CCRB Chokehold Report

8/11/2019 CCRB Chokehold Report

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Ugm Idty b` Fmw TbraIdvdldjf Ibnpljdft _mvdmw Objre

(FTI II_O)

J N]UJUME _]LM8 Ljia b`Mf`brimnmft df tgm @jim b`

[mrsdstmft Igbamgble Dfidemftsdf Fmw Tbra Idty

Jf Mvjlujtdbf b` Igbamgble Jllmcjtdbfsjfe tgm M``mitdvm Edlutdbf b` tgm _ulm

[rbgdodtdfc Igbamgbles df tgm Fmw TbraIdty [bldim Empjrtnmft `rbn Hjfujry

?;;4 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5

Ymptmnomr ?;:5

QE_J@U8 Ymptmnomr ??, ?;:5^


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dd

QFBUM8 UGDY [JCM SDLL OM BF LM@U @_BFU B@ OB]FE YU]ET^

II_O Ndssdbf jfe Pjlums

Ugm Fmw Tbra Idty Idvdldjf Ibnpljdft _mvdmw Objre (II_O) ds jf dfempmfemft jcmfiy,irmjtme oy Igjptmr :7-J b` tgm Fmw Tbra Idty Igjrtmr. Ugm Objre ds mnpbwmrme tbrmimdvm, dfvmstdcjtm, nmedjtm, gmjr, njam `dfedfcs, jfe rmibnnmfe jitdbf bfibnpljdfts jcjdfst Fmw Tbra Idty pbldim b``dimrs jllmcdfc tgm usm b` mximssdvm bruffmimssjry `brim, jousm b` jutgbrdty, edsiburtmsy, br tgm usm b` b``mfsdvm ljfcujcm.

Df ul `dllnmft b` dts ndssdbf, tgm Objre gjs plmecme8

Ub rmimdvm ibnpljdfts `rbn nmnomrs b` tgm ibnnufdty wgmf tgmy omldmvm tgmygjvm ommf vditdns b` pbldim ndsibfeuit.

Ub mfiburjcm jll pjrtdms dfvblvme df j ibnpljdft tb ibnm `brwjre jfe prmsmftmvdemfim.

Ub dfvmstdcjtm mjig jllmcjtdbf tgbrbucgly jfe dnpjrtdjlly. Ub njam bohmitdvm emtmrndfjtdbfs bf tgm nmrdts b` mjig ijsm. Ub rmibnnmfe edsidpldfjry jitdbfs tgjt jrm `jdr jfe jpprbprdjtm, d` tgm

dfvmstdcjtdbf emtmrndfms tgjt ndsibfeuit biiurrme. Ub b``mr idvdldjfs jfe b``dimrs tgm bppbrtufdty tb nmedjtm ibnpljdfts df bremr tb

rmsblvm jllmcjtdbfs jfe prbnbtm ufemrstjfedfc omtwmmf b``dimrs jfe tgmibnnufdtdms tgmy smrvm.

Ub prbsmiutm smrdbus ijsms b` ndsibfeuit wgmrm tgm Objre gjs suostjftdjtmejllmcjtdbfs jfe rmibnnmfeme Igjrcms jfe Ypmid`dijtdbfs.

Ub rmspmit tgm rdcgts b` idvdldjfs jfe b``dimrs.

Ub mfcjcm df ibnnufdty butrmjig tb meuijtm tgm puoldi jobut tgm jcmfiy jfe tbrmspbfe tb ibfimrfs rmlmvjft tb tgm jcmfiys njfejtm.

Ub rmpbrt jppjrmft pjttmrfs b` ndsibfeuit, rmlmvjft dssums jfe pbldiy njttmrs tbtgm pbldim ibnndssdbfmr jfe tgm puoldi.

Ugds rmpbrt jfe pbldiy rmibnnmfejtdbfs rm`lmit tgm bpdfdbfs b` tgm Fmw Tbra IdtyIdvdldjf Ibnpljdft _mvdmw Objre.

[uoldsgme ?;:5 oy tgm Fmw Tbra Idty Idvdldjf Ibnpljdft _mvdmw Objre:;; Igurig Ytrmmt, :;

tg@lbbr, Fmw Tbra, FT :;;;3

II_O ]_L8 gttp8//www.fyi.cbv/iiro

Ub bremr II_O rmpbrts br tb botjdf jeedtdbfjl df`brnjtdbf, ibftjitCmfmrjl Df`brnjtdbf8 Umlmpgbfm8 (?:?)-4:?-?;0: br (7;;)-95:-??3?Br vdsdt, www.fyi.cbv/iiro


3/132

ddd

[rm`jimRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

Df Huly, ?;:5, II_O Objre Igjdr _digjre Mnmry, df tgm wjam b` tgm trjcdi emjtg b` MrdiCjrfmr jfe bf omgjl` b` gds `mllbw Objre nmnomrs, jsame tgm stj`` tb ufemrtjam jfbohmitdvm, ibnprmgmfsdvm jssmssnmft b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts njem tb tgm II_O.Ugds stuey dfvmstdcjtms igbamgble dfidemfts, prdnjrdly `rbn ?;;4 uftdl Hufm ?;:5, dfbremr tb rmpbrt `dfedfcs jfe rmibnnmfejtdbfs tb tgm [bldim Ibnndssdbfmr jfe tgmpuoldi. J`tmr ebiunmftdfc jfe mvjlujtdfc `dvm jfe j gjl` ymjrs b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts,tgmdr pjttmrfs jfe tgm ldamly ijusms b` tgmdr pmrsdstmfim, tgds rmpbrt rmibnnmfes wjys dfwgdig tgm II_O jfe tgm FT[E ijf iblljobrjtm tb rmeuim igbamgble ibnpljdfts jfemldndfjtm `uturm igbamgble trjcmedms.


4/132

dv

IbftmftsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

QFBUM8 [jcm funomrs jfe Gmjedfcs jrm suohmit tb igjfcm^

[rm`jim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dddIbftmfts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .dv@dcurms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vYtjtdst dijl Ujolms jfe Igjrts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vdMxmiutdvm Yunnjry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vdd

Joormvdjtdbfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xddd

IGJ[UM_ BFMIgbamgble Dfidemfts8 Em`dfdfc tgm Yibpm b` tgm Ytuey .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Dftrbeuitdbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Brcjfdzjtdbf b` Ugds _mpbrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

[urpbsm, [bpuljtdbf jfe Nmtgbeblbcy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5[bldiy jfe Lmcjl @rjnmwbra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

IGJ[UM_ USBJfjlysds b` Igbamgble Ibnpljdfts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :4Emsirdptdvm Ytjtdstdis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?;

Jppldijtdbf b` tgm Emsirdptdvm Ytjtdstdis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5?

IGJ[UM_ UG_MM[bldiy jfe Lmcjl Jfjlysds b` tgm [bldim Empjrtnmfts Edsidpldfm df IgbamgbleDfidemfts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . =5

Ugm FT[E Edsidpldfjry [rbimss . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . ==Jfjlysds b` Edsidpldfm8 @bur Edstdfit [mrdbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =4II_O Yuostjftdjtme Ijsms jfe tgm Edsidpldfjry [rbimss . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . 03Ibfilusdbfs8 Lmssbfs Lmjrfme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7;

IGJ[UM_ @B]_Jued t b ` Dfvmstdcjt dvm [rjitdims . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7?M``didmfiy8 Ugm Udnm dt Ujams tb _msblvm j Igbamgble Ibnpljdft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Dfvmstdcjtdvm [rjitdims jfe Urjdfdfc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Igbamgble Dfidemfts jfe tgm Ljia b` Mvdemfim8 ]fsuostjftdjtme Ijsms . . . . . . . 43

IGJ[UM_ @DPM[bldiy _mibnnmfejtdbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :;=

Jppmfedx tb Igjptmr 5 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :;0


5/132

v

@dcurmsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

:.:. [bldim Ytuemfts Cudem, ]sm b` @brim8 Yijlm b` Msijljtdfc @brim, . . . . . . . . . . 7

]femr ibfstruitdbf


6/132

vd

Ytjtdstdijl Ujolms jfe IgjrtsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

?.:. Funomr b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts rmimdvme, ?;;:-?;:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?3?.?. Funomr b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts rmimdvme pmr sdx-nbftgs, Hjfujry ?;;4 Hufm?;:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?3?.9. UJOLM ?j8 Igbamgble ibnpljdfts rmimdvme js j pmrimftjcm b` `brim ibnpljdftsrmimdvme, wdtg j trmfe ldfm jeeme, ?;;: Hufm ?;:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?3

]femr ibfstruitdbf


7/132

vdd

Mxmiutdvm YunnjryRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

@br nbrm tgjf ?; ymjrs, tgm FT[E [jtrbl Cudem gjs prbgdodtme tgm usm b` igbamgbles,rmlydfc bf j [bldim Empjrtnmft _ulm tgjt ufmqudvbijlly `brodes jfy prmssurm tb tgm fmiatgjt njy dfgdodt ormjtgdfc. Ugds rulm wjs pljdfly dftmfeme tb prbgdodt jll igbamgbles.Ugus igbamgbles, tgbucg fbt dllmcjl, jrm ufjnodcubusly jcjdfst Empjrtnmft pbldiy.

Sgjt tgds rmpbrt rmvmjls ds tgjt tgds prbgdodtdbf, js irystjl ilmjr js dt ds, gjs ommfemcrjeme bvmr tgm ibursm b` tgm ljst emijem jfe tgjt, jt tgm sjnm tdnm, igbamgblespmrsdst jfe jppmjr tb om dfirmjsdfc emspdtm tgm [jtrbl Cudem prbgdodtdbf. [ut sdnply,eurdfc tgm ljst emijem, tgm FT[E jendfdstrjtdvm emidsdbfs df dts edsidpldfjry prbimss`jdlme tb mf`brim tgm [jtrbl Cudem rulm. Df rmspbfsm tb tgmsm emidsdbfs, tgm II_O jfe

FT[E Empjrtnmft Jevbijtms B``dim, df m``mit, rmem`dfme igbamgble tb rmqudrm `brim tbtgm fmia eurdfc wgdig jf b``dimr jitujlly jfe suostjftdjlly dftmr`mrme wdtg jibnpljdfjfts ormjtgdfc. Df tgds rmspmit tgm igbamgble rulm nutjtme tb jejpt tb tgmFT[E edsidpldfjry prbimss1 rjtgmr tgjf, tgm edsidpldfjry prbimss `bllbwdfc tgm FT[Erulm. Ugds prjcnjtdi rmem`dfdtdbf df rmspbfsm tb tgm systmnjtdi FT[E rm`usjl tbedsidpldfm df jll out tgm nbst smvmrm igbamgble ijsms, mvblvme dftb jf ufwrdttmf, nuiglmss prbtmitdvm em`dfdtdbf8 jitujl jfe sustjdfme dftmr`mrmfim wdtg ormjtgdfc wjssuostdtutme `br tgm [jtrbl Cudems ilmjr jfe ufmqudvbijl em`dfdtdbf prbgdodtdfc jfyprmssurm tb tgm fmia wgdig njy dfgdodt ormjtgdfc. Df mssmfim, edsidpldfjry prjitdimstrjfspljftme tgm gmjrt b` tgm igbamgble rulm eurdfc j pmrdbe df wgdig, tgm mvdemfimsuccmsts, igbamgble dfidemfts wmrm dfirmjsdfc.

Ugmf, j sdfclm ijtjilysndi dfidemft b` pbldim usm b` `brimtgm jllmcme igbamgble tgjtjppmjrs tb gjvm ibftrdoutme tb Mrdi Cjrfmrs emjtgigjllmfcme tgm prjitdims b` tgmmftdrm Empjrtnmft jfe trdccmrme jremft mxprmssdbfs b` lbfc sdnnmrdfc ibnnufdtybutrjcm jfe rmsmftnmft. Ugds mvmft irystjldzme `bius bf igbamgbles. Ugbucg dt dsdnpbssdolm (jfe wbule om drrmspbfsdolm) tb jssmrt tgjt tgm mrbsdbf b` tgm FT[E [jtrblCudem rulm prbgdodtdfc igbamgbles ijusme jfy pjrtdiuljr dfidemft, lmt jlbfm tgds trjcmey,tgm mvmft b` Nr. Cjrfmrs emjtg ebms prbvdem ibnpmlldfc rmjsbf tb `bius bf igbamgblesjfe gbw tgm rulm prbgdodtdfc tgmn ijf om rmdfvdcbrjtme jfe ufd`brnly mf`brime. Ugdsrmpbrt, gbpm`ully, wdll smrvm tgjt mfe.


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vddd

Igjptmr Bfm, Igbamgble [bldiy jfe Em`dfdtdbfs

- ]femr tgm usm b` `brim pbldiy b` tgm FT[E, j igbamgble sgjll dfiluem, out ds fbtldndtme tb, jfy prmssurm tb tgm tgrbjt br wdfepdpm, wgdig njy prmvmft br gdfemr

ormjtgdfc br rmeuim dftjam b` jdr. Ugm Empjrtnmft pbldiy jppmjrs tb om orbje dfdts ufemrstjfedfc b` rmspdrjtbry fmia rmstrjdfts, out sdlmft bf btgmr `brns b` `brimdfvblvdfc fmia rmstrjdfts1 `br mxjnplm, mximpt js dnpldme oy tgm igbamgbleprbgdodtdbf df tgm [jtrbl Cudem, ijrbtde fmia gbles wgdig emprdvm tgm orjdf b`bxycmfjtme olbbe jrm fbt spmid`dijlly prbgdodtme. Df jeedtdbf, tgm Empjrtnmftpbldiy usms tgm tmrn prmssurm js bppbsme tb tgm tmrn gble br rmstrjdft. Ugdsnjy gjvm dfhmitme j ljia b` iljrdty df wgjt wjs pljdfly dftmfeme tb om jfufmqudvbijl ojf ufemr tgm iurrmft FT[E igbamgble rulm.

- ]femr tgm iurrmft rulm, tgm em`dfdtdbf b` j igbamgble ds j twb-prbfcme tmst. Ugm`drst prbfc ds tgm em`dfdtdbf b` j igbamgble js jfy prmssurm tb tgm tgrbjt br

wdfepdpm. Ugm smibfe prbfc ds tgm em`dfdtdbf b` jfy prmssurm tgjt njy prmvmftbr gdfemr ormjtgdfc br rmeuim dftjam b` jdr. J rmvdmw b` II_O igbamgbledfidemfts jfe jendfdstrjtdvm emidsdbfs sgbws tgjt tgmrm gjs ommf j edstbrtdbf b`tgds stjfejre, df pjrtdiuljr, wgmtgmr ormjtgdfc nust om rmstrditme.

- Jt j ndfdnun, cdvmf tgm iurrmft wbredfc b` tgm jppldijolm [jtrbl Cudem prbvdsdbfjfe tgm ibnnbf smfsm ufemrstjfedfc b` tgm wbre njy,, dt smmns ilmjr tgjt tgmigbamgble prbgdodtdbf mxtmfes tb jll ibftjit, btgmr tgjf dfidemftjl tbuigdfc, wdtgtgm ibnplmx jfe `rjcdlm pjtgwjy b` fmrvms, olbbe vmssmls jfe jdrwjy tgjtibfstdtutms tgm jfjtbny b` tgm fmia.

- Ugds rmpbrt sgbws tgjt, mvmf df tgm `jim b` wgjt jppmjrs tb om jf ufmqudvbijlFT[E [jtrbl Cudem em`dfdtdbf, rmqudrdfc j `dfedfc b` ndsibfeuit `br dts vdbljtdbf,

tgm dfstdtutdbfjl synpjtgy df tgm FT[E edsidpldfjry prbimss `br b``dimrs df pgysdijl`brim dfidemfts tmfeme tb emcrjem tgm prbtmitdbf dftmfeme oy tgm rulm. Ugmrm`brm,tgds rmpbrt wdll rmibnnmfe, jnbfc btgmr tgdfcs, iblljobrjtdbf omtwmmf tgm FT[Ejfe II_O tb rmdfvdcbrjtm [jtrbl Cudem em`dfdtdbf tgjt ijpturms tgm dnpmrjtdvmjrtdiuljtme oy @drst Emputy Hbgf Udnbfmy df :44=, tb stjy jwjy `rbn tgm fmia.

Igjptmr Uwb, Jfjlysds b` Igbamgble Ibnpljdfts

- Ugm II_O rmimdvme ?:: igbamgble ibnpljdfts `rbn Huly ?;:9 tgrbucg Hufm?;:5, wgdig wjs j lmvml b` igbamgble ibnpljdft jitdvdty tgjt tgm jcmfiy gje fbtsmmf sdfim tgm ?;;0-?;:; pmrdbe wgmf tgm II_O rmimdvme nbrm tgjf ?;;


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dx

igbamgble ibnpljdfts pmr ymjr. Ugds dfirmjsm df josblutm funomrs ds, oy dtsml`,dnpbrtjft. Out dt ds mvmf nbrm dnpbrtjft omijusm b` tgm `bllbwdfc `dfedfcs.

- Df rmljtdvm funomrs, df tgm ljst :?-nbftgs, tgm II_O rmimdvme tgm gdcgmstfunomr b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts js j pmrimftjcm b` obtg `brim ibnpljdfts jfe

tbtjl ibnpljdfts sdfim ?;;:. @br mxjnplm, df ?;;:, `br mvmry :;; `brimibnpljdfts `dlme, 9.7 wmrm igbamgble ibnpljdfts1 oy Hjfujry tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5,`br mvmry :;; `brim ibnpljdfts, 0.7 wmrm igbamgble ibnpljdfts.

