChannelPilot Channel Sync ChannelSync Channel

Paging ChannelPaging Channel

Sync Channel Msg.Sync Channel Msg.No MessagesNo Messages

Registration Msg.Registration Msg.

Order Msg.Order Msg.- MS Acknowledgement- MS Acknowledgement- Long Code Transmission req- Long Code Transmission req- SSD Update Configuration….- SSD Update Configuration….

Origination Msg.Origination Msg.

Paging Response Msg.Paging Response Msg.

Authentication Challenge Authentication Challenge Response Msg.Response Msg.

Status Response Msg.Status Response Msg.

TMSI Assignment TMSI Assignment Completion Msg.Completion Msg.


Access ChannelAccess Channel


152/185

CDMA2000 Layer 3 Messages – CDMA2000 Layer 3 Messages – Conversation StateConversation State

Order Msg.Order Msg.- Base Station Acknowledgement- Base Station Acknowledgement- Base Station Challenge confirm- Base Station Challenge confirm- Message Encryption Mode….- Message Encryption Mode….

AuthenticationAuthenticationChallenge Msg.Challenge Msg.

TMSI Assignment Msg.TMSI Assignment Msg.

Send Burt DTMF Msg.Send Burt DTMF Msg.

Set Parameters Msg.Set Parameters Msg.

Power Control Power Control Parameters Msg.Parameters Msg.

Retrieve Parameters Msg.Retrieve Parameters Msg.

Analog HandoffAnalog HandoffDirection Msg.Direction Msg.

Mobile Station Registered Mobile Station Registered Msg.Msg.

Service Request Msg.Service Request Msg.

Service Response Msg.Service Response Msg.

Service Option Control Service Option Control Msg.Msg.

Status Request Msg.Status Request Msg.

Flash with Information Flash with Information Msg.Msg.


Extended Handoff Extended Handoff Direction Msg.Direction Msg.

Neighbor List Update Neighbor List Update Msg.Msg.

In-Traffic System In-Traffic System Parameters Msg.Parameters Msg.

Forward Traffic ChannelForward Traffic ChannelReverse Traffic ChannelReverse Traffic Channel

SSD Update Msg.SSD Update Msg.

Alert With Information Alert With Information Msg.Msg.

Service Connect Msg.Service Connect Msg.

Service Request Msg.Service Request Msg.

Service Response Msg.Service Response Msg.

Service Option Control Service Option Control Msg.Msg.

Status Response Msg.Status Response Msg.

Flash with Information Flash with Information Msg.Msg.


Pilot Strength Pilot Strength Measurement Msg.Measurement Msg.

Handoff Completion Msg. Handoff Completion Msg.

Service Connect Service Connect Completion Msg.Completion Msg.

Origination Configuration Origination Configuration Msg.Msg.

Authentication Challenge Authentication Challenge Response Msg.Response Msg.

Send Burst DTMF Msg.Send Burst DTMF Msg.

Parameter Response Parameter Response Msg.Msg.

Power Measurement Power Measurement Report Msg.Report Msg.

Order Msg.Order Msg.- MS Acknowledgement- MS Acknowledgement- Long Code Transition Request- Long Code Transition Request- SSD Update Confirmation- SSD Update Confirmation- Connect - Connect

TMSI Assignment TMSI Assignment Completion Msg.Completion Msg.


153/185

CDMA2000 Layer 3 Messages – CDMA2000 Layer 3 Messages – Basic FormatBasic Format

CDMA message on both forward and reverse

traffic Channels are normally sent via dim

-and-burst Messages include many fields of binary data The first byte of each message identifies

message type (this allows the recipient to

parse the contents) To ensure no messages are missed, all CDMA

messages bear serial numbers and important

messages contain a bit requesting acknowledge Messages not promptly acknowledged are

retransmitted, the sender may release the call Field data processing tools capture and display

the messages for study

Example :Example : a Power Measurementa Power Measurement

Report MessageReport Message

MSG_TYPE(‘00000110’)MSG_TYPE(‘00000110’)

FieldField

ACK_SEQACK_SEQ

MSG_SEQMSG_SEQ

ACK_REQACK_REQ

ENCRYPTIONENCRYPTION

ERRORS_DETECTEDERRORS_DETECTED

POWER_MEAS_FRAMESPOWER_MEAS_FRAMES

LAST_HDM_SEQLAST_HDM_SEQ

NUM_PILOTSNUM_PILOTS

NUM_PILOTS occurrences NUM_PILOTS occurrences of this field :of this field :

PILOT_STRENGTHPILOT_STRENGTH

RESERVED (‘0’s)RESERVED (‘0’s)

88

33

33

11

22

55

1010

22

44

66

0~70~7

LengthLength(in (in

bits)bits)

TT


154/185

System DeterminationSystem Determination At turn on, MS use proprietary System Determination Algorithms to

find the initial CDMA carrier intended for them to use

The MS finally acquires a CDMA signal and read the Sync Channel - Find the SID & NID in the PRL(Preferred Roaming List)

- Check : is there a more-preferred system in the PRL? What Frequency?

