1. 1 LI NI UCun sch Gio trnh h tnh CCNA 2 c bin son da trn chng trnh oto chuyn vin mng ca Cisco. Ln xut bn th nht c bn c nhit tnhn nhn. y l chng trnh hc c tnh thc t cao. Trong bi cnh cng nghpht trin lin tc nn gio trnh cn c cp nht bm st thc tin. chnhl l do chng ti gii thiun bn cun gio trnh mi trong ln xut bn ny.Gio trnh ny tng g vi k hc th hai trong chng trnh o to CCNA caCisco. Sch gm c 11 chng, cc ch c trnh by c h thng v c ng.Ni dung chnh ca tp hai l kho st thnh phn cu trc v hot ng ca router,ng thi hng dn ngi c cu hnh c bn cho router. So vi phin bn c,phin bn mi c cp thm hai phn mi l: Giao thc thng ip iu khinInternet (ICMP) v danh sch kim tra truy nhp (Access Control List). Bn cnh, cc phn v cu trc router, cu hnh router v x l s c cho router cngc b sung thm nhiu chi tit mi so vi phin bn c.Cun sch khng ch l mt gio trnh hu ch cho cc hc vin mng CCNA mcn l ti liu b ch cho cc bn c mun tr thnh nhng nh networkingchuyn nghip.Mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon thin hn songchc rng khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, hn ch. Nhm bin son mong nhnc c kin ng gp qu bu ca bn c.MK.PUBMk.pub@minhkhai.com.vnwww.minhkhai.com.vn

2. 2LI NGKnh tha qu bn c gn xa, Ban xut bn MK.PUB trc ht xin by t lngbit n v nim vinh hnh trc nhit tnh ca ng o Bn c i vi t schMK.PUB trong thi gian qua.Khu hiu chng ti l: * Lao ng khoa hc nghim tc. * Cht lng v ngy cng cht lng hn. * Tt c v Bn c. Rt nhiu Bn c gi mail cho chng ti ng gp nhiu kin qu bu cho t sch. Ban xut bn MK.PUB xin c knh mi qu Bn c tham gia cng nng cao cht lng t sch ca chng ta. Trong qu trnh c, xin cc Bn ghi ch li cc sai st (d nh, ln) ca cun sch hoc cc nhn xt ca ring Bn. Sau xin gi v a ch: E-mail: mk.book@minhkhai.com.vn mk.pub@minhkhai.com.vn Hoc gi v: Nh sch Minh Khai249 Nguyn Th Minh Khai, Q.I, Tp. H Ch Minh Nu Bn ghi ch trc tip ln cun sch, ri gi cun sch cho chng ti th chng ti s xin hon li cc ph bu in v gi li cho bn cun sch khc. Chng ti xin gi tng mt cun sch ca sch MK.PUB ty chn la ca Bn theo mt danh mc thch hp s c gi ti Bn.Vi mc ch ngy cng nng cao cht lng ca t sch MK.PUB, chng ti rt mong nhn c s hp tc ca qu Bn c gn xa. MK.PUB v Bn c cng lm ! 3. 3 MK.PUBMC LCLI NI U ................................................................................................. 3MC LC......................................................................................................... 3CHNG 1: WAN V ROUTER................................................................... 5GII THIU ................................................................................................... 131.1. WAN.................................................................................................... 13 1.1.1. Gii thiu v WAN ................................................................... 13 1.1.2. Gii thiu v router trong mng WAN ..................................... 15 1.1.3. Router LAN v WAN ............................................................... 17 1.1.4. Vai tr ca router trong mng WAN ......................................... 19 1.1.5. Cc bi thc hnh m phng ..................................................... 211.2. Router ................................................................................................. 21 1.2.1. Cc thnh phn bn trong router ............................................... 21 1.2.2. c im vt l ca router ......................................................... 24 1.2.3. Cc loi kt ni bn ngoi ca router ........................................ 25 1.2.4. Kt ni vo cng qun l trn router ......................................... 25 1.2.5. Thit lp kt ni vo cng console ............................................ 26 1.2.6. Thc hin kt ni vi cng LAN .............................................. 28 1.2.7. Thc hin kt ni vi cng WAN ............................................. 29TNG KT .................................................................................................... 31 4. 4CHNG 2: GII THIU V ROUTER .................................................... 33GII THIU .................................................................................................. 332.1. Phn mm h iu hnh Cisco IOS .................................................... 33 2.1.1. Mc ch ca phn mm Cisco IOS........................................... 33 2.1.2. Giao din ngi dng ca router ............................................... 33 2.1.3. Cc ch cu hnh router ........................................................ 34 2.1.4. Cc c im ca phn mm Cisco IOS ................................... 35 2.1.5. Hot ng ca phn mm Cisco IOS ........................................ 382.2. Bt u vi router ............................................................................... 40 2.2.1. Khi ng router ....................................................................... 40 2.2.2. n LED bo hiu trn router ................................................... 42 2.2.3. Kho st qu trnh khi ng router .......................................... 43 2.2.4. Thit lp phin kt ni bng HyperTerminal ............................ 45 2.2.5. Truy cp vo router ................................................................... 45 2.2.6. Phm tr gip trong router CLI ................................................. 46 2.2.7. M rng thm v cch vit cu lnh ......................................... 48 2.2.8. Gi li cc lnh s dng ....................................................... 