- Sgmf j idvdldjf dlme j ibnpljdft wdtg tgm II_O df tgm ljst twmlvm nbftgs, dt wjsnbrm ldamly tb jllmcm j igbamgble tgjf jt jfy tdnm df tgm rmimft pjst. Ugmsm`dfedfcs emnbfstrjtm tgjt, jt lmjst `rbn tgm pbdft b` vdmw b` tgm pjrtdiuljrmxpmrdmfim b` tgm ibnpljdfjfts, pbldim b``dimrs ibftdfum tb usm igbamgbles jfetgm pmrsdstmfim b` tgds prjitdim puts idvdldjfs jt pgysdijl rdsa.

- Gjl` b` tgm b``dimrs df igbamgble ibnpljdfts gje j gdstbry b` sdx br nbrm II_O

ibnpljdfts, wdtg ?=% b` b``dimrs gjvdfc j gdstbry b` tmf br nbrm ibnpljdfts. Bfjvmrjcm, tgm demftd`dme b``dimrs (F > =55) dfvblvme df tgm igbamgble ibnpljdftsgje 0.4 ndsibfeuit ibnpljdfts mjig. Oy ibnpjrdsbf, tgm demftd`dme b` dimrs(F>:9,0;9) wgb wmrm fbt dfvblvme df jfy igbamgble dfidemft eurdfc tgds pmrdbe b`tdnm gje jf jvmrjcm ibnpljdft gdstbry b` 9.7 ibnpljdfts mjig. Sgmf ibnpjrdfctgmsm `dfedfcs tb tgm ibnpljdft gdstbry b` jll b``dimrs df tgm iurrmft rbstmr, tgmed``mrmfims wmrm mvmf nbrm sdcfd`dijft.

- Ugmrm wmrm sdcfd`dijft ed``mrmfims jnbfc prmidfits wgmrm igbamgble dfidemftsjllmcmely biiurrme jfe jnbfc ibnnjfes tb wgdig tgmsm igbamgble dfidemftswmrm jttrdoutme. Ugm prmidfits wdtg tgm gdcgmst funomr b` igbamgble dfidemfts

wmrm 3=

tg

jfe 39

re

. Ugmrm wmrm fbfm df Imftrjl [jra, tgm 00tg [rmidfit df tgmObrb [jra smitdbf b` Orbbalyf jfe tgm rmimftly irmjtme :?:st df Ytjtmf Dsljfe.

Ugmrm wmrm :4 prmidfits wdtg = br `mwmr igbamgble ibnpljdfts jfe ?= prmidfitswdtg ?; br nbrm igbamgble ibnpljdfts.

- Df tgm njhbrdty (05%) b` igbamgble ijsms tgmrm wmrm 9 br nbrm b``dimrs ldstme dftgm ibnpljdft. Df j tgdre b` ijsms tgmrm wmrm = br nbrm b``dimrs prmsmft jfe dffmjrly j qujrtmr b` ijsms (?5%) tgmrm wmrm twb br nbrm b``dimrs. Df ::% b` ijsms,tgmrm wjs hust bfm b``dimr.

- Ugmsm `dfedfcs prbvdem j ojsds tb irmjtm jf mjrly wjrfdfc systmn `br tgm FT[Ejfe fmw trjdfdfc prbtbibls tb prmvmft `uturm igbamgble dfidemfts.


10/132

x

Igjptmr Ugrmm, [bldim Empjrtnmft Edsidpldfm

- Ydfim tgm dnplmnmftjtdbf b` tgm igbamgble ojf, tgm II_O gjs rmibnnmfemetgm nbst smrdbus `brn b` edsidpldfm, Igjrcms jfe Ypmid`dijtdbfs, df jll out bfm

ijsm. Ugm rmspbfsm b` tgm Empjrtnmft gjs ommf ndxme jfe ijf om edvdeme dftbimrtjdf edstdfit pmrdbes.

- FT[Es usm b` `brim pbldiy prmidsmly em`dfms j stjy jwjy rbn tgm fmia rulm.Fbtwdtgstjfedfc tgds prbpgyljitdi rulm, huecms df tgm FT[Es trdjl rbbnmnjsiuljtme tgm pljdf ljfcujcm b` tgm [jtrbl Cudem jfe rmpmjtmely rm`usme tbjpply tgm rulm js wrdttmf, eurdfc tgm ljst :; ymjrs. Js j rmsult, b` dimrs wgbjppldme prmssurm tb ibnpljdfjfts fmias wmrm fbt edsidpldfme jfe II_Odfvmstdcjtbrs jfe Empjrtnmft prbsmiutbrs rmspbfeme oy fbt pursudfc igbamgbleijsms tgjt sgbule gjvm ommf rmibcfdzme js `jlldfc ufemr tgm Empjrtnmftsprbgdodtdbf.

- Ldnp mf`brimnmft b` igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs, stmnndfc `rbn j edlutdbf b` tgm[jtrbl Cudem em`dfdtdbf, wjs fbt jlwjys tgm ijsm jfe tgm Empjrtnmfts rmibre cbtwbrsm bvmr tdnm, rjtgmr tgjf omttmr. Ugm rmpbrt edstdfcudsgms omtwmmf ed``mrmftpmrdbes. @rbn :447 tgrbucg ?;;?, tgm II_O suostjftdjtme :? igbamgblejllmcjtdbfs jfe tgm Empjrtnmft pursume Igjrcms df :: ijsms. @dvm B``dimrs wmrm`bufe cudlty jfe 0 fbt cudlty.

- @rbn ?;;9 tb ?;;7, tgm II_O suostjftdjtme j igbamgble jllmcjtdbf df :; ijsms.Ugm Empjrtnmft pursume igjrcms df 4 ijsms jfe dnpbsme j IbnnjfeEdsidpldfm jcjdfst bfm b` dimr. B` tgm 4 ijsms df wgdig tgm Empjrtnmft pursume

igjrcms, tgm b``dimr wjs `bufe fbt cudlty br tgm igjrcms wmrm edsndssme df 7dfstjfims. Df bfly bfm ijsm wjs tgm b``dimr `bufe cudlty.

- Eurdfc tgm `dfjl pmrdbe, tgm pmrdbe b` tgds stuey, tgm II_O suostjftdjtme :; ijsmsjfe rmibnnmfeme tgm nbst smrdbus `brn b` edsidpldfm Igjrcms. Ugm [bldimEmpjrtnmft edspbsme b` smvmf jllmcjtdbfs. Df tgmsm smvmf ijsm, Igjrcms wmrm`dlme df bfly bfm ijsm. Ugm Empjrtnmft dnpbsme j Ibnnjfe Edsidpldfm O bfbfm b``dimr (lbss b` up tb :; ejys b` vjijtdbf)1 dfstruitdbfs tb tgrmm b``dimrs1 jfeemildfme tb prbsmiutm twb igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs. (Ugrmm jllmcjtdbfs jrm pmfedfcedspbsdtdbf jfe jrm omdfc prbsmiutme oy tgm II_Os Jendfdstrjtdvm [rbsmiutdbf]fdt.)


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Igjptmr @bur

- Ugm rmpbrt `dfes tgjt tgmrm wmrm :=0 igbamgble dfidemfts tgjt wmrm fmvmr jllmcmeoy tgm II_O tb om igbamgbles ijsms br wmrm ijtmcbrdzme bfly js usm b` pgysdijl

`brim. Ugm mvdemfim jppmjrs tb sgbw tgjt tgds ufemribuft wjs tgm rmsult b` tgmemcrjeme dftmrprmtjtdbfs b` tgm [jtrbl Cudem igbamgble prbgdodtdbf jebptme oysbnm b` II_Os dfvmstdcjtdvm tmjns.

- Ub tmst tgm iljdn tgjt, tgm dftmrprmtjtdbf b` wgjt ibfstdtutms j igbamgble vjrdms`rbn II_O dfvmstdcjtbr tb dfvmstdcjtbr, `rbn tmjn tb tmjn, jfe `rbn tmjnjttbrfmy tb tmjn jttbrfmy, tgm juedt ibfeuitme stjtdstdijl jfjlysms b` tmjned``mrmfims df edspbsdtdbf butibnm. Ugmsm stjtdstdijl tmigfdqums sgbw tmjned``mrmfims tgjt jrm fbt mxpldijolm oy igjfim br btgmr `jitbrs jfe jrm stjtdstdijllysdcfd`dijft.

- Ugmrm ds fb crmjtmr jrmj b` dfibfsdstmfiy tgjf tgm dftmrpljy omtwmmf tgm prmssurmtmst jfe tgm ormjtgdfc tmst `br igbamgble ibnpljdfts. @br sbnm dfvmstdcjtbrs, jigbamgble mxdstme d` jfe bfly d` ormjtgdfc wjs rmstrditme, wgdlm `br btgmrs, dt ds tgmprmsmfim b` prmssurm rmcjrelmss b` wgmtgmr ormjtgdfc ds rmstrditme.

- Df tgm ijsms wgmrm j ibnpljdfjft emsirdome j igbamgble out j igbamgble wjsfbt plmjeme, tgm juedt `bufe tgrmm pjttmrfs8 j) tgm igbamgble dfidemft ds fbtplmjeme js jf jllmcjtdbf jfe tgm dfvmstdcjtbr mxpljdfme tgm rmjsbf, cmfmrjlly jstgm ljia b` ormjtgdfc rmstrditdbf1 o) tgm igbamgble dfidemft ds plmjeme js j cmfmrdijllmcjtdbf b` pgysdijl `brim1 jfe i) tgm igbamgble dfidemft ds edsiussme df tgmobey b` tgm rmpbrt out tgm dfvmstdcjtbr ebms fbt ibfsdemr tgm jllmcme jitdbf tb

nmmt tgm em`dfdtdbf b` j igbamgble.

- Ugm dfibfsdstmfidms df tgm II_Os Dfvmstdcjtdbfs Edvdsdbf wmrm pljdfly tgm rmsultb` tgm emcrjeme em`dfdtdbf b` j igbamgble jfe j ljia b` ibbredfjtdbf wdtgdf II_Otb emtmit jfe rmspbfe tb tgm jltmrme em`dfdtdbf. Mldndfjtdbf b` tgmsm edsirmpjfidmsjfe tgm ufjiimptjolm vjrdjtdbfs df jpplydfc tgm [jtrbl Cudems igbamgble ojfnust om jeermssme tgrbucg II_O-wdem rm-trjdfdfc b` dfvmstdcjtbrs jfe omttmrnbfdtbrdfc oy tmjn supmrvdsdbf jfe jttbrfmys.

Igjptmr @dvm

- Ugm njdf rmibnnmfejtdbf b` tgm rmpbrt ds tgm irmjtdbf jf dftmr-jcmfiyiblljobrjtdbf omtwmmf tgm FT[E jfe tgm II_O df bremr tb strmfctgmf ejtjibllmitdbf jfe jfjlysds, js wmll js tb `dfe jcrmmnmft bf tgm prbpmr lmvml b`


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edsidpldfm. Ugm purpbsm b` tgds pbbldfc b` rmsburims jfe ibbpmrjtdbf ds tbemvmlbp rdsa njfjcmnmft strjtmcdms tb irmjtm mjrly wjrfdfc jlmrts tgjt rmeuimigbamgble ibnpljdfts jfe tb emvmlbp fmw pbldidms, trjdfdfc jfe supmrvdsdbfstjfejres. Dt ds j Pdsdbf Xmrb jitdbf pljf `br igbamgbles.

@dfjlly, tgm rmpbrt rmibnnmfes tgjt FT[E nbfdtbr edsidpldfjry trdjl huecms sbtgjt tgmy gmw tb tgm mxtjft rmculjtdbfs. Huecms df spmid`di ijsms b` igbamgblendsibfeuit ijf mxprmss tgmdr synpjtgy `br pbldim b``dimrs wgb mfcjcm dfigbamgble vdbljtdbfs eurdfc pgysdijl `brim dfidemfts oy jpprbprdjtmly ndtdcjtdfcpmfjltdms rjtgmr tgjf mxbfmrjtdfc ndsibfeuit.


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xddd

JoormvdjtdbfsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

JEIU Jssdstjft Emputy Ibnndssdbfmr b` Urdjls (FT[E)

JLH Jendfdstrjtdvm Ljw Huecm

J[] Jendfdstrjtdvm [rbsmiutdbf ]fdt (II_O)

II_O Idvdldjf Ibnpljdft _mvdmw Objre

DJI[ Dftmrfjtdbfjl Jssbidjtdbf b` Igdm`s b` [bldim

FT[E Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft

NB] Nmnbrjfeun b` ]femrstjfedfc

EJB Empjrtnmft Jevbijtms B``dim (FT[E)

EIU Emputy Ibnndssdbfmr b` Urdjls (FT[E)

E][ Empjrtnmft ]fjolm tb [rbsmiutm

BCJ Bostruitdbf b` cbvmrfnmftjl jutgbrdty (jrrmst br sunnbfs),

BJUG B``dim b` Jendfdstrjtdvm Urdjls jfe Gmjrdfcs (FTI)

BNF Btgmr Ndsibfeuit Fbtme


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IGJ[UM_ BFM

Igbamgbles8 Em`dfdfc tgm Yibpm b` tgm _mpbrtRRRRRRR

Dftrbeuitdbf

Bf Huly :3, ?;:5, tgm emjtg b` Mrdi Cjrfmr sgbiame tgm Idty jfe rjdsme qumstdbfs jobuttgm usm b` igbamgbles oy nmnomrs b` tgm Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft (FT[E)jfe tgm trjdfdfc pbldim b``dimrs rmimdvm `rbn tgm Empjrtnmft df tgm usm b` `brim. Ugmmfibuftmr omtwmmf Nr. Cjrfmr jfe b``dimrs `rbn tgm :?; tg [rmidfit b` Ytjtmf Dsljfeomcjf wgmf tgm b``dimrs sbucgt tb jrrmst Nr. Cjrfmr `br tgm sjlm b` uftjxme idcjrmttms,wgdig gm emfdme. Jltgbucg gm ede fbt jttjia tgm b``dimrs br jttmnpt tb `lmm, Nr. Cjrfmrrmsdstme jrrmst. Js b``dimrs jttmnptme tb put gdn df gjfeiu``s jfe rmstrjdf gdn, wdtg jfb``dimr pbsdtdbfdfc gds jrn jrbufe Nr. Cjrfmrs fmia `rbn omgdfe, Nr. Cjrfmribnpljdfme rmpmjtmely tgjt gm ibule fbt ormjtgm. Gm edme sbbf tgmrmj`tmr. Jf jutbpsywjs ibfeuitme jfe tgm FTI Nmedijl Mxjndfmrs B``dim rulme Nr. Cjrfmrs emjtg jgbndidem, wgdig wjs ijusme oy ibnprmssdbf b` gds igmst jfe j igbamgble jppldme js

gm wjs omdfc suoeume.:

Bf Huly :4, ?;:5, tgm fmwly jppbdftme Igjdr b` tgm Idvdldjf _mvdmw Ibnpljdft _mvdmw,_digjre Mnmry, jffbufime tgjt tgm Objre wbule ibfeuit j ibnprmgmfsdvm mxjndfjtdbfb` tgm igbamgble ibnpljdfts tgm jcmfiy dfvmstdcjtme sdfim ?;;4. Bf omgjl` b` tgmObjre, Nr. Mnmry smt twb rmsmjrig prdbrdtdms. Ugm njdf `bius wjs tb edsimrf wgyb``dimrs ibftdfum tb usm tgds `brodeemf prjitdim.

? Ub tgjt mfe, tgm II_O wjs tb

mxjndfm tgm stjtdstdijl prmvjlmfim b` tgm prjitdim, b``dimrs ufemrstjfedfc b` tgmigbamgble pbldiy, tgm trjdfdfc b``dimrs rmimdvm df tgm usm b` `brim, tgm idriunstjfimssurrbufedfc tgm jllmcme usm b` igbamgbles, jfe tgm butibnms b` tgmsm dfidemfts. Ugmstuey wjs jlsb tb sgme ldcgt bf tgm II_O nmtgbeblbcdms tgjt lme tb wgjt smmns tb omj ljrcm funomr b` ijsms omdfc ufsuostjftdjtme br fbt `ully dfvmstdcjtme oy tgm II_O.

Ugm ultdnjtm `dfedfc b` tgm rmpbrt ds tgjt, jltgbucg igbamgbles jrm ufmqudvbijllyprbgdodtme js j njttmr b` pbldiy, fbt b` irdndfjl ljw, tgm tbbls usme tb dnplmnmft jfe

:

Hbsmpg Cblestmdf, Ydx Nmnomrs b` Ibfcrmss Jsa Gblemr tb Bpmf @memrjl Dfqudry df Igbamgble Ijsm,Fmw Tbra Udnms, Jucust :9, ?;:51 Ejvde Cbbenjf jfe Hbsmpg Cblestmdf, Gjfeldfc b` Fmw TbraIgbamgble Ijsms Edsjppbdftdfc, _mvdmw Objre Igdm` Yjys, Fmw Tbra Udnms, Jucust =, ?;:5.?FTI Idvdldjf Ibnpljdft _mvdmw Objre, [rmss _mlmjsm, Hufm :4, ?;:5. gttp8//www.fyi.cbv/iiro


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mf`brim tgjt prbgdodtdbf gjvm `jdlme tb rmeuim dts prmvjlmfim. Ugmsm tbbls dfiluem tgmEmpjrtnmfts trjdfdfc, tgm edsidpldfjry prbimss jfe tgm II_Os ibnpljdft prbimss.

