1

cd;Hka;r lïlre m%ñ;SkayswdrïNh

iSudka;sl iQrd lEug tfrys" lïlre whs;Ska ms<sn|

cd;Hka;r iïuq;Ska u.ska lïlrejka wdrCId lr

.ekSfï woyi 19 jeks ishjfia uq,a Nd.h olajd wE;g

Èj hkakls' úúO hqfrdamSh rgj, fuu woyi bÈßhg

wdfõ mqoa.,sl uÜgfï l%shdldÍ;ajhka f,ih' 1901 §

iaúÜi¾,ka;fha $ nefi,a ys § mqoa.,sl uÜgñka

lïlrejka f.a ffk;sl wdrCIdj i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r

ixúOdkh msysgqùfuka miqj 1905 § iy 1906 §

iaúÜi¾,ka; wdKavqj cd;Hka;r iuq¿ folla le|jkq

1

2

,eîh' wju fmdÿ m%ñ;Ska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r tlÕ;djh

u.ska lïlre lghq;= ms<sn| fr.=,dis ilia lsÍu tu

iuq¿ foflys wruqK úh' tlS iuq¿ foflys m%;sM,

jQfha uq,au cd;Hka;r lïlre iïuq;s folhs'

m<uqjekak" l¾udka; i|yd jQ fiajd kshqla;sfha §

ldka;djka rd;%S fiajfha fhoùu ;ykï lsÍuhs'

fojekak .sksl+re ksIamdokfha § iqÿ fmdiamria Ndú;h

;ykï lsÍuhs'

cd;Hka;r .súiqï iy kS;s u.ska lïlrejkaf.a

;;a;ajh j¾Okh lsÍfï woyi m<uq f,dal hqoaO iufha

jvd;a bÈßhg .uka lf<ah' úfYaIfhka jD;a;Sh iñ;s

b,a,d isáfha idu .súiqï j,g lïlrejkaf.a wdrCIdj

ms<sn| fr.=,dis o we;=<;a lrk f,ihs' fuu b,a,Sï

j,g m%;spdr jYfhka tjlg mej;s idu iuq¿j úiska

cd;Hka;r lïlre kS;sh ms<sn| úfYaI fldñiula m;a

lrkq ,eîh' fuu fldñifï ks¾foaYh jQfha" idu

.súiqï j,g cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh msysgqùu

i|yd jQ úêúOdkhla we;=<;a lsÍuhs' tu cd;Hka;r

lïlre ixúOdkhg mejreKq j.lSu jQfha lïlrejka

iy ta yd ne÷Kq fiiq lghq;= iïnkaOj cd;Hka;r

Wmldrl ^iïuq;s iy ks¾foaY& ks¾udKh lsÍuhs'

cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkfha jHjia:dj 1919

wfm%a,a udifha § meje;s idu iuq¿fõ § j¾fia,aia

.súiqfï XIII jeks fldgi f,i ms<s.kakd ,§' tys fufia

m%ldY flßKs(

3

—úYaj jHdma; jQ;a" l,amj;akd jQ;a" iduhla msysgqúh

yelafla th iudc idOdrKh u; mokï jQfha kï

muKls'˜ tfiau ixúOdk .; ùfï ksoyi lïlrejkag

fukau fiajHhkag o —úfYaI iy yÈis wjYH;djhla˜

f,i o tys oelaúKs'

jHjia:dj i|yd jQ ye¢kaùfuys § jD;a;Sh iñ;s

f.dvkeÕSfï whs;sh fiajd ;;a;ajhka j¾Okh lsÍfï

iy ta u.ska iduh iy;sl lsÍula f,i úfYaIfhka

i|yka lr ;sfí'

1919 Tlaf;danrfhys § c.;a lïlre iïfï,kh

fjdIsxgkfha § /ia úh' tys § md,l iNdjla m;a

flreKq w;r m<uq cd;Hka;r iïuq;Ska ms<s.eksKs' bka

miq jir j,o c.;a lïlre iïfï,k jdr iïu;

jYfhka mj;ajk ,o kuq;a ;ukg mejreKq ld¾h Ndrh

flfrys mQ¾K jYfhka fhduq jQ wdldrhla olakg

,enqfKa ke;' ta w;r;=r ld,fha § ms<s.ekqKq tlu

udkj ysñlï iïuq;sh jQfha 1930 § ms<s.ekqKq wxl 29

ork n,y;aldr Y%uh ms<sn|j jQ iïuq;shhs' ixúOdk

.;ùfï ksoyi ms<sn|j jQ iïuq;shg ms<s.ekSula we;s

lr.ekSug ork ,o W;aidyh jH¾: úh'

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha ienE n,mEu wdrïN jQfha

fojeks f,dal hqoaOh wjika ùfuka miqjh' c¾uksh

hg;a ùug jirlg fmr§u 1944 uehs udifha §

zzms,fv,a*shd m%ldYkhZZ u.ska c.;a lïlre

iïfï,kh kej; ms<s.kq ,eìKs' c.;a lïlre

iïfï,kfhys m%;sm;a;s iy mrud¾: tys úfYaIfhka

we;=<;a úh' ta wkqj(

4

² Y%uh hkq fjf<| NdKavhla fkdfõ'

² wLKav m%.;sh i|yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï yd

tla/ia j ls%hd lsÍfï ksoyi w;HjYH h'

² hï ;ekl È<s÷lu mj;S o" th ieu;ek u

fi!Nd.Hhg ;¾ckhls'

² cd;s" wd.ï fyda ,sx. fNaohlska f;drj ish¨u

ukqIHhkag ksoyi" wd;audNsudkh" wd¾Ól

iqrCIs;;dj yd iudk bv m%ia:djka iys; ;;a;ajhka

hgf;a ;ukaf.a f,!lsl iqNisoaêh;a wdOHd;añl

ixj¾Okh;a Wfoid lghq;= lr .ekSfï whs;sh

we;af;a h'

hkd§ f,i olajd ;sfí'

ta ;=< ;j ÿrg;a lreKq /ila wjOdrKh lr ;sfí'

—iduQysl flaj,a lsÍfï whs;sh M,ÞhS f,i

ms<s.ekSu" l<ukdldÍ;ajh iy lïlrejka w;r

mj;akd iy-iïnkaO;djh M,Þhs;ajfha

ld¾hCIu;djfhys wLKav j¾Okhg fya;= jk nj iy

iudchSh iy wd¾Ól mshjr ieliSfuys,d

lïlrejkaf.a iy fiajHhkaf.a iduQysl;ajfha

wjYH;djh˜ hk lreKq thg we;=<;ah' 1946 § fuu

ms,fv,a*shd m%ldYkh c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha

jHjia:djg we;=<;a flßKs'

5

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh iytlai;a cd;Ska

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh msysgqjkq ,enqfõ 1945

§h' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh ;=< c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkh jeks wdh;k msysgqùu i|yd úêúOdk ieliS

;sfí' —wdKavq w;r we;sjk tlÕ;djhka u.ska mqq¿,a

cd;Hka;r j.lSï Wiq,k úúO" úfYaI ksfhdað;

wdh;k msysgqùu tlai;a cd;Skaf.a in|;djhka ;=<g

f.k wd hq;=˜ nj tys oela fõ'

fuu úêúOdkhka wkqj hñka 1945 fkdjeïnrfha §

mej;s c.;a lïlre iuq¿fõ § tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

2

6

ixúOdkh iuÕ ióm iyfhda.h we;sj l%shd lsÍfï

wNs,dYh fhdackdjla f,i iïu; lr .kakd ,§'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd iuq¿fõ§;a c.;a lïlre

iuq¿fõ§;a iïu; flreKq tlÕ;djhl c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkh y÷kajkq ,nkafka zzt;eka isg bÈßhg ksYaph

lr we;s m%fhdackhka imqrd .ekSfï uQ,sl Wmldrlhla

f,i iqÿiq mßÈ l%shd lrñka tjeks j.lSï mjrd .kq

,nk úfYaI ksfhdað; wh;khla f,i''˜ h'

ixúOdk folu ;jÿrg;a ;u ;ukaf.a kHdh m;%

;=<g úúO lreKq we;=<;a lr .ekSug wfkHdkHj

tlÕ úh' ta w;ßka fhdað; tlla f,i" ixúOdk

.;ùfï ksoyi o udkj whs;Ska ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkfha

fldgila njg m;afjhs'

—iEu fokdgu ;u wdrCIdj i|yd jQ leue;a; mßÈ

jD;a;Sh iñ;s ixúOdkh lsÍug;a tajdg ne£ug;a

whs;shla ;sfí'˜ ^23 jeks j.ka;sh 4 jeks fþoh&

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wd¾Ól iudchSh iy ixialD;sl

whs;Ska ms<sn|j jQ cd;Hka;r m%{ma;sfhys we;=<;a

whs;sjdislï idCId;a lr .ekSug wÞ<j c.;a lïlre

ixúOdk iïuq;Ska 75la muK ;sfí' tajd u.ska

cd;Hka;r m%{ma;sfh ys we;s fmdÿ m%;sm;a;s cd;sl kS;s

mekùfï § iy tajd Ndú;dfjys fhoùfï § jvd;a

iqúfYaI whs;sjdislï njg mßj¾;kh lrkq ,en ;sfí'

tfiau úYaj m%ldYkh" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a cd;Hka;r

m%{ma;s iy c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha iïuq;Ska

tlfkl iuÕ ne£ mj;S' lïlre iy iudchSh lreKq

7

iïnkaOj úfYaIfhka mjrk ,o ysñlula we;s iqúfYaI

wdh;khla jQ c.;a lïlre ixúOdkhg thgu wh;a

jHjia:djla" thgu wh;a jQ iudðl msßila iy

wdh;ksl jHqyhka o ysñh' kuq;a fmdÿ jqjukdjka

hg;g .efkk fiiq ish¨ ld¾hhka ys§ th tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh iy thg wkqnoaO fiiq iqúfYaI

ixúOdk iuÕ (FAO, hqfkiaflda" hqksfi*a" UNDP, WHOjeks& ióm in|;djhla we;sj lghq;= lrhs'

