CCNA Training Report

7/17/2019 CCNA Training Report

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Cisco Certified Network Associate

By

Nikita Kaushal(0178EC091055)

!dustrial "rai!i!# Co$%leted at the &C' Career

e elo%$e!t Ce!ter* Bho%al as a Co$%ulsory+e,uire$e!t for the de#ree of Bachelor of

E!#i!eeri!# (Electro!ics a!d Co$$u!icatio!E!#i!eeri!#)

-u!e 01* .01. to -u!e /0* .01.e%art$e!t of Electro!ics a!d Co$$u!icatio!

E!#i!eeri!#-ai Narai! Colle#e of "ech!olo#y cie!ce

Bho%al (2343)


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N "+ A' "+A N N6 +E4 +" .01/-ai Narai! Colle#e of "ech!olo#y cie!ce* Bho%al

13 Na$e of tude!t Nikita Kaushal

.3 !i ersity Nu$:er 0178EC091055

/3 Na$e of "rai!i!# 4lace ( !dustry

!stitutio!* 6o t3 e%art$e!t* etc) &C' C C

;3 Address of "rai!i!# 4lace with"ele%ho!e No3 a!d E$ail 1;/ < NE 1 24

NA6A+ * B& 4A' 0755 ;09;85.

53 Na$e a!d esi#!atio! of "rai!i!#!char#e ( !der who$ trai!i!#was co$%leted) A2 " &+ =A "A=

>3 "rai!i!# 4eriod -u!e 01 ? -u!e /0* .01.

73 "rai!i!# u:@ect CCNA


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EC'A+A" N

"he !dustrial "rai!i!# o! Cisco Certified !etwork associate (CCNA) atthe &C' C C* Bho%al duri!# -u!e 01* .01. to -u!e /0* .01. was co$%leted:y the u!dersi#!ed3 uri!# this %eriod* was tau#ht a:out the CCNA :y a!e %ert faculty a!d allowed to %ractice o! co$%uter with other softwarerelated to desi#!3 i!ally was #i e! a @o: for %re%ari!# a co$%lete!etworki!# 3 "hus* co$%leted the trai!i!# successfully3

3333333333333333 Nikita Kaushal

4rof3 A$it awaskade (0178EC091055 )"rai!i!# !char#e


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ACKN D'E 6E2EN"

I feel profound to attend my major training in CCNA in HCL CDC under the guidance of Mr. Amit Shrivastav ho taught us net or!ing and relevant things. He has also given us a "rief !no ledge in the training and also discuss various information to enhance our !no ledge.

I ould li!e to than!s my training incharge #rof. Amit Sa as!ade for guiding me at the time of training and "oosting up re$uired !no ledge for training time to time.

I ould greatly inde"ted to #rof. Asho! Agra al% Head% Department of &lectronics and

Communication &ngineering for his !een interest in this or! and time to time guidance%

encouragement and providing re$uired facilities for training . 'e are grateful to Dr. Meghna

Du"ey% #rincipal% (NC)S for his guidance and critical comments hich improved the $uality of

this report. )han!s are due to Dr. * D Shu!la% Director% (NC)S for providing necessary help and

time to time necessary guidance in completion of this tas!.

)hen other faculty mem"ers% friends% etc% may "e added accordingly in theac!no ledgement to hich the students ant to ac!no ledge for their help and guidance in thetraining.

Nikita Kaushal

13 N"+ C" N


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As the training arm of HCL Infosystems% HCL Career Development Centre +CDC, carries forth alegacy of e-cellence spanning across more than three decades. HCL CDC is an initiative thatena"les individuals and organi ations to "enefit from HCL/s deep e-pertise in the I) space.

Among the fastest gro ing I) education "rands in India% HCL CDC offers a complete spectrum

of $uality training programs on soft are% hard are% net or!ing as ell as glo"al certifications inassociation ith leading I) organi ations orld ide.

&mpo ered ith strategic alliances ith leading I) organi ations in India and a"road% HCLCDC training solutions cater to diverse consumer profiles including individuals% enterprises%academic institutions and 0overnment enterprises.

As the fountainhead of the most significant pursuit of human mind +I),% HCL strongly "elieves%12nly a Leader can transform you into a Leader1. HCL CDC is a formali ation of this e-perienceand credo hich has "een perfected over three decades.