Ugm rmpbrt sgbws tgjt, js nmjsurme df tmrns b` funomr b` igbamgble dfidemftsibnpjrme tb obtg tgm tbtjl funomr b` ibnpljdfts jfe tgm tbtjl funomr b` `brim

ibnpljdfts `dlme, tgm usm b` igbamgbles js j rmstrjdft tmigfdqum pmrsdsts jfe gjscrjeujlly dfirmjsme bvmr tdnm. Ugds gjppmfme mvmf js, df josblutm funomrs, tgm`rmqumfiy b` usm b` `brim cmfmrjlly jfe jllmcme igbamgble dfidemfts pjrtdiuljrlyibftdfums tb om stjtdstdijlly lbw wgmf ibnpjrme tb pbldim-idvdldjf mfibuftmrs, dfiluedfcmfibuftmrs wgmrm `brim ds usme jcjdfst jrrmstmms.

9

Df rmspbfsm tb tgds stjtm b` j``jdrs, tgm bvmr-jrigdfc lmssbf b` tgm rmpbrt ds tgjt tgm Objrefmmes tb trjfs`brn dts ndssdbf. Dt nust cb omybfe tgm tjsa b` dfvmstdcjtdfc jllmcjtdbfs`br pbssdolm edsidpldfm. Dt nust cb omybfe nbfdtbrdfc jfe trjiadfc igbamgblejllmcjtdbfs. Dt nust cb omybfe omdfc tgm nmrm rmpbsdtbry b` ejtj jfe dfstmje usm tgmejtj js jf jfjlytdijl mfcdfm tb emtmit pjttmrfs b` ibfeuit tgjt wdll smrvm js jf mjrly

wjrfdfc sytmn `br tgm FT[E. Df sb ebdfc, ndsibfeuit ijf om rmeuime jfe ibnnufdty-pbldim rmljtdbfs dnprbvme.

Ugm prdfidpjl rmibnnmfejtdbf b` tgm rmpbrt ds tgm urcmft fmme tb irmjtm jf dftmr-jcmfiypljt`brn b` iblljobrjtdbf df bremr tb strmfctgmf ejtj ibllmitdbf jfe jfjlysds, js wmll jsjcrmmnmft bf prbpmr lmvmls b` edsidpldfm. Ugm purpbsm b` tgds pbbldfc b` rmsburims jfeibbpmrjtdbf ds tb emvmlbp rdsa njfjcmnmft strjtmcdms tgjt rmeuim igbamgble ibnpljdftsjs wmll js tgm emvmlbpnmft b` fmw pbldidms ibuplme wdtg fmw trjdfdfc jfe supmrvdsdbf

stjfejres. Dt ds j Pdsdbf Xmrb pljf `br igbamgbles.5 Ugds sjnm pljt`brn ijf jfe

sgbule om jf m``mitdvm tbbl `br jeermssdfc, nbrm orbjely, njfy ndsibfeuit pjttmrfs.

Sgmf dt ibnms tb igbamgbles jfe btgmr `brns b` prbgdodtme br trbuoldfc pbldim ibfeuit,tgm mnpgjsds df nmjsurmnmft ds fbt gbw `rmqumftly tgmy biiur out rjtgmr gbwdf`rmqumftly. J sdfclm ijtjilysndi igbamgble dfidemft b` pbldim jousm gjs tgm pbtmftdjltb tjam j gunjf ld`m jfe ejnjcm tgm rmputjtdbf b` j empjrtnmft, suostjftdjlly mrbedfcibnnufdty suppbrt.

= Ugm omgjvdbr b` pbldim b` dimrs ds fbt jiimptjolm nmrmly omijusm dt

ds fbt irdndfjl, j tbrt, sijfejlbus, br stjtdstdijlly df`rmqumft. Ugm puoldi rmqudrms tgjt

9 Ymm8 [bldim Ibnndssdbfmr Sdlldjn H. Orjttbf, Ytjtmnmft Om`brm tgm Fmw Tbra Idty Ibufidl [uoldi

Yj`mty Ibnndttmm8 Bvmrsdcgt - Ugm [bldim Empjrtnmfts [ljf tb Mfgjfim B``dimr Urjdfdfcs, Ymptmnomr 7,?;:5. Igjrt :8 Ugm `rmqumfiy wdtg wgdig `brim gjs ommf usme df jrrmst sdtujtdbfs.5 Ugm prdnjry ndssdbf b` cbvmrfnmft ds tb prbtmit tgm puoldi. Ymm Njybr em Oljsdbs brdcdfjl Pdsdbf

Xmrb [ljf jt gttp8//www.fyi.cbv/gtnl/vdsdbfzmrb/pjcms/gbnm/gbnm.gtnl=

@br tgds demj b` tgm rmlmvjfim b` j ijtjilysndi mvmft jfe dts rmljtdbfsgdp tb tgm usm b` `brim oy pbldim,Ymm8 Amffmtg Jejns, Nmjsurdfc tgm [rmvjlmfim b` Jousm b` @brim, df Sdlldjn J. Cmllmr jfe Gjfs Ubig,mes., [bldim Pdblmfim8 ]femrstjfedfc jfe Ibftrblldfc [bldim Jousm b` @brim (Fmw Gjvmf, IU8 Tjlm]fdvmrsdty [rmss, :440)8 =?-49.


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pbldim empjrtnmfts eb mvmrytgdfc df tgmdr pbwmr tb rmeuim lmss tgjf prb`mssdbfjl pbldimomgjvdbr jfe jitdvmly njfjcm tgmdr prbolmn-prbfm b``dimrs. Ugds rmpbrt ds pjrt b` jibftdfudfc m``brt oy tgm II_O tb suppbrt tgm Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft dfjeermssdfc tgds dnpmrjtdvm.

Brcjfdzjtdbf b` Ugds _mpbrt

Ugm rmpbrt ds edvdeme dftb `dvm dftmrrmljtme igjptmrs. Dt drst emsirdoms tgm FT[Esigbamgble pbldiy wdtg dts strmfctgs jfe wmjafmssms1 dt jfjlyzms trmfes jfe ejtj tbomttmr ufemrstjfe wgmrm tgm pbldiy jfe trjdfdfc njy om `jdldfc1 dt edsiussms tgm ojrrdmrstb dfvmstdcjtdbfs jfe prbsmiutdbfs `jime df tgm FT[E jendfdstrjtdvm trdjl edvdsdbf1 dtmxjndfms tgm dftmrfjl jfe mxtmrfjl igjllmfcms tgm II_O ibf`rbftme, jfe ibf`rbfts, dfdfvmstdcjtdfc tgmsm ibnpljdfts1 jfe jppldms tgm lmssbfs lmjrfme tb spmid`di pbldiyrmibnnmfejtdbfs jdnme jt dnplmnmftdfc jf dftmr-jcmfiy igbamgble Pdsdbf Xmrb pljf.

Igjptmr Bfm em`dfms tgm sibpm b` tgm stuey. Dt emsirdoms tgm purpbsm, pbpuljtdbf jfeldndts b` tgm stuey. Dt jlsb mxjndfms tgm [bldim Empjrtnmfts usm b` `brim pbldiy `rbnobtg j gdstbrdijl jfe j ibnpjrjtdvm pmrspmitdvm. Dt ibnpjrms tgm orbje jfe prbtmitdvmem`dfdtdbf b` j igbamgble ufemr tgm [jtrbl Cudem tb btgmr bpmrjtdbfjl em`dfdtdbfs - ojsmebf dftmrprmtjtdbf b` jendfdstrjtdvm ijsm ljw - tgjt gjvm edstbrtme tgm ilmjr nmjfdfc b`tgm pbldiy.

Igjptmr Uwb ds j rmvdmw b` tgm :,:?7 igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs tgjt tgm Objre ilbsme `rbnHjfujry :, ?;;4 tb Hufm 9;, ?;:5. Ugds Igjptmr mxjndfms jvjdljolm qujftdtjtdvmdf`brnjtdbf `rbn jll ibnpljdfts js wmll js qujldtjtdvm `dfedfcs `rbn j sjnplm b` ijsms,

dfiluedfc idvdldjf jfe b``dimrs stjtmnmfts. Dt nmjsurms tgm prmvjlmfim b` igbamgbleibnpljdfts jfe prbvdems j stjtdstdijl nbeml tgjt demftd`dms rmlmvjft prmeditbrs b`prbolmn-prbfm b``dimr omgjvdbr jfe `jitbrs prmeditdfc igbamgble dfidemfts.

Igjptmr Ugrmm ibftjdfs j pbldiy jfe lmcjl jfjlysds b` tgm [bldim Empjrtnmfts edsidpldfmdf ijsms wgmrm tgm Objre `bufe b``dimrs ibnndttme ndsibfeuit jfe usme igbamgbles.Ugm mnpgjsds ds bf wgmtgmr jfe gbw tgm FT[E mnplbyme dts edsidpldfjry prbimss tbibrrmit tgm omgjvdbr b` b``dimrs wgb gjvm ibnndttme ndsibfeuit. Dt `biusms bf tgrmmedstdfit pmrdbes jfe jpprbjigms tb tgm prbsmiutdbf b` igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs.

Igjptmr @bur ds jf juedt b` gbw tgm II_O pmr`brnme dts dfvmstdcjtdbfs b` igbamgble

ibnpljdfts. Ugds igjptmr `biusms bf tgm ljrcm funomr b` ijsms tgjt wmrmufsuostjftdjtme jfe fbt `ully dfvmstdcjtme. Ugm mnpgjsds ds bf dftmrfjl nmtgbeblbcdms


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jfe emtmrndfdfc wjys tb dnprbvm II_Os prbimssms. Dt jlsb mxjndfms tgm ljia b`ufd`brndty jirbss jcmfiy dfvmstdcjtdvm tmjns df tgmdr gjfeldfc b` igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs.

Igjptmr @dvm smts `brtg j rmibnnmfejtdbf ojsme bf tgm njdf `dfedfcs b` tgm rmpbrt.Ugm bohmitdvm ds tb irmjtm dftmr-jcmfiy iblljobrjtdbf tb mfgjfim b``dimr pmr`brnjfim jfe

rmeuim em`mitdvm, dnprbpmr jfe ejfcmrbus omgjvdbr.

[urpbsm, [bpuljtdbf, jfe Nmtgbeblbcy

[urpbsm

Ugm purpbsm b` tgds stuey ds tb ufemrstjfe wgy pbldim-idvdldjf mfibuftmrs ibftdfum tbrmsult df igbamgble ibnpljdfts jfe wgy tgm II_O ibftdfums tb `dfe dfstjfims b`

ndsibfeuit wgmf tgm prjitdim gjs ommf prbgdodtme `br nbrm tgjf twb emijems. Dt smmastb ibffmit tgm ebts df nbrm tgjf j tgbusjfe igbamgble ibnpljdfts `dlme oy nmnomrs b`tgm puoldi oy lbbadfc omybfe mjig dfedvdeujl jllmcjtdbf jfe dts edspbsdtdbf. Ugm dftmft dsfbt tb ibfeuit j fmw dfvmstdcjtdbf b` tgmsm dfedvdeujl ibnpljdfts out rjtgmr tb lbba jttgmn df tgm jccrmcjtm, tb mxtrjit rmlmvjft pbldiy df`brnjtdbf jfe prjitdijl lmssbfs tgjtijf mfgjfim tgm II_Os gjfeldfc b` tgmsm ijsms jfe tgm [bldim Empjrtnmfts trjdfdfcjfe pbldiy.

Ugmrm jrm twb spmid`di pbldiy cbjls tgm rmpbrts smmas tb jigdmvm.

Ugm `drst cbjl ds tb demftd`y pjttmrfs jfe prjitdims stmnndfc `rbn bur rmvdmw b`

ibnpljdfts df bremr tb jssdst tgm Empjrtnmft df dts bwf rmvdmw b` tgm usm b` `brim pbldiyjfe trjdfdfc. Ub tgm mxtmft pbssdolm, tgm tjsa ds tb ufibvmr pbldiy jfe prjitdimem`didmfidms df tgm FT[Es rmculjtdbf b` tgds pbtmftdjlly emjely jfe `brodeemf prjitdimwgdlm prbpbsdfc sblutdbfs tgjt wdll jde df pbldim b``dimrs jodldty tb ufemrstjfe jfe ibnplywdtg pbldiy.

Ugm smibfe cbjl ds tb mvjlujtm tgm qujldty b` tgm II_Os dfvmstdcjtdbfs b` jllmcmeigbamgbles, wdtg jf mym tbwjres dnprbvdfc II_Os prbimssms jfe tb ufemrstjfedfctgm FT[Es rmspbfsms tb tgm II_Os edsidpldfjry rmibnnmfejtdbfs rmcjredfcsuostjftdjtme igbamgble ibnpljdfts.


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tgmrm jrm cbbe jrcunmfts tb succmst tgjt ibnpljdfts bvmribuft tgm usm b` `brim rmljtdvmtb mxpmrdmfims b` ibnpljdfjfts.0

Jltgbucg tgmrm jrm rmjsbfs tb tjam [rb`mssbr Jejns ijutdbf smrdbusly, tgm jijemndijfe pbldiy ldtmrjturm bf ibnpljdft ejtj jfe njfjcmnmft gdcgldcgts bfm prdnjry rmjsbf

tb usm jfe rmly bf ibnpljdft ejtj8 ibnplmx brcjfdzjtdbfs lmjrf `rbn ibnpljdfts. Ugmprmvjdldfc vdmw ds tgjt ibnpljdft rmspbfsm sgbule fbt om bfly `biusme bf rmsblvdfcibnpljdfts jfe jeermssdfc puoldi edssjtds`jitdbf out jlsb bf mfsurdfc j lbfc-tmrn

dnprbvmnmft b` smrvdim tb tgm puoldi.3

[bldiy jfe Lmcjl Ojiacrbufe

Ugm ]sm b` @brim [bldiy8 @rjnmwbra jfe Pjlums

Ugm FT[E pbldiy bf igbamgbles ds pjrt b` tgm Empjrtnmfts usm b` brim pbldiy. [rdbr tbnjadfc smfsm b` tgm spmid`dis b` tgm igbamgble pbldiy, dt ds dnpbrtjft tb ufemrstjfe tgmbvmrjll `rjnmwbra jfe vjlums b` tgm Empjrtnmfts usm b` `brim pbldiy jfe dts ibftmxt.

Ugm imftrjl cbjl b` jfy usm b` `brim pbldiy ds tb em`dfm tgm ldndts omtwmmf prbpmr jfednprbpmr usm b` `brim. Em`dfdfc tgmsm prmidsm obufejrdms ds tgm imftrjl dssum b` nbemrfpbldidfc. Gbwmvmr, tgmrm ds fb sdfclm, jiimptme pbldiy em`dfdtdbf jnbfc rmsmjrigmrs,jfjlysts, br pbldim empjrtnmfts bf wgjt tgm prmidsm ldndts jrm omtwmmf lmcdtdnjtmibmridvm usm b` `brim jfe mximssdvm usm b` `brim.

7 Jltgbucg pbldim empjrtnmfts sgjrm

nbeml pbldidms jfe omst prjitdims, ed``mrmfims df pbldidms jrm sdcfd`dijft.4 Js j rmsult,

tgm jutgbrdty jfe trjdfdfc b` b``dimrs vjry suostjftdjlly `rbn hurdseditdbf tb hurdseditdbf.Ugmdr lmvmls b` rmstrjdft df tgm usm b` `brim jlsb vjry crmjtly.

0Amffmtg Jejns, Nmjsurdfc tgm [rmvjlmfim b` Jousm b` @brim, df Sdlldjn J. Cmllmr jfe Gjfs Ubig,

mes., [bldim Pdblmfim8 ]femrstjfedfc jfe Ibftrblldfc [bldim Jousm b` @brim (Fmw Gjvmf, IU8 Tjlm]fdvmrsdty [rmss, :440)8 =?-49, [email protected]. Pbs, C.O. Gudtmnj, jfe M. em Ljfcm-_bs, Gbw Brcjfdzjtdbfs ijf Lmjrf `rbn Ibnpljdfts, Ugm

UZN Hburfjl ?;.: (?;;7)8 7-:3, :;.7 Ymm8 ]fdtme Ytjtms Empjrtnmft b` Hustdim-Ibnnufdty Brdmftme [bldidfc Ymrvdims (IB[Y), ]sm b`

@brim, gttp8//www.ibps.usebh.cbv/em`jult.jsp2Dtmn>:9351 Fjtdbfjl Dfstdtutm b` Hustdim, [bldim ]sm b`@brim, gttp8//www.fdh.cbv/tbpdis/ljw-mf`brimnmft/b``dimr-sj`mty/usm-b`-`brim/[jcms/wmlibnm.jspx4Ymm, `br mxjnplm8 Hbml G. Cjrfmr jfe Igrdstbpgmr E. Njxwmll, Nmjsurdfc tgm Jnbuft b` @brim ]sme Oy

jfe Jcjdfst tgm [bldim df Ydx Hurdseditdbfs, df Fjtdbfjl Dfstdtutm b` Hustdim-Ourmju b` Hustdim Ytjtdstdis,]sm b` @brim oy [bldim8 Bvmrvdmw b` Fjtdbfjl jfe Lbijl Ejtj, Bitbomr :444, FIH :3099;, ?=-55. @brfjtdbfjl nbeml pbldidms b` `brim, Ymm8 Dftmrfjtdbfjl Jssbidjtdbf b` Igdm`s b` [bldim, ]sm b` @brim Nbeml[bldiy, www.tgmdjip.brc/pbldidms.