8

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfhajHqyh

j¾;udkfha c.;a lïlre ixúOdkhg idudðl

rdcHhka 180 la muK wh;a h' c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkfha jHqyh mokï jkafka ff;%md¾Yaùh

uQ,O¾uh u;h' tys w¾:h jkafka ixúOdkfha ish¨u

wxY wdKavqfõ ksfhdað;hka" fiajH mCIfha ksfhdað;hka

iy fiajl mCIfha ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; ùuhs'

c.;a lïlre iuq¿j ish¨u idudðl rgj,a

ksfhdackh lrñka iEu jirlu uyd iNdjla f,i /ia

fõ'

3

9

tu iuq¿jg iyNd.s jk iEu cd;sl ksfhdað;

lKavdhula u wdKavqfõ ksfhdað;hka fofofkl=f.ka"

fiajH mCIfha ksfhdað;hl=f.ka iy lïlre

ksfhdað;hl=f.ka iukaú; úh hq;=h' iuq¿jg iyNd.s

jk fiajH mCIfha iy lïlre ksfhdað;hka rch úiska

kï lrkq ,nk w;r ta i|yd lïlrejkaf.a;a fiajH

mCIfha;a mq¿,au ksfhdackh we;s ixúOdk iuÕ

tlÕ;djhlska hqla;j tlS kï lsÍu l< hq;= fjhs'

cd;sl ksfhdað; lKavdhfï iEu idudðlfhl= u

iajdëk f,i Pkaoh mdúÉÑ lsÍfï ysñlu ,nhs' túg

tla cd;sl ksfhdað; lKavdhul lïlre ksfhdað;hkag

tu lKavdhfï u rcfha iy fiajl mCIfha

ksfhdað;hka ork u;hg fjkia j Pkaoh mdúÉÑ

lsÍfï ysñlu ;sfí' ixúOdkfha by<u úOdhl n,h

c.;a lïlre iuq¿j fj; ysñ jk fyhska(

² c.;a lïlre m%ñ;Ska ieliSu iy idlÉPd lsÍu

tajd l%shd;aul lrùu wëCIKh lsÍu'

² idudðl rdcHhka úiska uQ,HdOdr iemhQ whjeh

i|yd Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍu

² md,l uKav,h f;dard m;a lr .ekSu'

fuu iuq¿fõ § m%Odk jYfhka isÿ fõ'

md,l uKav,h i|yd idudðlhka f;dard m;alr

.ekSu iEu jir ;=klg jrla u isÿ fõ' oekg

l%shd;aul jk md,l uKav,h 56 fofkfl=f.ka hq;a

mQ¾K idudðl;ajhlska iukaú;h' iuq¿j fukau md,l

10

uKav,h o ff;%md¾Yaùh ixhq;shlska iukaú;h' ta

wkqj wdKavqj, idudðlhka 28 fofkla" fiajH mCIfha

idudðlhka 14 fofkla yd fiajl mCIfha idudðlhska

14 fofkla úiska tu md,l uKav,h fydnjkq we;'

wdKavq ksfhdað;;ajfha wdik 28ka 10la —m%Odk

ld¾ñl rdcH wjYH;djh˜ i|yd fjkalr ;nkq ,efí'

ta wkqj b;sß wdKavq idudðlhka c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkfha b;sß idudðl rdcH ksfhdað;hka w;ßka

f;dard .efk;s' fiajH mCIfha ksfhdað;hka 14 fokd;a

lïlre ksfhdað;hka 14 fokd;a tu wxY ksfhdackh

lrk lKavdhï w;ßka f;dard .efk;s' fiajH mCIh

iy lïlre mCIh ksfhdackh lsÍug Tjqkg we;s

mqoa.,sl l=i,;djh u; tu f;dard .ekSu isÿ jk w;r

Tjqkaf.a cd;sl;ajh ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Sula isÿ fkdfõ'

md,l uKav,fhys ld¾hNdrh

² jd¾Isl iuq¿fõ kHdh m;%h ieliSu'

² iuq¿fõ § .kakd ,o ;SrK ms<sn|j igyka ;nd

.ekSu iy tlS ;SrK l%shd;aul lsßu i|yd .;

hq;= mshjr ;SrKh lsÍu'

² wOHCI ckrd,ajrfhl= m;a lsÍu iy c.;a lïlre

ld¾hd,fha lghq;= fufyhùu'

² fuu uKav,h jeäÿrg;a c.;a lïlre m%ñ;Ska

l%shdfõ fhoùu ms<sn|j wdh;ksl jHqyhka ;=kla

u.ska wëCIKh lrkq ,nhs' tajd kï(

11

w& iïuq;Ska iy ks¾foaY l%shdfõ fhoùu ms<sn|j jQ

úfYaI{ lñgqj'

wd& tla/iaùfï ksoyi ms<sn|j jQ f;dr;=re fiùfï

iy úi£fï fldñiu

we& tla/iaùfï ksoyi ms<sn|j jQ lñgqj hk tajdhs'

c.;a lïlre ld¾hd,h ia:djr f,alï ld¾hd,hla

jk w;r c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh úiska mjrk ,o

ld¾hhka /ila bka bgq fõ' iuq¿ iy fiiq /iaùï

wdÈh ixúOdkh lsÍu iy idudðl rgj,g ;u cd;sl

kS;s moaO;sh ;=< c.;a lïlre m%ñ;Ska Ndú;djg f.k

tau l%shd;aul lsÍug Wmldr lsÍu ta w;r fjhs' c.;a

lïlre ld¾hd, uq,ia:dkh msysgqjd we;af;a

iaúÜi¾,ka;fha ðkSjd kqjrhs' ta yereKqfldg l,dmSh

ld¾hd," m%dfoaYSh ld¾hd, ^Wm ld¾hd, wdjrKh jk

mßÈ& iy iïnkaëlrK ld¾hd, ^hqfrdamfha" tlai;a

ckmofha" lekvdfõ iy cmdkfha& o msysgqjd ;sfí'

12

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfham%ñ;s ieliSu

c.;a lïlre iuq¿fõ m%Odk ld¾hNdrh cd;Hka;r

lïlre m%ñ;Ska ieliSu iy iïu; lr .ekSuhs' fuu

m%ñ;Ska uQ,sl udkj whs;sjdislï" fiajd kshqla;sh"

iudchSh m%;sm;a;s" lïlre mßmd,kh" iudc

wdrCIKh iy ;j;a úIhhka .Kkla iuÕ ne£ mj;S'

fuu m%ñ;Ska iïuq;s iy ks¾foaY hk wdldr folla

.kS' tu iïuq;s iy ks¾foaY wkqu; ùug kï c.;a

lïlre iuq¿fõ § ;=fkka foll jeä Pkaofhka iïu;

4

13

úh hq;=h' iïuq;Ska iy cd;Hka;r .súiqï idudðl

rgj, j,x.=Ndjh i|yd újD; h' idudðl rgj,

jHjia:dodhlhka úiska" iïuq;sh j,x.= l< hq;= hehs

ks.ukh lrkafka kï" ta u.ska fmkajd fokafka rfÜ

wNHka;r kS;sh iy Ndú;h u.ska tlS iïuq;sfha wvx.=

úêúOdk l%shd;aul lsÍfï j.lSug ne£ isák njhs'

kuq;a tjeks j,x.= lsÍula ke;sj;a iïuq;shlg

kS;sfha iy Ndú;dfõ ux i,l=Kla f,i lghq;= l<

yelsh'

ks¾foaY hkq cd;Hka;r .súiqï fkdfõ' ta ksidu ta

iïnkaOfhka lsisÿ ffk;sl ne£ula ke;' tajd u.ska

cd;sl jHjia:dodhlhkag yd wod< wêldÍka fj;

m%;sm;a;suh uÕ fmkaùï lrkq we;ehs wfmaCId lrkq

,efí'

j¾;udkfha § c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha iïuq;Ska

iy ks¾foaY ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla iïmdokh ù ;sfí'

1919 § c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh wdrïNfha isg fï

olajd mj;ajk ,o iuq¿j,§ iïu; lr.kakd ,o

iïuq;Ska 187 la iy ks¾foaY 198 la muK thg

we;=<;a h'

14

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfhauQ,sl iïuq;Ska

yrhd;aul lïlre whs;sjdislïys wdrCIdj i|yd

jvd;au jeo.;a jk fuj,ï f,i f,dalh mqrd ie,flk

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha uQ,sl iïuq;Ska 8la ;sfí' ta

ish,a, —uQ,sl udkj whs;Ska˜ hg;g .efkk w;r —c.;a

lïlre ixúOdkfha uQ,sl iïuq;Ska˜ f,i o ie,fla'