- Go look for the better system

Go to last Go to last frequency frequency from MRUfrom MRU

Typical MS system Determination Algorithm

Strongest Strongest PN, read PN, read

SyncSync

Is SID Is SID permitted ?permitted ?

Is better Is better SID SID

available?available?

● ● Turn onTurn on the MSthe MS

Read Read Paging Paging channelchannel

MRUMRU Preferred Preferred only bit 0only bit 0

PRLPRLAcquisition Acquisition IndexIndex

if No Signalif No Signal Denied SIDDenied SID

YesYes

NoNo

* MRU : Most Recently Used* MRU : Most Recently Used* PRL : Preferred Roaming List* PRL : Preferred Roaming List


CDMA CHCDMA CHList Msg.List Msg.

Global Global Service Service

Redirect Msg..Redirect Msg..

Hash using Hash using IMSIIMSI

My ACCOLC?My ACCOLC?Redirect?Redirect?

F1F1F2F2F3F3


155/185

System AcquisitionSystem Acquisition1. Pilot Searcher scans the Entire Range of PNs

2. Put Rake Fingers on strongest available PN, decode

Walsh 32, and read Sync Channel Message

Mobile Station


F1 PN240 W32

∑ ∑

SearcherSearcherPN ??? W=0 Pilot Pilot Ec/IoEc/Io

RF RF F2 PN240 W32

F3 PN240 W32

Active Pilot Active Pilot

Reference PN

SYNC Channel Message MSG_LENGTH, 28MSG_LENGTH, 28MSG_TYPE, 1MSG_TYPE, 1P_REV, 6P_REV, 6MIN_P_REV, 1MIN_P_REV, 1SID 2222SID 2222NID 15[0xf]NID 15[0xf]PILOT_PN 240PILOT_PN 240LC_STATE, 0x00 25 93 12 7C FALC_STATE, 0x00 25 93 12 7C FASYS_TIME, 0x02 20 34 B7 53SYS_TIME, 0x02 20 34 B7 53LP_SEG, 13LP_SEG, 13LTM_OFF, 54LTM_OFF, 54DAYLT, 1DAYLT, 1PRAT, 1PRAT, 1CDMA_FREQ, 274CDMA_FREQ, 274EXT_CDMA_FREQ, 274EXT_CDMA_FREQ, 274SR1_BCCH_SUPPORTED, 0SR1_BCCH_SUPPORTED, 0SR3_INCL, 0SR3_INCL, 0RESERVED, 0RESERVED, 0


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Idle State Operation – Idle State Operation – Configuration MessagesConfiguration Messages

After reading the Sync Channel, the MS is now capable of

reading the Paging channel, which it now monitors constantly Before it is allowed to transmit or operate on this system, the

MS must collect a complete set of configuration messages In IS-95, the configuration messages are sent on the Paging

Channel, repeated every 1.28 seconds In CDMA2000 Systems, the configuration messages may be

sent on the separate F-BCCH(this would be indicated as

SR1_BCCH_ SUPPORTED=1) There are six possible types of configuration messages(some

are optional, and they may happen in any order) The configuration messages contain sequence numbers so

the MS can recognize if any of the messages have been

freshly updated as it continuous to monitor the paging channel

- Access Parameter Message sequence number

- If a MS notice a changed sequence number, or if 600 seconds passes

since the last time these message were read, the mobiles reads all of

them again

Access Parameters Msg.Access Parameters Msg.

Read the Configuration Read the Configuration MessageMessage

System Parameters Msg.System Parameters Msg.

CDMA Channel List Msg.CDMA Channel List Msg.

Extended System Extended System Parameters Msg.(optional)Parameters Msg.(optional)

(Extended) Neighbor List (Extended) Neighbor List Msg.Msg.