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Ub emjl wdtg tgds sdtujtdbf b` pbldiy dfemtmrndfjiy, tgm iburts gjvm prbvdeme j cmfmrjl`rjnmwbra `br tgm prbpmr usm b` `brim wgdig ds rmspmit`ul b` ibfstdtutdbfjl rdcgts jfeibfsdstmft wdtg tgm fbtdbf b` ibfstdtutdbfjl pbldidfc. Ugm iurrmft fjtdbfjl lmcjl stjfejre`br ed``mrmftdjtdfc omtwmmf prbpmr jfe mximssdvm `brim ds, orbjely em`dfme, wgmtgmr tgm

pbldim b``dimr rmjsbfjoly omldmvme tgjt suig `brim wjs fmimssjry tb jiibnpldsg jlmcdtdnjtm pbldim purpbsm. Dt ds afbwf js tgm bohmitdvmly rmjsbfjolm stjfejre.:;

Gbwmvmr, tgmrm jrm fb ufdvmrsjlly jiimptme em`dfdtdbfs b` "rmjsbfjolm" jfe"fmimssjry."

::

Ibfsdstmft wdtg tgds fjtdbfjl pbldiy jfe lmcjl `rjnmwbra, tgm usm b` `brim pbldiy b` tgmFmw Tbra [bldim Empjrtnmft rmsts upbf twb pdlljrs8 jutgbrdty jfe jiibuftjodldty. Jllufd`brnme nmnomrs b` tgm FT[E gjvm tgm jutgbrdty jfe edsirmtdbf tb usm `brim wgmftgm sdtujtdbf ijlls `br dt, out tgmy jrm jlsb rmspbfsdolm jfe jiibuftjolm `br tgm prbpmrusm b` `brim ufemr jpprbprdjtm idriunstjfims.

:? [ut ed``mrmftly, df Fmw Tbra tgm usm b`

`brim ds fbt lm`t tb tgm uf`mttmrme edsirmtdbf b` tgm dfvblvme b``dimr.:9

Ub ldndt b``dimrs suohmitdvm emtmrndfjtdbfs jfe prbvdem cudemldfms, nbst pbldimempjrtnmfts gjvm pbldidms tgjt cudem usm b` `brim. Js [rb`mssbr _mdss gdcgldcgts, `br jQpbldim usm b` `brim^ igbdim tb om rmvdmwjolm, tgmrm nust om rulms br prmimemfts tgjtibfstrjdf tgm igbdim.

:5 Jlbfc wdtg tgmsm rulms jfe cudemldfms, pbldim empjrtnmfts

emvmlbp trjdfdfc simfjrdbs tgjt tmjig wgjt ds ibnnbfly afbwf js tgm ibftdfuun b``brim.

:= Ugmsm pbldidms jfe trjdfdfc njfujls emsirdom jf msijljtdfc smrdms b` jitdbfs

jf b``dimr njy tjam tb rmsblvm j ibf`ldit. Fmw Tbra Idty ds fb mximptdbf. Bvmr tdnm, tgmFT[E gjs emvmlbpme jf msijljtdfc sijlm b` `brim nbeml tgjt njtigms `brim tb tgmfjturm b` tgm sdtujtdbf.

:0

Ugm sijlm b` msijljtdfc `brim (@dcurm :.:) rmjes js `bllbws8

:;Ubn NiMwmf, Fjtdbfjl Ejtj Ibllmitdbf bf [bldim ]sm b` @brim, Fjtdbfjl Dfstdtutm b` Hustdim-Ourmju b`

Hustdim Ytjtdstdis, Jprdl :440, FIH-:0;::9, =-0.::

]fdtme Ytjtms Empjrtnmft b` Hustdim-Ibnnufdty Brdmftme [bldidfc Ymrvdims (IB[Y), ]sm b` @brim,gttp8//www.ibps.usebh.cbv/em`jult.jsp2Dtmn>:935.:?

Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft [jtrbl Cudem, [rbimeurm Fb. ?;9-::, ]sm b` @brim.:9

J igbdim Qdf pbldim usm b` `brim^ ds edsirmtdbfjry wgmf tgmrm ds fb `brnjl prbvdsdbf b` dts rmvdmw. Bfmgjs tgm jutgbrdty tb emidem njttmrs, jfe rmcjrelmss b` tgm ibfsmqumfims, tgm igbdim ijffbt om `brnjllyrmvdmwme. Jlomrt H. _mdss, Ibftrblldfc [bldim ]sm b` Emjely @brim, Ugm Jffjls b` tgm Jnmrdijf

Jijemny b` [bldtdijl jfe Ybidjl Yidmfim 5=? (:47;) :??-:95, :?9.:5

Jlomrt H. _mdss, Dode., :?9.:=

Ymm8 Fjtdbfjl Dfstdtutm b` Hustdim (FDH), Ugm ]sm-b`-@brim Ibftdfuun, gttp8//www.fdh.cbv/tbpdis/ljw-

mf`brimnmft/b``dimr-sj`mty/usm-b`-`brim/[jcms/ibftdfuun.jspx:0 Ymm8 Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft [bldim Jijemny, [bldim Jijemny Ytuemfts Cudem8 ]sm b`

@brim, ?;;3, 3. Ymm jlsb8 Omrfjre E. _bstamr mt jl., Mvjlujtdbf b` tgm Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft@drmjrn Urjdfdfc jfe @drmjrn-Edsigjrcm _mvdmw [rbimss. _jfe Ibrpbrjtdbf, ?;;7, 4. www._jfe.brc


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Jll b``dimrs jrm trjdfme df tgm sijlm b` `brim nbeml. Ugmy jrm jlsb trjdfme tgjt, df tgmjppldijtdbf b` `brim, j pbldim b``dimrs jitdbfs nust om ibfsdstmft wdtg mxdstdfc ljw jfetgm vjlums b` tgm Fmw Tbra [bldim Empjrtnmft. Ugmsm vjlums jrm tgm prmsmrvjtdbf b`gunjf ld`m jfe rmspmit `br tgm edcfdty b` mjig dfedvdeujl.

:3

:3

Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft [jtrbl Cudem, [rbimeurm Fb. ?;9-::, ]sm b` @brim. Nmnomrs b` tgmsmrvdim jrm rmndfeme tgjt tgm jppldijtdbf b` `brim nust om ibfsdstmft wdtg mxdstdfc ljw jfe wdtg Fmw TbraIdty [bldim Empjrtnmft Pjlums, oy wgdig wm plmecm tb vjlum gunjf ld`m jfe rmspmit tgm edcfdty b` mjigdfedvdeujl.


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Ojsme bf tgmsm vjlums, tgm Empjrtnmft `ljtly prbsirdoms imrtjdf pjrtdiuljrly ejfcmrbusibfeuit, suig js igbamgbles br trjfspbrtdfc suohmits df j `jim ebwf pbsdtdbf. Ugdsibfeuit ds fbt pjrt b` tgm sijlm b` `brim. Ugds typm b` josblutm prbsirdptdbf ds tgmmximptdbf tb tgm pbldiys cmfmrjl ojljfidfc rulm omijusm dt suostjftdjlly ldndts tgm rmjlnb` edsirmtdbf b` tgm b` dimr jfe dfirmjsms gmr/gds rmspbfsdodldty. Df tgm ijsm b`

igbamgbles, `rbn j pbldiy pmrspmitdvm, b``dimr edsirmtdbf ds fbf-mxdstmft jfe gmr/gdsrmspbfsdodldty ds josblutm.:7

Ugm ]sm b` @brim [bldiy8 Nmigjfdsns b` Ibftrbl

Df bremr tb ibrrmit emvdjtdbfs `rbn tgm pbldiy, tgrmm njhbr nmigjfdsns em`dfm jfeibftrbl usm b` `brim jfe dts mximssdvm, wrbfc`ul br dnprbpmr jppldijtdbf.

Ugm `drst nmigjfdsn ds, empmfedfc upbf tgm idriunstjfims, obtg `memrjl jfe stjtm ljws

tgjt prbvdem `br irdndfjl sjfitdbfs jcjdfst jfy pbldim b``dimr wgbsm usm b` `brim dsemmnme su``didmftly smrdbus sb js tb ibfstdtutm j irdnm. Orbjely spmjadfc, irdndfjl ljwrmqudrms j emcrmm b` dftmft tb df`ldit gjrn omybfe rmjsbfjolm ebuot, wgdig ds ed``diult tbprbvm.:4 Df dtsml`, tgm jit b` jf b``dimr pljidfc j idvdldjf df j igbamgble ds fbt irdndfjlibfeuit.

Ojsme bf tgm df`brnjtdbf jvjdljolm df tgm II_O ejtjojsm, fbfm b` tgm nbrm tgjf bfmtgbusjfe b``dimrs tgm II_O dfvmstdcjtme `jime irdndfjl igjrcms `br j igbamgble iljdn.

Ugm smibfe dfstrunmft b` ibftrbl ds obtg `memrjl jfe stjtm ljws tgjt prbvdem `br idvdl tbrtldjodldty jcjdfst ufd`brnme nmnomrs b` tgm smrvdim `br usm b` mximssdvm `brim. Df :439,tgm iburts mstjoldsgme tgm stjfejre wdtg wgdig tb mvjlujtm iljdns b` jousm b` `brim.Ugm Cldia stjfejre smt `bur irdtmrdj8 j) tgm fmme `br tgm jppldijtdbf b` `brim1 o) tgmrmljtdbfsgdp omtwmmf tgm fmme jfe tgm jnbuft b` `brim usme1 i) tgm mxtmft b` dfhurydf`lditme1 jfe e) wgmtgmr tgm `brim wjs jppldme njldidbusly jfe sjedstdijlly `br tgm vmrypurpbsm b` ijusdfc gjrn (afbwf js tgm sgbias tgm ibfsidmfim stjfejre).

?;

Df :474, df Crjgjn v. Ibffbr, tgm Yuprmnm Iburt rmpljime tgm sgbias tgm ibfsidmfimstjfejre, wgdig wjs ojsme bf suostjftdvm eum prbimss ebitrdfm, wdtg j stjfejre ojsme

:7Ugm omgjvdbr b` nmnomrs b` brcjfdzjtdbfs ds fbt jlwjys j njttmr b` igbdim. QUgmrm jrm sdtujtdbfs^ df

wgdig tgm nmnomr b` jf brcjfdzjtdbf ds cdvmf fb igbdim. Jlomrt H. _mdss, Bp. Idt., :?9.:4

@br jfjlysds b` tgm irdndfjl ljw ljfesijpm df rmljtdbf tb tgm dssum b` igbamgbles, _bry D. Ljfinjf jfe

Ejfdml [mjrlstmdf, Iljnpdfc Ebwf bf Igbamgbles. Fmw Tbra Ljw Hburfjl, Huly ?=, ?;:5. Ymm jlsb8Igrdstbpgmr Njtgdjs,Fmw Tbra Ljwnjamr Sjfts Ub Butljw [bldim Igbamgbles Bfim Jfe @br Jll,Gu``dfctbf [bst, Huly 9;, ?;:5.?;

Hbgfsbf v. Cldia, 57: @. ?e :;?7 (?fe. Idr.), imrt. emfdme, 5:5 ].Y. :;99 (:439)


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bf rmjsbfjolmfmss ufemr tgm @burtg Jnmfenmft, wgdig cujrjftmms tgm rdcgt b`idtdzmfs tb om smiurm ... df tgmdr pmrsbfs. Sdtg tgds emidsdbf, tgm mvjlujtdbf b` jousm b``brim fb lbfcmr rmstme bf tgm dftmftdbf b` tgm b``dimr jfe wgmtgmr tgm b``dimr jitme dfcbbe br oje `jdtg out rjtgmr bf wgjt j rmjsbfjolm b``dimr bf tgm simfm wbule eb dfsuig j sdtujtdbf.

?:

Ugm Idty b` Fmw Tbra jlsb gjs jf dftmrmst df jeermssdfc pbtmftdjl idvdl ldjodldty `brmximssdvm usm b` `brim. ]femr Nbfmlljfe Ijftbf, nufdidpjldtdms ijf om gmle ldjolm `brtgm mxdstmfim b` jf b``didjl pbldiy br iustbn tgjt vdbljtms ibfstdtutdbfjl rdcgts js wmll js`br sdtujtdbfs wgmrm tgm `jdlurm tb trjdf jnbufts tb emldomrjtm dfed``mrmfim tb tgm rdcgts b`pmrsbfs wdtg wgbn tgm pbldim ijnm dftb ibftjit.

??

Jltgbucg tgm II_O ibllmits df`brnjtdbf js tb wgmtgmr j ibnpljdfjft gjs `dlme j fbtdimb` iljdn wdtg tgm Idty b` Fmw Tbra, tgm nbst ibnplmtm df`brnjtdbf `br tgm purpbsm b`jfjlysds rmsdems wdtg tgm FTI Ljw Empjrtnmft jfe tgm FTI B``dim b` tgm Ibnptrbllmr.Ugm tgdre wjy b` ibftrblldfc pbldim jousm b` `brim ds tgrbucg tgm pbldidms jfe

jendfdstrjtdvm jitdbfs b` tgm [bldim Empjrtnmft, br tgrbucg mxtmrfjl dftmrvmftdbf. Ugmsmjitdbfs dfiluem prbnulcjtme pbldidms, m``mitdvm trjdfdfc, supmrvdsbry ibftrbls, ejtjibllmitdbf jfe jfjlysds `br tgm purpbsm b` emvmlbpdfc rdsa njfjcmnmft strjtmcdms, jfetgm dnplmnmftjtdbf b` dfstdtutdbfs jfe prbimeurms usme tb ibrrmit dnprbpmr ibfeuit.?9Ugm Ibffbr stjfejre b` bohmitdvmly rmjsbfjolm pbldim ibfeuit ds tgm ibftrblldfcstjfejre df tgm jppldijtdbf b` tgmsm tbbls.

Ugm II_O prdnjrdly pjrtdidpjtms df tgm usm b` `brim edsidpldfjry prbimss tgrbucg dtsdfvmstdcjtdbfs jfe, nbst rmimftly, tgrbucg tgm Jendfdstrjtdvm [rbsmiutdbf ]fdt (J[]). Dtjlsb sgjrms dts ejtjojsm wdtg tgm [bldim Empjrtnmft.

Ugm FT[E Igbamgble [bldiy

Sgdlm em`dfdfc tgm prmidsm obufejrdms omtwmmf tgm lmcdtdnjtm usm b` ibmridvm `brim jfetgm dfjpprbprdjtm usm b` ibmridvm `brim ijf om j emldijtm ojljfim df nbst dftmrjitdbfs

?:Crjgjn v Ibffbr, 54; ].Y. ?70 (:474). @br j edsiussdbf b` tgds dssums, Ymm8 Cmb``rmy [. Jlomrt jfe

Sdlldjn I. Yndtg, Gbw _mjsbfjolm ds tgm _mjsbfjolm njf28 [bldim jfe Mximssdvm @brim. Ugm Hburfjlb` Irdndfjl Ljw jfe Irdndfblbcy 7=.? (:445)8 57:-=;:.??

Nbfmll v. Fmw Tbra Idty Empt. b` Ybidjl Ymrvdims. , 590 ].Y. 0=7 (:437)1 Idty b` Ijftbf, Bgdb v. Gjrrds,574 ].Y. 937 (:474), 977.?9

@br [rb`mssbr Albiajrs, tgm `mjr b` sijfejlds bfm b` tgm tgrmm njhbr nmigjfdsns, df ibfhufitdbf wdtgirdndfjl ljw jfe idvdl ldjodldty. Ijrl O. Albiajrs, J Ugmbry b` Mximssdvm @brim jfe Dts Ibftrbl, Df Sdlldjn

J. Cmllmr jfe Gjfs Ubig, mes., [bldim Pdblmfim8 ]femrstjfedfc jfe Ibftrblldfc [bldim Jousm b` @brim(Fmw Gjvmf, IU8 Tjlm ]fdvmrsdty [rmss, :440)8 :-?5, ?.


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omtwmmf pbldim b``dimrs jfe idvdldjfs, tgm FT[E gjs emtmrndfme tgjt imrtjdf ibfeuit brprjitdims sgbule fmvmr om pmrndttme. Ugmy jrm em`dfme js mximssdvm, wrbfc`ul brdnprbpmr usm b` `brim ufemr jll idriunstjfims. Ugm usm b` j igbamgble ds bfm b` tgbsmprjitdims8 tgm [jtrbl Cudem ebms fbt pmrndt j igbamgble ufemr jfy idriunstjfim.

Ymitdbf ?;9-:: b` tgm [jtrbl Cudem rmculjtms igbamgbles df tgm ibftmxt b` tgm usm b``brim oy nmnomrs b` tgm smrvdim. Ugm pbldiy ds ilmjr jfe ufjnodcubus8 fb pbldimb``dimr ijf rmjsbfjoly omldmvm tgjt suig `brim ds fmimssjry tb jiibnpldsg j lmcdtdnjtmpbldim purpbsm. Js tgm [jtrbl Cudem stjtms8

"QNQmnomrs b` tgm Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft wdll FBU usm igbamgbles. Jigbamgble sgjll dfiluem, out ds fbt ldndtme tb, jfy prmssurm tb tgm tgrbjt brwdfepdpm, wgdig njy prmvmft br gdfemr ormjtgdfc br rmeuim dftjam b` jdr.Sgmfmvmr dt omibnms fmimssjry tb tjam j vdblmft br rmsdstdfc suohmit dftbiustbey, rmspbfedfc b``dimrs sgbule utdldzm jpprbprdjtm tjitdis df j ibbredfjtmem``brt tb bvmribnm rmsdstjfim (`br mxjnplm smm [.C. ?:0-;=, "Jdeme Ijsms-

Nmftjlly Dll br Mnbtdbfjlly Edsturome [mrsbfs").