5

15

5'1' tla/iaùfï ksoyi iy ixúOdkh ùfï

whs;sjdislu iq/lSu ^iïuq;s wxl 87" j¾I 1948&

fuu iïuq;sh u.ska ish¨u lïlrejkag iy

fiajHhkag fjkila fkdue;sj iy mQ¾j wjirhlska

f;drj ;u leue;a; iy f;dard .ekSu mßÈ ixúOdk

msysgqùug iy ixúOdk j,g ne£ug whs;shla we;s nj

lshfõ' tfiau fmdÿ wêldÍka lsisfjl=f.a ueÈy;aùula

fyda iSud lsÍulg hg;a fkdù ;ukaf.au jQ jHjia:djka

ilid .ekSug iy ;u ksfhdað;hka f;dard m;alr

.ekSug;a whs;sh we;s nj ta u.ska fmkajd fokq ,nhs'

tfia msysgqjd .kakd ,o ixúOdk j,g iïfï,k

msysgqjd .ekSug fyda ;j;a ixúOdk iuÕ ikaOdk

f.dvkÕd .ekSug;a cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhka ys

idudðl;ajh ,nd .ekSug;a yelshdj ;sfí'

tla/iaùfï ksoyi c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfhys

jHjia:dj ;=<g mjd we;=<;a lrkq ,en ;sfí' tfyhska

hï rgla c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh iuÕ

idudðl;ajfhka tlajk úg bfíu fuu m%;sm;a;s iuÕ

o tlÕ fõ' tla/iaùfï ksoyi ms<sn| whs;sh lïlre

whs;Ska ys uQ,sl whs;sjdislï w;r m%uqLj lemS

fmfkkakls' ula ksido h;a" th —n,h ,ndfok uQ,sl

whs;shla fukau fiajd kshqla;sfhys § wfkla

whs;sjdislï rdYshla N=la;s ú£u i|yd kj fodrgqjla o

jk neúks˜ c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha ^c'l'i'& uQ,sl

uQ,O¾u yd fiajd kshqla;sfhys whs;sjdislï ms<sn|

m%ldYkfhys miq úmru yd iïnkaO f.dA,Sh jd¾;dj

16

zzfiajfhys § Tfí y~ZZ c'l'i' j¾I 2000 (Your Voiceat Work)

lïlrejkag ;u jD;a;Sh iñ;s msysgqjd .ekSfï

yelshdj ke;skï fiiq lïlre whs;sjdislï w¾:

úrys; jkq we;'

5'2' ixúOdkh ùfï whs;sh iy iduQysl flaj,a lsÍu

ms<sn| whs;sh ^iïuq;s wxl 98" j¾I 1949&

fuu wxl 98 ork iïuq;sh u.ska ;ks ;ks

lïlrejka Tjqkf.a fiajd kshqla;sh ;=< jD;a;sh iñ;s

úfrdaë widOdrKhkag ,laùfuka wdrCId lsÍfï

úêúOdkhka ilid § ;sfí' ta u.ska lïlrejka f.a

ixúOdk iy fiajHhkaf.a ixúOdk w;r Tjqfkdjqkaf.a

lghq;= iïnkaOj wkjYH ueÈy;aùï j<lajkq ,en

;sfí'

thg wu;rj iïuq;s wxl 98 u.ska fiajd fldkafoais

yd kshuhka fr.=,dis .; lrkq msKsi fiajHhkaf.a fyda

fiajHhkaf.a ixúOdk iy jD;a;Sh iñ;s w;r iduqysl

flaj,a lsÍu Èß .ekaùug iy m%j¾Okhg ;=vq Èh yels

yd thg iqÿiq jQ mshjr .ekSu ms<sn|j wjOdrKh lrhs'

5'3' n,y;aldrfhka fiajfhys fhoùu ^iïuq;s wxl

29" j¾I 1930&

n,y;aldrfhka fiajfhys fhoùu ms<sn|j jQ

iïuq;sh" n,y;aldr mSvdjg m;a lsÍu fyda wksjd¾h

17

fiajfhys fhoùu hk lreKqj,g wÞ< h' —lsishï

mqoa.,hl= fj;ska hïlsis ovqjulg hg;a lrkq ,eîfï

fldkafoaish u; tlS mqoa.,hdf.a leue;af;ka f;drj

hï ld¾hhla fyda fiajdjla ,nd .eksu˜ fuhska woyia

flfrhs' tjeks Ndú;djla i|yd wjir we;af;a

wksjd¾h yuqÞ fiajh" wêlrKhla u.ska jrolre lrkq

,eîfuka miqj nkaOkd.dr.; Y%uh ,nd .ekSu jeks

wjia:dj,§ h' tys§ ta i|yd rdcH wêldß;ajhlg

n,h mejÍ ;sìh hq;=h' ta yereKq fldg yÈis

;;a;ajhla Woa.;j we;akï fyda fmdÿ uyck;dj mQ¾K

jYfhka fyda tys fldgila wk;=reÞhl ;;a;ajhlg

uqyqK md we;s wjia:djl§ o fmr lS wêldß n,h

hgf;a wjYH ld¾hhka bgq lrjd .ekSug wjldY ;sfí'

iïuq;sh ;=< j.lSfuka ksoyia lrkq ,en ke;s" ljr

fyda wdldrhl n,y;aldrfhka fiajfhys fhoùug

wjldY imhkakd jQ úêúOdkhka wj,x.= l< hq;=h' ta

yereKq fldg fuu 29 jeks iïuq;sh kS;s.; lrkq ,en

we;s" n,y;aldrfhka fiajfhys fhoùu kS;s úfrdaë

hehs ms<sf.k we;s rgj, tf,i n,y;aldrfhka

fiajfha fhoùu ovqjï ,eìh hq;= jrola úh hq;=jdla

fukau" tu ovqju m%udKj;a tlla iy ;Èka l%shd;aul

lrk tlla nj iy;sl l< hq;= o fjhs'

5'4' n,y;aldrfhka fiajfhys fhoùu wjika lsÍu

^iïuq;s wxl 105" j¾I 1957&

rdcHhka n,y;aldr fyda wksjd¾h fiajh ,nd

fkd.; hq;= njg iïuq;s wxl 29 ;=<ska olajd we;s

18

úêúOdkhka" fuu iïuq;s wxl 105 u.ska W!kmQrKh

lrkq ,en ;sfí' ta my; oelafjk lreKq Wfoid fõ(

² foaYmd,k n,y;aldrh fyda ta u; jk n,y;aldr

wOHdmkh fyda mj;akd foaYmd,k l%uhg mgyeks

foaYmd,k u; ±Íu fyda m%ldY lsÍu Wfoid

o~qjula f,i

² wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha fuj,ula f,i

² lïlre úkh ;yjqre flfrk ud¾.hla f,i

² j¾ck l%shd ud¾.j,g iyNd.s ùu i|yd jQ

o~qjula f,i

² jd¾.sl" iudchSh" cd;sl fyda wd.ñl jYfhka

fjkiaj ie,lSfï wldrhka f,i'

5'5' wju jhi ^iïuq;s wxl 138" j¾I 1973&

fuu iïuq;sh u.ska wfmaCId lrkq ,nkafka rdcHhka

il%Sh f,iu <ud Y%uh fhoùu ;ykï lsÍu;a fiajd

kshqla;sh i|yd jQ wju jhia uÜgula ms<sn| cd;sl

m%;sm;a;Ska ks¾udKh lsÍu;a i|yd jQ m%.;s.dó mshjr

.ekSuhs' ta u.ska ;reK ckhdg /lshd j, kshqla;

ùug fmr ldhslj iy udkislj m%udKj;a f,i

j¾Okh ùug bvlv ,efí' fuu iïuq;sh u.ska fiajd

kshqla;sfha wju jhia iSudj f,i ksYaph lr we;af;a

jhi wjqreÿ 15 h' tfia ke;fyd;a wksjd¾h wOHdmkh

,eìh hq;= jhia iSudj jhi wjqreÿ 15 g jvd jeä

wjia:dj, § tu jhia iSudj fiajd kshqla;sfha wju

19

jhia iSudj njg kshu fldg we;' iuyr ixj¾Okh

jk rgj, fuu jhia iSudj jhi wjqreÿ 14 f,i

ksYaph lrkq ,eîug m%;smdok ±lafjhs' wjÞkï

iy.; jD;a;Ska i|yd iïuq;sh u.ska wju jhia iSudj

f,i kïlr we;af;a jhi wjqreÿ 18 h' ;reK

fiajlhka wk;=re j,ska fyd¢ka wdrCIs; ;;a;ajhg

m;alr we;akï iy thg wÞ< úfYaI Wmfoia ,nd §

we;akï wjÞkï iy.; jD;a;Ska i|yd jQ jhia iSudj

jhi wjqreÿ 16 olajd wvq lsÍug mq¿jk' ieye,a¨ jev

i|yd jhi wjqreÿ 13 iy Bg by< fh!jkhka fhdojd

.; yels w;r tys § tu ld¾hhka Tjqkaf.a fi!LHhg

iy mdi,a wOHdmk lghq;= j,g ydkslr fkdjk njg

j. n,d .; hq;=h' iuyr ixj¾Okh jk rgj,

ieye,a¨ jev i|yd jQ wju jhia iSudj jih wjqreÿ 12

olajd wvq lsÍug o m%;smdok we;'

5'6' <ud lïlre fiajfhys jvd;a whym;a wdldrhka

uq,skqmqgd oeóu ^iïuq;s wxl 182" j¾I 1999&

fuu iïuq;sh u.ska <ud lïlre fiajfhys jvd;a

whym;a wdldrhka .Kkdjla w¾: ksrEmkh lr ;sfí'

² jy,aNdjh iy jy,aNdjhg iudk jk Ndú;djka"

<uqka wf,ú lsÍu iy foaYiSud yryd flfrk <ud

cdjdru" Kh ne÷ïlr yd Þi Ndjh iy ikakoaO

.egqï j,g <uqka fhdojd .ekSu we;=¿ wksjd¾h

fiajfhys fhoùu'

