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Christian D. Parker

Mr. Kevin Watson

7 June 2016

AP Assignment Defnition o !erms

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS BY... CONTRACTION, TRANSMISSION AND

PREVENTION:

"A#contraction a$tion o a$%uiring a &isease"'# transmission the (assing o a $ommuni$a)*e &isease rom an ine$te&

host in&ivi&ua* or grou( to a (arti$u*ar in&ivi&ua* or grou("C#prevention the a$t o (reventing a (erson or a grou( o (eo(*e rom

o)taining a &isease

1) Acinetobactera# Acinetobacterout)reaks usua**+ o$$ur in ,C-s an& hea*th$are (*a$es that

house the ver+ i**. !hose ith eakene& immune s+stems/ $hroni$ *ung

&isease/ or &ia)etes ma+ )e more (rone toAcinetobacterine$tions. A*so/

hos(ita*ie& (atients ith invasive &evi$es are at greater risk o ine$tion.)# A$ineto)a$ter $an )e s(rea& to vu*nera)*e (eo(*e via (ersona* $onta$t or

)+ $oming into $onta$t ith $ontaminate& sura$es.$# It can be prevented by following infection control procedures such as basic hygiene and

environmental cleaning.

2) Burkholderia cepacia

a# !hose ith $ertain hea*th (ro)*ems su$h as eakene& immune s+stemsor $hroni$ *ung &isease "main*+ $+sti$ f)rosis# t+(i$a**+ are more (rone

to $ontra$t B. cepacia an& it is knon as a $ause o ine$tions in

hos(ita*ie& (atients.)# ,t $an )e transmitte& rom $ontaminate& me&i$ines an& &evi$es/

$ontaminate& mouthash "200/ in man+ states#/ over3the3$ounter nasa*

s(ra+ as on$e $ontaminate& ith it/ an& it4s *inke& to noso$omia*

ine$tions among ,C- (atients an& asso$iate& ith e5(osure to su)*ingua*

"un&er3tongue# (ro)es. ,t $an )e s(rea& to (eo(*e via (erson3to3(erson

$onta$t/ $onta$t ith $ontaminate& sura$es/ an&or e5(osure to B.

cepaciain an environment.$# ,t $an )e (revente& via anti)ioti$s a*so careful attention to infection control

procedures such as hand hygiene can help in prevention.

3) Clostridium difcilea# C. difcileis oun& in e$es thus/ (eo(*e get ine$te& hen e5(ose& to

sura$es $ontaminate& ith e$es/ o**oe& )+ tou$hing their mouths.)# ea*th$are orkers s(rea& it to (atients hen their han&s are

$ontaminate&. !he e*&er*+ a*ong ith (eo(*e ho have other i**nesses/ or

those taking anti)ioti$s are (rone to ine$tion.

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$# 8re%uent han& h+giene an& taking anti)ioti$s unti* the )ott*e is em(t+ are

the most e9e$tive means o (revention.4) Clostridium sordellii

a# Women are most (rone to $ontra$ting it o**oing the en& o (regnan$+.)# ,t is not knon ho it is transmitte& rom (ersons or environment to

(ersons. :ther simi*ar C*ostri&ium s(e$ies are s(rea& rom (erson to

(erson an& sometimes $ontaminate& sura$es are invo*ve& in this

transmission.$# !he CDC is su((orting the 8DA in i&enti+ing transmission/ eva*uating

$urrent &ata/ an& $ontinuing to *ook into a)ortions in an attem(t to

&e$rease ine$tion risks asso$iate& ith a)ortions.

5) Enterobacteriaceae (carbapenemresistance)"a# :ne $an $ontra$t it via $ontaminate& )o&+ ;ui&s/ se$retions/ or

e5$retions. ,t is $ommon*+ $ontra$te& )+ (atients in hea*th$are settings.Patients hose $are re%uires &evi$es/ an& those ho have )een taking

anti)ioti$s or a *ong (erio& o time are most (rone to $ontra$tion.")# Dire$t $onta$t is the mo&e o transmission/ an& this a*most a*a+s

ha((ens in hea*th$are settings."$# an& h+giene/ (rote$tive e%ui(ment )eing orn hen in $onta$t ith a

C

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e(atitis C is transmitte& via sharing &rug nee&*es an& via un(rote$te&

inter$ourse ith a $arrier"$# Prevention o e(atitis usua**+ invo*ves steri*iing me&i$a* e%ui(ment.