?5

Ugm [jtrbl Cudem `brnuljtdbf ds mxpldidt8 jfy jitdbf oy jf b``dimr tgjt njams ibftjit wdtgbr jppldms prmssurm tb tgm tgrbjt br wdfepdpm tgjt ibfstdtutms j rmjldstdi tgrmjt tb dfgdodtormjtgdfc, wgmtgmr tgjt jitdbf rmstrdits ormjtgdfc br fbt, ds `brodeemf ufemr tgm pbldiy.Sgmtgmr tgm b``dimr jitme df cbbe br oje `jdtg, br wgjt gds br gmr dftmftdbf wjs, ds sdnplyfbt rmlmvjft tb wgmtgmr jf b``dimr vdbljtme tgm FT[E igbamgble rulm.

Ugm [jtrbl Cudem jlsb njams ilmjr twb dnpbrtjft mlmnmfts8 tgm rblm b` tgm supmrvdsbr dfsupmrvdsdfc `brim jfe, smpjrjtmly, tgm usm b` tjitdis rmeuidfc br rmstrditdfc ormjtgdfctgjt, jltgbucg fbt `brodeemf df josblutm tmrns d` tgm jitdbf ebms fbt ibfstdtutm jigbamgble, sgbule om jvbdeme jfe om bfly usme ufemr vmry ldndtme idriunstjfims. Jstgm [jtrbl Cudems stjtms8

Ugm pjtrbl supmrvdsbr, d` prmsmft, sgbule edrmit jfe ibftrbl jll jitdvdty. Sgmfmvmrpbssdolm, nmnomrs sgbule njam mvmry m``brt tb jvbde tjitdis, suig js sdttdfc brstjfedfc bf j suohmit's igmst, wgdig njy rmsult df igmst ibnprmssdbf, tgmrmoyrmeuidfc tgm suohmit's jodldty tb ormjtgm.

?=

Ugm pbldiy `urtgmr iljrd`dms tgm jppldijtdbf b` `brim (d.m., tgm fmme, tgm jnbuft jfe tgmrdsa b` dfhury) df rmljtdbf tb tgm jit b` m``mitdfc jf jrrmst br tjadfc sbnmbfm dftb iustbey8

?5Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft [jtrbl Cudem, [rbimeurm Fb. ?;9-::, ]sm b` @brim.

?=Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft [jtrbl Cudem, [rbimeurm Fb. ?;9-::, ]sm b` @brim.


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Bfly tgjt jnbuft b` `brim fmimssjry tb bvmribnm rmsdstjfim wdll om usme tbm``mit jf jrrmst br tjam j nmftjlly dll br mnbtdbfjlly edsturome pmrsbf dftb iustbey.Emjely pgysdijl `brim wdll om usme BFLT js j ljst rmsbrt jfe ibfsdstmft wdtgEmpjrtnmft pbldiy jfe tgm ljw.

Dt ds dnpbrtjft tb put tgm Empjrtnmft igbamgble pbldiy df dts prbpmr gdstbrdijl jfeibnpjrjtdvm pmrspmitdvm tb ufemrstjfe tgm typm b` omgjvdbr jfe pbldim tmigfdqums tgjttgm [bldim Empjrtnmft ds smmadfc tb ibftrbl.

Df :430, Jeblpg Lybfs sume tgm Idty b` Lbs Jfcmlms `br gjvdfc ommf tgm suohmit b` jigbamgble, wdtgbut prbvbijtdbf br hustd`dijtdbf, wgmf gm b``mrme fb rmsdstjfim tb omdfcstbppme `br j trj``di vdbljtdbf. Ugm ].Y. Fdftg Edstrdit Iburt b` Jppmjls `bufe tgjt tgmLbs Jfcmlms [bldim Empjrtnmft jutgbrdzme tgm usm b` suig gbles wgmf fb bfm wjstgrmjtmfme oy emjtg br obedly gjrn1 tgjt b``dimrs wmrm dfsu``didmftly trjdfme1 tgjt tgm usmb` tgm gbles dfvblvme j gdcg rdsa b` dfhury br emjtg1 jfe, tgjt tgmdr ibftdfume usm dfsdtujtdbfs wgmrm fmdtgmr emjtg fbr smrdbus obedly dfhury wjs tgrmjtmfme wjs

ufibfsidbfjolm df j idvdldzme sbidmty.

?0

Df smmadfc rmnmedms, tgm iburt bremrme tgmIdty b` Lbs Jfcmlms jfe dts pbldim empjrtnmft tb ldndt tgm usm fmia gbles tb ld`m-tgrmjtmfdfc sdtujtdbfs jfe jlsb bremrme jf dnprbvme trjdfdfc prbcrjn js wmll js rmculjrrmpbrtdfc jfe rmibre ammpdfc.?3

Df rmspbfsm tb tgm iburt emidsdbf, df Njy :47?, tgm Igdm` b` [bldim df Lbs Jfcmlmsprbgdodtme tgm usm b` tgm ojr-jrn igbamgble df jfy idriunstjfims. J `mw ejys ljtmr, tgmObjre b` [bldim Ibnndssdbfmrs dnpbsme j tmnpbrjry nbrjtbrdun bf tgm usm b` ijrbtdejrtmry gbles mximpt ufemr idriunstjfims wgmrm emjely `brim wjs jutgbrdzme. Jtprmsmft, df Lbs Jfcmlms, tgm usm b` tgm Ijrbtde _mstrjdft Ibftrbl Gble (I_IG)tmigfdqum, wgdig ds tgm jppldijtdbf b` prmssurm tb tgm sdems b` j suohmits fmia, dspmrndttme jfe iljssd`dme jlbfc wdtg sgbbtdfcs jfe btgmr smrdbus usms b` `brim jsIjtmcbrdijl ]sm b` @brim.?7

Ydfim Lybfs, pbldim jcmfidms jirbss tgm ]fdtme Ytjtms wrmstlme wdtg tgm qumstdbf b`wgmtgmr tb usm igbamgbles. Obtg df tgm ]fdtme Ytjtms jfe df Ijfjej, smvmrjl

hurdseditdbfs ldndtme br ojffme tgm usm b` igbamgbles, df pjrtdiuljr nmigjfdijl jfe ojrjrn gbles.

?0Ugm Idty b` Lbs Jfcmlms v. Jeblpg Lybfs, 0=0 @. ?e 5:3 (IJ4 :47:)

?3Ugm Lybfs ijsm mvmftujlly wmft tb tgm ]Y Yuprmnm Iburt wgdig emideme tgjt tgm rmspbfemft ede fbt

gjvm stjfedfc tb smma dfhufitdvm rmldm` df @memrjl Edstrdit Iburt. Lybfs ede, gbwmvmr, gjvm stjfedfc `br gdsejnjcms jitdbf. Fb emtmrndfjtdbf wjs njem df tgds ijsm js tb wgjt lmvml b` `brim, wdtgdf tgm ibftdfuun

b` `brim, j fmia gble sgbule om ijtmcbrdzme js. Ymm1 Ugm Idty b` Lbs Jfcmlms v. Jeblpg Lybfs, 50: ].Y.4= (:479)?7

B``dim b` tgm Dfspmitbr Cmfmrjl b` tgm Lbs Jfcmlms [bldim Empjrtnmft, ]sm b` @brim _mpbrts,www.bdc.ljidty.brc


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Df Fmw Tbra Idty, df :47=, [bldim Ibnndssdbfmr Omfhjndf Sjre dssume jf bremr ldndtdfctgm usm b` igbamgbles. Ugm bremr stjtme,

:. M``mitdvm dnnmedjtmly, igbam gbles, wgdig jrm pbtmftdjlly lmtgjl jfe

uffmimssjry, SDLL FBU om rbutdfmly usme oy nmnomrs b` tgm Fmw Tbra Idty[bldim Empjrtnmft.

?. Igbam gbles wdll BFLT om usme d` tgm b``dimr's ld`m ds df ejfcmr br sbnm btgmrpmrsbf's ld`m ds df ejfcmr jfe tgm igbam gble ds tgm lmjst ejfcmrbus jltmrfjtdvmnmtgbe b` rmstrjdft jvjdljolm tb tgm pbldim b``dimr.

?4

Ugm iurrmft prbgdodtdbf ojffdfc tgm usm b` igbamgbles gjs ommf df m``mit sdfim :449wgmf [bldim Ibnndssdbfmr _jynbfe S. Amlly dnplmnmftme tgm iurrmft ojf. Js Djf@dsgmr rmpbrtme, Ibnndssdbfmr Amlly, igjrjitmrdzme tgm ojf fbt js j fmw pbldiy out jsiljrd`dijtdbf b` j :47= bremr. Gm jlsb fbtme tgjt tgm [bldim Jijemny wjs fb lbfcmr

tmjigdfc tgm tmigfdqum.

Df tgm sjnm fmws rmpbrt, Igdm` Hbgf @. Udnbfmy, spmjadfc `br tgm Empjrtnmft, sjde tgjttgm pbldiy spmid`dijlly ede fbt edstdfcudsg omtwmmf vjrdbus typms b` gbles, out rjtgmrojffme tgmn ijtmcbrdijlly. Dt jlsb prbgdodtme btgmr rmstrjdfts br tjitdis - ldam stjfedfc bfj suspmit's igmst br trjfspbrtdfc j suspmit df j `jim-ebwf pbsdtdbf - wgdig ndcgtdnpmem ormjtgdfc.

Df rmspbfsm tb irdtdidsns `rbn pbldim ufdbfs tgjt bppbsme tgm ojf omijusm dt ibulemfejfcmr tgm ld`m b` jf b``dimr trydfc tb suoeum j ejfcmrbus suspmit, Igdm` Udnbfmyjlsb sjde tgjt gm ibule dnjcdfm mxtrmnm idriunstjfims df wgdig j igbamgblendcgt omusme lmcdtdnjtmly jfe mjig ijsm wbule om rmvdmwme j`tmrwjre bf dts dfedvdeujl nmrdts.Out, gm jlsb jeeme tgjt, "js j njttmr b` pbldiy igbam gbles jrm `brodeemf." Gm ds dfjllyqubtme js sjydfc, "QO^jsdijlly, stjy tgm gmll jwjy `rbn tgm fmia Ugjt's wgjt dt Qtgmpbldiy^ sjys."

9;

?4Hbsmpg [. @rdme, "[bldim B``dimr Ds Jiqudttme Df tgm Adlldfc b` j Yuspmit," Fmw Tbra Udnms, Njrig ?=,

:44?.9;

Ugm Fmw Tbra Idty [bldim Empjrtnmft gjs dssume jf bremr ojffdfc tgm usm b` igbam gbles, tgmrmstrjdfdfc njfmuvmrs tgjt iut b`` tgm `lbw b` olbbe jfe bxycmf tb tgm orjdf jfe gjvm ommf oljnme df tgmemjtgs b` suspmits gmrm jfe jrbufe tgm fjtdbf. Djf @dsgmr, Amlly Ojfs Igbam Gbles, Fmw Tbra Udnms,Fbvmnomr ?5, :449, O:.


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Em`dfdfc Sgjt Ds j Igbamgble @rbn j [bldidfc [mrspmitdvm

Jltgbucg tgm [jtrbl Cudem jendts b` fb idriunstjfim wgmrm j igbamgble ds pmrndssdolm,tgmrm ds jf dssum tgjt emsmrvms `urtgmr jttmftdbf8 wgjt ds tgm prmidsm em`dfdtdbf b` j

igbamgble ufemr tgm iurrmft pbldiy.

9:

Ugds ds dnpbrtjft omijusm, js dt wdll om edsiussmedf Igjptmr Ugrmm, tgm rmvdmw b` suostjftdjtme ijsms wgmrm b``dimrs `jime edsidpldfjryjitdbf sgbws dfstjfims wgmrm tgm b``dimrs njy fbt gjvm gje j ilmjr ufemrstjfedfc b`wgjt j igbamgble ds jfe emfdme gjvdfc pmr`brnme bfm. Dt ds jlsb dnpbrtjft omijusmjendfdstrjtdvm ijsm ljw, jlsb rmvdmwme df Igjptmr Ugrmm, smmns tb rmem`dfm amymlmnmfts b` tgm [jtrbl Cudems em`dfdtdbf b` j igbamgble. Df pjrtdiuljr, j rmvdmw b`jendfdstrjtdvm emidsdbfs, obtg `rbn tgm FTI B``dim b` Jendfdstrjtdvm Gmjrdfcs jfe Urdjls(BJUG) jfe tgm FT[Es Emputy Ibnndssdbfmr b` Urdjls (EIU), succmsts tgjt jiibredfctb tgmsm trdoufjls, tgmrm ds j igbamgble bfly wgmf tgmrm ds mvdemfim b` prblbfcme jfedftmftdbfjl rmstrditdbf b` ormjtgdfc.

Ugm em`dfdtdbfjl dssum ds fbt j fmw bfm. Dt wjs edsiussme df Lybfs, wgmf tgm Iburtfbtme tgjt tgm tmrn igbamgble rm`mrs df jitujldty, fbt tb bfm, out vjrdbus rmstrjdfttmigfdqums.

9?

Ugds dssum ds pjrtdiuljrly dnpbrtjft df tgm ibftmxt b` tgds stuey omijusm, cdvmf tgm`brodeemf fjturm b` tgm prjitdim, df j igbamgble dfvmstdcjtdbf tgm imftrjl dssum dswgmtgmr tgm igbamgble biiurrme. Df bremr tb njam tgjt emtmrndfjtdbf, jf dfvmstdcjtbrfmmes tb om jolm tb ilmjrly ed``mrmftdjtm j igbamgble `rbn btgmr pbldim ibftrblprbimeurms br rmstrjdft tmigfdqums.

Df tgm nmedijl ldtmrjturm, tgm tmrn igbamgble ds ijtmcbrdzme js j typm b` fmia gble. Df jiljssdi nmedijl tmxtobba bf emjtgs df iustbey, tgm fmia gble ds em`dfme js j rmstrjdfttmigfdqum df wgdig j pmrsbf ds rmstrjdfme oy usm b` j gble tgjt mnplbys njfdpuljtdbf b`tgm fmia.99

9:Ugm `drst afbwf usm b` tgm tmrn igbam gble ds df :405. Ugm Nmrrdjn-Smostmr em`dfms j igbam gble

js j nmtgbe b` gbledfc sbnmbfm oy puttdfc ybur jrn jrbufe pmrsbfs fmia wdtg mfbucg prmssurm tbnjam ormjtgdfc ed``diult br dnpbssdolm. Nmrrdjn-Smostmr, Igbam gble, www.nmrrdjn-wmostmr.ibn9?

Ugm pbldim ibftrbl prbimeurm jt dssum df tgds ijsm jrm rm`mrrme tb js ibftrbl gbles, igbamgbles,

strjfclmgbles, jfe fmia rmstrjdfts. Jll tgmsm tmrns rm`mr tb twb ojsdi ibftrbl prbimeurms8 tgm ijrbtdegble jfe tgm ojr jrn gble. Ugm Idty b` Lbs Jfcmlms v. Jeblpg Lybfs, 50: ].Y. 4= (:479), ::9, `f. :.99

Cjry N. Pdlam, Fmia Gbles, Df E.L. _bss jfe U.I. Igjf, @brmfsdi Yidmfim jfe Nmedidfm8 YueemfEmjtgs df Iustbey (Ubtbwj, FH8 Gunjfj [rmss, ?;;0)8:=-93, :=.


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Jltgbucg tgmrm jrm nultdplm rmstrjdft tmigfdqums jfe nmtgbes, tgm sidmftd`di jfe pbldidfcldtmrjturm rmibcfdzms twb njdf ijtmcbrdms df tgm spmitrun b` fmia gbles br fmiarmstrjdfts8 j rmspdrjtbry rmstrjdft jfe j vjsiuljr rmstrjdft.95

Ugm rmspdrjtbry rmstrjdft ds j fmia gble df wgdig ormjtgdfc ds mdtgmr rmstrditme br njy om

rmstrditme. Ugmsm tmigfdqums dfiluem tgm nmigjfdijl gble (pmr`brnme wdtg j ojtbf brstdia), tgm cudllbtdfm igbam, tgm ojr gble, jfe tgm ojr jrn gble br igbam gble. Ugds typmb` fmia gble ds ojffme oy pbldiy df nbst pbldim hurdseditdbfs df tgm ]fdtme Ytjtms.

Ugm ojr gble br igbam gble ds spmid`dijlly em`dfme js j rmstrjdft njfmuvmr df wgdig tgm`brmjrn ds pljime strjdcgt jirbss tgm `rbft b` tgm suohmits fmia wgdlm tgm rmstrjdfdfcpmrsbf ds pbsdtdbfme omgdfe tgm suohmit. Ugm `rmm gjfe crjsps tgm wrdst b` tgm ojr jrn,pulls ojiawjre puttdfc prmssurm bf tgm jdrwjy.9= Ugds ds tgm fjrrbwmst em`dfdtdbf b` jigbamgble pbssdolm. Ugm Empjrtnmfts em`dfdtdbf cbms omybfe tgjt.

Ugm prdnjry nmedijl rdsa b` tgds gble ds tgjt mxmrtdfc tgm gble wdtg tbb nuig prmssurm

ibule ijusm jdrwjy dfhury, dfiluedfc ljryfcmjl ijrtdljcm br gybde obfm `rjiturm.

90

Ugmvjsiuljr struiturms jrm suppbsmely spjrme df tgds gble.

Ugds nmedijl mxpljfjtdbf ds tgm njdf rmjsbf wgy tgm Empjrtnmft em`dfms igbamgbles jsjfy prmssurm wgdig njy prmvmft br gdfemr ormjtgdfc br rmeuim dftjam b` jdr. Ugmrm dsfb wjy tb emtmrndfm tgm jnbuft prmssurm fmmeme fbt tb ijusm jdrwjy dfhury. Ugmpbtmftdjl `br dfhury ds tgmrm wgmfmvmr prmssurm ds jppldme.