20

² <ud .Ksld jD;a;sh" ,sx.sl m%ldYk ksIamdokh

i|yd fyda ,sx.sl ksrEmKhka i|yd <uqka fhoùu"

ta i|yd <uqka ,nd.ekSu fyda m%odkh lsÍu'

² u;aøjH ksIamdokh iy m%jdykh lsÍu jeks kS;s

úfrdaë lghq;=j,g <uqka fhoùu tjeks lghq;=

msKsi <uqka ,nd .ekSu fyda m%Þkh lsÍu

² <uqkaf.a fi!LHhg" wdrCIdjg iy wdOHd;añl

hym;g ydks isÿ ùug ;=vq fokakd jQ iajNdjfhka

hq;a lghq;= j,g <uqka fhoùu'

fuu iïuq;sh kS;s.; lrkakd jQ rgj,a tu iïuq;sh

wdrCId lsÍu msKsi yÈis lghq;a;la fia i,ld blauka

iy M,Þhs f,i mshjr .; hq;=h' jih wjqreÿ 18g wvq

ish¨u mqoa.,hka fhdojkq ,en we;s jvd;a whym;a

wdldrfha lïlre fiajdjka ;ykï lsÍug iy uq,skqmqgd

oeóug l%shd l< hq;=h'

5'7' iudk mdßY%ñl ^iïuq;s wxl 100" j¾I 1951&

fuu iïuq;sh u.ska" iudk jákdlula we;s

ld¾hhka i|yd fhdojkq ,en isák msßñ iy ldka;d

Y%ñlhka yg iudk jegqma f.jkq ,eîfï m%;sm;a;sh

l%shd;aul lrùu;a th m%j¾Okh lsÍug;a wjYH j,x.=

Ndjh rdcHhka úiska ,nd §u wfmaCId flfrhs'

tu m%;sm;a;sh l%shdfõ fhoùu i|yd jQ l%ufõohka

jkafka(

21

² cd;sl kS;s iy fr.=,dis

² fõ;k ksYaph lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= hehs

y÷kd f.k ia:dmkh lrk ,o kSs;suh m%;smdok

iy l%shdmámdá

² jD;a;Sh iñ;s iy fiajlhka w;r jQ iduqysl

.súiqï fyda

² fmr lS wdldrhka lsysmhl tl;=jla u.ska

fõ;k uÜgï ksYaph lsÍu ms<sn|j iDcq fyda jl%

n,mEula l< yels ;;a;ajhl wdKavqj mj;akd úg §

wdKavqj fuu m%;sm;a;sh l%shdjg kexùu ms<sn| iy;sl

úh hq;=h' tfia fkdue;s ;;a;ajhl § tu m%;sm;a;sh

m%j¾Okh lsÍug lghq;= l< hq;=h'

5'8' fjkia f,i ie,lSu ^/lshd iy jD;a;Sh&

^iïuq;s wxl 111" j¾I 1958&

fuu iïuq;sh u.ska wfmaCId lrkq ,nkafka

/lshdjkays iy jD;a;Ska ys fhoùfï § ckj¾.h"

j¾Kh" ,sx.sl;ajh" wd.u" foaYmd,k u;h"

cd;sl;ajh fyda iudc iïNjh jeks lreKq u; isÿúh

yels ish¨u wdldrfha whq;= f,i ie,lSu je<elaùfï

m%;sm;a;sh m%j¾Okh lsÍuhs' ta u.ska iudk wjia:djka

,nd §fï iy iudk f,i ie,lSfï m%;sm;a;sh rdcHhka

u.ska kS;s.; lsÍu o wfmACIs;h'

22

uQ,sl uQ,O¾u iy fiajdkshqla;sfhys whs;sjdislïms<sn| c.;a lïlreixúOdk ̂ c'l'i'& m%ldYkhiy tys miq úmru

iqúfYaI jeo.;a lula we;s fuu m%ldYkh 1998

mej;s 86 jeks c.;a lïlre iuq¿fõ § f.da,ShlrKfha

wNsfhda.hg m%;spdrhla f,i iïu; lr .kakd ,§'

—f.da,ShlrKh hkq" wd¾Ól j¾Okfha tla idOlhla

iy wd¾Ól j¾Okh hkq iudc j¾Okfha tla mQ¾j

fldkafoaishla jk kuq;a tlS j¾Okhka iy;sl lsÍu

6

23

i|yd f.da,ShlrKh m%udKj;a idOlhla fkdfõ' th

iïm;a ckkh lsÍu i|yd Wmldr jkakd jQ whg tys

;ukg idOdrK f,i wh;a úh hq;= mx.=j fjkqfjka

whs;sh mEfï yelshdj we;s lsÍfï fmdÿ jákdlu u;

mokï jQ iudchSh uQ,sl Í;s iuQyhla iuÕ tlg ne£

;sìh hq;=h˜ ^ñfI,a yekafika" c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkfha wOHCI ckrd,a jrhd m%ldYkh bÈßm;a

lrñka&

fuu m%ldYkh u.ska" c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha

uQ,sl iïuQ;Ska 8 ys we;=<;a m%;sm;a;s iy whs;sjdislï

j, we;s hy .=K f;areï .ksñka" tajdg .re lsÍug;a

tajd m%j¾Okh lsÍug;a c.;a lïlre ixúOdkhg wh;a

ish¨u rdcHhka ys we;s lemùu m%ldY lrkq ,nhs'

fuys(

² tla/iaùfï ksoyi iy iuqysl flaj,a lsÍug we;s

whs;sh il%Sh f,i ms<s.ekSu

² n,y;aldr fyda wksjd¾h fiajfhys fhoùfï ish¨u

wdldrhka uq,skqmqgd oeóu

² <uqka fiajfha fhoùu il%Sh f,i wfydais lr oeóu

² /lshd iy jD;a;Ska iïnkaOfhka jQ fjkia f,i

ie,lSu uq,skqmqgd oeóu

hk lreKq thg we;=<;ah'

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha ish¨u idudðl rdcHhka

úiska ixúOdkfha uQ,sl m%;sm;a;s ;u rgj, kS;s.; lr

ke;;a" tlS m%;sm;a;s j,g .re lsÍfï wjYH;djh fuu

m%ldYkh u.ska wjOdrKh lrkq ,en ;sfí'

24

fuu m%ldYkh u.ska zztu lïlre m%ñ;Ska

wdrCIKjd§ fj<| wNs,dYhka i|yd fhdojd fkd.;

hq;=ZZ nj iy zzm%ldYkh fyda tys miq úmrï lghq;=

´kEu rgl we;s idfmaCI jdisodhl ;;a;ajhka m%Yak

lsÍug fhdÞ fkd.; hq;=ZZ nj wjOdrKh lrhs'

25

iïuq;Ska ls%hdfõ fhoùu iym%j¾Okh

fuu iïuq;Ska idudðl rdcHhka úiska c.;a lïlre

iuq¿ j, § wkqu; lrk ,o kuq;a tajd ;u rgj,

kS;s.; lsÍu w;miq lrk ;sfnk wjia:d nyq,h' tfia

ke;skï tu iïuq;s kS;s.; lr we;;a tajd i;=gqÞhl

f,i l%shd;aul lrùug mshjr f.k ke;' fujeks

;;a;ajhla ;=< iïuq;Ska kS;s.; lrùug fyda kS;s.;

lrk ,o iïuq;Ska l%shdfõ fhoùug idudðl rdcHhka

i;=j we;s j.lSu Wkkaÿ lsÍug c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkhg l< yels ld¾hNdrhla we;' iïuq;Ska

7

26

kS;s.; lsÍu" m%j¾Okh lsÍu" wëCIKh iy tajd

ls%hd;aul lsÍu ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Sug;a c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkhg ukd f,i ks¾udKh lrk ,o l%ufõohla

;sfí'

7'1' ksrka;r wëCIK hdka;%Kh

iïuq;Ska w;aika lrk ,o rdcHhka ish,a, tf,i

w;aika lrk ,o iïuq;sj,ska ksYaph lrk ,o m%ñ;Ska

j,g wkql+,j .kakd ,o mshjrhka iïnkaOfhka

ksYaÑ;j l,ska l,g c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh fj;

ksrka;rfhka jd¾;d iemhsh hq;=h'

uQ,sl lïlre whs;Ska ms<sn| iïuq;Ska iïnkaOfhka

jd¾;d iEu jir 2 lgu jrla bÈßm;a l< hq;= w;r

wfkla fndfyda iïuq;Ska iïnkaOj jir 5lg jrla

jd¾;d bÈßm;a l< hq;=h'

tfia jd¾;d bÈßm;a lrk wdKavq tu rgj, jvd;a

idudðl;ajhla iys; fiajH yd fiajl ksfhdað;

ixúOdk iuÕ iduQyslj tu jd¾;d ielish hq;=h'

tfiau ;u woyia ;ks ;ksj;a c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh

fj; bÈßm;a lsÍfï wjldYh o wdKavqj,g iy

ixúOdkj,g újD; lr § ;sfí'

tu jd¾;djka iïuq;Ska iy ks¾foaY ls%hdfõ fhoùu

i|yd jQ úfYaI{ lñgqjla u.ska mÍCIdjg ,la

flfrhs' fuu lñgqj idudðl rgj,a rdYshla mq¿,a f,i

wdjrKh flfrk kS;sh iy iudchSh m%;sm;a;s ms<sn|

27

ksmqk;djhla we;s iajdëk úfYaI{hka 20 fofkl=f.ka

iukaú;h'

hï fyhlska iïuq;Ska l%shdjg kexùfuys ,d mud ùï

fyda wvq¨yqvqlï we;ehs tu lñgqj úiska fidhd.kq

,enqjfyd;a wjYH mshjr .kakd f,i iDcqju b,a,Sug;a

;u ksÍCIKhka wÞ< wdKavq fj; iDcqju fhduq

lsÍug;a tu lñgqjg yelshdj ;sfí'