&) %uman 'mmunodecienc *irus (%'*)

,> is $ontra$te& )+ $oming into $onta$t ith )o&i*+ ;ui&s or e%ui(ment

hi$h are $ontaminate&.

3 ,t is main*+ transmitte& through )*oo&)orne (athogens )ut $an a*so )e

$arrie& through semen/ vagina* ;ui&s/ an& even )reast mi*k. aving un(rote$te& se5

or sharing nee&*es &uring &rug in@e$tions is ho ,> is oten transmitte&.

3 Carr+ing out (ro(er ine$tion $ontro* (ro$e&ures su$h as the use o (ersona*

(rote$tive e%ui(ment $an (revent the s(rea& o ,>. Pro(er*+ steri*iing me&i$a*

e%ui(ment is a*so a metho& o (revention. !he use o )irth$ontro* su$h as $on&oms

$an (revent the s(ea& o ,> &uring se5ua* inter$ourse.

+) 'n,uen-a

,n;uena is $ontra$te& rom a virus. !here is oten a (arti$u*ar season

asso$iate& ith more a$tive $ases o in;uena.

3 ,t is $onsi&ere& a $ommunit+3)ase& ine$tion an& is transmitte& is

househo*&s an& $ommunit+ settings su$h as (arks. ,t is main*+ thought to (ass rom

(erson to (erson through the tin+ &ro(*ets $reate& through sneeing or $oughing. ,t

$an a*so )e transmitte& )+ so*i& sura$es.

3 !he in;uena va$$ine is the )est metho& o (revention. Cough eti%uette is

en$ourage&.

1.) /lebsiella

:$$urs in (atients ho are a*rea&+ si$k an& re$eiving treatment. !he (erson

must )e e5(ose& to the )a$teria/ an& the metho& o $ontra$tion a9e$ts hi$h

ine$tion the )a$teria $an $ause "e5. (neumonia rom entering the res(irator+

tra$t#.

3 ,s not s(rea& through the air. Peo(*e $onne$te& to ma$hines su$h as

venti*ators or $atheters are at more risk.

3 an& ashing/ earing (rote$tive $overings su$h as g*oves/ an& $*eaning

sura$es $an (revent the s(rea& o the )a$teria.

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11) 0ethicillinresistant taphlococcus aureus

Cause& )+ a sta(h )a$teria an& is main*+ a skin ine$tion. :ten enters the

)o&+ throgh o(en oun&s.

3 ?(rea& )+ $onta$t ith another (erson ho has the )a$teria on his or her

skin or a $ontaminate& o)@e$t. Common among (eo(*e in hos(ita*s or nursing

homes.

3 Prevente& )+ ashing han&s ith soa( or a*$oho*3)ase& han& sanitiers an&

$areu* $*eaning o me&i$a* e%ui(ment.

0cobacterium abscessus

'a$teria oun& in ater/ soi*/ an& &ust. ,t $an a*so )e oun& in me&i$ations.

3 ,t $an $ause *ung ine$tions in (eo(*e ho have $+sti$ f)rosis an& other

*ung &iseases. ,t $an a*so )e transmitte& through o(en oun&s or in@e$tion sites i

the skin is not &isine$te&.

3 Washing +our han&s ater $aring or a (atient ith an ine$te& site is most

im(ortant. Peo(*e are a*so arne& to avoi& re$eiving in@e$tions )+ others ho are

not *i$ense&.

12) orovirus

Contra$te& rom a grou( o viruses. Chi*&ren/ e*&er*+ (ersons/ or (eo(*e ith

an a*rea&+ e5isting i**ness are at risk or severe ine$tion.