49 2.2.9. X l li cu lnh ....................................................................... 50 2.2.10. Lnh show version ................................................................... 51TNG KT CHNG .................................................................................. 52 5. 5CHNG 3: CU HNH ROUTER............................................................. 53GII THIU .................................................................................................. 533.1. Cu hnh router ................................................................................... 54 3.1.1. Ch giao tip dng lnh CLI ................................................ 54 3.1.2. t tn cho router ...................................................................... 55 3.1.3. t mt m cho router ............................................................... 55 3.1.4. Kim tra bng cc lnh show .................................................... 56 3.1.5. Cu hnh cng serial .................................................................. 58 3.1.6. Thm bt, dch chuyn v thay i tp tin cu hnh ................. 59 3.1.7. Cu hnh cng Ethernet ............................................................. 603.2. Hon chnh cu hnh router ................................................................ 61 3.2.1. Tm quan trng ca vic chun ho tp tin cu hnh ................ 61 3.2.2. Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip ........................................ 61 3.2.3. Cu hnh cu ch thch cho cng giao tip ............................... 62 3.2.4. Thng ip ng nhp ................................................................ 63 3.2.5. Cu hnh thng ip ng nhp (MOTD) ................................. 63 3.2.6. Phn gii tn my ...................................................................... 64 3.2.7. Cu hnh bng host .................................................................... 65 3.2.8. Lp h s v lu d phng tp tin cu hnh .............................. 65 3.2.9. Ct, dn v chnh sa tp tin cu hnh ....................................... 66 6. 6TNG KT CHNG ................................................................................. 67CHNG 4: CP NHT THNG TIN T CC THIT B KHC ......... 69GII THIU .................................................................................................. 694.1. Kt ni v khm ph cc thit b ln cn ............................................ 70 4.1.1. Gii thiu v CDP ..................................................................... 70 4.1.2. Thng tin thu nhn c t CDP ............................................... 71 4.1.3. Chy CDP, kim tra v ghi nhn cc thng tin CDP ................ 72 4.1.4. Xy dng bn mng ............................................................. 76 4.1.5. Tt CDP ..................................................................................... 76 4.1.6. X l s c ca CDP ................................................................. 774.2. Thu thp thng tin v cc thit b xa ............................................... 77 4.2.1. Telnet ......................................................................................... 77 4.2.2. Thit lp v kim tra qu trnh khi ng router ...................... 78 4.2.3. Ngt, tm ngng phin Telnet ................................................... 79 4.2.4. M rng thm v hot ng Telnet ........................................... 80 4.2.5. Cc lnh kim tra kt ni khc .................................................. 81 4.2.6. X l s c v a ch IP ........................................................... 84TNG KT .................................................................................................... 84CHNG 5: QUN L PHN MM CISCO IOS .................................... 85GII THIU .................................................................................................. 855.1. Kho st v kim tra hot ng router ............................................... 86 7. 75.1.1. Cc giai on khi ng router khi bt u bt in ..................... 865.1.2. Thit b Cisvo tm v ti IOS nh th no ..................................... 865.1.3. S dng lnh boot system .............................................................. 875.1.4. Thanh ghi cu hnh............. 885.1.5. X l s c khi khi ng IOS .............. 895.2. Qun l tp tin h thng Cisco ....................... 915.2.1. Khi qut v tp tin h thn IOS ........................ 915.2.2. Quy c tn IOS......................................... 945.2.3. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng TFTP .................................. 955.2.4. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng cch ct-dn........................ 995.2.5. Qun l Cisco IOS bng TFTP .................. 1005.2.6. Qun l IOS bng Xmodem ................................... 1035.2.7. Bin mi trng.............................. 1055.2.8. Kim tra tp tin h thng.... 106TNG KT ............................................................................................. 106CHNG 6: NH TUYN V CC GIAO THC NH TUYN ............ 107GII THIU .................................. 1076.1. Gii thiu v nh tuyn tnh ................................................................. 1086.1.1. Gii thiu v nh tuyn tnh .......................................................... 1086.1.2. Hot ng ca nh tuyn tnh........................................................ 108 8. 