7'2' úfYaI meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%ufõoh'

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh u.ska ksr;=rej isÿ lrkq

,nk fmr lS wëCIK l%shdj,shg wu;rj jD;a;Sh

iñ;s j,g iy fiajHhkaf.a ixúOdkj,g c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkfha wëCIK hdka;%Kh fj; wdKavqj,g tfrysj

meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsÍug;a ksfhdað; lKavdhï u.ska

lreKq oelaùug;a wjldY ,nd § ;sfí'

hï iïuq;shla w;aika lsÍfï § zztys wfmaCIs;

wruqK M,Þhs f,i iy;sl lsÍuZZ isÿfldg ke;s njg

´kEu cd;sl fyda cd;Hka;r fiajH fyda lïlre

ixúOdkhla úYajdi lrkafka kï tjeks wjia:djl §

tf,i lreKq oelaùug tu ixúOdk j,g yelshdj

;sfí' tjeks lreKq oelaùula ms<s.ekSu wjYH hehs

c.;a lïlre ixúOdk md,l uKav,h úiska ;SrKh

lrkq ,nk úfgl tu isoaêh mßCId lr ne,Su i|yd

lñgq idudðlhkaf.ka iukaú; ff;%md¾Yaùh lñgqjla

m;a flfrhs'

28

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha idudðl rdcHhlg ;j;a

tjeksu idudðl rdcHhlg tfrysj o" c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkh fj; meñKs,a,la f.dkq lsÍug mq¿jk'

meñKs,a, bÈßm;a lrk rdcHh;a pQÈ; rdcHh;a hk

folu w;aika lr we;s iïuq;shla pQÈ; rdcHfha n,

m%foaYh ;=< i;=gqÞhl f,i l%shd;aul lr ke;s njg jQ

woyila we;akï tjeks meñKs,a,la f.dkq l< yelsh'

túg tu meñKs,a, ms<sn|j úNd. lsÍug;a i,ld

ne,Sug;a md,l iNdj úiska fldñiula m;a lrkq we;'

thg wu;rj ixúOdkh ùfï ksoyi iïnkaOfhka

úfYaI l%shd ms<sfj;la o ;sfí' c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkfha wëCIK uKav, j, úfYaI wjOdkhg ,laj

isák ´kEu m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudchl tla/iaùfï ksoyi

uQ,sl mQ¾j wjYH;djhls' tla/iaùfï ksoyi ms<sn|j

jQ úfYaI l%shd ms<sfj;a ia:dms; lrkq ,en we;af;a 1950

§ c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh iy tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wd¾Ól

iy iudc ljqkais,h w;r we;s lr .kakd ,o .súiqu

u; mokïjh'

tla/iaùfï ksoyi W,a,x>kh ù we;s njg i|yka

meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsÍug cd;sl fyda cd;Hka;r fiajH

fyda lïlre ixúOdk j,g fukau wdKavqj,g o

yelshdj ;sfí' tjeks meñKs,s iïnkaOfhka lghq;=

lsÍfï § ixúOdk .; úfï ksoyi iïnkaOfhka jQ

iïuq;s ta rgj,a úiska w;aika lr ;sfío hkak

ie,ls,a,g .efkkafka ke;' thg fya;=j" c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkfha idudðl;ajh ,nd.ekSfï § we;s uQ,sl

29

.=Kdx.hla f,i tla/iaùfï ksoyi ish¨u idudðl

rgj,a úiska ms<s.kq ,eîuhs' fuu meñKs,s ms<sn|j

úNd. lrkafka tla/iaùfï ksoyi ms<sn|j jQ

ff;%md¾Yaùh lñgqjhs' tu lñgqj idudðlhka 9

fofkl=f.ka iukaú; jk w;r wdKavq" fiajHhka iy

lïlrejka ksfhdackh lrñka idudðlhka ;=ka fofkl=

ne.ska iyNd.s fj;s' ta ish¨ fokdu c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkfha md,l uKav,fha idudðlhka o jk w;r

iajdëk iNdm;sjrhl= o isáhs'

7'3' uQ,sl uQ,O¾u iy fiajd kshqla;sfhys whs;sjdislï

ms<sn| ^c'l'i'& m%ldYkh iy ta ms<sn| miq

úmru

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha uQ,sl m%;sm;a;s iy

whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka jQ m%ldYkfhys wka;¾.;

uQ,sl uQ,O¾u iy whs;Ska l%shdfõ fhoùu;a m%j¾Okh

lsÍu;a i|yd idudðl rdcHhka Èß .kajkq i|yd tu

m%ldYkhg úfYaI miq úmrï l%shd ms<sfj;la ia:dms;

lr ;sfí'

fuu miq úmrï hdka;%Kh iajNdjfhka ksYaÑ;

f,iu m%j¾OkSh tlla jk w;r tlsfkld yd ne÷Kq

l%shd ms<sfj;a follska iukaú;h'

30

kS;s.; fkdlrk ,o uQ,sl iïuQ;Ska ms<sn| jd¾Isl

jd¾;d

uQ,sl iïuq;Ska 8 w;=ßka ;ju;a kS;s.; fkdlrk ,o

iEu iïuq;shlgu wÞ< fCIa;% iïnkaOfhka kS;suh

jYfhka iy Ndú;djg wod<j ork ,o W;aidyhka

ms<sn|j ish¨u rdcHhka jd¾Islj jd¾;d bÈßm;a l<

hq;= fjhs' fuu jd¾;djka md,l uKav,h úiska m;a

lrkq ,nk úfYaI{hka lKavdhulf.a úuiqug

,lafjhs'

jd¾Isl f.da,Sh jd¾;dj

iEu jirlu jd¾Isl f.da,Sh jd¾;dj iïmdokh

flfrkafka wdKavq úiska imhkq ,nk f;dr;=re iy

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh ;uka úiskau mj;ajkq ,nk

m¾fhaIK j,ska ,efnk f;dr;=re mokï lrf.kh'

fuu jd¾;dj u.ska jrlg" úfYaIs; lïlre

whs;sjdislï fCI;% 4ka tlla wdjrKh lrkq ,nhs' ta

u.ska uQ,sl iïuq;Ska kS;s.; lrk ,o rgj, iy tf,i

kS;s.; fkdlrk ,o rgj,a tlsfklys ;;a;ajhka

fukau w;am;a lr.kq ,nQ m%.;sh o" fmdÿfõ úuid

ne,Sulg ,lafõ' tfukau" wÞ< whs;sjdislï iy

m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kexùfuys ,d c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh

úiska imhkq ,enQ ;dCIKsl iyfhda.fha M,odhs;djh

o" we.hSug ,la flfrhs'

31

ta yereKq fldg bÈß ld,h i|yd wjYH;d y÷kd

.ekSu;a ;dCIKsl iyfhda.S;djh msKsi jQ m%uqL;ajhka

ksYaph lsÍu;a tu jd¾;djg we;=<;a flfrhs'

fuu f.da,Sh jd¾;dj c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha

jd¾Isl iuq¿fõ § idlÉPdjg Ndckh flfrhs' tu

idlÉPdjka mokï lrf.k md,l iNdj úiska bÈß

ld,h i|yd m%uqL;ajhka o ;dCIKsl iyfhda.S;djh

i|yd jq ie,iqï o ilia lrkq ,nhs'

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha wëCIK iy ksÍCIK

uKav, fukau m%j¾Ok iyfhda.S;djfha lghq;=

fya;=fjka fndfyda wjia:dj, § úúO rgj, cd;sl

lïlre kS;s moaO;Ska c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha uQ,sl

m%ñ;Ska iuÕ wkql+, lrjkakg;a tÈfkÞ Ndú;djka ys

§ uQ,sl lïlre whs;sjdislï j,g .re lrk

;;a;ajhla we;s lsÍug;a yelshdj ,efí' fuu iïuq;Ska

iy ks¾foaY" p¾hdO¾u moaO;Ska hk iudc kdulrKfha

§ mßYS,kh flfrk lreKq njg o m;aj ;sfí' kuq;a"

w;HjYHfhka f;areï .; hq;= lreKla ;sfí' tkï

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha jHjia:dfjys iy iïuq;Ska

j,ska ix.Dys; m%;sm;a;s iy whs;sjdislï wkq.ukh

fkdlrk wdKavq j,g o~qjï meñKùfï n,hla c.;a

lïlre ixúOdkh fj; fkdue;s njhs' tfiau

cd;Hka;r lïlre m%ñ;Skag iy m%;sm;a;Skag .re

fkdlsÍu fya;=fjka o~qjula f,i lsisu rdcHhla

idudðl;ajfhka fldka lsÍug o c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkfha jHjia:dj u.ska bvlv i,id § ke;'

32

jd¾Isl jd¾;d bÈßm;a lrk f,i wdKavq j,g n,

lsÍug c.;a lïlre ixúOdkhg yelshdjla ke;'

tkuq;a" ie,lsh hq;= wdKavq ixLHdjla l%shdldÍj mj;sk

uQ,sl uQ,O¾u iy fiajd kshqla;sfhys whs;sjdislï

ms<sn| c.;a lïlre ixúOdk m%ldYkh iy tys miq

úmru hgf;a tf,i jd¾;d bÈßm;a lr;s'