Ugm vjsiuljr rmstrjdft ds j rmstrjdft njfmuvmr tgjt `biusms bf ibnprmssdbf b` tgmijrbtde jrtmrdms bf obtg sdems b` tgm fmia.

93 Ugds typm b` rmstrjdft ds ibnnbfly rm`mrrme

tb js tgm ijrbtde slmmpmr gble (dfiluedfc tgm Abcj ijrbtde ibftrbl gble jfe tgm @ODijrbtde rmstrjdft), ijrbtde rmstrjdft, tgm sgbulemr pdf rmstrjdft, ljtmrjl vjsiuljr fmiarmstrjdft, br odljtmrjl fmia rmstrjdft.

Pjsiuljr fmia rmstrjdfts oy emsdcf eb fbt rmstrdit jdr`lbw dftb tgm lufcs jfe eb fbt ijusmigbadfc. Ugmy jrm emsdcfme tb ibftrbl suohmits oy ldndtdfc tgm `lbw b` bxycmfjtmeolbbe tb tgm orjdf wgdig jt tgm gdcgmst lmvmls b` rmsdstjfim njy rmfemr tgm suohmitufibfsidbus. Df sbnm hurdseditdbfs tgjt pmrndt tgm usm b` j rmspdrjtbry rmstrjdft, tgm

95Ymm8 Crjfe Hufitdbf [bldim Empjrtnmft, Ljtmrjl Pjsiuljr Fmia _mstrjdft Ytj`` Ytuey8 Jf jpprbprdjtm

@brim Bptdbf2, [bldiy _mpbrt ?;:;, 9.9=

Cjry N. Pdlam, Bp. Idt., ??.90Cjry N. Pdlam, Dode., ??.

93Ymm8 Igrdstdfm Gjll jfe Igrds Outlmr, Fjtdbfjl Ytuey Bf Fmia _mstrjdfts df [bldidfc, Ijfjedjf [bldim

_msmjrig Imftrm Umigfdijl _mpbrt U_-;9-?;;3, Hufm ?;;3.


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vjsiuljr fmia rmstrjdft ds tjucgt jfe pmrndttme ufemr sbnm idriunstjfims wdtgdf tgmibftdfuun b` `brim.

97

Df tgm pbldidfc ldtmrjturm, tgmrm ds ldttlm ibfsmfsus jnbfc pbldim prb`mssdbfjls rmcjredfctgm vjlum jfe rdsas jssbidjtme wdtg tgm usm b` vjsiuljr fmia rmstrjdfts. Ybnm sigbljrs

ed``mrmftdjtm omtwmmf gdcg prbojodldty lmtgjl `brim jfe sldcgt prbojodldty lmtgjl `brim tbjrcum tgjt tgm vjsiuljr fmia rmstrjdft ds j lmtgjl `brim b` sldcgt prbojodldty. Btgmrsigbljrs pljim tgmsm gbles omlbw tgm lmtgjl `brim stjfejre.

Jltgbucg mxpmrts jfe prjitdtdbfmrs emojtm wgmrm tb pljim tgm fmia rmstrjdft df tgm usm b``brim ibftdfuun, tgm imftrjl dssum ds tgm rdsa tb tgm ld`m.

94 @rbn tgm pmrspmitdvm b` tgm

nmedijl ldtmrjturm, tgmrm ds mvdemfim tb succmst tgjt eurdfc j fbf-ibftrbllme sdtujtdbf,suig js j rmjl-ld`m strucclm, tgm vjsiuljr gble ijf qudialy omibnm j rmspdrjtbry fmiarmstrjdft.

Ugmrm ds jlsb mvdemfim tgjt, `br imrtjdf dfedvdeujls, obtg typms b` gble br rmstrjdft wdll

gjvm jf dfhurdbus butibnm.

5;

Jltgbucg fbt j ufjfdnbus bpdfdbf jnbfc tgm nmedijl ibnnufdty, nbst nmedijl mxpmrtsdfsdst tgjt jll fmia rmstrjdfts, rmspdrjtbry br vjsiuljr, ijrry jf dfgmrmft rdsa jfe nust omufemrstbbe js pbtmftdjlly lmtgjl.

5: Dt ds tgds pbtmftdjlly lmtgjl igjrjitmr b` tgm prjitdim

tgjt njfejtms dts prbgdodtdbf.

]femr tgm usm b` `brim pbldiy b` tgm FT[E, j igbamgble sgjll dfiluem, out ds fbt ldndtmetb, jfy prmssurm tb tgm tgrbjt br wdfepdpm, wgdig njy prmvmft br gdfemr ormjtgdfc brrmeuim dftjam b` jdr. Ugm Empjrtnmft pbldiy jppmjrs tb om orbje df dts ufemrstjfedfcb` rmspdrjtbry fmia rmstrjdfts, out sdlmft bf vjsiuljr fmia rmstrjdfts jfe btgmr tjam-ebwftmigfdqums jrbufe tgm fmia jrmj. Df jeedtdbf, tgm Empjrtnmft pbldiy usms tgm tmrn

97 Ordjf Gjyfms, [rbpmr ]sm b` Fmia Gble fbt @jtjl, _msmjrig Ygbws, Ljs Pmcjs _mvdmw Hburfjl

Fbvmnomr ?3, ?;;4.94

[rbpbfmfts b` tgm vjsiuljr fmia rmstrjdft jrcum tgjt tgm rmsmjrig bf tgm suohmit b` fmia rmstrjdfts brgbles su``mr tgrmm njhbr sgbrtibndfcs. @drst, tgmrm jrm fb rmldjolm stjtdstdis bf gbw `rmqumftly fmiarmstrjdfts jrm usme, gbw `rmqumftly tgmy prbeuim dfhurdms, fbr bf gbw `rmqumftly tgmsm gbles rmsult df`jtjldtdms. Ymibfe, tgm nmedijl rmsmjrig bf tgm suohmit b` fmia gbles ds ojsme bf twb vmry spmid`dipbpuljtdbfs8 hueb prjitdtdbfmrs, j ibftrbllme spbrt jitdvdty, jfe ijsm rmvdmws b` `jtjldtdms jssbidjtme wdtgljw mf`brimnmft rmstrjdft. Ugdre, tgm prbolmn b` jfy rmsmjrig ojsme bfly bf jevmrsm butibnms ds tgjttgmrm jrm fb jvjdljolm stuedms tgjt ebiunmft m``mitdvm butibnms.5;

Fbrmmf Ojrrbs, Fmia _mstrjdft Ldtmrjturm _mvdmw8 J _mvdmw b` Nmedijl, Lmcjl, jfe [bldim Ldtmrjturm bfIjrbtde Fmia _mstrjdft Umigfdqums, Ijfjedjf [bldim _msmjrig Imftrm Umigfdijl _mpbrt UE-;:-?;;3,

Hjfujry ?;;3, 0``.5:Ebfjle U. _mjy jfe Hbgf Mdsmlm, Emjtg `rbn Ljw Mf`brimnmft Fmia Gbles Ugm Jnmrdijf Hburfjl b`

@brmfsdi Nmedidfm jfe [jtgblbcy 9.9 (:47?)8 ?=9-?=7, ?=3. Ymm jlsb8 Ebfjle U. _mjy, Emjtg DfIustbey, @brmfsdi [jtgblbcy :7.: (:447)8 :-??.


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prmssurm js bppbsme tb tgm tmrn gble br rmstrjdft. Ugds mxpjfes tgm em dfdtdbf b`igbamgble omybfe tgm trjedtdbfjl ibfimptdbf b` j gble br rmstrjdft, tb jfy ibftdfubuspgysdijl `brim mxmrtme bf br jcjdfst tgm tgrbjt br wdfepdpm oy sbnmtgdfc df ibftjit wdtgdt.

]femr tgm iurrmft pbldiy, tgm em`dfdtdbf b` j igbamgble jppmjrs tb om j twb-prbfcme tmst.Ugm `drst prbfc ds tgm em`dfdtdbf b` j igbamgble js jfy prmssurm tb tgm tgrbjt brwdfepdpm. Df tgm iljssdi tmxtobba jfjlysds b` j nmigjfdijl gble (j gble pmr`brnme wdtgj ojtbf) br tgm ojr jrn gble, dt ds ilmjr tgjt tgmsm fmia rmstrjdfts jrm emsdcfme tb mxmrtprmssurm. Gbwmvmr, tgds dssum ds lmss ilmjr df rmjl ld`m ijsms.

Ugds wjs, `br dfstjfim, tgm pbsdtdbf b` tgm Empjrtnmft df FT[E v. Ouigmr(?;;=) wgmrmtgm Emputy Ibnndssdbfmr b` Urdjls (EIU) gmle tgjt tgm prmssurm tb tgm tgrbjt brwdfepdpm nust om dftmftdbfjl, prblbfcme, br wdtg tgm mxpldidt dftmft b` rmstrditdfcormjtgdfc. Df tgds smfsm, tgm emidsdbf succmstme tgjt dt wjs dnpbrtjft tb emtmrndfmdssums rmljtme tb tgm typm b` prmssurm, tgm eurjtdbf b` tgm igbamgble, tgm dftmftdbf b` tgm

b``dimr cmfmrjlly jfe tgm dftmftdbf tb rmstrdit ormjtgdfc df pjrtdiuljr. Ugds ?;;= ruldfcjrtdiuljtdfc j fmw stjfejre jppmjrs tb ibf`dfm, d` fbt tb ibftrjedit, Hbgf @. Udnbfmys:449 stjy tgm gmll jwjy `rbn tgm fmia stjfejre.

Ugmrm ds jlsb tgm dssum b` wgmtgmr j igbamgble ijf om pmr`brnme wdtgbut prmssurm tbtgm tgrbjt. Ugus, `br dfstjfim, df bfm ijsm wgmrm jf b``dimr crjoome sbnmbfm oy tgmgmje jfe pusgme gds `jim df tgm sfbw `br `mw smibfes, dfvmstdcjtbrs wmrm ibf`rbftmewdtg tgds qumstdbf. Ugm ibnpljdfjft iljdnme tgjt gds ormjtgdfc wjs rmstrditme eurdfctgjt tdnm.

Ugm smibfe lmvml b` jfjlysds ds tgm em`dfdtdbf b` jfy prmssurm tgjt njy prmvmft br gdfemrormjtgdfc br rmeuim dftjam b` jdr. Jcjdf, df tgm iljssdi tmxtobba jfjlysds, j igbamgblejpplydfc prbpmr prmssurm tb tgm tgrbjt wdll gdfemr ormjtgdfc. Gbwmvmr, tgds dssum dssbnmtdnms ufilmjr df rmjl ld`m sdtujtdbfs.

Js fbtme jobvm, FT[E v Ouigmrspmid`dijlly jeermssms tgds dssum df ibffmitdbf wdtg tgmb``dimrs dftmft tb iut b`` j ibnpljdfjfts jdr supply. Df tgds ibftmxt, j rmvdmw b` II_Oigbamgble dfidemfts sgbws tgjt sbnm b``dimrs ede fbt tgdfa tgjt tgmy wmrm pmr`brndfc jigbamgble omijusm, `rbn tgmdr pbsdtdbf, tgm ibnpljdfjft wjs ormjtgdfc.

Ugm pbldiy qumstdbf ds wgmtgmr rmstrditdbf b` ormjtgdfc ds j tgrmsgble. Dt ds bfm tgdfc tbfbtm `br tgm purpbsm b` mstjoldsgdfc tgm ibrrmit `jits b` tgm ijsm wgmtgmr ormjtgdfc wjsrmstrditme jfe `br gbw lbfc. Dt ds j vmry ed``mrmft tgdfc tb smt `brtg df j rulm, ufldam tgm[jtrbl Cudem rulm, tgjt j rmstrditdbf b` ormjtgdfc em`dfms j igbamgble.


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Jt j ndfdnun, cdvmf tgm iurrmft wbredfc b` tgm jppldijolm [jtrbl Cudem prbvdsdbf jfetgm ibnnbf smfsm ufemrstjfedfc b` tgm wbre njy, dt smmns ilmjr tgjt tgm igbamgbleprbgdodtdbf `br tgm FT[E mxtmfes tb jll ibftjit, btgmr tgjf dfidemftjl tbuigdfc, wdtg tgmibnplmx jfe `rjcdlm pjtgwjy b` fmrvms, olbbe vmssmls jfe jdrwjy tgjt ibfstdtutms tgmjfjtbny b` tgm fmia.

Ugus, tb tgm mxtmft tgjt ibf`usdbf br jnodcudty gjs ommf dftrbeuime dftb tgm em`dfdtdbfjldssum b` wgjt ibfstdtutms j igbamgble, mvmf df tgm `jim b` wgjt jppmjrs tb om jfufmqudvbijl FT[E [jtrbl Cudem em`dfdtdbf, bfm nust rmibcfdzm tgm ibftdfudfc rmjldtytgjt mvmf jf ufmqudvbijl em`dfdtdbf `jims tgm ldamldgbbe b` prmssurm tb emcrjem dtsprbtmitdbf. Dnpldidt df tgm `dfedfcs b` tgds rmpbrt ds tgm rmibnnmfejtdbf b` ibftdfudfcvdcdljfim jfe rmvdmw b` jllmcme igbamgble jitdvdty js wmll js j rmdfvdcbrjtme [jtrblCudem em`dfdtdbf tgjt ijpturms tgm Udnbfmy dnpmrjtdvm8stjy tgm gmll jwjy `rbn tgmfmia.


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IGJ[UM_ USB

Jfjlysds b` tgm Igbamgble IbnpljdftsRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

Ugds igjptmr mxjndfms jvjdljolm qujftdtjtdvm df`brnjtdbf `rbn jll igbamgble ibnpljdftsrmimdvme jfe dfvmstdcjtme `rbn Hjfujry ?;;4 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5. Sgmrm tgm stjtdstdijldf`brnjtdbf mxtrjitme `rbn tgm ejtjojsm ds dfibnplmtm, wm rmly bf df`brnjtdbf cjtgmrme`rbn j sjnplm b` =9 ijsms df wgdig stj`` rmvdmwme tgm mftdrm ijsm `dlm.: Ugmrm ds jstjtdstdijl jppmfedx wmrm jeedtdbfjl df`brnjtdbf ds edsiussme.

Ugds igjptmr gjs twb pjrts8 bfm ds emsirdptdvm jfe tgm smibfe edsiussms tgm prjitdijljppldijtdbf jfe ibfsmqumfims b` tgm emsirdptdvm stjtdstdijl `jits. Ugm `drst pjrt ds `urtgmredvdeme dftb `dvm smitdbfs8 ibnpljdft jitdvdty1 edspbsdtdbf jitdvdty1 ibnpljdft jfe dfidemft

df`brnjtdbf1 ibnpljdfjfts df`brnjtdbf1 jfe suohmit b``dimrs df`brnjtdbf.? Sdtgdf pjrtbfm, tgmrm jrm twb amy `dfedfcs8

:. Df tgm ljst twmlvm nbftg, tgm II_O gjs rmimdvme j crmjtmr funomr b` igbamgbleibnpljdfts tgjf dt gjs smmf sdfim tgm pmrdbe `rbn ?;;0 tb ?;:; wgmf tgm II_Ormimdvme nbrm tgjf ?;; igbamgble ibnpljdfts pmr ymjr.

?. B``dimrs dfvblvme df igbamgble ibnpljdfts df tgm ljst :? nbftgs gje jlnbst twdimjs njfy ndsibfeuit ibnpljdfts js b``dimrs wgb wmrm fbt dfvblvme df jfyigbamgble dfidemft.

Ugm smibfe pjrt b` tgm igjptmr ds edvdeme dftb tgrmm smitdbfs8 j stjtdstdijl nbeml tb

nmjsurm tgm prmvjlmfim jfe `rmqumfiy b` igbamgble dfidemfts, j nbeml tb nmjsurmigbamgble-prbfm b``dimrs, jfe j nbeml tb prmedit `jitbrs prmsmft df igbamgble dfidemfts.Ugmrm jrm twb amy prjitdijl jppldijtdbfs. Ugm `drst jppldijtdbf ds j stjtdstdijl nbeml b`prmvjlmfim tgjt nmjsurms igbamgble `rmqumfiy oy ibnpjrdfc tgm rmljtdbfsgdp omtwmmftgm funomr b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts jfe tgm funomr b` `brim ibnpljdfts. Ugm smibfe

:Ugm II_O ejtjojsm, afbwf js Ibnpljdft Urjiadfc Yystmn (IUY), ds j ldvm ejtjojsm jfe ds ibfstjftly

upejtme. Bf Huly :, ?;:5, tgm II_O tbba j sfjpsgbt b` tgm mftdrm ejtjojsm jfe stbrme dt df j smpjrjtmerdvm `br tgm purpbsm b` wbradfc bf tgm nde-ymjr rmpbrt. @br tgds stuey, tgm II_O gjs usme tgds `rbzmfejtjojsm.? Bfm b` tgm njdf `dfedfcs b` Igjptmr @bur, ds tgjt tgmrm wmrm :=0 igbamgble ijsms tgjt wmrm

ufemrrmpbrtme eurdfc tgm tdnm pmrdbe b` tgm stuey. Ugmsm ibnpljdfts wmrm mdtgmr plme js cmfmrdi pgysdijl`brim ijsms br tgm dfvmstdcjtbr njem tgm emtmrndfjtdbf fbt tb plmje tgm jllmcjtdbf jt jll. Ugmsm ijsms jrmfbt dfilueme df tgds stjtdstdijl emsirdptdbf, js dt t ds fbt pbssdolm tb rmpbrt wgjt gjs fbt ommf su``didmftlyebiunmftme.