8 6.1.3. Cu hnh ng c nh ................................................................. 110 6.1.4. Cu hnh ng mc nh cho router chuyn gi i ...................... 112 6.1.5. Kim tra cu hnh ........................................................................... 114 6.1.6. X l s c...................................................................................... 1146.2. Tng qut v nh tuyn ......................................................................... 116 6.2.1. Gii thiu v giao thc nh tuyn ................................................. 116 6.2.2. Autonomous system (AS) (H thng t qun) ............................... 117 6.2.3. Mc ch ca giao thc nh tuyn v h thng t qun ............... 117 6.2.4. Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn................................................. 118 6.2.5. c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vector khong cch ....... 118 6.2.6. c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt 1216.3. Tng qut v giao thc nh tuyn ......................................................... 121 6.3.1. Quyt nh chn ng i .............................................................. 123 6.3.2. Cu hnh nh tuyn........................................................................ 123 6.3.3. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ................................................................ 126 6.3.4. H t qun, IGP v EGP................................................................. 128 6.3.5. Trng thi ng lin kt ............................................................... 130TNG KT......................................................................................................... 132CHNG 7: GIAO THC NH TUYN THEO VECTOR KHONG CCH .... 133GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 133 9. 97.1. nh tuyn theo vector khong cch ...................................................... 1347.1.1. Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn ....................................................... 1347.1.2. Li nh tuyn lp........................................................................... 1357.1.3. nh ngha gi tr ti a.................................................................. 1367.1.4. Trnh nh tuyn lp vng bng split horizon................................ 1377.1.5. Router poisoning............................................................................. 1387.1.6. Trnh nh tuyn lp vng bng c ch cp nht tc thi ............. 1407.1.7. Trnh lp vng vi thi gian holddown ......................................... 1407.2. RIP .......................................................................................................... 1427.2.1. Tin trnh ca RIP........................................................................... 1427.2.2. Cu hnh RIP................................................................................... 1427.2.3. S dng lnh ip classless ................................................................ 1447.2.4. Nhng vn thng gp khi cu hnh RIP .................................. 1467.2.5. Kim tra cu hnh RIP .................................................................... 1497.2.6. X l s c v hot ng cp nht ca RIP ................................... 1517.2.7. Ngn khng cho router gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao tip .................................................................................................................. 1537.2.8. Chia ti vi RIP .............................................................................. 1547.2.9. Chia ti cho nhiu ng ............................................................... 1567.2.10. Tch hp ng c nh vi RIP .................................................. 158 10. 107.3. IGRP ....................................................................................................... 160 7.3.1. c im ca IGRP ........................................................................ 160 7.3.7. Kim tra cu hnh IGPR ................................................................. 171 7.3.8. X l s c ca IGPR ..................................................................... 171TNG KT ........................................................................................................ 173CHNG 8: THNG IP IU KHIN V BO LI CA TCP/IP........ 175GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 1758.1. Tng qut v thng ip bo li ca TCP/IP ...................................... 176 8.1.1. Giao thc Thng ip iu Khin Internet (IMCP) .................... 176 8.1.3. Truyn thng ip IMCP................................................................ 177 8.1.4. Mng khng n c .................................................................... 177 8.1.5. S dng lnh ping kim tra xem a ch ch c n c hay khng ........................................................................................................ 178 8.1.6. Pht hin ng di qu gii hn ................................................... 179 8.1.7. Thng ip echo ............................................................................. 180 8.1.8. Thng ip Destination Unreachable.......................................... 181 8.1.9. Thng bo cc loi li khc............................................................ 1828.2. Thng ip iu khin ca TCP/IP...................................................... 183 8.2.1. Gii thiu v thng ip iu khin ............................................... 