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfhys n,h jQ l,s" yeugu

by<ska we;s iÞpdrd;aul n,hls'

tfyhska" lïlre whs;sjdislï j,g .re lsÍu kS;sh

u.ska m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh

úiska .kakd ,o w;sYh jeo.;a mßY%uhka rdYshla we;s

kuq;a" udkj ysñlï ixúOdk iy jD;a;Sh iñ;s yeu

úgu hï lsis úfYaI f,ilska tu whs;Ska W,a,x>Kh

ùï .ek úuis,su;aj isáñka tajd fy<d ±lSug mshjr

.; hq;=h' Tjqkaf.a fuu úmrï N+ñldj wñ,

jákdlula we;a;ls'

33

f.da,Sh wd¾Ólhla ;=<lïlre whs;sjdislï jvd;aM,ÞhS f,i wdrCId lsÍfïjeo.;alu

—''' ´kEu cd;shl lïlrejka udkqIsl ;;a;ajhka

;=< mj;ajd .kakg tu cd;sh wiu;a fõ kï" th ;j;a

wf;lska fiiq cd;Skag ;u rgj, ;;a;ajhka j¾Okh

lr .ekSfï wNs,dYh uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSug ndOdjla

fõ'˜

8

34

1919 § lïlre ixúOdkfha jHjia:dfõ fmrjok ;=<

úia;r flreKq fuu wk;=re yeÕùu f.da,Sh yd jvd

ksoyia fjf<\ula iy wdfhdack we;s wo jeks hq.hl

by< jeo.;alula orhs'

cd;Hka;r fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;r.ldÍ njg m;a ùfï

wjYH;dj ksid fndfyda rgj,a uQ,sl lïlre m%ñ;Ska

W,a,x>Kh lrkakg fm<ö isá;s' úfYaIfhka ÈhqKq

fjñka mj;sk rgj, msì§ tk ksoyia fjf<| l,dm ;=<

§ uQ,sl lïlre whs;Ska fkd;ld yeÍu;a wê Y%u iQrd

lEu;a fnfyúka W.% ;;a;ajhl mj;S' fuu

lK.dgqÞhl Ndú;dj i|yd bÈßm;a flfrk ;¾lh

jkafka yrhd;aul lïlre m%ñ;Skag .re fkdlsÍu u.ska

wd¾Ól msßjeh wvqlr .ksñka úfoaYSh wdfhdack

wdl¾Ykh lr .ekSfï wjia:djka mdod .ksñka" jvd;a

;r.ldÍ fjñka" cd;Hka;r fjf<|fmd< j¾Okh lr

.; yels njhs' kuq;a" ish¨u rgj,a fuu ;¾lhu

wkq.ukh lrkafka kï" túg je<elaúh fkdyels f,i

we;súh yels ;;a;ajh úkdYldÍ ;r.hhs' ta u.ska

f,dj mqrd —m;=, i|yd jk ;r.hla˜ (Race to thebottom) we;sùfuka lïlre whs;Ska fidaÞmd¿jlg ,la

fjñka iudc m%.;sh .rd jeàulg ,la jkq we;'

tla rglg wfkla rgj, iy;sl fldg we;s lïlre

m%ñ;Ska ;u rg ;=< lmamdÿ lrñka ;r.ldÍ;ajfha

idfmaCI jdish ,nd.; yels;dla th fiiq rgj,g

wmkhk wjia:d wysñùfï wjÞkug;a tys m%;sM,hla

f,i tys /lshd wysñ ùfï wjÞkulg;a u. mdohs'

tfiau thska my;a m%ñ;Ska u.ska Wiia m%ñ;Ska m<jd

35

yefrk ;;a;ajhla o Woa.; úh yelsh' lïlre whs;Ska

u¾okh lsÍu u.ska f,dal wmkhk fjf<|fmdf<a

idfmACI jdis fiùfï fuu jerÈ iy.; m%jk;djh

m%lD;s l< yelafla ish¨ rgj,a úiska ;u ixj¾Okfha

uÜgu fkd;ld fulS lïlre m%ñ;Ska ;uqka úiska yqÿ

jdÑl fmdfrdkaÿ i|yd iSud fkdfldg iene f,iu tu

m%ñ;Ska ms<sn|j m%;sm;a;suh jYfjka tlÕ ù ta yryd

tajd ish¨ rgj,a úiska wkq.ukh fldg ms<sme§fuka

;yjqre l< hq;= wju iSud njg m;a lsÍfuks' túg

lïlre whs;Ska j,g .re fkdlrk rgj,a iuÕ ;r.

lsÍfï § idfmaCI fjf<| wjdishla w;a ú¢kakg ;uqkg

isÿúh yelsh hk ;¾lkh u; lsisu rglg ;j ÿrg;a

lïlre whs;Ska u¾okh lsÍu i|yd jk wjYH;djhla

u;= fkdfõ'

Y%uh hkak f.da,Sh fjf<| NdKavhla úh hq;= ke;'

uQ,sl lïlre m%ñ;Ska flfrys iEu rglgu ne£ula

we;af;a kï iy ish¨u rgj,a fuu whs;sjdislï wkqu;

fldg Èß.kajkafka kï" ;;a;ajh fjkia jkq we;' túg

ish¨u rgj,a ;r. jÈkq we;af;a iudk fmdÿ uÜgul

msysgd isáñks' tal md¾Yaùh f,i fuu m%ñ;Ska fj; ne£

isàu fya;= fldgf.k ;u ;r.ldÍ;ajh wysñ fj;ehs

lsisu rgla ìh úh hq;= ke;'

wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh iudc idOdrKfha

f.da,ShlrKh iuÕ w;aje,a ne|.; hq;= njg jQ fmdÿ

tlÕ;djhla ;sfí'

36

1995 ud¾;=fjys § fldamkafya.ka ys§ mj;ajk ,o

iudc ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j jQ f,dal iuq¿jg iyNd.S jQ

ish¨u wdKavq tu iuq¿fõ m%ldYkh flfrys ;u

lemùu meyeÈ,sj m%ldY l<y' —''' c.;a lïlre

ixúOdkfha iïuq;Ska ys md¾Yajlrejka jk rdcHhka tu

iïuq;Ska mQ¾K f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd;a tu

iïuq;Ska ys md¾Yajlrejka fkdjk rgj,a iïuq;sj,

wvx.= m%;sm;a;s ie,ls,a,g .ekSug;a '''˜ hkd§ jYfhka

tlÕ;djh m< lrkq ,eìKs'

1996 isx.mamQrefõ § mj;ajk ,o f,dal fjf<|

ixúOdkfha wdud;H iuq¿fõ § fufia m%ldYhg m;a

flßKs'

—cd;Hka;rj ms<s.kakd ,o yrj;a lïlre m%ñ;Ska

ms<sme§u flfrys jQ wmf.a lemùu wms kej; m%ldY

lruq' fuu m%ñ;Ska ieliSfï iy ta iïnkaOfhka

.kqfokq lsÍfï n,h ,;a wdh;kh jkafka c.;a

lïlre ixúOdkhhs' tu m%ñ;Ska m%j¾Okh lsÍu msKsi

tys lghq;= j,g wmf.a iydh wms iy;sl lruq'

fjf<|du by< kexùu iy fjf<|du ;j ÿrg;a ksoyia

lsÍu u.ska fmdaIKh flfrk wd¾Ól j¾Okhg iy

ixj¾Okhg fuu m%ñ;Ska m%j¾Okh i|yd Þhl;ajhla

iemhsh yels nj wmf.a úYajdihhs'˜

oeka l%shd;aulj mj;akd uQ,sl uQ,O¾u iy fiajd

kshqla;sfhys § whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%ldYkh u.ska iy

tys miq úmrï ls%hdj,sh u.ska f.da,ShlrK hq.hl §

uQ,sl lïlre m%ñ;Ska wdrCId lsÍfï wNsfhda.h

37

Ndr.ekSug c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh leue;af;ka isáhs'

kuq;a c.;a lïlre ixúOdkhg fuu m%ñ;Ska mQ¾K

jYfhka bgq lsÍu iy;sl lsÍug wjYH ish¨ il,úO

hdka;%Khka u i;= fkdjk nj i;Hhls' flfia kuq;a

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh;a" jDoaêh;a fya;=fjka ksrdhdifhka

u fuu uQ,sl lïlre m%ñ;Skays j¾Okh yd ;yjqreùu

isÿjkq we;ehs hk wfmaCIdj i;Hhla fkdjk nj ±ka

meyeÈ,sj ;yjqre fjñka mj;S'

mj;akd uQ,sl m%;sm;a;s iy whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j jQ

c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha m%ldYkfha miq úmrï

ls%hdj,sh hgf;a wd m<uq f,dal jd¾;dfõ fufia

wjOdrKh flßKs'

—fuu uQ,sl m%;sm;a;s iy whs;sjdislï j,g

Ndú;dfõ § úYaj ms<s.ekSula ,nd .ekSug wmg ;j ÿr

hd hq;=j ;sfí''' m%cd;ka;%jdofha Ndrlrejka jk wdKavq

lg jpkhg jvd fufyjrla bgq l< hq;=j ;sfí'˜

tu jd¾;dj u.ska jD;a;Sh iñ;s iDcq f,iu ;ykï

lsÍï" jD;a;Sh iñ;s l%shdldßlhka >d;kh lsÍï"

w;awvx.=jg .ekSï iy r|jd ;nd .ekSï wdÈh ms<sn|j

iúia;r jd¾;djla t<s olajkq ,en ;sfí' tfiau

lDIsld¾ñl" rdcH fiajh" .Dyia: fiajh" iy ksoyia

fjf<| l,dm jeks ish¨u wxYj, fiajh lrkakjqka

Tjqkf.a uQ,sl fiajd whs;Ska N=la;s ú|Sfuka j<lajd we;s

wkaou o tu jd¾;dj ;=<ska úoyd oelafõ'

jD;a;Sh iñ;s whs;Ska W,a,x>kh lsÍu ms<sn|j 2001

§ mj;ajkq ,enQ jd¾Isl ióCIK jd¾;dj bÈßm;a

38

lrñka cd;Hka;r ksoyia jD;a;Sh iñ;s iïfï,kh

fufia m%ldY lrhs'