Global Service Global Service Redirection Msg.(optional)Redirection Msg.(optional)

Keep Rake Fingers on Keep Rake Fingers on strongest available PN, strongest available PN,

monitor Walsh 1, the monitor Walsh 1, the Paging ChannelPaging Channel


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Idle Mode Handoff OperationIdle Mode Handoff Operation An idle MS always demodulates the best available signal - In idle mode, it isn’t possible to do soft handoff and listen to multiple sectors or

base stations at the same time (the paging channel information stream is different

on each sector)

- Since a MS can’t combine signals, the mobile must switch quickly, always enjoying

the best available signal

The MS’s pilot searcher is constantly checking neighbor pilots - If the searcher ever notice a neighbor pilot substantially stronger than the current

reference pilot, it becomes the new reference pilot

If the searcher notices a better signal, the MS continues on the

current paging channel until the end of the current superframe,

then instantly switches to the paging channel of the new signal - The system doesn’t know the mobile did this!

On the new paging channel, if the MS learns that registration is

required, it re-registers on the new sector


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MS operation on the Access ChannelMS operation on the Access Channel

A sector’s Paging Channel announces an

Access Channel : PN Long Code Offsets

for MS to use if accessing the system

- For MS sending Registration, Origination,

Page Response

On the Access Channel, MS are not yet

under BTS closed loop power control

MS access the BTS by “Probing” at power

levels determined by receiving power and

an open loop formula

The Access Parameter Message on the

Paging Channel announces values of all

related parameters


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MS Call Origination Procedure MS Call Origination Procedure

The MS user dials the desired digits, and presses SEND MS transmit an Origination Message on the Access

Channel The system acknowledges receiving the origination by

sending a BS acknowledgement on the Paging Channel The system arranges the resources for the call and starts

transmitting on the traffic channel The system notifies the MS in a channel Assignment

Message on the Paging channel The MS arrives on the traffic channel The MS and BS notice each other’s traffic channel signals

and confirm their presence by exchanging

acknowledgement messages The BS and MS negotiate what type of call will be The audio circuit is completed and the MS caller hears

ringing Supplemental channels can be requested for data burst

as

needed


Paging

Channel

Forward

Traffic

Channel

Access

Channel

Reverse

Traffic

Channel

Origination Message(by probing)

BS Acknowledgement Order

Channel Assignment Message

Continuous frames of all 000’s

BS Acknowledgement Order

Service Connect Message

Traffic Channel Preamble :

frames of 000’s

MS Acknowledgement Order

Service Connect Complete Message

The call is now officially established!!

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Call Processing and OptimizationCall Processing and OptimizationSystem Performance OptimizationSystem Performance Optimization

The traffic engineer must walk a fine line between two problems

Over-Dimensioning - too much cost

- insufficient resources to construct

- traffic revenue is too low to support cost

- very poor economic efficiency

Under-Dimensioning - Blocking

- Poor technical performance (interference)

- capacity for billable revenue is low

- revenue is low due to poor quality

- users unhappy, cancel service

- very poor economic efficiency

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Call Processing and OptimizationCall Processing and OptimizationSystem Performance OptimizationSystem Performance Optimization

CDMA2000 services may include traditional circuit-switched voice

and new fast IP data connection - A user’s link is in multiple risks, both radio and packet world

Radio Environment Portion - Problems : FER, Call Drops, Access Failure, Capacity decrease

- Cause : mainly in the RF World, because of mainly RF problem

Packet Environment Portion - Problems : Setup Failures, Dropped connection, Low throughput

- Causes : could be IP-related, or could be RF related

IWFIWF

BSCBSC

AAAAAA

PSTNPSTN

InternetInternet



BTSBTS



IP Data EnvironmentIP Data Environment


MSCMSC

CDMA IOSCDMA IOS


PDSN(FA)PDSN(FA)

MSMS

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Optimization IssuesOptimization Issues


Network Design and Configuration - Coverage Holes, excessive coverage overlap

Call Processing Problems due to mis-configuration - Neighbor Lists

- Search Windows

- Power Control Parameters

Physical Problems / Hardware Problems - Mismatched Muiti-carrier Sector Coverage

Capacity Issues - Forward and Reverse Power Control Overload

- Physical Resource Congestion : Channel elements, Packet Pipes,

IP Network Congestion

Managing a New Dimension : Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched

- QoS related competitive issues


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Optimization of Two WorldsOptimization of Two Worlds