183 8.2.2. Thng i ICMP redirect/change request....................................... 184 11. 11 8.2.3. ng b ng h v c tnh thi gian truyn d liu .................. 186 8.2.4. Thng ip Information request v reply ....................................... 187 8.2.6. Thng ip tm router ................................................................ 189 8.2.7. Thng ip Router solicitation ....................................................... 189 8.2.8. Thng ip bo nghn v iu khin lung d liu ....................... 190TNG KT......................................................................................................... 191CHNG 9: C BN V X L S C ROUTER ..................................... 193GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 1939.1. Kim tra bng nh tuyn .......................................................................... 194 9.1.1. Lnh show ip route ......................................................................... 194 9.1.2. Xc nh gateway ........................................................................... 196 9.1.3. Chn ng chuyn gi t ngun n ch............................... 197 9.1.4. Xc nh a lp 2 v lp 3 ............................................................ 198 9.1.5. Xc nh ch s tincy ca cc con ng .................................... 198 9.1.6. Xc nh thng s nh tuyn ......................................................... 199 9.1.7. Xc nh trm k tip...................................................................... 201 9.1.8. Kim tra thng tin nh tuyn c cp nht mi nht.................. 202 9.1.9. S dng nhiu ng n cng mt ch....................................... 2039.2. Kim tra kt ni mng ............................................................................... 205 9.2.1. Gii thiu v vic kim tra kt ni mng ....................................... 205 12. 12 9.2.2. Cc bc tin hnh x l s c ...................................................... 206 9.2.3. X l s c theo lp ca m hnh OSI ........................................... 208 9.2.4. S dng cc n bo hiu tm s c ca Lp 1 ......................... 209 9.2.5. S dng lnh ping x l s c Lp 3 ..................................... 209 9.2.6. S dng Telnet x l s c Lp 7 .......................................... 2119.3. Tng qut v qu trnh x l mt s s c ca router............................... 212 9.3.1. S dng lnh show interfaces x l s c Lp 1 ...................... 212 9.3.2. S dng lnh show interfaces x l s c Lp 2 ..................... 216 9.3.3. S dng lnh show cdp x l s c .......................................... 217 9.3.4. S dng lnh traceroute x l s c .......................................... 218 9.3.5. X l cc s c v nh tuyn ........................................................ 219 9.3.6. S dng lnh show controllers serial x l s c ...................... 222TNG KT......................................................................................................... 225CHNG 10: TCP/IP ........................................................................................ 227GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 22710.1. Hot ng ca TCP............................................................................... 228 10.1.1 Hot ng ca TCP........................................................................ 228 10.1.2 Qu trnh ng b hay qu trnh bt tay 3 bc............................ 228 10.1.3 Kiu tn cng t chi dch v DoS (Denial of Service)................ 230 10.1.4 Ca s v kch thc ca s.......................................................... 231 13. 13 10.1.6 ACK xc nhn ............................................................................... 23410.2. Tng quan v port lp vn chuyn . .................................................. 236 10.2.1. Nhiu cuc kt ni gia 2 host. .................................................... 236 10.2.2. Port dnh cho cc dch v............................................................. 238 10.2.3. Port dnh cho client ...................................................................... 240 10.2.4. Ch port v cc ch s port ni ting............................................. 240 10.2.5. V d v trng hp m nhiu phin kt ni gia 2 host............. 240 10.2.6. So snh gia a ch IP, a ch MAC v s port ......................... 241TNG KT......................................................................................................... 241CHNG 11: DANH SCH KIM TRA TRUY CP ACLs ......................... 243GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 24311.1 C bn v danh sch kim tra truy cp.................................................. 244 11.1.1 ACLs lm vic nh th no? ......................................................... 246 11.1.2 Kim tra ACLs............................................................................... 25411.2.1 Danh sch kim tra truy cp ACLs..................................................... 256 11.2.1 ACLs c bn ................................................................................. 256 11.2.2 ACLs m rng ............................................................................... 258 11.2.3 ACLs t tn .................................................................................. 259 11.2.4 V tr t ACLs .............................................................................. 261 11.2.5 Bc tng la ................................................................................ 262 14. 