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jppldijtdbf oudles j prbolmn-prbfm b``dimr mvjlujtdbf nbeml tgjt `biusms bf tgrmm b``dimrigjrjitmrdstdis8 prbpmfsdty tb usm `brim js nmjsurme oy tgm funomr b` `brim ibnpljdfts`dlme jcjdfst jf b``dimr, prbpmfsdty tb jrrmst js nmjsurme oy gdstbry b` ibnpljdfts dfwgdig tgmrm wjs jf jrrmst, jfe prbpmfsdty tb usm prbjitdvm typms b` ibftjit wdtg idvdldjfsjs nmjsurme oy gdstbry b` ibnpljdfts b` stbp jfe `rdsa, strdp smjrig, vmgdilm stbp, jfe

prmndsms mftmrme.

Emsirdptdvm Ytjtdstdis

Ibnpljdft Jitdvdty

@rbn Hjfujry :, ?;;4 tgrbucg Hufm 9;, ?;:5, nmnomrs b` tgm puoldi `dlme :,;5;

ibnpljdfts dfvblvdfc igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs. Ugm II_O rmimdvme ?5; ibnpljdfts df?;;41 ?;3 df ?;:;1 :=3 df ?;::1 :=3 df ?;:?1 :34 df ?;:91 jfe :;; `rbn Hjfujrytgrbucg Hufm ?;:5.

Igjrt ?.: sgbws tgm funomr b` jffujl igbamgble ibnpljdfts rmimdvme `rbn ?;;: tb?;:9 prbvdedfc j lbfc-tmrn vdmw b` igbamgble ibnpljdft jitdvdty. Ugm igjrt rmvmjls twbtrmfes.

Ugm `drst trmfe ds `rbn ?;;: tb ?;;4 wgmf, ymjr j`tmr ymjr, mximpt `br ?;;9, tgm funomrb` igbamgble ibnpljdfts dfirmjsme, rmjigdfc dts pmja df ?;;4. @rbn ?;;: tb ?;;4, tgmfunomr b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts dfirmjsme oy :49%, `rbn 7? igbamgble ibnpljdfts

rmimdvme df ?;;: tb ?5; igbamgble ibnpljdfts rmimdvme df ?;;4.

Ugm smibfe trmfe ds `rbn ?;;4 tb ?;:? wgmf tgm funomr b` igbamgble ibnpljdftsrmimdvme oy tgm II_O emirmjsme oy 9=%, `rbn ?5; ibnpljdfts df ?;;4 tb :=3 df ?;:?.Ugds ebwfwjre trmfe jppmjrme tb gjvm mfeme df ?;:9 wgmf igbamgble ibnpljdftsdfirmjsme tb :34 df ?;:9. Ejtj jvjdljolm `br tgm `drst sdx nbftgs b` ?;:5, sgbwdfc wgjtwbule om jf jffujl rjtm b` ?;; ibnpljdfts pmr ymjr, jppmjr tb ibf`drn tgds upwjreigjfcm.


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Igjrt ?.:8 Funomr b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts rmimdvme, ?;;:-?;:9

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Igjrt ?.? prbvdems j nbrm emtjdlme jiibuft b` tgm spmid`di 3? nbftgs wgdig jrm tgm`bius b` tgds stuey oy lbbadfc jt ejtj cjtgmrme oy sdx-nbftg pmrdbes `rbn Hjfujry ?;;4tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5.

Ugds igjrt sgbws tgjt, wdtg tgm mximptdbf b` dfirmjsms `br twb pmrdbes, tgmrm wjs jcrjeujl emirmjsm df tgm funomr b` ibnpljdfts `rbn Hjfujry-Hufm ?;;4 tb Hjfujry-Hufm?;:9. Ugm II_O rmimdvme :?4 igbamgble ibnpljdfts `rbn Hjfujry-Hufm ?;;4 jsibnpjrme tb 07 igbamgble ibnpljdfts `rbn Hjfujry-Hufm ?;:9.


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Igjrt ?.? jlsb ibf`drns tgjt tgmrm wjs jf upwjre nbvmnmft df ibnpljdft jitdvdty `br tgmljst twb sdx-nbftg pmrdbes wdtg ::: ibnpljdfts rmimdvme `rbn Huly tgrbucg Emimnomr?;:9 jfe :;; ibnpljdfts rmimdvme `rbn Hjfujry tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5. 9

Igjrt ?.?8 Funomr b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts rmimdvme pmr sdx-nbftg pmrdbes, Hjfujry

?;;4 - Hufm ?;:5

9 @urtgmr jfjlysds b` Igjrt ?.? sgbws tgjt tgmrm wjs j pmrdbe b` lbw igbamgble ibnpljdft jitdvdty

ibfimftrjtme df tgm pmrdbe `rbn Hjfujry ?;:: tgrbucg Hufm ?;:9. [rdbr tb tgds pmrdbe, `rbn Hjfujry ?;;4tgrbucg Emimnomr ?;:;, tgm jvmrjcm funomr b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts rmimdvme wjs ::? igbamgbleibnpljdfts pmr mjig sdx-nbftg pmrdbe. Dt emirmjsme tb jf jvmrjcm b` 30 ibnpljdfts pmr mjig sdx-nbftg

`rbn Hjfujry ?;:: tgrbucg Hufm ?;:9. Dt `dfjlly dfirmjsme tb jf jvmrjcm b` :;= ibnpljdfts pmr mjig sdxnbftgs `rbn Huly ?;:9 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5.


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Igjrts ?.9 jfe ?.5 prbvdem jeedtdbfjl df`brnjtdbf bf igbamgble ibnpljdft jitdvdty jfe dtsrmljtdbf tb bvmrjll usm b` `brim ibnpljdfts.

Igjrt ?.98 Igbamgble ibnpljdfts rmimdvme js j pmrimftjcm b` `brim ibnpljdftsrmimdvme, wdtg j trmfe ldfm jeeme, ?;;: - Hufm ?;:5

Ugds igjrt sgbws tgm funomr b` igbamgble ibnpljdfts `dlme js j pmrimftjcm b` tbtjl`brim ibnpljdfts rmimdvme oy tgm II_O `rbn ?;;: tb Hufm ?;:5. J trmfe ldfm gjs ommfjeeme tb gdcgldcgt tgm bvmrjll edrmitdbf df ibnpljdft jitdvdty. Dt sgbws tgjt igbamgbleibnpljdfts crjeujlly dfirmjsme js j pmrimftjcm b` tbtjl `brim ibnpljdfts `rbn ?;;:tgrbucg Hjfujry ?;:5 mximpt `br twb pmrdbes, ?;;9 jfe tgm pmrdbe `rbn ?;:: tb ?;:?.Igbamgble ibnpljdfts wmrm 9.7% b` jll `brim ibnpljdfts df ?;;: dfirmjsdfc tb tb 0.;%df ?;;4 jfe tb 0.7% `br tgm pmrdbe `rbn Hjfujry tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5.


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@br tgm purpbsm b` tgds stuey, tgm emvdjtdbf `rbn tgm mxpmitme trmfe tgjt ds bosmrvme `br?;:: jfe ?;:? mnpgjsdzms tgm fmme tb `bius bf tgm `jitbrs tgjt njy gjvm ibftrdoutmetb tgds emirmjsm. Igjrt ?.5 sgmes ldcgt bf tgds stjtdstdijl bosmrvjtdbf.

Igjrt ?.58 Igbamgble ibnpljdfts rmimdvme js j pmrimftjcm b` `brim ibnpljdfts

rmimdvme, wdtg j trmfe ldfm jeeme, Hjfujry ?;;4 - Hufm ?;:5

Igjrt ?.5 sgbws tgjt igbamgble ibnpljdfts js j pmrimftjcm b` `brim ibnpljdfts wmrmjobvm tgm trmfe `rbn Hjfujry tgrbucg Hufm ?;;4 tb Huly tgrbucg Emimnomr ?;:;1omlbw tgm trmfe `rbn Hjfujry ?;:: tgrbucg Hufm ?;:91 jfe, jcjdf, jobvm tgm trmfe`rbn Huly ?;:9 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5.

Ubcmtgmr tgmsm `bur igjrts gdcgldcgt tgrmm rmlmvjft dssums.

Df josblutm tmrns, j`tmr ymjrs b` dfirmjsms pmjadfc df ?;;4, tgm `drst ymjr b` tgds stuey,igbamgble ibnpljdfts emirmjsme `rbn ?;:; tgrbucg tgm drst gjl` b` ?;:9. Emvdjtdfc


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`rbn tgm bosmrvme ebwfwjre trmfe, igbamgble ibnpljdfts dfirmjsme df tgm smibfe gjl`b` ?;:9 jfe tgm `drst gjl` b` ?;:5, tgm ljst :?-nbftgs b` tgds 3?-nbftg stuey.

Ugm II_O rmimdvme ?:: igbamgble ibnpljdfts `rbn Huly ?;:9 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5,wgdig wjs j lmvml b` igbamgble ibnpljdft jitdvdty tgjt tgm jcmfiy gje fbt smmf sdfim

tgm ?;;0-?;:; pmrdbe. Eurdfc tgjt pmrdbe, tgm II_O rmimdvme nbrm tgjf ?;; igbamgbleibnpljdfts pmr ymjr. Ugds dfirmjsm df josblutm funomrs oy dtsml` ds dnpbrtjft out dt dsmvmf nbrm dnpbrtjft omijusm b` tgm `bllbwdfc `dfedfc.

Df rmljtdvm funomrs, df tgm ljst :?-nbftgs, tgm II_O rmimdvme tgm gdcgmst funomr bìgbamgble ibnpljdfts js j pmrimftjcm b` obtg `brim ibnpljdfts jfe tbtjl ibnpljdftssdfim ?;;:. Df ?;;:, `br mvmry :;; `brim ibnpljdfts `dlme, 9.7 wmrm igbamgbleibnpljdfts1 oy Hjfujry tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5, `br mvmry :;; `brim ibnpljdfts, 0.7 wmrmigbamgble ibnpljdfts.

Ugds nmjfs tgjt, wgmf j idvdldjf `dlme j ibnpljdft wdtg tgm II_O df tgm ljst twmlvm

nbftgs, dt wjs nbrm ldamly tb jllmcm j igbamgble tgjf jt jfy nbnmft df tgm pjst. Ugmsmigjrts emnbfstrjtm tgjt, jt lmjst `rbn tgm pbdft b` vdmw b` tgm pjrtdiuljr mxpmrdmfim b`tgm ibnpljdfjfts, pbldim b``dimrs ibftdfum tb usm igbamgbles jfe tgm pmrsdstmfim b` tgdsprjitdim njy gjvm pljime ibnpljdfjfts jt rdsa b` smrdbus pgysdijl gjrn..

Ugm tgdre `dfedfc ds tgjt tgm pmrdbe `rbn Hjfujry ?;:: tgrbucg Hufm ?;:9 wjs jstjtdstdijl emvdjtdbf `rbn tgm lbfc-tmrn trmfe. Igbamgble ibnpljdft jitdvdty wjs obtg, dfjosblutm jfe rmljtdvm tmrns, lbwmr tgjf mxpmitme `br tgds pmrdbe b` tdnm jfe tgds njttmrnust rmimdvm ùrtgmr jttmftdbf.

Edspbsdtdbf Jitdvdty

@rbn Hjfujry ?;;4 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5, tgm II_O dfvmstdcjtme jfe edspbsme b` :,;7?ijsms dfvblvdfc :,:?7 igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs. Jf dfedvdeujl ijsm njy ibftjdf bfm brnbrm jllmcjtdbfs b` igbamgble.

Ugm II_O ilbsme ?4= jllmcjtdbfs df ?;;4, ?9? df ?;:;, :4? df ?;::, ::5 df ?;:?, ?;:df ?;:9, jfe 45 rbn Hjfujry tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5. B` tgmsm ilbsme jllmcjtdbfs, Igjrt?.0 sgbws tgjt tgm II_O ùlly dfvmstdcjtme :?; jllmcjtdbfs df ?;;4, :?; df ?;:;, 77 df?;::, 50 df ?;:?, 77 df ?;:9 jfe =7 `rbn Hjfujry tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5. Ugm tbtjlfunomr b` ùlly dfvmstdcjtme jllmcjtdbfs wjs =?;. Eurdfc tgds pmrdbe, 0;7 jllmcjtdbfsibule fbt om ùlly dfvmstdcjtme.


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Igjrt ?.=8 Edspbsdtdbf b` ùlly dfvmstdcjtme jllmcjtdbfs, Hjfujry ?;;4 - Hufm ?;:5

@rbn ?;;4 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5, tgm II_O suostjftdjtme j tbtjl b` :; igbamgblejllmcjtdbfs8 9 df ?;;41 ? df ?;:;1 : df ?;::1 : df ?;:?1 ? df ?;:91 jfe : `rbn Hjfujrytgrbucg Hufm ?;:5. J ijsm ds suostjftdjtme wgmf tgmrm ds su` didmft irmedolm mvdemfimtb omldmvm tgjt tgm suohmit b``dimr ibnndttme tgm jit jllmcme jfe mfcjcme df ndsibfeuit.Ugm suostjftdjtdbf rjtm ds ijliuljtme js tgm pmrimftjcm b` suostjftdjtme jllmcjtdbfs js jprbpbrtdbf b` jll ùlly dfvmstdcjtme jllmcjtdbfs.

Eurdfc tgds pmrdbe, tgm suostjftdjtdbf rjtm - tgm rjtm jt wgdig jllmcjtdbfs jrmsuostjftdjtme js j pmrimftjcm b` jll ijsms tgjt jrm ùlly dfvmstdcjtme - `luitujtmeomtwmmf :.:% jfe ?.=%. (Ymm Igjrt ?.0) Ugm jvmrjcm rjtm wjs :.4%. @br jll `brim

jllmcjtdbfs, tgm bvmrjll suostjftdjtdbf rjtm wjs :.7%.


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Igjrt ?.08 _jtms jt wgdig ijsms jrm suostjftdjtme jfe ufsuostjftdjtme, Hjfujry ?;;4 -Hufm ?;:5

Ugm II_O ufsuostjftdjtme ?5; igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs. Igjrt ?.7 sgbws tgjt tgmpmrimftjcm b` jllmcjtdbfs `ully dfvmstdcjtme tgjt wmrm edspbsme b` js ufsuostjftdjtmedfirmjsme `rbn 93.=% df ?;;4 tb 0:.5% df ?;:9. Dt sldcgtly emirmjsme tb =7.0% `br tgmpmrdbe `rbn Hjfujry tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5. @rbn Hjfujry ?;;4 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5, tgmjvmrjcm ufsuostjftdjtdbf rjtm wjs 50.?%. J ijsm ds ufsuostjftdjtme wgmf tgmjvjdljolm mvdemfim ds dfsu``didmft tb emtmrndfm wgmtgmr tgm b``dimr ibnndttmendsibfeuit. Ugds gdcg rjtm b` ijsms ilbsme js ufsuostjftdjtme ds edsiussme `urtgmr dfIgjptmr @bur.

Ugm II_O uf`bufeme :49 jllmcjtdbfs wgmf tgmrm wjs su``didmft irmedolm mvdemfim tb

omldmvm tgjt tgm suohmit b``dimrs ede fbt ibnndt tgm jllmcme jits df tgmsm dfidemfts. Ugmrjtm jt wgdig tgm II_O uf`bufeme tgm jllmcjtdbf wjs 5=.7% df ?;;4, 53.=% df ?;:;,


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5?.;% df ?;::, 94.:% df ?;:?, :?.=% df ?;:9, jfe ?=.4% `rbn Hjfujry tgrbucg Hufm?;:5. Ugm jvmrjcm uf`bufeme rjtm wjs 93.:% `br tgm dvm jfe gjl` ymjrs b` tgm stuey.

Ibnpljdft jfe Dfidemft Df`brnjtdbf

Df Igjrts ?.3 tgrbucg ?.:;, wm lbba jt tgm prmidfit b` biiurrmfim b` tgm dfidemft.5

Igjrt ?.38 Oy prmidfit b` biiurrmfim, prmidfits wdtg = br `mwmr igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs,Hjfujry ?;;4 - Hufm ?;:5

5 Dt ds dnpbrtjft tb edstdfcudsg omtwmmf tgm prmidfit b` biiurrmfim jfe tgm ibnnjfe jssdcfnmft b` tgm

suohmit b``dimrs8 bfm nmjsurms tgm cmbcrjpgdi jrmj wgmrm tgm ibnpljdft biiurrme, jfe tgm btgmr tgmibnnjfe tb wgdig tgm b``dimr ds jssdcfme.


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Igjrt ?.3 sgbws tgm :4 prmidfits br pbldim cmbcrjpgdi jrmjs wdtg = br `mwmr igbamgblejllmcme dfidemfts `rbn Hjfujry ?;;4 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5. Ugrmm prmidfits gjvm fbigbamgble ibnpljdfts wdtgdf tgm ibf`dfms b` dts obufejrdms8 Imftrjl [jra, tgm 00 tg[rmidfit df tgm Obrb [jra smitdbf b` Orbbalyf, jfe tgm rmimftly irmjtme :?:

stprmidfit df

Ytjtmf Dsljfe.

Igjrt ?.7 sgbws tgm ?= jrmjs wdtg ?; br nbrm igbamgble jllmcme dfidemfts. Ugm 3=tg

prmidfit, wgdig ds lbijtme df tgm Mjst Fmw Tbra smitdbf b` Orbbalyf, gje tgm nbstdfidemfts wdtg 0= igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs `bllbwme oy tgm 39

reprmidfit, wgdig ds lbijtme df

tgm Bimjf Gdll jfe Orbwfsvdllm jrmj b` Orbbalyf, wdtg =? igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs.