Circuit-Switched Voice Traffic - Some operators are implementing CDMA2000 mainly to gain capacity for additional

voice traffic

- Their optimization techniques remain about the same as for 2G voice networks today Keep network adequately dimensioned Control RF environment Monitor and Manage capacity utilization

Packet-Switched Data Traffic - Operators adding IP traffic to upgraded voice networks

- Conventional optimization techniques are still appropriate for general RF environment

and circuit-switched network performance

- New IP and QoS issues require a new optimization focus for the blended total network IP performance depends on both IP and RF factors IP and Voice Performance involve competitive tradeoffs


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Traffic Engineering – Traffic Engineering – Blocking Probability and Grade of ServiceBlocking Probability and Grade of Service


Blocking is inability to get a circuit when one is needed

Probability of Blocking is the likelihood that blocking will happen

In principle, blocking can occur anywhere in a wireless system : - nor enough radios, the cell is full

- not enough path between cell site and switch

- not enough paths through the switching complex

- not enough trunks from switch to PSTN

Blocking probability is usually expressed as a percentage using a

“shorthand” notation : - P.02 is 2% probability, etc

- Blocking probability sometimes is called “Grade Of Service”

Most blocking in Mobile systems occur at the radio level - P.02 is a common goal at the radio level in a system


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Starting Optimization on a New SystemStarting Optimization on a New System


RF Coverage Control - try to contain each sector’s coverage, avoiding gross spillover into other sectors

- Tools : PN Plots, Handoff State Plots, Mobile Tx Plots

Neighbor List Tuning - Try to groom each sector’s neighbors to only those necessary but be alert to special

needs due to topography and traffic

- Tools : PSMM data from mobiles(for Propagation Prediction)

Search Window Setting - Find best settings for SRCH_WIN_A, _N, _R

- especially optimize SRCH_WIN_A per sector using collected finger separation data

(has major impact on pilot search speed)

Access Failure, Dropped Call Analysis - Finally, Iterative correction until within numerical goals

Packet Data Performance Assessment - identify latency and throughput issues


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Performance Monitoring / Growth ManagementPerformance Monitoring / Growth Management


Benchmark Existing Performance - Dropped Call %, Access Failure %, Traffic levels

Identify Problem Calls and Clusters - weigh cells and clusters against one another

Look for signs of Overload - TCE or Walsh codes : excessive? Or Soft handoff excessive?

- Required number of channel elements : excessive?

- Forward Power Overloads?

- Originations or Handoff Blocked?

Traffic Trending and Projection - track busy-hour traffic on each sector : predict exhaustion

- develop plan for expansion and capacity relief

: split cells, multi-sector expansions, multiple carriers


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Performance IndicatorsPerformance Indicators


Key CDMA parameters and measurements show the condition of the

RF environment. They are the primary gauges used to guide CDMA

optimization and troubleshooting - some indicate uplink conditions, some downlink, and some, both

- these parameters are collected primary at the subscriber end of the link, and thus are

easy to capture using readily available commercial equipment without requiring

assistance at the BSC

Understanding these parameters and their important implications

requires basic knowledge in several subject areas : - General : RF units, transmitter and receiver basics

- CDMA and spread-spectrum signal characteristics Channel definitions Power control systems basic CDMA Call processing flow signal behavior characteristics in noise and interference


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Performance Indicators - Performance Indicators - FERFER


FER is Frame Erasure Rate - on Forward Channel (realized at MS)

- on Reverse Channel (realized at BS)

- FER is an excellent call quality “summary” statistic

FER is the end-result of the whole transmission link - if FER is good, then any other problems aren’t having much effect

- if FER is bad, that’s not the problem(it is just the end-result of the problem) We must investigate other indicators to get a clue what is going on


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Performance Indicators – Performance Indicators – Received Power at the MSReceived Power at the MS


Mobile Receive Power

- usually expressed in dBm

- measured derived from MS IF AGC voltage

- broadband, “unintelligent” measurement : includes all RF in the carrier bandwidth

regardless of source, not just RF from serving BTS

Receive power is important, but it’s exact value isn’t critical - too much received signal(-35 dbm or higher) could derive the MS’s sensitive first

amplifier into overload, causing inter-modulation and code distortion on received

CDMA signals

- too little received signal(-105 dbm or weaker) would leave too much noise in the

signals after de-spreading, resulting in symbol errors, bit errors, bad FER, and

other problems


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Performance Indicators – Performance Indicators – Ec/IoEc/Io