—cd;Hka;r lïlre m%ñ;Ska ms<sn|j cd;Hka;r m%cdj

t,smsgu l;d lsÍu by< hñka ;sîu;a uyfmdf<dfõ

h:d¾:h;a w;r we;af;a tla;rd ÿrlg mriamr úfrdaë

;;a;ajhls' fiajd kshqla;sh ;=< whs;sjdislï iy uQ,sl

uQ,O¾u ms<sn|j c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha m%ldYkh

iïu; ù jir ;=kla .; fjoa§ jD;a;Sh iñ;s whs;Ska

W,a,x>Kh ùï fmr fkdjQ úrE uÜgulska jd¾;d úh'

f.da,ShlrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i j¾Okh jk ;r.hg

uqyqK §fï § jHjidhlhka ;u lïlrejka fj;

újD;j u ;¾ckh lr we;af;a ksIamdokhka jid ouk

njg fyda fjk;a rglg f.k hk nj lshñks' túg

Tjqka f;dard.; hq;af;a ;u meje;afï whs;sh fyda

jD;a;sh iñ;shlg ne£u hk folska tlls'˜

fuu úkdYldÍ ;r.ldß;ajfha W.=f,ka fíÍ hdug

kï" f.da,Sh wd¾Ól ;r.hg Í;s iïmdokh lsÍu iy

cd;Hka;r jYfhka lïlre whs;Ska Yla;su;a lsÍfï

M,Þhs hdka;%Khla msysgqúh hq;=h' tu Í;s iy hdka;%K

j, § uQ,sl c.;a lïlre m%ñ;Ska fkdi,lk nyq cd;sl

jHjidhlhka iy rgj,a j,g tfrysj iïndOl mekùu

o wjika W;aidyhla f,i we;=<;a l< hq;=h' tjeks

Rcq fyda jl% iïndOl mekùfï hï bÕshla fkdue;af;a

kï ish¨u rgj,a c.;a ixúOdkfha iïuq;Skag

wkql+,;djh oelaùu .ek t;rï n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eìh

fkdyel' tu ksid cd;Hka;r jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHdmdrh"

39

cd;Hka;r fjf<| moaO;shg ^f,dal fj<| ixúOdkh&

iy wdfhdack .súiqï j,g zziudc kshuh fyda lïlre

whs;sjdislï fldkafoaishlaZZ (Social clause) we;=<;a

lrk f,i b,a,d isáfhah' cd;Hka;r ksoyia jD;a;Sh

iñ;s iïfï,kh (ICFTU), f,dal lïlre iïfï,kh

(WCL) iy hqfrdamSh jD;a;Sh iñ;s iïfï,kh (ETUC)úiska 1994 § ilia lr bÈßm;a lrk ,o fuu fhdackdj

mßÈ c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha iy f,dal fjf<|

ixúOdkfha taldnoaO WmfoaYl lñgqjla úiska lïlre

whs;sjdislï fldkafoaish ls%hd;aul lrùu wëCIKh

l< hq;=h'

flfia kuq;a fuu fhdackdjg ixj¾Okh jk rgj,

wdKavq" fiajHhka iy jD;a;Sh iñ;s mjd úreoaO úh'

fuu fldkafoais ;=< ld¾ñl rgj, wdrCIKjd§

jqjukdjka fjiaj,df.k we;ehs Tjqyq ìh jQy' ta i|yd

jQ úi÷u ;ju;a fmfkk f;la udkhl ke;' f.da,Sh

jYfhka iy foaYSh jYfhka wd¾Ól iy iudc

ixj¾Okfhys ,d lïlre whs;sjdislï f,dal uÜgñka

ms<s.ksñka o ck;djf.a fmdÿ whs;Ska iy wNs,dYhka

wdrCId lsÍu iy m%j¾Okh fjkqfjka bgql< hq;=

oejeka; ld¾hNdrhla udkj ysñlï ls%hdlrejka

bÈßfha újD;j we;'

40

41

weuqKqu

1' c.;a lïlre ixúOdk iïuq;s wxl 87 ^1948&

tla/iaùfï ksoyi yd ixúOdkhùfï whs;sjdislï

iq/lSu ms<sn| iïuq;sh

2' c.;a lïlre ixúOdk iïuq;s wxl 98 ^1949&

ixúOdkh ùfï yd iduQyslj flaj,a lsÍfï whs;sh

ms<sn| iïuq;sh'

42

43

iïuq;s wxl 87 ^1948&

tla/iaùfï ksoyi yd ixúOdkhùfï

whs;sjdislï iq/lSu ms<sn| iïuq;sh

1 jeks j.ka;sh

fuu iïuq;sh n,mj;ajkq ,nk cd;Hka;r lïlre

ixúOdkhg wh;a iEu idudðlfhl= u" my; ±lafjk

úê úOdk ls%hdfõ fhfoùug ne£ isà'

2 jeks j.ka;sh

l,sk a wkque; sh ,eîfuka f;drj yd l si sÿ

úfYaI;ajhlska f;drj" fiajlhkag yd fiajd fhdaclhkag

;ukg leu;s mßÈ ixúOdk msysgqjd .ekSfï yd tajdg

ne£fï whs;sjdislï ysñ jk w;r" tlS ixúOdkfha

kS;sÍ;sj,g wkql+,j Tjqka lghq;= l< hq;= h'

3 jeks j.ka;sh

1' ;u jHjia:dj yd kS;s Í;s ilia lr .ekSug o" mQ¾K

ksoyi iys;j ;u ksfhdað;hka f;dard m;a lr

.ekSug o" ;u mßmd,kh yd ls%hdldrlï ixúOdkh

lsÍug o" ;u jev igyka l%uj;aj ieliSug o"

lïlrejkaf.a iy fiajd fhdaclhkaf.a ixúOdkj,g

whs;sjdislï we;'

44

2' tlS ysñlu iSud flfrk fyda ks;Hdkql+,j th ls%hdfõ

fhoùug ndOd muqKqjk fyda wdldrfha ueÈy;aùïj,ska

rcfha n,OdÍka je,lS isáh hq;= h'

4 jeks j.ka;sh

lïlre yd fiajd fhdacl ixúOdk úiqrejd yeÍug

fyda ;ykï lsÍug mßmd,k n,OdÍkag fkdyel'

5 jeks j.ka;sh

iñ;s iïfï,k fyda taldnoaO ix.ï msysgqjd .ekSug

fyda tajdg ne£ug lïlre yd fiajd fhdacl ixúOdkj,g

yels w;r" tjeks cd;Hka;r ixúOdk iu. iïnkaO;d

we;s lr .ekSfï whs;sjdislï o" iEu ixúOdkhlg u yd

taldnoaO ix.uhlg ysñlu we;'

6 jeks j.ka;sh

fuys 2" 3 yd 4 j.ka;sj, úê úOdk lïlrejkaf.a yd

fiajd fhdaclhkaf.a ixúOdkj, iñ;s iïfï,k yd

taldnoaO ix.ïj,g wod< fõ'

7 jeks j.ka;sh

lïlre yd fiajd fhdacl ixúOdk" iñ;s iïfï,k

yd taldnoaO ix.ïj,g kS;suh iajrEmhla ,eìh hq;af;a"

fuys 2" 3 yd 4 j.ka;sj, úê úOdk wod< lsÍug iSud

fkdmeje;afjk wdldrhlsks'

45

8 jeks j.ka;sh

1' fuu iïuq;sfhys ±lafjk whs;sjdislï m%fhdackhg

.ekSfï §" fjk;a ́ kEu mqoa.,fhl= fyda ixúOdkhlg

fukau lïlrejka yd fiajd fhdaclhka o" Tjqkaf.a

ixúOdk o rfÜ mj;sk kS;shg .re l< hq;= h'

2' fuu iïuq;sfhys olajd we;s úêúOdkj,g ndOd

meñfKk wdldrhlg rfÜ kS;sh fkdmej;sh hq;=

w;r" tfia ndOd meñfKk wdldrhlg kS;sh wod<

fkdl< hq;= h'

9 jeks j.ka;sh

1' fuu iïuq;sfhys olajd we;s úê úOdk fldf;la ÿrg

fmd,Sish yd ikakoaO yuqodjkg wod< fõ o" hk j.