14 11.2.6 Gii hn truy cp vo ng vty trn router ................................. 263TNG KT......................................................................................................... 265 15. 15CHNG 1WAN V ROUTERGII THIUMng din rng (WAN) l mng truyn d liu qua nhng vng a l rt ln.WAN c nhiu c im quan trng khc vi LAN. Trong chng ny, trc tincc bn s c mt ci nhn tng th v cc k thut v cc giao thc ca mngWAN. ng thi trong chng ny cng s gii thch nhng c im ging nhauv khc nhau gia LAN v WAN.Bn cnh , kin thc v cc thnh phn vt l ca router cng rt quan trng.Kin thc ny s l nn tng cho cc k nng v kin thc khc khi bn cu hnhrouter v qun tr mng nh tuyn. Trong chng ny, cc bn s c kho stthnh phn vt l bn trong v bn ngoi ca router v cc k thit kt ni vinhiu cng khc nhau trn router.Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th thc hin cc vic sau: Xc nh t chc quc t chu trch nhim v cc chun ca WAN. Gii thch s khc nhau gia LAN v WAN, gia cc loi a ch m mi mng s dng. M t vai tr ca router trong WAN. Xc nh cc thnh phn vt l bn trong ca router v cc chc nng tng ng. M t cc c im vt l ca router. Xc nh cc loi cng trn router. Thc hin cc kt ni n cng Ethernet, cng ni tip WAN v cng console trn router. 1.1. WAN 1.1.1 Gii thiu v WAN 16. 16 WAN l mngtruyn d liu qua nhng vng a l rt rng ln nh cc bang,tnh, quc gia Cc phng tin truyn d liu trn WAN c cung cp bi ccnh cung cp dch v, v d nh cc cng ty in thoi.Mng WAN c mt s c im sau:WAN dng kt ni cc thit b cch xa nhau bi nhng a l ln.WAN s dng dch v ca cc cng ty cung cp dch v, v d nh: Regional BellOperating Conpanies (RBOCs), Sprint, MCI, VPM internet servies, Inc.,Altantes.netWAN s dng nhiu loi lin kt ni tip khc nhau.WAN c mt s im khc vi LAN. V d nh: LAN c s dng kt ni ccmy tnh n l, cc thit b ngoi vi, cc thit b u cui v nhiu loi thit bkhc trong cung mt to nh hay mt phm vi a l nh. Trong khi WAN cs dng kt ni cc chi nhnh ca mnh, nh m thng tin c trao i ddng gia cc trung tm.Mng WAN hot ng ch yu lp Vt l v lp Lin kt d liu m hnh OSI.WAN kt ni cc mng LAN li vi nhau. Do , WAN thc hin chuyn i ccgi d liu gia cc router, switch v cc mng LAN m n kt ni.Sau y l cc thit b c s dng trong WAN: Router: cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau, bao gm Internet v cc giao tip WAN. Loi switch c s dng trong WAN cung cp kt ni cho hot ng thng tin lin lc bng thoi video v d liu. Modem: bao gm: giao tip vi dch v truyn thoi; CSU/DSU (Chanel service units/ Digital service units) giao tip vi dch v T1/E1; TA/NT1 (Terminal Adapters /Network Terminal 1) giao tip vi dch v ISDN (Integrate Services Digital Network). Server thng tin lin lc: tp trung x l cuc gi ca ngi dng. 17. 17Hnh 1.1.1: Cc thit b WANCc giao thc lp Lin kt d liu ca mng WAN m t v cch thc m gi dliu c vn chuyn gia cc h thng trn mt ng truyn d liu. cc giaothc ny c thit k cho cc dch v chuyn mch im-n-im, a im, atruy nhp, v d nh: FrameRelay.Cc tiu chun ca mng WAN c nh ngha v qun l bi cc t chc quc tsau: Lin hip vin thng quc t - lnh vc tiu chun vin thng ITUT (International TelecommunicationUnion-Telecommunication Standardization Sector), trc y l U ban c in thoi v in tn quc t - CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone). T chc quc t v tiu chun ISO (International Organization for Standardization). T chc c trch v k thut Internet IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). Lin hip cng nghip in t - EIA (Eletronic Industries Association). 1.1.2 Gii thiu v router trong mng WAN 18. 18Hnh 1.1.2Router l mt loi my tnh c bit. N cng c cc thnh phn c bn ging nhmy tnh: CPU, b nh, system bus v cc cng giao tip. Tuy nhin router ckt l thc hin mt s chc nng c bit. V d: router c thit k l thchin mt s chc nng c bit. V d: router kt ni hai h thng mng vi nhauv cho php hai h thng ny c th lin lc vi nhau, ngoi ra router cn thc hinvic chn la ng i tt nht cho d liu.Cng ging nh my tnh cn phi c h iu hnh chy cc trnh ng dng throuter cng cn phi c h iu hnh chy cc tp tin cu hnh. Tp tin cu hnhcha cc cu lnh v cc thng s iu khin lung d liu ra vo trn router.c bit l router cn s dng giao thc nh tuyn truyn quyt nh chnng i tt nht cho cc gi d liu. Do , tp tin cu hnh cng cha cc thngtin ci t v chy cc giao thc nh tuyn trn router.Gio trnh ny s gii thch r cch xy dng tp tin cu hnh t cc cu lnh IOS router c th thc hin c cc chc nng c bn. Lc ban u c th bn thytp tin cu hnh rt phc tp nhng n cui gio trnh ny bn s thy n d hiuhn nhiu.Cc thnh phn chnh bn trong router bao gm: b nh RAM, NVRAM, b nhflash, ROM v cc cng giao tip.RAM, hay cn gi l RAM ng (DRAM- Dynamic RAM) c cc c im vchc nng nh sau Lu bng nh tuyn. 19. 19 Lu bng ARP. C vng b nh chuyn mch nhanh. Cung cp vng nh m cho cc gi d liu Duy tr hng i cho cc gi d liu. Cung cp b nh tm thi cho tp tin cu hnh ca router khi router ang hot ng. Thng tin trn RAM s b xo mt khi router khi ng li hoc b tt in.c im v chc nng ca NVRAM: Lu gi tp tin cu hnh khi ng ca router. Ni dung ca NVRAM vn c lu gi khi router khi ng li hoc b tt in.c im v chc nng ca b nh flash: Lu h iu hnh IOS. C th cp nht phn mm lu trong Flash m khng cn thay i chip trn b x l. Ni dung ca Flash vn c lu gi khi router khi ng li hoc b tt in. Ta c th lu nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca phn mm IOS trong Flash. Flash l loi ROM xo v lp trnh c (EPROM).c im v chc nng ca cc cng giao tip: Kt ni router vo h thng mng nhn v chuyn gi d liu. Cc cng c th gn trc tip trn mainboard hoc l di dng card ri. 1.1.3 Router LAN v WAN 20. 