Why can’t we just use the MS’s received power level to guide

handoff? - Because it is a simple total RF Power measurement, the total of all sectors reaching

the MS

We need a way to measure the signal strength of each sector

individual, and we must be able to measure it quickly and simply

The solution is to use each sector’s Pilot(Walsh 0) as a test signal to

guide handoffs - At the MS, if the pilot of a certain sector is very strong and clean, that means we also

should be able to hear a traffic

- If the pilot of a certain sector is weak, then we probably won’t be able to get much

benefit from using a traffic channel on that sector


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Performance Indicators – Performance Indicators – Ec/IoEc/Io


Ec : Energy of desired Pilot alone

Io : Total Energy Received

Each sector transmits a certain

amount of power, the sum of : - Pilot, Sync, and Paging

- Any Traffic Channels in use at that moment

Ec/Io is the ratio of pilot power to

total power - On a sector with nobody talking, Ec/Io is

typically about 50%, which is –3dB

- On a sector with maximum traffic, Ec/Io is

typically about 20%, which is –7dB

Light Traffic Loading

Paging

Sync

Pilot

Ec/Io = 10log(2/4)

= 10log(50%)

= -3 dBIo

2W

0.5W

1.5W

Heavily Traffic Loading

Paging

Sync

Pilot

Ec/Io = 10log(2/10)

= 10log(20%)

= -7 dB

Io

2W

0.5W

1.5W

Ec

Ec

6WTraffic

Channels


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Performance Indicators – Performance Indicators – Ec/Io variation with RF environmentEc/Io variation with RF environment


In a “clean situation”, one sector is

dominant and the MS enjoys an

Ec/Io just as good as it was when

transmitted

In ‘Pilot Pollution”, too many sector

overlap and the MS hears a “soup”

made up of all their signals - Io is the power sum of all the signals

reaching the MS

- Ec is the energy of a signal sector’s pilot

- The large Io overrides the weak Ec

→ Ec/Io is too low!!

One Sector Dominant

Paging

Sync

Pilot

Io = -90 dBm

Ec = -96 dBm

Ec/Io = -6 dB

Io

2W

0.5W

1.5W

Many Sectors, Nobody Dominant

Io

Ec

EcBST1

4W

Io = 10 signals

Each -90 dBm

= -80 dBm

Ec of any one

sector = -96 dBm

Ec/Io = -16 dB

BST2BST3BST4BST5BST6BST7BST8

BST9BST10


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Performance Indicators – Performance Indicators – MS transmitter PowerMS transmitter Power


MS transmit Power - Actual RF power output of the MS transmit,

including combined effects of open loop power

control from receiver AGC and closed loop power

control by BTS

- Can’t exceed MS’s maximum (typical +23 dBm)

What is the right power TX level?

Whatever the BTS asks for! - As long as closed loop power control is working,

the MS’s opinion isn’t the last word. Just do what

the BTS wants!!

- However, if the BTS ever asks the MS to do the impossible, something is wrong

(lower than –60dBm, higher than +23 dBm)

Typical MS transmit Power

- +23 dBm in a coverage hole

- - dBm near middle of cell

- -50 dBm up closed to BTS

TXPO = -(RXdBm) – C + TXGA

C = +73 for 800 MHz systems

= +76 for 1900 MHz systems


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Performance Indicators – Performance Indicators – Transmit Gain Adjust(TXGA)Transmit Gain Adjust(TXGA)


When the power correction, the BTS is asking the MS to make right

now, in real time

At the beginning of a call, before the Power Control Bits(PCB) begin, it

is zero. Then the power control bits begin, 800 per second

During a call, TXGA is the running total of all the Power Control Bits

which have been received thus far

Each Power Control Bit asks for 1 dB correction, up or down

Each Power Control Bit is based on the BTS’s latest new decision : - Mobile is too strong or mobile is too weak.