;SrKh jkafka cd;sl kS;s Í;s yd úê úOdk u.sks'

2' cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkfha jHjia:d ud,dfõ 19

j.ka;sfha 8 jk fþofhys ±lafjk wdldrhg lsishï

idudðlfhl= úiska fuu iïuq;sh ms<s.kq ,eîu;a" bka

iy;sl flfrk lsishï whs;sjdislula fmd,sisfha fyda

ikakoaO yuqodjkays idudðlhka N=la;s ú¢kakd jQ" trg

±kg mj;akd lsisÿ kS;shlg" kvq ;Skaÿjlg" isß;lg

fyda tlÕ;djhlg thska n,mEula we;s fkdfõ'

10 jeks j.ka;sh

fuu iïuq;sfha zzixúOdkhZZ hk mofhka woyia

jkqfha fiajl yd fiajd fhdacl whs;sjdislu iqrlsk yd

46

Bg rel=,a fok lsishï lïlre fyda fiajd fhdacl

ixúOdkhls'

11 jeks j.ka;sh

fuu iïuq;sh n,meje;afjkakd jQ cd;Hka;r lïlre

ixúOdkfha iEu idudðlfhl= u" lïlrejka yd fiajd

fhdaclhka ixúOdkh ùfï whs;sjdislï wjysrhlska

f;drj m%fhdackhg .kakd njg j. n,d .ekSu i|yd

wjYH ish¨u ksis mshjr .ekSug ne£ isà'

47

iïuq;s wxl 98 ^1949&

ixúOdkh ùfï yd iduQyslj flaj,a lsÍfï

whs;sh ms<sn| iïuq;sh'

1 jeks j.ka;sh

1' fiajlhka úiska ish /lshdjg wod< jD;a;Sh iñ;s

úfrdaë lghq;=j,g tfrysj m%udKj;a f,i wdrlaIdj

N=la;s ú¢h hq;= h'

2' my; i|yka ls%hd iïnkaOfhka fuu wdrlaIdj

úfYaIfhka wod< fõ'

^w& fiajlhl=f.a /lshdfõ fldkafoaishla f,i Tyq

jD;a;Sh iñ;shlg iïnkaO fkdúh hq;=h fyda

jD;a;Sh iñ;s idudðl;ajh w;ay, hq;=h

hkqfjka ±laùu'

^wd& jD;a;Sh iñ;s idudðl;ajh ±Íu fyda fiajd

ld,fhka msg jD;a;Sh iñ;s lghq;=j,g iyNd.s

ùu fyda fiajd ld,h ;=< fiajd fhdaclhdf.a

wkque;sh we;sj jD;a;Sh iñ;s lghq;=j,g

iyNd.s ùu ksid fiajfhka mylsÍu fyda fjk;a

w.;shla fiajlhl=g lsÍu'

48

2 jeks j.ka;sh

1' fiajlhka fyda fiajdfhdaclhka fyda fõjd lsisÿ

fNaohlska f;drj u ;u jD;a;Sh iñ;s ia:dms; lr

.ekSug yd wod< ixúOdkfha kS;sÍ;sj,g hg;aj yer"

mQ¾j wkque;shlska f;drj" ;u ;ukaf.a ukdmh mßÈ

ixúOdkj,g ne£fï whs;sjdislu ;sfnkq we;'

2' fiajlhskaf.a yd fiajd fhdaclhkaf.a ixúOdk

tlsfkld w;r fyda tlsfkldf.a ksfhdað;hska w;r

fyda idudðlhka w;r ixia:dmk" ls%hdldÍ;aj fyda

mßmd,k lghq;=j, § ueÈy;aùug tfrysj m%udKj;a

f,i wdrlaIdj N=la;s ú¢kafka h' úfYaIfhka u" fiajd

fhd aclhkaf.a fyd a fiajd fhd acl ixúOdkj,

wdêm;Hh hgf;a fiajl ixúOdk f.dvke.Su

m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy fiajd fhdaclhkaf.a yd fiajd

fhdacl ixúOdkj, md,kh hgf;a ;nd .ekSfï wruqK

we;sj uQ,H fyd a fjk;a ud¾. Tiafia fiajl

ixúOdkj,g iyh ±laùfï ls%hd ie,iqï lsÍu fuu

j.ka;sfha w¾:h ;=<g ueÈy;aùfï ls%hdjla f,i

ie,lsh hq;= h'

3 jeks j.ka;sh

by; j.ka;sj,ska ks¾jpkh lr we;s mßÈ ixúOdkh

lsÍfï whs;sh iïnkaOfhka we;s .re;ajh iy;sl lsÍfï

woyiska wjYH wjia:djkays§ cd;sl ;;a;ajhkag WÑ;

hdka;%Khla we;s l< hq;= h'

49

4 jeks j.ka;sh

iduqqysl .súiqï u.ska /lshdfõ fldkafoais yd kshuhka

úêu;a lsÍfï wruqK we;sj fiajd fhdaclhdf.a fyda fiajd

fhdacl ixúOdk iy fiajl ixúOdk w;r iafjÉPdfjka

tlÕ;ajhlg m;aúh yels hdka;%Khla we;s lsÍu iy

th mQ¾K jYfhka Ndú;d lsÍu i|yd Wkkaÿ lsÍug WÑ;

mshjr cd;sl ;;a;ajhkag" wkqj wjYH úgl .; hq;=

jkafka h'

5 jeks j.ka;sh

1' fuu iïuq;sh u.ska imhd we;s j.lSfï m%udKh

ikakoaO yuqod yd fmd,Sish iïnkaOfhka wod< lsÍu

ms<sn| cd;sl kS;s yd fr.=,dis j,ska ;SrKh l<

hq;= h'

2' cd;Hka;r ixúOdk jHjia:dfõ 19 jk j.ka;sfha 8

jeks fþofha i|yka uQ,O¾uhkag wkqj lsishï

idudðlhl= úiska fuu iïuq;sh ms<s.ekSu fya;=fjka

mj;sk kS;sh m%odk isß;a fyda .súiqula u.ska ikakoaO

yuqod fyda fmd,sish N=la;s ú¢k lsisÿ whs;shlg

n,mEula fkdúh hq;= h'

6 jeks j.ka;sh

rdcH mßmd,kfha kshqla; rcfha fiajlhskaf.a lghq;=

iu. fuu iïuq;sh wod< fkdjk w;r th Tjqkaf.a

whs;Skag fyda ;;a;ajhg w.;shla jkafka hhs jgyd

fkd.; hq;= h'

cd;Hka;r lïlrem%ñ;Ska

m<uqjk uqøKh

l¾;D ( tia' tÉ' ta' fudyuâ

ljr ieliqu iy ldgqka Ñ;% ( msh,a Woh iurùr

f*%âßla-BnÜ-mokuwxl 04" wevïia mgqu.fld<U 04'

fld<U - wfm%a,a 2007 m<uqjk uqøKh

ISBN 955-607-048-6

t*a' B' tia' m%ldYk wxl 70

ii

fmrjok

f.da,ShlrKh uQ,sl jYfhka ie,flkafka wd¾Ólls%hdj,shla f,i h' ta ms<sn|j jQ ixjdohka fndfydaúg flakaø.; ù we;af;a f.da,ShlrKh úiska cd;slwd¾Ólhka flfrys iy ;r.ldÍ;ajh W;aikak lsÍui|yd wdKavq flfrys t,a, lrkq ,nk n,mEuiïnkaOj;a tys m%;sM,hla f,i ÿmam;=ka iyfmdfydi;=ka w;r jk mr;rh jeäùu;a hk lreKqfj; h' tfy;a f.da,ShlrKh cd;Hka;rikaksfõokh iy ikaksfõok cd, f.dvkexùu fukau iudchSh fCIa;%h jeks ;j;a fCIa;% .Kkdjla ;=<ls%hd;aul fjhs' lïlre fCIa;%hg wod< f.da,Shyev;, ieliSu ms<sn|j c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh^c'l'i'& iqúYd, yelshdjlska hqla; h' c.;alïlre ixúOdkfha md¾Yajlrejka jkafka wdKavq"mqoa.,sl wxYh iy jev lrk ck;djf.aksfhdað;hska h' c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh úiska bgqlrkq ,nk ld¾hhkays m%;sM,hla f,i f,dj mqrdjev lrk ck;djf.a uQ,sl whs;sjdislï wdrCIdlsÍu i|yd iy;sl jk uQ,sl cd;Hka;r lïlrem%ñ;Ska moaO;shla f.dvke.S ;sfí' tla/iaùfïksoyi" iudk ld¾hhkag iudk mdßY%ñl ,eîfïysñlu" jev lrk ldka;djka i|yd jQ úfYaIwdrCIK hka;%K iy <ud Y%uh fhdod.ekSu

iii

msgq±lSu wdÈh bka iuyrls' Y%S ,xldj fuu c.;alïlre ixúOdkfha uQ,sl iïuq;s ms<s.kakd ,o m%uqLwdishdkq rgls'

fuu fmd;a msxp u.ska uQ,sl lïlre m%ñ;Skams<sn| ixjdoh mq¿,a lsÍug;a tu m%ñ;Ska Y%S ,xldj;=< ls%hd;aul lrùu wmg yels fj;ehs hkak wmf.an,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs'

weiaá%â fnl¾fkajdisl wOHCIsldt*a'B'tia' Y%S ,xld

iv

mgqk

msgqj

1' cd;Hka;r lïlre m%ñ;Skays wdrïNh 1

2' c.;a lïlre ixúOdkh iy tlai;a cd;Ska 5

3' c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha jHqyh' 8

4' c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha m%ñ;s ieliSu 12

5' c.;a lïlre ixúOdkfha uQ,sl iïuq;Ska 14

6' uQ,sl uQ,O¾u iy fiajd kshqla;sfhyswhs;sjdislï ms<sn| c.;a lïlre ixúOdk^c'l'i'& m%ldYkh iy tys miq úmru 22

7' iïuq;Ska ls%hdfõ fhoùu iy m%j¾Okh 25

8' f.da,Sh w¾Ólhla ;=< lïlre whs;sjdislïjvd M,ÞhS f,i wdrCId lsÍfï jeo.;alu 33

weuqKqu 41

c.;a lïlre ixúOdk iïuq;s wxl 87 iy 98

v

vi ̂ ysia&