20 Hnh 1.1.3a: Phn on mng LAN vi routerRouter va c s dng phn on mng LAN va l thit b chnh trongmng WAN. Do , tn router c c cng giao tip LAN v WAN. Thc cht lcc k thut WAN c s dng kt ni cc router, router ny giao tip virouter khc qua ng lin kt WAN. Router l thit b xng sng ca mngIntranet ln v mng Internet. Router hot ng Lp 3 v thc hin chuyn gid liu da trn a ch mng. Router c hai chc nng chnh l: chn ng i ttnht v chuyn mch gi d liu. thc hin chc nng ny, mi router phi xydng mt bng nh tuyn v thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau. Hnh 1.1.3b: Kt ni router bng cc cng ngh WAN 21. 21Ngi qun tr mng c th duy tr bng nh tuyn bng cch cu hnh nh tuyntnh, nhng thng thng thi bng nh tuyn c lu gi ng nh cc giao thcnh tuyn thc hin trao i thng tin mng gia cc router. Hnh 1.1.3cV d: nu my tnh X mun thng tin lin lc vi my tnh Y mt chu lc khcv vi my tnh Z mt v tr khc na trn th gii, khi cn phi c nh tuyn c th truyn d liu v ng thi cng cn phi c cc ng d phng, thayth m bo tin cy. Rt nhiu thit k mng v cng ngh c a ra cho cc my tnh nh X Y, Z c th lin lc vi nhau.Mt h thng mng c cu hnh ng phi c y cc c im sau: C h thng a ch nht qun t u cui n u cui Cu trc a ch phi th hin c cu trc mng. Chn c ng i tt nht. nh tuyn ng v tnh. Thc hin chuyn mch.1.1.4 Vai tr ca router trong mng WANMng WAN hot ng ch yu lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu. iu ny khngc ngha l nm lp cn li ca m hnh OSI khng c trong mng WAN. iu 22. 22ny n gin c ngha l mang WAN ch khc vi mng LAN lp Vt l v lpLin kt d liu. Hay ni cch khc l cc tiu chun v giao thc s dng trongmng WAN lp 1 v lp 2 l khc vi mng LAN.Lp Vt l trong mng WAN m t cc giao tip thit b d liu u cui DTE(Data Terminal Equipment) v thit b u cui mch d liu DCE (Data Circuit-terminal Equipment). Thng thng, DCE l thit b pha nh cung cp dch vv DTE l thit b kt ni vo DCE. Theo m hnh ny th DCE c th l modemhoc CSU/DSU.Chc nng ch yu ca router l nh tuyn. Hot ng nh tuyn din ra lp 3 -lp Mng trong khi WAN hot ng lp 1 v 2. Vy router l thit b LAN hayWAN? Cu tr li l c hai. Router c th l thit b LAN, hoc WAN, hoc thitb trung gian gia LAN v WAN hoc c th l LAN v WAN cng mt lc.Mt trong nhng nhim v ca router trong mng WAN l nh tuyn gi d liu lp 3, y cng l nhim v ca router trong mng LAN. Tuy nhin, nh tuynkhng phi l nhim v chnh yu ca router trong mng WAN. Khi router sdng cc chun v giao thc ca lp Vt l v lp Lin kt d liu kt ni ccmng WAN th lc ny nhim v chnh y ca router trong mng WAN khngphi l nh tuyn na m l cung cp kt ni gia cc mng WAN vi cc chunvt l v lin kt d liu khc nhau. V d: mt router c th c mt giao tipISDN s dng kiu ng gi PPP v mt giao tip ni tip T1 s dng kiu nggi FrameRelay. Router phi c kh nng chuyn i lung bit t loi dch v nysang dch v khc. V d: chuyn i t dch v ISDN sang T1, ng thi chuynkiu ng gi lp Lin kt d liu t PPP sang FrameRelay.Chi tit v cc giao thc lp 1 v 2 trong mng WAN s c cp tp sau cagio trnh ny. Sau y ch lit k mt s chun v giao thc WAN ch yu ccbn tham kho: 23. 23 Hnh 1.1.4a: Cc chun WAN lp Vt l Hnh 1.1.4b: Cc kiu ng gi d liu WAN Lp lin kt d liuCc chun v giao thc WAN lp vt l: EIA/TIA-232,449, V24, V35, X21, EIA-530, ISDN, T1, T3, E1, E3, Xdsl, sonet (oc-3, oc-12, oc-48, oc-192).Cc chun v giao thc WAN lp lin kt d liu: HDLC, FrameRelay, PPP,SDLC, SLIP, X25, ATM, LAMB, LAPD, LAPF. 24. 241.1.5 Cc bi thc hnh m phngTrong cc bi thc hnh m phng trong phng lab, cc mng c kt ni bngcp serial trong thc t khng kt ni trc tip nh vy c. V d: trn thc t,mt router New York v mt router Sydney, Australia. Ngi qun tr mng Australia phi kt ni vo router New York thng qua m my WAN x ls c trn router New York.Trong cc bi thc hnh m phng, cc thit b trong dm my WAN c gi lpbng cp DTE-DCE kt ni trc tip t cng S0/0 ca router ny n cng S0/1ca router kia (ni back-to-back).1.2 Router1.2.1 Cc thnh phn bn trong routerCu trc chnh xc ca router rt khc nhau tu theo tng phin bn router. Trongphn ny ch gii thiu v cc thnh phn c bn ca router.CPU n v x l trung tm: thc thi cc cu lnh ca h iu hnh thc hincc nhim v sau: khi ng h thng, nh tuyn, iu khin cc cng giao tipmng. CPU l mt b giao tip mng. CPU l mt b vi x l. Trong cc router lnc th c nhiu CPU.RAM: c s dng lu bng nh tuyn, cung cp b nh cho chuyn mchnhanh, chy tp tin cu hnh v cung cp hng i cho cc gi d liu. Trong a srouter, h iu hnh Cisco IOS chy trn RAM. RAM thng c chia thnh haiphn: phn b nh x l chnh v phn b nh chia s xut/nhp. Phn b nh chias xut/nhp c chia cho cc cng giao tip lm ni lu tr tm cc gi dliu.Ton b ni dung trn RAM s b xo khi tt in. Thng thng, RAM trnrouter l loi RAM ng (DRAM Dynamic RAM) v c th nng thm RAMbng cch gn thm DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module).Flash: B nh Flash c s dng lu ton b phn mm h iu hnh CiscoIOS. Mc nh l router tm IOS ca n trong flash. Bn c th nng cp h iuhnh bng cch chp phin bn mi hn vo flash. Phn mm IOS c th didng nn hoc khng nn. i vi hu ht cc router, IOS c chp ln RAMtrong qu trnh khi ng router. Cn c mt s router th IOS c th chy trc tip 25. 