= N 1)ogether e create the enterprises of tomorro 1.

2 N1)o provide orld3class information technology solutions and services in order to ena"le ourcustomers to serve their customers "etter1.

B-EC" =E1)o fuel initiative and foster activity "y allo ing individuals freedom of action and innovation inattaining defined o"jectives.1

4E 4'E B-EC" =E1)o help people in HCL Infosystems Ltd. share in the company/s successes% hich they ma!e possi"le4 to provide jo" security "ased on their performance4 to recogni e their individualachievements4 and help them gain a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment from their or!.1

C +E =A E 'e shall uphold the dignity of the individual. 'e shall honor all commitments. 'e shall "e committed to 5uality% Innovation and 0ro th in every endeavour. 'e shall "e responsi"le corporate citi ens

6

A net or! is a system that transmits any com"ination of voice% video and7or data"et eenusers. )he main field on hich e ere or!ing as net or!ing and the course as CCNAhich includes all the parts of net or!ing.


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In a typical LAN% there are various types of net or! devices availa"le as outlined "elo .

&u: 8epeat signals received on each port "y "roadcasting to all the other connected ports.

+e%eaters 9sed to connect t o or more &thernet segments of any media type% and to provide signal amplification for a segment to "e e-tended. In a net or! that usesrepeater% all mem"ers are contending for transmission of data onto a single net or!. 'eli!e to call this single net or! a collision domain . &ffectively% every user can only enjoya percentage of the availa"le "and idth. &thernet is su"ject to the 1:3;3 to percent latency hen processing the frame. 2nly = net or!s can "elin!ed ith a "ridge.

witch Can lin! up four% si-% eight or even more net or!s. Cut3through s itches runfaster "ecause hen a pac!et comes in% it for ards it right after loo!ing at the destinationaddress only. A store3and3for ard s itch inspects the entire pac!et "efore for arding.Most s itches cannot stop "roadcast traffic. S itches are layer = devices.

+outers Can filter out net or! traffic also. Ho ever% they filter "ased on the protocoladdresses defined in 2SI layer


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=

'or! assigned as?

)o design a coa-ial ca"le and t isted ca"le.

)o design a LAN.

)o design a 'AN.

)o design a MAN.

)o program router.

)o design net or!. )o "rea! pass ord of router and s itches.

A computer net or! is a connection of t o or more computers through a ca"le or irelessconnection. Computer net or! ena"le computer users to share hard are% resources andinformation. Aside sharing information% the computer net or! ena"les users to share internetaccess. )he importance of net or!ing t o or more computers can not "e overemphasi ed.

Net or!ing in computer is unavoida"le. 'e need net or!s in most things e do in life.

I onder hat the orld of computer ill "e ithout computer net or!s. In computing%

net or!ing is a ay of connecting t o or more computers together. 'hen you net or!computers together% the computers can share information and resources ith one another.

Net or!ing is a very vital and delicate area in computing.

'e can not really $uantify the importance of net or!ing t o or more #C. Computer net or! isvery important for every "usiness% no matter ho small a "usiness may "e. Computer net or!helps in sharing resources. 'ith computer net or!% so many computers can share one printer%scanner and some other hard are% hich might "e e-pensive for a company to ac$uire for everycomputer user.

It is $uite o"vious that computer net or! helps to save cost for an organi ation. Instead of

"uying all hard are for each computer% one can just share one via the computer net or! Inaddition to this% let us just thin! of additional space that ill "e occupied "y providing printers or scanners for each of the computers in an organi ation. Net or!ing t o or more computer notonly saves money "ut also saves space. )his in addition ma!es the user/s environment friendly.

Do e ignore the communication aspect@ No Net or!ing enhances effective communicationamong mem"ers of an organi ation or a company. 'ith appropriate soft are% each computer user can communicate ith other mem"ers or staff of an organi ation or company. In addition to this%


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Computer net or! gives users the opportunity to use remote programs and remote data"aseseither of the same organi ation or from other enterprises or pu"lic sources. )he importance ofhaving a computer net or!s are really numerous.


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;.

.3 "+A N N6

Net or!ing are Connection3oriented1 and 1Connectionless1 communications.

. A connection oriented communication has the follo ing characteristics?

A session is guaranteed.