3 !ransmitte& through (erson to (erson $onta$t/ an& is es(e$ia**+ at risk to

%ui$k*+ s(rea& in hea*th$are a$i*ities an& other settings su$h as s$hoo*s. Can )e

transmitte& through oo& or &rink.

3 Prevente& )+ iso*ation o ine$te& (ersons to (rivate rooms in hea*th$are

a$i*ities/ han& h+giene/ the use o g*oves/ &isine$ting e%ui(ment.

13) seudomonas aeru#inosa

Contra$te& )+ $ommon strains o )a$teria/ an& it t+(i$a**+ o$$urs in

hos(ita*s an& (eo(*e ith eak immune s+stems. Can )e $ontra$te& in ater that isnot (ro(er*+ treate&.

3 Patients on )reathing ma$hines or ith $atheters are at high risk or

transmission. Can s(rea& on orkers han&s an& on e%ui(ment that is not $*eane&

(ro(er*+.

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3 Can )e (revente& in hos(ita*s ith attention to ine$tion $ontro* (ra$ti$es.

:utsi&e o hos(ita*s/ (revention $omes rom ensuring (ro(er treatment o ater in

(oo*s or hot tu)s.

14) taphlococcus aureus

Contra$te& through )a$teria oun& on the skin or in the nose.

3 !ransmitte& more easi*+ though (eo(*e ith $hroni$ $on&itions in$*u&ing

&ia)etes or vas$u*ar &isease. More serious ine$tions o$$ur in (eo(*e ith eakene&

immune s+stems ho are most *ike*+ in the hos(ita*. Peo(*e ith $atheters or have

re$ent*+ ha& surger+ are at risk.

3 Prevention o $ontra$ting the )a$teria $omes main*+ rom o**oing ine$tion

$ontro* (ra$ti$es.

15) uberculosis (B)

Cause& )+ a s(e$if$ )a$teria. Contra$tion is e** re$ognie& as a risk to

(atients an& orkers in hea*th$are a$i*ities.

3 !ransmission is most *ike*+ to o$$ur rom ine$te& (atients ho have not

)een (*a$e& in iso*ation an& ho are not on (ro(er*+ e9e$tive thera(+ or the

)a$teria. !ransmission $omes rom $*ose $onta$t ith $arriers o ine$tious

tu)er$u*osis an& (arti$u*ar*+ rom $oughing. ,t is s(rea& through the air an& $an )e

$arrie& *ong &istan$es through the air.

3 Prevention $omes ith environmenta* $ontro*s su$h as e5haust venti*ation

an& high3eBe$ien$+ air f*ters. Prevention a*so $omes ith the use o res(irator+

(rote$tion e%ui(ment.

1!1$) *ancomcinintermediate taphlococcus aureus and*ancomcinresistant taphlococcus aureus

Contra$te& rom s(e$if$ sta(h )a$teria. Contra$te& )+ (ersons ith

e5isting hea*th (ro)*ems su$h as ki&ne+ &isease or &ia)etes/ $atheters/ or ho ere

(revious*+ ine$te&.

3 !ransmitte& through $atheters or oun&s o**oing surger+/ venti*ators/

heart va*ve ine$tions/ or transmitte& into the )*oo&stream through (un$ture

oun&s or &rug a)use.

3 Prevention $omes rom ine$tion $ontro* (ra$ti$es ashing han&s an&

earing g*oves )eore an& ater $oming into $onta$t ith ine$te& (atients. Avoi&ing

$onta$t ith other (ersons oun&s is a*so en$ourage&.

1&) *ancomcinresistant Enterococci (*6E)

Contra$te& through s(e$if$ t+(es o )a$teria hi$h are resistant to

antimi$ro)ia*s. Most ine$tions o$$ur in hos(ita*s.

3 !ransmitte& rom han& to han& $onta$t ith $aregivers o ine$te& (atients

or rom $onta$t ith sura$es that are $ontaminate&. ,s not s(rea& through the air.

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3 !o (revent the s(rea& o the )a$teria/ kee( +our han&s ashe& es(e$ia**+

ater using the restroom or having $onta$t ith ine$te& (ersons $*ean areas o the

house re%uent*+ ear g*oves i $aring or oun&s.