- There is no cumulative error, since each decision is “fresh”


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Performance Indicators – Performance Indicators – Data Latency and ThroughputData Latency and Throughput


Latency can occur because of RF channel congestion or from IP

Network causes - RF overload can delay availability of Supplemental Channel

- IP network Congestion can delay availability of Packets

Ping and Loopback tests with local PDSN and servers can identify

whether problem is in backbone network

Throughput can be limited by RF and IP causes - Traditional RF problems limit capacity of the channel

- Congestion in the IP network can limit speed of data available


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Signature of Common ConditionsSignature of Common Conditions


The key CDMA RF performance

indicators provide powerful clues in

cause-and-effect analysis for

understanding problem conditions

There are many common conditions

which are easy to recognize from their

characteristic “signature” - Unique relationships among the key indicators

which are absorbed when these conditions exist

We will use the simplified format shown

at right to display the key indicators for

each of several interesting cases

Signature : Good Call

F-FER RXL Ec/Io TXGA TXPO

0

%

2

%

5

%

10

%

50

%

100

%

-110

-100

-90

-30

-20

-15

-10

0

-25

-20

-10

0

+25

-10

+23

-40

-6+10

+10

0

-20

-30

-40

-50

Messaging


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Signature of a Successful CallSignature of a Successful Call


If the MS originates successfully,

remains in service area, and makes

normal release, data will show : - Low forward FER

- Receive Power ( > -100 dBm )

- Good Ec/Io ( > -12dB)

- Normal Transmit Gain Adjust (Actual value

depends on site configurations, loading &

NOM_PWR setting)

- Good Messaging Parsed message files will contain a full set of

normal messages

Signature : Good Call


0

%

2

%

5

%

10

%

50

%

100

%

-110

-100

-90

-30

-20

-15

-10

0

-25

-20

-10

0

+25

-10

+23

-40

-6+10

+10

0

-20

-30

-40

-50

Messaging


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Signature of a Dropped call in Poor CoverageSignature of a Dropped call in Poor Coverage


If the MS is taken out of the service area

or into a coverage hole, and only data

from the MS is available, the log files will

show the following characteristics : - High forward FER

- Low Receive Power ( < -100 dBm )

- Low Ec/Io ( < -10dB)

- Higher than normal Transmit Gain Adjust

(Actual value depends on site configurations,

loading & NOM_PWR setting)

- Higher than normal transmit power ( > +20 dBm)

- Poor messaging on both links

Signature : Dropped Call, Bad Coverage


0

%

2

%

5

%

10

%

50

%

100

%

-110

-100

-90

-30

-20

-15

-10

0

-25

-20

-10

0

+25

-10

+23

-40

-6+10

+10

0

-20

-30

-40

-50

Messaging


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Signature of Forward Link InterferenceSignature of Forward Link Interference


Characteristics of data for a MS

experiencing forward link interference

form a source other than the current

BTS : - High forward FER

- Good Receive Power ( > -100 dBm )

- Low Ec/Io ( < -10dB)


(Actual value depends on site configurations,

loading & NOM_PWR setting)

- Normal transmit power ( < +20 dBm)

- Poor Forward link message Unstable at best and may be the actual

cause of the drop

Signature : Forward Link Interference


0

%

2

%

5

%

10

%

50

%

100

%

-110

-100

-90

-30

-20

-15

-10

0

-25

-20

-10

0

+25

-10

+23

-40

-6+10

+10

0

-20

-30

-40

-50

Messaging


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A CDMA Call Drop Example – A CDMA Call Drop Example – Forward Link CaseForward Link Case


MS using site A comes down the

highway and suddenly begins to see the

signal of site B

If the MS begins soft handoff with site B,

everything continues to go well

If the MS can’t begin handoff with site B

for any reason, the call is doomed - site B’s signal will override site A’s signal,

making it unreadable

- as soon as the FER goes too high, a fade timer

will start the MS will eventually die

Forward Link Dies

Site A

Site B

Travel

Obstructio

n


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Signature of Reverse Link InterferenceSignature of Reverse Link Interference


Characteristics of data for a MS whose

BTS has a raised noise floor due to

reverse Link interference : - Good forward FER

- Good Receive Power ( > -100 dBm )

- Good Ec/Io ( > -10dB)


- Higher than normal transmit power (> +20 dBm)

- Poor Reverse link message in the message files, you’ll see repeats of

messages on the forward link and reverse link

Signature : Reverse Link Interference


0

%

2

%

5

%

10

%

50

%

100

%

-110

-100

-90

-30

-20

-15

-10

0

-25

-20

-10

0

+25

-10

+23

-40

-6+10

+10

0

-20

-30

-40

-50

Messaging


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A CDMA Call Drop Example – A CDMA Call Drop Example – Reverse Link CaseReverse Link Case


When a cell is penetrated by a MS not under

its own power control, bad things happen!!