Ac!no ledgements are issued and received at the transport layer% meaning if the sender

does not receive an ac!no ledgement "efore the timer e-pires% the pac!et isretransmitted.

#hrases in a connection3oriented service involves Call Setup% Data transfer and Calltermination.

All traffic must travel along the same static path.

A failure along the static communication path can fail the connection.

A guaranteed rate of throughput occupies resources ithout the fle-i"ility of dynamicallocation.

8elia"le F SL2' +this is al ays the case in net or!ing,.

In contrast% a connectionless communication has the follo ing characteristics?

2ften used for voice and video applications.

N2 guarantee nor ac!no ledgement.

Dynamic path selection.

Dynamic "and idth allocation.

9nrelia"le F GAS).


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)he layer hich is important for net or!ing are

.31 2odel)he 2SI model is a layered model and a conceptual standard used for defining standards to

promote multi3vendor integration as ell as maintain constant interfaces and isolate changes ofimplementation to a single layer. It is N2) application or protocol specific. In order to pass anyCisco e-am% you need to !no the 2SI model inside and out.

)he 2SI Model consists of layers as follo s?

:.

'ayer escri%tio! e ice 4rotocol

Application

#rovides net or! access for applications% flocontrol and error recovery. #rovidescommunications services to applications "yidentifying and esta"lishing the availa"ility ofother computers as ell as to determine ifsufficient resources e-ist for communication

purposes.

0ate ay

NC#% SM*%SM)#% G)#%

SNM#% )elnet%Appletal!

#resentation#erforms protocol conversion% encryption anddata compression

0ate ay andredirectors

NC#% AG#%)DI

Session

Allo s = applications to communicate over anet or! "y opening a session and synchroni ingthe involved computers. Handles connectionesta"lishment% data transfer and connectionrelease

0ate ay Net*ios


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)ransport8epac!ages messages into smaller formats%

provides error free delivery and error handlingfunctions

0ate ay Net*&9I%)C#% S# % and

N'Lin!

Net or! Handles addressing% translates logical addressesand names to physical addresses% routing andtraffic management.

8outer and "router

I#% I# % N'Lin!% Net*&9I

JJData Lin!

#ac!ages ra "its into frames ma!ing ittransmita"le across a net or! lin! and includes acyclical redundancy chec!+C8C,. It consists ofthe LLC su"layer and the MAC su"layer. )heMAC su"layer is important to remem"er% as it isresponsi"le for appending the MAC address ofthe ne-t hop to the frame header. 2n the contrary%

LLC su"layer uses Destination Service Access

#oints and Source Service Access #oints to createlin!s for the MAC su"layers.

S itch% "ridge and "router

None

#hysical

#hysical layer or!s ith the physical media for

transmitting and receiving data "its via certainencoding schemes. It also includes specificationsfor certain mechanical connection features% suchas the adaptor connector.

Multiple-erand repeater

None

)a"le =.63 2SI Model

Here is an easy ay to memori e the order of the layers?All 4 eople eem " o Need ata 4 rocessing. )he first letter of each ord corresponds to the firstletter of one of the layers. It is a little corny% "ut it or!s.

)he ta"le a"ove mentions the term 1MAC Address1. A MAC address is a ;K "it address foruni$uely identifying devices on the net or!. Something li!es >>3>>36=3


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ay of presenting the address a 6= he-adecimal digits format. )he first E digits specify themanufacture% hile the remainders are for the host itself. )he A8# #rotocol is used to determinethe I# to MAC mapping. And of course% MAC addresses cannot "e duplicated in the net or! or

pro"lems ill occur. Gor more information a"out A8# and related protocols% read 0uide )o A8#%IA8#% 8A8#% and #ro-y A8# .

Data encapsulation ta!es place in the 2SI model. It is the process in hich the information in a protocol is rapped in the data section of another protocol. )he process can "e "ro!en do n intothe follo ing steps?

9ser information 3 data 3 segments 3 pac!ets7datagrams 3 frames 3 "its.

.

'hen discussing the 2SI model it is important to !eep in mind the differences "et een1Connection3oriented1 and 1Connectionless1 communications. A connection orientedcommunication has the follo ing characteristics?

A session is guaranteed.