25trn flash m khng cn chp ln RAM. Bn c th gn thm hoc thay th ccthanh SIMM hay card PCMCIA nng dung lng flash.NVRAM (Non-volative Random-access Memory): L b nh RAM khng b mtthng tin, c s dng lu tp tin cu hnh. Trong mt s thit b c NVRAMv flash ring, NVRAM c thc thi nh flash. Trong mt s thit b, flash vNVRAM l cng mt b nh. Trong c hai trng hp, ni dung ca NVRAM vnc lu gi khi tt in.Bus: Phn ln cc router u c bus h thng v CPU bus. Bus h thng c sdng thng tin lin lc gia CPU vi cc cng giao tip v cc khe m rng.Loi bus ny vn chuyn d liu v cc cu lnh i v n cc a ch ca nhtng ng.ROM (Read Only Memory): L ni lu on m ca chng trnh kim tra khikhi ng. Nhim v chnh ca ROM l kim tra phn cng ca router khi khing, sau chp phn mm Cisco IOS t flash vo RAM. Mt s router c th cphin bn IOS c dng lm ngun khi ng d phng. Ni dung trong ROMkhng th xo c. Ta ch c th nng cp ROM bng cch thay chip ROM mi.Cc cng giao tip: L ni router kt ni vi bn ngoi. Router c 3 loi cng:LAN, WAN v console/AUX. Cng giao tip LAN c th gn c nh trn routerhoc di dng card ri.Cng giao tip WAN c th l cng Serial, ISDN, cng tch hp n v dch vknh CSU (Chanel Service Unit). Tng t nh cng giao tip LAN, cc cng giaotip WAN cng c chip iu khin c bit. Cng giao tip WAN c th nh trnrouter hoc dng card ri.Cng console/AUX l cng ni tip, ch yu c d dng cu hnh router. Haicng ny khng phi l loi cng kt ni mng m l kt ni vo my tnhthng qua modem hoc thng qua cng COM trn my tnh t my tnh thchin cu hnh router.Ngun in: Cung cp in cho cc thnh phn ca router, mt s router ln c ths dng nhiu b ngun hoc nhiu card ngun. Cn mt s router nh, ngunin c th l b phn nm ngoi router. 26. 26 Hnh 1.2.1a Hnh 1.2.1b 1.2.2c im vt l ca routerKhng nht thit l bn phi bit v tr ca cc thnh phn vt l trong router mic th s dng c router. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, v d nh nngcp b nh chng hn, nhng kin thc ny li rt hu dng.Cc loi thnh phn v v tr ca chng trong router rt khc nhau tu theo tngloi phin bn thit b. 27. 27 Hnh 1.2.2a: Cu trc bn trong ca router 2600 Hnh 1.2.2b: Cc loi kt ni bn ngoi ca router 2600 1.2.3 Cc loi kt ni ngoi ca routerRouter c ba loi kt ni c bn l: cng LAN, WAN v cng qun l router. Cnggiao tip LAN cho php router kt ni vo mi trng mng cc b LAN. Thngthng, cng giao tip LAN l cng Ethernet. Ngoi ra cng c cng Token Ringv ATM (Asynchronous Tranfer Mode).Kt ni mng WAN cung cp kt ni thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v n ccchi nhnh xa hoc kt ni vo Internet. Loi kt ni ny c th l ni tip hay btk loi giao tip WAN, bn cn phi c thm mt thit b ngoi vi nh CSU chng 28. 28hn ni router n nh cung cp dch v. i vi mt s loi giao tip WANkhc th bn c th kt ni trc tip router ca mnh n nh cung cp dch v.Chc nng ca port qun l hon ton khc vi ai loi trn. kt ni LAN, WAN kt ni router v mng router nhn v pht cc gi d liu. Trong khi , portqun l cung cp cho bn mt kt ni dng vn bn bn c th cu hnh hoc xl trn router. Cng qun l thng l cng console hoc cng AUX (Auxilliary).y l loi cng ni tip bt ng b EIA-232. Cc cng ny kt ni vo cngCOM trn my tnh. Trn my tnh, chng ta s dng chng trnh m phng thitb u cui thit lp phin kt ni dng vn bn vo router. Thng qua kiu ktni ny, ngi qun tr mng c th qun l thit b ca mnh. Hnh 1.2.3 1.2.4Kt ni vo cng qun l trn routerCng console v cng AUX l cng qun l trn router. Loi cng ni tip btng b ny c thit k khng phi kt ni mng m l cu hnh router. Tathng s dng cng console thit lp cu hnh cho router v khng phi routerno cng c cng AUX.Khi router hot ng ln u tin th cha c thng s mng no c cu hnh c.Do router cha th giao tip vi bt k mng no. chun b khi ng v cuhnh router, ta dng thit b u cui ASCII kt ni vo cng console trn router.Sau ta c th dng lnh cu hnh, ci t cho router.Khi bn nhp cu hnh cho router thng qua cng console hay cng AUX, routerc th kt ni mng x l s c hoc theo di hot ng mng. 29. 29bn c th cu hnh router t xa bng cch quay s qua modem kt ni vo cngconsole hay cng AUX trn router.Hnh 1.2.4: Kt ni modem vo cng console hay cng AUXKhi x l s c, bn nn s dng cng console thay v cng AUX. V mc nh lcng console c th hin th qu trnh khi ng router, thng tinhot ng v ccthng ip bo li ca router. Cng console c s dng khi c mt dch v mngkhng khi ng c hoc b li, khi khi phc li mt m hoc khi router b sc nghim trng. 1.2.5Thit lp kt ni v cng consoleCng console l loi cng qun l, cung cp ng kt ni ring vo router. Cngny c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho router, theo di hot ng mng vkhi phc router khi gp s c nghim trng. kt ni PC vo cng console bn cn c cp rollover v b chuyn i RJ45-DB9. Cisco c cung cp b chuyn i ny ni PC vo cng console.PC hay thit b u cui phi c chng trnh m phng thit b u cui VT100.Thng thng phn mm ny l HyperTerminal.Sau y l cc bc thc hin kt ni PC vo cng console: 1. Cu hnh phn mm gi lp thit b u cui nh sau: 30. 30Chn ng cng COM.Tc band l 9600.Data bits: 8Parity: NoneStop bits: 1Flow control: None Hnh1.2.5a: Kt ni PC vo cng console trn router2. Cm mt u RJ45 ca cp rollover vo cng console trn router.3. Cm u cp cn li vo b chuyn i RJ45-DB9.4. Gn u DB9 ca b chuyn i vo cng COM trn PC. 31. 31 Hnh 1.2.5b: Cu hnh hyper terminal kt ni vo console 1.2.6 Thc hin kt ni vi cng LANTrong hu ht cc mi trng mng LAN hin nay, router c kt ni vo LANbng cng Ethernet hoc Fast Ethernet. Router giao tip vi mng LAN thng quahub hoc switch. Chng ta s dng cp thng ni router v hub/switch. i vitt c cc loi router c cng 10/100BaseTx chng ta u phi s dng cp UTPCAT5 hoc cao hn.Trong mt s trng hp ta c th kt ni trc tip cng Ethernet trn router vomy tnh hoc vo router khc bng cp cho.Khi thc hin kt ni, chng ta phi lu cp ng cng v nu cm sai c th gyh hng cho router v thit b khc. Trn router c rt nhiu loi cng khc nhaunhng hnh dng cng lai ging nhau. V d nh: cng Ethernet, ISDN BRI,console, AUX, cng tch hp CSU/DSU, cng Token Ring u s dng cng 8chn l RJ45, RJ48 hoc RJ49. 1.2.7 Thc hin kt ni vi cng WAN 32. 