Reverse Link Dies

Site A

Travel

Obstructio

nSite B

- the foreign MS is being power controlled

by a more distant cell, so it is transmitting

louder than appropriate

- the local Mobiles must power up in a

deadly race to keep up with the interferor

- local mobiles can still hear the cell fine

; the forward link is just great, to the very

end

XX

X X


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Solving the Death Scenario – Solving the Death Scenario – Failed HandoffFailed Handoff


Why didn’t the MS ask for handoff? - New sector not on neighbor list

- Neighbor Search Window too small?

- BTS in “island mode”, wrong PN?

Why didn’t the BTS set up the handoff? - Didn’t hear MS – reverse link interference?

- No resource available?

- E1/T1 unstable, message lost?

Why didn’t the MS do the handoff? - Couldn’t hear BTS, forward link interference?

Steps in the Handoff Process

Mobile’s searcher notices the needed new pilot

Mobile sends PSMM requesting handoff

System sets up the handoff - Channel elements - Forward Power - space in trunk line

System tells MS how to hear the new sectors : Handoff direction Message

Mobile confirm completion :Handoff completion Message

System Makes new neighbor list.Sends to MS Neighbor List Update Message

See

Ask

Do

Now the system can hear the mobile better!

Tell

Now the mobile can hear the system better, too!

OK!

Tell


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1X Data Tests and Optimization 1X Data Tests and Optimization


Some sessions are tormented by long latency and slow throughput Where is the problems? Anywhere between user and distant host : - Is the mobile user’s data device mis-configured or congested?

- Is the BTS congested, with no power available to produce an SCH?

- Poor RF environment, causing low rates and packet transmission?

- Congestion in the local IP network(PCF, R-P, PDSN, FA)?

- Congestion in the wireless operator’s backbone network?

- Congestion in the outside-world internet or Private IP network

- Is the distant host congested, with long response times?

IWFIWF

BSCBSC

AAAAAA

PSTNPSTN

InternetInternet



BTSBTS





MSCMSC

CDMA IOSCDMA IOS


PDSN(FA)PDSN(FA)

MSMS


185/185

1X Data Tests and Optimization – 1X Data Tests and Optimization – finding causesfinding causes


IP network performance can be measured using test servers Problems between MS a local test server? - Check RF conditions, states : poor environment?, SCH blocking?

- If the RF is clean, investigate BSC/PDF/R-P/PDSN(FA)

Local results OK, problems accessing test server at PDSN-HA? - Problem is narrowed to backbone network, or PDSN-HA

Results OK even through test server at PDSN-HA - then the problem is in the public layers beyond

IWFIWF

BSCBSC

AAAAAA

PSTNPSTN

InternetInternet



BTSBTS





MSCMSC

CDMA IOSCDMA IOS


PDSN(FA)PDSN(FA)

MSMS

Test Server

Test Server

Test Server


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1X Data Tests and Optimization – 1X Data Tests and Optimization – field tool IP test activitiesfield tool IP test activities


Applications Description Purpose

Raw Upload Uploads data with no overhead (no headers, no handshaking beyond the normal TCP handshaking)

Testing Uplink Throughput

Raw Download Downloads data with no overhead (no headers, no handshaking beyond the normal TCP handshaking)

Testing downlink Throughput

Raw Loopback A loopback (data is sent to the remote server which return the same data) application with no overhead (no headers, no handshaking beyond the normal TCP handshaking)

Simultaneous exercise of the uplink and downlink

Ping Ping does not use the TCP protocol, but rather uses the connectionless and “unrelibale” ICMP protocol. Sends small echo request packets to a remote server, which response with an echo reply

Determining round-trip-time between the user and the remote server, as well as general link integrity

HTTP GET A standard web page “browse” request If Raw Download is unavailable, testing downlink throughput; modeling typical customer use

HTTP POST A web-based upload (similar to how web-based email sites allow users to upload files as “attachments”)

If Raw Upload is unavailable, testing uplink throughput

FTP GET A standard FTP file download. Many files downloads in the Internet use FTP If Raw Download and HTTP GET are available, testing downlink throughput; modeling typical customer use

FTP PUT A FTP file upload. The file is generated by the 3G platform and sent to the server If Raw Upload and HTTP POST are unavailable, testing uplink throughput

Mail GET(POP3) Retrieves all the mail for a given mailbox (e-mail address) from an e-mail server. Modeling typical customer use

Wait Waits a specified amount of time Testing idle timers, timeouts, etc.


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Cdma Concept Presentation-08

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