Ac!no ledgements are issued and received at the transport layer% meaning if the sender

does not receive an ac!no ledgement "efore the timer e-pires% the pac!et isretransmitted.

#hrases in a connection3oriented service involve Call Setup% Data transfer and Calltermination.

All traffic must travel along the same static path.

A failure along the static communication path can fail the connection.

A guaranteed rate of throughput occupies resources ithout the fle-i"ility of dynamicallocation.

8elia"le F SL2' +this is al ays the case in net or!ing,.

In contrast% a connectionless communication has the follo ing characteristics?

2ften used for voice and video applications.
http://www.mcmcse.com/cisco/guides/arp.shtmlhttp://www.mcmcse.com/cisco/guides/arp.shtmlhttp://www.mcmcse.com/cisco/guides/arp.shtmlhttp://www.mcmcse.com/cisco/guides/arp.shtml


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Neither guarantee nor ac!no ledgement.

Dynamic path selection.

Dynamic "and idth allocation.

9nrelia"le F GAS).

A computer net or!% or simply a net or!% is a collection of computers and other hard are components interconnected "y communication channels that allo sharing of resources andinformation. 'here at least one process in one device is a"le to send7receive data to7from at leastone process residing in a remote device% then the t o devices are said to "e in a net or!. Simply%more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for informationinterchange is called a computer net or!.

Net or!s may "e classified according to a ide variety of characteristics% such as the mediumused to transport the data% communications protocol used% scale%topology % and organi ationalscope.

Communications protocols define the rules and data formats for e-changing information in acomputer net or!% and provide the "asis for net or! programming . 'ell3!no ncommunications protocols include &thernet % a hard are and lin! layer standard that is u"i$uitousin local area net or!s % and theInternet protocol suite % hich defines a set of protocols forinternet or!ing% i.e. for data communication "et een multiple net or!s% as ell as host3to3hostdata transfer% and application3specific data transmission formats.

K.

.3. Co$%uter !etworki!#

Computer net or!ing is sometimes considered a su"3discipline of electrical engineering % telecommunications %computer science % information technology or computer engineering % since itrelies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines

.3131 'ocal area !etwork

A local area net or! +LAN, is a net or! that connects computers and devices in a limitedgeographical area such as home% school% computer la"oratory% office "uilding% or closely

positioned group of "uildings. &ach computer or device on the net or! is a node. Current iredLANs are most li!ely to "e "ased on &thernet technology% although ne standards li!e I)93) 0.hn also provide a ay to create a ired LAN using e-isting home ires +coa-ial ca"les% phonelines and po er lines,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hn


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Gig =.63 LAN

)ypical li"rary net or!% in a "ranching tree topology and controlled access to resources. Asample LAN is depicted in the accompanying diagram. All interconnected devices mustunderstand the net or! layer +layer and 6>> 0"it7s. LANs can "econnected to 'ide area net or! "y using routers.

.3.3. &o$e area !etwork

A home area net or! +HAN, is a residential LAN hich is used for communication "et eendigital devices typically deployed in the home% usually a small num"er of personal computersand accessories% such as printers and mo"ile computing devices. An important function is thesharing of Internet access% often a "road"and service through a ca"le ) or Digital Su"scri"erLine +DSL, provider.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Line


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.3.3/ tora#e area !etwork

A storage area net or! +SAN, is a dedicated net or! that provides access to consolidated% "loc!level data storage. SANs are primarily used to ma!e storage devices% such as dis! arrays% tapeli"raries% and optical ju!e"o-es% accessi"le to servers so that the devices appear li!e locally

attached devices to the operating system. A SAN typically has its o n net or! of storage devicesthat are generally not accessi"le through the local area net or! "y other devices. )he cost andcomple-ity of SANs dropped in the early =>>>s to levels allo ing ider adoption across "othenterprise and small to medium si ed "usiness environments.

.3.3; Ca$%us area !etwork

A campus area net or! +CAN, is a computer net or! made up of an interconnection of LANsithin a limited geographical area. )he net or!ing e$uipment +s itches% routers, andtransmission media +optical fi"er% copper plant% Cat: ca"ling etc., are almost entirely o ned +"ythe campus tenant 7 o ner? an enterprise% university% government etc.,.

In the case of a university campus3"ased campus net or!% the net or! is li!ely to lin! a varietyof campus "uildings including% for e-ample% academic colleges or departments% the universityli"rary% and student residence halls.

