Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

CCS for Natural Gas

Howard HerzogMIT

November 4, 2011

What are Target Sources for CCS?

Source Share (%)Coal-Fired Power Plants 60Other Power Plants (primarily gas) 19Cement 7Refineries 6Iron and Steel 5Petrochemical 3

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

(2005)

Interest in CCS with Gas

• Norway - Long history of R&D for CCS and gas

NTNUSintefStatoil (Norsk Hydro)Gassnova (Kårstø and Mongstad)

• California

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

California

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

CCS Capture

There are different types of CO2 capture systems: post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxyfuel combustion.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

(2005)

For natural gas-fired power plants, a number of studies over the past 20 years all reach the same conclusion – post-combustion

capture is the preferred route.

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Schematic of Amine Process for CO2 Capture

TCM - Norway

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Comparing Exhaust Gas Characteristics

Attribute Gas Coal Implications for GasCO2 Concentration 3-5% or ~7% ~12% Larger AbsorberParticulates No Yes Less FiltrationSO2 No Yes Smaller ReclaimerNOx Yes YesO2 (excess air) High Low-Moderate More Degradation and

CorrosionCapacity Factor Low-Moderate High Higher Costs

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Comparing CCS Costs

• Concentration mattersCoal almost always wins on $/ton CO2

Flue gas recycle can raise the concentration of CO2 in the turbine exhaust gas (at a cost)

• Gas is less carbon intensive than coalGas almost always wins on $/MWh

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

•

Post-Combustion CaptureToday’s Technology

• Chemical solvents, primarily amines such as Monoethanolamine(MEA)

• Commercial VendorsABB/LummusAkerAlstom chilled NH3Alstom/Dow B&W Cansolv/ShellFluor HTC PureEnergyLinde/BASFMHI PowerspanSiemens

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Alternative approaches to chemical absorption

• Adsorption or membranesDifficult due to low CO2 partial pressure

• Other optionsBiomimetric approaches (e.g., carbonic anhydrase)MicroalgaeCryogenics/ phase separation

• Structured and Responsive Materials

ARPA-E IMPACCT(15 Projects)

• ATK: A High Efficiency Inertial CO2 Extraction System - ICES • Codexis, Inc.: Low-Cost Biological Catalyst to Enable Efficient CO2 Capture • Earth & Environmental Engineering, Columbia University: Chemical and Biological Catalytic Enhancement

of Weathering of Silicate Minerals as Novel Carbon Capture and Storage Technology • GE Global Research: CO2 Capture Process Using Phase-Changing Absorbents • Georgia Tech Research Corporation: High Performance MOF-polymer Composite Membranes for CO2

Capture • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: High-Throughput Discovery of Robust Metal-Organic Frameworks

for CO2 Capture • Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLNS: Catalytic Improvement of Solvent Capture Systems • Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Electrochemically Mediated Separation for Carbon Capture and

Mitigation • Oak Ridge National Laboratory: High Performance CO2 Scrubbing Based on Hollow Fiber-Supported

Designer Ionic Liquid Sponges • Research Triangle Institute (RTI International): Novel Non-Aqueous CO2 Solvent-based Capture Process

with Substantially Reduced Energy Penalties • Sustainable Energy Solutions: Cryogenic Carbon Capture • Texas A&M University: Stimuli-Responsive Metal-Organic Frameworks for Energy-Efficient Post-

Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture • The Regents of the University of Colorado: Achieving a 10,000 GPU Permeance for Post-Combustion

Carbon Capture with Gelled Ionic Liquid-Based Membranes • University of Kentucky Research Foundation: A Solvent-Membrane Hybrid Post-combustion CO2 Capture

Process for Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants • University of Notre Dame: CO2 Capture with Ionic Liquids Involving Phase Change

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Other Issues

• Load followingMore critical for gas than coalIndications are that capture system can respond well

• CyclingGas has more shutdowns than coalCapture system takes longer to start-up/shutdown

• Capacity FactorWill probably limit CCS to “baseload” gas units

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Demonstration Projects under Development Involving Gas

Company Location Gov’t Support (million $) Size Source Fate

SSE GenerationPeterhead,

Scotland, UK NER 300385 MW

>1 Mt CO2/yr GTCC Exhaust Depleted Gas Reservoir

Air Products & Chemicals

Port Arthur, TX 253 1 Mt CO2/yr

Existing Steam Methane

ReformersEOR

NRG Energy Parish, TX 167 60 MW0.4 Mt CO2/yr Coal Exhaust EOR

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Using Auxiliary Gas Power for CCS Energy Needs in Retrofitted Coal Power Plants

• Bashadi, S. and H. Herzog, "Using Auxiliary Gas Power for CCS Energy Needs in Retrofitted Coal Power Plants," presented at the 10th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September (2010).

http://sequestration.mit.edu/pdf/GHGT-10_Bashadi.pdf

• Sarah Bashadi’s M.I.T. Masters Thesis (June 2010), "Using Auxiliary Gas Power for CCS Energy Needs in Retrofitted Coal Power Plants”

http://sequestration.mit.edu/pdf/SarahBashadi_Thesis_June2010.pdf

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Auxiliary Gas PowerSummary

• Auxiliary plant positivesLower CO2 without loss of power productionNo disruption to existing plantPotential for lower overall costsSignificant excess power (may also be a negative)

• Auxiliary plant negativesLarge capital investmentCO2 emissions from auxiliary plant uncontrolledGas price volatility

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Contact Information

Howard HerzogMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Energy InitiativeRoom E19-370LCambridge, MA 02139Phone: 617-253-0688E-mail: hjherzog@mit.eduWeb Site: sequestration.mit.edu