Igjrt ?.78 Oy prmidfit b` biiurrmfim, prmidfits wdtg ?; br nbrm igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs,Hjfujry ?;;4 - Hufm ?;:5

Ugmrm ds j strbfc ibrrmljtdbf (.499, sdcfd`dijft jt tgm ;.;: lmvml, ?-tjdlme) omtwmmf tgmfunomr b` igbamgble dfidemfts pmr prmidfit b` biiurrmfim jfe tgm funomr b` jll `brim


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ibnpljdfts pmr prmidfit b` biiurrmfim succmstdfc tgjt tgm crmjtmr tgm tbtjl funomr b``brim ibnpljdfts df j prmidfit b` biiurrmfim tgm crmjtmr tgm tbtjl funomr b` igbamgbleibnpljdfts df suig prmidfit.

Igjrts ?.4 jfe ?.:; prbvdem j rjtdb b` igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs oy prmidfit b` biiurrmfim tb

tbtjl ibnpljdfts jfe `brim ibnpljdfts, rmspmitdvmly. Ugmsm igjrts edsjccrmcjtm tgmrmljtdbf omtwmmf tgm funomr b` ibnpljdfts wdtgdf tgm cmbcrjpgdi ibf`dfms b` j prmidfitjfe tgm funomr b` igbamgbles df tgjt prmidfit b` biiurrmfim. Ugmrm jrm 33 prmidfits dfFmw Tbra Idty.

Igjrt ?.48 _jtdb b` igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs tb `brim ibnpljdfts oy prmidfit b` biiurrmfim,:8:? br lbwmr rjtdb, Hjfujry ?;;4 Hufm ?;:5


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@br mxjnplm, Igjrt ?.;4 sgbws tgjt wdtgdf tgm ibf`dfms b` tgm ?9re

jfe tgm :::tg

prmidfits tgmrm wjs bfm igbamgble ibnpljdft `br mvmry fdfm `brim ibnpljdfts. Dt jlsbfbtms tgjt tgmrm wmrm :? btgmr prmidfits wgmrm tgm rjtdb b` igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs tb`brim jllmcjtdbfs wjs :8:? br lbwmr8 09

re, 75

tg, ::9

tg, 30

tg, 5=

tg, 39

re, 5?

fe, =?

fe, :;5

tg,

53tg, 04

tgjfe 7:

st. Ugmsm prmidfits gje jf jvmrjcm b` ?09 `brim ibnpljdfts wdtgdf tgmdr

cmbcrjpgdi ibf`dfms, dfiluedfc jf jvmrjcm b` ?9 igbamgble dfidemfts, `br jf jvmrjcmrjtdb b` : igbamgble dfidemft pmr :: `brim ibnpljdfts. Df josblutm tmrns, tgmsm :5prmidfits gje j ibnodfme tbtjl b` 9?: igbamgble dfidemfts wdtgdf tgmdr cmbcrjpgdiibf`dfms, br ?7.=% b` jll igbamgble dfidemfts.

Igjrt ?.:;8 _jtdb b` igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs tb `brim ibnpljdfts oy prmidfit b` biiurrmfim,:8?; br gdcgmr rjtdb, Hjfujry ?;;4 Hufm ?;:5

Oy ibnpjrdsbf, Igjrt ?.:; sgbws tgjt, `br dfstjfim, tgmrm wjs bfm igbamgble ibnpljdft`br mvmry twmfty `brim ibnpljdfts wdtgdf tgm ibf`dfms b` tgm 77

tgjfe 0?

feprmidfits. Ugm


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rjtdb wjs tgdrty jfe jobvm `br tgm 37tg, tgm :5

tg, tgm 0

tg, tgm :3

tg, tgm :;?

fe, tgm ::;

tg, tgm

:?9re

, jfe tgm :7tg. Ugmrm wjs fb rjtdb `br tgm 9 prmidfits wdtg fb igbamgble

ibnpljdfts. Js ibnpjrme wdtg tgm crbup b` :5 prmidfits wdtg tgm lbwmr rjtdb, tgm :5prmidfits df tgds crbup b` gdcgmr rjtdb gje jf jvmrjcm b` :5; `brim ibnpljdfts, dfiluedfcjf jvmrjcm b` 5.= igbamgble dfidemfts, `br jf jvmrjcm rjtdb b` : igbamgble pmr 9: `brim

ibnpljdfts. Df josblutm tmrns, tgmsm :5 prmidfits gje j ibnodfme tbtjl b` 09 igbamgbledfidemfts wdtgdf tgmdr cmbcrjpgdi jrmjs, br =.=% b` jll igbamgble dfidemfts.

Ugm ibnpjrdsbf b` ibnpljdfts oy rjtdb sgmes jeedtdbfjl ldcgt bf tgm `jitbrs tgjt njyibftrdoutm tb j idvdldjf njadfc j igbamgble jllmcjtdbf jfe/br usm b` `brim. Dt sgbws tgjtdt ds dnpbrtjft tb mxplbrm wgy j prmidfit gjs j rjtdb b` bfm igbamgble tb tmf `brimdfidemfts (:8:;), jfbtgmr prmidfit gjs j :8?; rjtdb jfe j tgdre prmidfit gjs j :89; rjtdb.

@br mxjnplm, tgmrm wmrm 9?? `brim ibnpljdfts, dfiluedfc 9= igbamgble dfidemfts, wdtgdftgm ibf`dfms b` tgm ?9

re prmidfit smrvdfc tgm Mjst Gjrlmn smitdbf b` Njfgjttjf wgdlm

tgmrm wmrm 9?3 `brim ibnpljdfts, dfiluedfc :: igbamgble dfidemfts, wdtgdf tgm ibf`dfms

b` tgm Ndetbwf Ybutg prmidfit.

Ydndljrly, tgmrm wmrm :=5 `brim ibnpljdfts, dfiluedfc := igbamgble dfidemfts, wdtgdf tgmibf`dfms b` tgm 75tg prmidfit smrvdfc tgm fbrtgwmstmrf smitdbf b` Orbbalyf wgdlm tgmrmwmrm :05 `brim ibnpljdfts, dfiluedfc = igbamgble dfidemfts, wdtgdf tgm ibf`dfms b` tgm::;

tgprmidfit mfibnpjssdfc Ibrbfj jfe Mlngurst.

@dfjlly, tgmrm wmrm ::: `brim ibnpljdfts, dfiluedfc 4 igbamgble dfidemfts, wdtgdf tgmibf`dfms b` tgm :;5

tg prmidfit ibvmrdfc tgm fbrtgwmst smitdbf b` Zummfs wgdlm tgmrm

wmrm ::3 `brim ibnpljdfts, dfiluedfc 5 igbamgble dfidemfts wdtgdf tgm ibf`dfms b` tgm:;4

tgprmidfit b` Zummfs.

Ugmrm jrm pbssdolm mxpljfjtdbfs `br tgmsm ed``mrmfims omtwmmf prmidfits b` biiurrmfimout tgmy jrm omybfe tgm rmjig b` tgds rmpbrt. Ub prbvdem j nbrm emtjdlme mxjndfjtdbf,tgm II_O wbule gjvm tb mxjndfm df emtjdl tgm funomr b` mf`brimnmft jitdbfs,igjfcdfc ibnnufdty emnbcrjpgdis jfe tgm njffmr df wgdig ibnnjfemrs pbldidfctgmsm jrmjs dnplmnmftme empjrtnmftjl pbldidms jfe rmdf`brime `brim trjdfdfc pbldidms.

Jt prmsmft, tgm II_O ds fbt df j pbsdtdbf tb `urtgmr mxpljdf gbw tgmsm `jitbrs ibule omemtmrndfjft mximpt tb fbtm tgjt sdndljrly sdtujtme prmidfits df tmrns b` `brim ibnpljdftsbiiurrdfc wdtgdf tgmdr ibf`dfms gje edspjrjtm igbamgble ibnpljdft rjtms. Bfm b` tgmrmibnnmfejtdbfs b` tgds stuey ds tgjt tgm II_O jfe tgm FT[E irmjtm j tjsa `brim brstuey crbup tb lbba spmid`dijlly jt tgm df`brnjtdbf `rbn tgmsm prmidfits wgmrm gdcgmrfunomr b` igbamgble jrm jllmcme, tb `urtgmr mxplbrm tgds `dfedfc.


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Igjrt ?.:: sgbws tgjt jrrmst jfe sunnbfs wmrm prmsmft df tgm vjst njhbrdty b` jllmcmeigbamgble dfidemfts wdtg 3:.5% b` jll igbamgble dfidemfts ibfsdstdfc b` jf jrrmst jfe3.7% ibfsdstdfc b` j sunnbfs. Ugmrm wjs fmdtgmr jrrmst njem fbr sunnbfs dssume df?;.9% b` dfidemfts. Huvmfdlm rmpbrts jfe ijsms wdtg fb df`brnjtdbf jiibuftme `br .=%b` jll dfidemfts.

Sgmf tgm jfjlysds `biusms mxilusdvmly bf tgm =?; `ully dfvmstdcjtme jllmcjtdbfs, wgmrmtgm df`brnjtdbf ds nbrm ibnplmtm, 33.:% b` jll `ully dfvmstdcjtme igbamgble dfidemftsdfvblvme jf jrrmst, 7.7% dfvblvme tgm dssujfim b` sunnbfs, :9.3% dfvblvme fmdtgmrjrrmst fbr sunnbfs, jfe .5% dfvblvme j huvmfdlm rmpbrt.

Igjrt ?.::8 Igjrcms jfe sunnbfsms df`brnjtdbf, Hjfujry ?;;4 Hufm ?;:5


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Sgmf ibnpjrme tb btgmr ibnpljdfts `rbn Hjfujry ?;;4 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5, mxiluedfcigbamgble dfidemfts, jrrmst wjs prmsmft df =0.3% b` jll `brim ibnpljdfts jfe df 93.=% b`jll ibnpljdfts rmcjrelmss b` typm.

Ugm ejtj sgbws tgjt tgmrm ds j strbfc rmljtdbf omtwmmf tgm jllmcme jit b` usdfc j

igbamgble jfe tgm jit b` jrrmstdfc sbnmbfm. Ugm dssum ds mxplbrme `urtgmr df tgmprmvjlmfim b` tgm usm b` `brim smitdbf b` tgds Igjptmr

@br tgm pmrdbe b` tgds rmpbrt, ?7% b` jll ibnpljdfts dfvmstdcjtme oy tgm II_O dfvblvmequmstdbf, stbp, `rdsa jfe/br smjrig jllmcjtdbfs (afbwf js stbp-jfe-`rdsa ibnpljdfts). B`tgm :,;7? igbamgble ijsms dfvblvdfc :,:?7 igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs, ?70 ijsms dfvblvmejf jllmcjtdbf b` stbp-jfe-`rdsa, br ?0% b` jll igbamgble dfidemfts. (Ymm Igjrt ?.:?)

Igjrt ?.:98 Igbamgble dfidemfts jfe stbp jfe `rdsa jllmcjtdbfs, Hjfujry ?;;4 Hufm?;:5


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Ugmrm ds fb stjtdstdijlly sdcfd`dijft rmljtdbf omtwmmf stbp-jfe-`rdsa jitdvdty jfe tgm`rmqumfiy b` igbamgble dfidemfts.

Ugds df`brnjtdbf ds ibfsdstmft wdtg tgm df`brnjtdbf ibllmitme `rbn tgm Ytbp, Zumstdbf jfe

@rdsa ejtjojsm jvjdljolm `rbn tgm [bldim Empjrtnmft. Df ?;;4, ??% b` jll stbp jfe `rdsajitdvdty rmpbrts fbtme tgjt tgm b``dimr usme pgysdijl `brim, df pjrtdiuljr gds/gmr gjfes.Ugm usm b` `brim wjs fbtme jt ?;.5% df ?;:;1 :7.5% df ?;::1 :9.?% df ?;:?1 jfe:9.9% df ?;:9. Ugm `jit tgjt, bf jvmrjcm, pgysdijl `brim biiurrme df lmss tgjf ?;% stbpjfe `rdsas ibrrbobrjtme tgm wmja rmljtdbf omtwmmf igbamgbles jfe stbp jfe `rdsajitdvdty.

Df jeedtdbf tb tgm :,:?7 igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs, df tgmsm dfidemfts tgm II_O dfvmstdcjtme5,?53 btgmr ndsibfeuit jllmcjtdbfs. Ugds ds jf jvmrjcm b` = jllmcjtdbfs pmr ijsm,dfiluedfc tgm igbamgble jllmcjtdbf, b` wgdig 9 wmrm, bf jvmrjcm, jllmcjtdbfs b` `brim.Oy ibnpjrdsbf, df jll ijsms b` ndsibfeuit dfvmstdcjtme eurdfc tgds pmrdbe b` tdnm tgm

jvmrjcm funomr b` jllmcjtdbfs wjs ?.7 jllmcjtdbfs pmr ijsm, dfiluedfc jf jvmrjcm b` ;.4jllmcjtdbfs b` `brim pmr ijsm.

Sgmf ibnpjrme tb btgmr smrdbus ijsms b` `brim, tgm funomr b` jllmcjtdbfs plme dssdndljr. Ugm jvmrjcm funomr b` jllmcjtdbfs eurdfc tgm usm b` j fbflmtgjl rmstrjdfdfcemvdim (dfiluedfc tgm usm b` UJYM_) wjs 5 jllmcjtdbfs pmr ijsm. Ugmrm wmrm 5.7jllmcjtdbfs plme df ijsms wgmrm tgm usm b` pmppmr sprjy wjs jllmcme. Df obtg typms b`ijsms, tgmrm wjs jf jvmrjcm b` 9 jllmcjtdbfs b` `brim pmr ijsm hust js tgmrm wmrm dfigbamgble ijsms.

Ugm stjtdstdis sgbw tgjt jf jllmcjtdbf b` igbamgble wjs tgm sblm jllmcjtdbf njem df =3but b` :,;7? ijsms. Ugds wjs =% b` jll igbamgble ibnpljdfts. Ugmrm wmrm :,;?=dfvmstdcjtdbfs b` igbamgble dfidemfts wdtg nultdplm jllmcjtdbfs, br 4=% b` jll dfidemfts.

Jpprbxdnjtmly, twb-tgdres b` tgmsm ijsms gje `bur br nbrm jllmcjtdbfs jfe bfm-tgdre b`ijsms gje sdx br nbrm jllmcjtdbfs.

Oy lbbadfc jt tgm funomr b` b``dimrs ldstme df tgm ibnpljdfts js mdtgmr suohmit b``dimrs brwdtfmss b``dimrs, tgmrm wmrm bfly ::% b` igbamgble ijsms wdtg bfm b``dimr, succmstdfctgjt tgmrm wjs j bfm-bf-bfm mfibuftmr. Df ?5% b` ijsms, tgmrm wmrm jt lmjst twbb``dimrs, ldstme js mdtgmr suohmit jfe/br wdtfmss b``dimrs. Df 05% b` ijsms, tgmrm wmrm 9br nbrm b``dimrs ldstme df tgm ibnpljdft. Df bfm-tgdre b` ijsms, tgmrm wmrm = br nbrmb``dimrs ldstme js suohmit br wdtfmss b``dimrs.


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Ibnpljdfjfts Df`brnjtdbf

@rbn Hjfujry ?;;4 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5, tgm II_O dfvmstdcjtme jfe rmsblvme :,;7?ijsms dfvblvdfc :,:?7 igbamgble jllmcjtdbfs ibftjdfdfc :,:53 jllmcme vditdns. Ugmrm

wmrm rjrm ijsms df wgdig tgm igbamgble jllmcjtdbf ibftjdfme twb br nbrm vditdns jfetgmsm jllmcjtdbfs wmrm fbt plme smpjrjtmly.= Ibnpljdfjfts emnbcrjpgdi df`brnjtdbf ds

edsiussme df crmjtmr emtjdl df tgm Jppmfedx.

Yuohmit B``dimr Df`brnjtdbf

Ugmrm wmrm ==5 ufdqum b``dimrs demftd`dme js tgm suohmit b``dimrs b` =30 igbamgblejllmcjtdbfs8 =90 b``dimrs gje bfm igbamgble jllmcjtdbf jfe :7 b``dimrs gje twb br nbrm

jllmcjtdbfs b` igbamgble. B` tgmsm ==5 b``dimrs, 540 wmrm nmnomrs b` tgm smrvdim js b`Hufm 9;, ?;:5. B``dimrs emnbcrjpgdi df`brnjtdbf ds edsiussme df crmjtmr emtjdl df tgmJppmfedx.

@rbn Hjfujry ?;;4 tgrbucg Hufm ?;:5, j rmvdmw b` tgm Fmw Tbra [bldim Empjrtnmftsrbstmrs sgbws tgjt tgmrm wmrm 59,44; nmnomrs b` smrvdim, wgdig dfiluems tgrmm crbupsb` b``dimrs8 b``dimrs wgb smrvme eurdfc tgm `dvm jfe gjl` ymjrs b` tgm stuey, b``dimrs wgblm`t smrvdim jt sbnm pbdft eurdfc tgm stuey jfe b``dimrs wgb hbdfme tgm `brim jt sbnmpbdft eurdfc tgm stuey. Eurdfc tgds pmrdbe, tgm jvmrjcm rbstmr b` tgm Empjrtnmft`luitujtme omtwmmf 95,;;; jfe 9=,;;; b``dimrs.

B` tgmsm demftd`dme 59,44; nmnomrs b` smrvdims, :5,:=3 ufdqum b``dimrs (9?%) wmrmdemftd`dme js tgm suohmit b``dimrs

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