.3.35 Back:o!e !etwork

A "ac!"one net or! is part of a computer net or! infrastructure that interconnects various pieces of net or!% providing a path for the e-change of information "et een different LANs orsu"net or!s. A "ac!"one can tie together diverse net or!s in the same "uilding% in different

"uildings in a campus environment% or over ide areas. Normally% the "ac!"one/s capacity is

greater than that of the net or!s connected to it.

6>.

A large corporation hich has many locations may have a "ac!"one net or! that ties all of theselocations together% for e-ample% if a server cluster needs to "e accessed "y different departmentsof a company hich are located at different geographical locations. )he e$uipment hich ties

these departments together constitute the net or! "ac!"one. Net or! performance management including net or! congestion are critical parameters ta!en into account hen designing anet or! "ac!"one.

A specific case of a "ac!"one net or! is the Internet "ac!"one % hich is the set of ide3areanet or! connections and core routers that interconnect all net or!s connected to the Internet .

.3.3> 2etro%olita! area !etwork
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_performance_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_routerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_performance_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_routerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet


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A Metropolitan area net or! +MAN, is a large computer net or! that usually spans a city or alarge campus.

O

Gig =.=3Sample N made of Grame relay 'AN connections anddialup remote access.

66.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_relay


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Gig=.


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)he )ransmission Control #rotocol +)C#, is one of the core protocols of the Internet #rotocolSuite . )C# is one of the t o original components of the suite% complementing the Internet#rotocol +I#,% and therefore the entire suite is commonly referred to as )C#7I#. )C# providesrelia"le% ordered delivery of a stream of octets from a program on one computer to another

program on another computer. )C# is the protocol used "y major Internet applications such asthe 'orld 'ide 'e" %email %remote administration and file transfer . 2ther applications% hich donot re$uire relia"le data stream service% may use the 9ser Datagram #rotocol +9D#,% hich

provides a datagram service that emphasi es reduced latency over relia"ility.

)he Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet andsimilar net or!s% and generally the most popular protocol stac! for ide area net or!s . It iscommonly !no n as )C#7I#% "ecause of its most important protocols? )ransmission Control#rotocol +)C#, and Internet #rotocol +I#,% hich ere the first net or!ing protocols defined inthis standard. It is occasionally !no n as the DoD model due to the foundational influence of the

A8#AN&) in the 6 >s +operated "y DA8#A % an agency of the 9nited States Department ofDefense ,.

)C#7I# provides end3to3end connectivity specifying ho data should "e formatted% addressed%transmitted%routed and received at the destination. It has four a"straction layers% each ith itso n protocols. Grom lo est to highest% the layers are?

)he lin! layer +commonly &thernet , contains communication technologies for a localnet or! .

)he internet layer +I#, connects local net or!s% thus esta"lishing internet or!ing .

)he transport layer +)C#, handles host3to3host communication.

)he application layer +for e-ample H))# , contains all protocols for specific datacommunications services on a process3to3process level +for e-ample ho a e" "ro sercommunicates ith a e" server,.

6


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Gig =.;3 )C#7I#

)he term logy used in net or! for net or!ing are as follo s?

6;.

.3; + " N6)here are = main types of routing% hich are static and dynamic% the third type of routing iscalled Hy"rid. Static routing involves the cum"ersome process of manually configuring andmaintaining route ta"les "y an administrator. Dynamic routing ena"les routers to 1tal!1 to each


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other and automatically update their routing ta"les. )his process occurs through the use of "roadcasts. Ne-t is an e-planation of the various routing protocols.

.35 + 48outing Information #rotocol+8I#, is a distance vector dynamic routing protocol. 8I# measuresthe distance from source to destination "y counting the num"er of hops+routers or gate ays, thatthe pac!ets must travel over. 8I# sets a ma-imum of 6: hops and considers any larger num"er of hops unreacha"le. 8I#/s real advantage is that if there are multiple possi"le paths to a particulardestination and the appropriate entries e-ist in the routing ta"le% it ill choose the shortest route.8outers can tal! to each other% ho ever% in the real routing orld% there are so many differentrouting technologies availa"le% that it is not as simple as just ena"ling 8outing Information#rotocol +8I#,.

.35 42pen Shortest #ath Girst +2S#G, is a lin!3state routing protocol that converges faster than adistance vector protocol such as 8I#. 'hat is convergence@ )his is the time re$uired for allrouters to complete "uilding the routing ta"les. 8I# uses tic!s and hop counts as measurement%hile 2S#G also uses metrics that ta!es "and idth and net or! congestion into ma!ing routingdecisions. 8I# transmits updates every seconds% hile 2S#G transmits updates only henthere is a topology change. 2S#G "uilds a complete topology of the hole net or!% hile 8I#uses second handed information from the neigh"oring routers. )o summari e% 8I# is easier toconfigure% and is suita"le for smaller net or!s. In contrast% 2S#G re$uires high processing

po er% and is suita"le if scala"ility is the main concern.

'e can tune the net or! "y adjusting various timers. Areas that are tuna"le include? the rate athich routing updates are sent% the interval of time after hich a route is declared invalid% theinterval during hich routing information regarding "etter paths is suppressed% the amount oftime that must pass "efore a route is removed from the routing ta"le% and the amount of time forhich routing updates ill "e postponed. 2f course% different setting is needed in differentsituation. In any case% e can use the 1sho ip route1 command to display the contents of routingta"le as ell as ho the route as discovered.

6:.

.3> 6+4 a!d E 6+4


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8I# and 2S#G are considered 1open1% hile I08# and &I08# are Cisco proprietary. Interior0ate ay 8outing #rotocol+I08#, is a distance vector routing protocol for the interior net or!s%hile &nhanced Interior 0ate ay 8outing #rotocol +&I08#, is a hy"rid that com"ines distancevector and lin!3state technologies. Do not confuse these ith NLS#. Lin! Services #rotocol+NLS#, is a proprietary lin!3state routing protocol used on Novell Net'are ;. to replace SA#and 8I#. Gor I08#% the metric is a function of "and idth% relia"ility% delay and load. 2ne of thecharacteristics of I08# is the deployment of hold do n timers. A hold3do n timer has a value of =K> seconds. It is used to prevent routing loops hile router ta"les converge "y preventingrouters from "roadcasting another route to a router hich is off3line "efore all routing ta"lesconverge. Gor &I08#% separate routing ta"les are maintained for I#% I# and Apple)al!

protocols. Ho ever% routing update information is still for arded ith a single protocol.

.37 witch

A net or! s itch or s itching hu" is a computer net or!ing device that connects net or!segments or net or! devices . )he term commonly refers to a multi3port net or! "ridge that

processes and routes data at the data lin! layer +layer =, of the 2SI model . S itches thatadditionally process data at the net or! layer +layer


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Gig =.;3 Sho ing the S itch I# Address

6 .


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:@ecti e

Descri"e the features and operation of static routing.

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In these systems% routes through a data net or! are descri"ed "y fi-ed paths +statically,. )heseroutes are usually entered into the router "y the system administrator. An entire net or! can "econfigured using static routes% "ut this type of configuration is not fault tolerant. 'hen there is achange in the net or! or a failure occurs "et een t o statically defined nodes% traffic ill not "ererouted. )his means that anything that ishes to ta!e an affected path ill either have to aitfor the failure to "e repaired or the static route to "e updated "y the administrator "eforerestarting its journey. Most re$uests ill time out +ultimately failing, "efore these repairs can "emade. )here are% ho ever% times hen static routes can improve the performance of a net or!.Some of these include stu" net or!s and default routes .

=6.

D +K A 6N2EN" .

:@ecti e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stub_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stub_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_routehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_routehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stub_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_route


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Start a router and recogni e the normal "oot se$uence.

Gig


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Gig 3 login to router

=:.

D +K A 6N2EN" /

:@ecti e


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Complete the initial device configuration% given a functioning router and Configure I#addresses and I# su"net mas!s on router interfaces% given a functioning router.

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4ri ate co!trol sessio! ti$eout

Co!fi#uri!# a erial !terface

= .

E!a:li!# a!d disa:li!# a! i!terface


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!troduci!# 4 Addresses

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4 Address classes


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Gig 3&I0#8 Configuration


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Descri"e the features and operation of 2S#G.

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Descri"e the features and operation of 8I#

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;:.

CCNA Training Report

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