32Kt ni WAN c nhiu dng khc nhau. Mt kt ni WAN s dng nhiu k thutkhc nhau thc hin truyn d liu qua mt vng a l rng ln. Cc dch vWAN thng c thu t nh cung cp dch v. Chng ta c 3 loi kt ni WANnh sau: kt ni thu knh ring, kt ni chuyn mch - mch, kt ni chuynmch gi. Hnh 1.2.7ai vi tng loi dch v WAN, thit b thuc s hu ca khch hng (CPE Customer Premises Equipment), thng thng l router, c gi l thit b d liuu cui DTE (Data Terminal Equipment). Thit b DTE ny c kt ni vo nhcung cp dch v thng qua thit b kt cui mch d liu DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment), thng thng l modem hay CSU/DSU. Thit b DCE nyc s dng chuyn i d liu t DTE sang dng ph hp vi dch v canh cung cp dch v.Hu ht cc cng WAN trn router u l cng Serial. Cng vic chn la chong loi cp s rt d dng khi bn tr li c 4 cu hi sau: Loi kt ni trn thit b Cisco l loi no? Cisco router s dng nhiu loi u ni khc nhau cho cng Serial. Nh trong hnh 1.2.7b, cng bn tri l cng Smart Serial, cng bn phi l cng DB-60. La chon 33. 33cp Serial kt ni h thng mng l mt phn then cht trong qua trnhthit lp WAN. Hnh 1.2.7b H thng mng c kt ni v thit b DTE hay DCE? DTEv DCE l hai loi cng serial khc nhau. im khc nhau quan trng giahai loi ny l: thit b DCE cp tn hiu xung ng h cho qu trnh thngtin lin lc trn bus. Bn nn tham kho ti liu ca thit b xc nh DTEv DCE.Thit b i hi chun tn hiu no? mi loi thit b khc nhaus s dng loi chun Serial khc nhau. Mi chun s quy c tn hiutruyn trn cp v loi u ni 2 u cp. Bn nn tham kho ti liu cathit b xc nh chun tn hiu ca thit b. 34. 34Hnh 1.2.7cCp c loi u ni c hay ci? Nu u ni c chn cm rangoi th l u c. Nu u ni ch c l cm cho cc chn th l uciHnh 1.2.7dTNG KT 35. 35Sau y l cc im quan trng bn cn nm c trong chng ny: Khi nim v WAN v LAN. Vai tr ca router trong WANs v LANs. Cc giao thc WAN. Cu hnh kiu ng gi cho cng giao tip. Xc nh v m t cc thnh phn bn trong router. c im vt l ca router. Cc loi cng thng gp trn router. Cch kt ni vo cng console, cng LAN v WAN. 36. 36 CHNG 2GII THIU V ROUTERGII THIUCc k thut ca Cisco u c xy dng da trn h iu hnh mng Cisco(ISO). Phn mm IOS iu khin qu trnh nh tuyn v chuyn mch trn ccthit b kt ni lin mng. Do ngi qun tr mng phi nm vng v IOS.Trong chng ny, chng ti s gii thiu c bn v kho st cc c im caIOS. Tt c cc cng vic cu hnh mng t n gin nht n phc tp nht uda trn mt nn tng c bn l cu hnh router. Do trong chng ny cng giithiu v cc k thut v cng c c bn cu hnh router m chng ta s s dngtrong sut gio trnh ny.Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th: Nm c mc ch ca IOS. M t hot ng c bn ca IOS. Nm c cc c im ca IOS. Nm c phng thc thit lp phin giao tip bng dng lnh vi router. Chuyn i gia cc ch cu hnh router. Thit lp kt ni bng HyperTerminal vo router. Truy cp vo router. S dng tnh nng tr gip trong giao tip bng dng lnh. X l li khi nhp cu lnh.2.1Phn h iu hnh Cisco IOS2.1.1 Mc ch ca phn mm Cisco IOSTng t nh my tnh, router v switch khng th hot ng c nu khng ch iu hnh. Cisco gi h iu hnh ca mnh l h iu hnh mng Cisco hay gi 37. 37tt l Cisco IOS. H iu hnh c ci trn cc Cisco router v Catalysst Switch.Cisco IOS cung cp cc dch v mng nh sau: nh tuyn v chuyn mch. Bo m v bo mt cho vic truy cp vp ti nguyn mng. M rng h thng mng.2.1.2 Giao din ngi dng ca routerPhn mm Cisco s dng giao din dng lnh (CLI Command line interface)cho mi trng console truyn thng. IOS l mt k thut c bn, t c phttrin cho nhiu dng sn phm khc nhau ca Cisco. Do hot ng c th catng IOS s rt khc nhau tu theo tng loi thit b.Chng ta c nhiu cch khc nhau truy cp vo giao din CLI ca router. Cchu tin l kt ni trc tip t my tnh hoc thit b u cui vo cng consoletrn router. Cch th hai l s dng ng quay s qua modem hoc kt ni nullmodem vo cng AUX trn router. C hai cch trn u khng cn phi cu hnhtrc cho router. Cch th ba l telnet vo router. thit lp phin telnet vorouter th trn router t nht phi c mt cng c cu hnh a ch IP, ccng vty c cu hnh cho php truy cp v t mt m.2.1.3 Cc ch cu hnh routerGiao din dng lnh ca Cisco s dng cu trc phn cp. Cu trc ny i hi bnmun cu hnh ci g th phi vo ch tng ng. V d: nu bn mun cu hnhcng giao tip no ca router th bn phi vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip .T ch ny tt c cc cu hnh c nhp vo ch c hiu lc i vi cng giaotip tng ng m thi. Tng ng vi mi ch cu hnh c mt du nhc ctrng ring v mt tp lnh ring.IOS c mt trnh thng dch gi l EXEC. Sau khi bn nhp mt cu lnh thEXEC s thc thi ngay cu lnh .V l do bo mt nn Cisco IOS chia phin bn lm vic ca EXEC thnh hai ch l: ch EXEC ngi dng v ch EXEC c quyn. Sau y l cc cim ca ch EXEC ngi dng v ch EXEC c quyn: 38. 38 Ch EXEC ngi dng ch cho php thc thi mt s cu lnh hin th cc thng tin c bn ca router m thi. Ch ny ch xem ch khng cho php thc hin cc cu lnh lm thay i cu hnh router. Ch EXEC ngi dng c du nhc l >. Ch EXEC c quyn cho php thc hin tt c cc cu lnh ca router. Bn c th cu hnh ngi dng phi nhp mt m trc khi truy nhp vo ch ny. Ngoi ra, tng thm tnh bo mt bn c th cu hnh thm userID. iu ny cho php ch nhng ngi no c php mi c th truy cp vo router. Ngi qun tr mng phi ch EXEC c quyn mi c th s dng cc cu lnh cu hnh hoc qun l router. T ch EXEC c quyn bn c th chuyn vo cc ch c khc nhau nh ch cu hnh ton cc chng hn. Ch EXEC c quyn c xc nh bi du nhc #. chuyn t ch EXEC ngi dng sang ch EXEC c quyn hn dnglnh enable ti du nhc >. Nu mt m c ci t th router s yu cu bnnhp mt m. V l do bo mt nn cc thit b mng Cisco khng hin th mt mtrong lc bn nhp chng. Sau khi mt m c nhp vo chnh xc th du nhc> chuyn thnh # cho bit bn ang ch EXEC c quyn. Bn g duchm hi (?) du nhc ny th s thy router hin th ra nhiu cu lnh hn so vi ch EXEC ngi dng. 39. 39 Hnh 2.1.32.1.4 Cc c im ca phn mm Cisco IOSCisco cung cp rt nhiu loi IOS cho cc loi sn phm mng khc nhau. ti u ho phn mm IOS cho nhiu loi thit b, Cisco pht trin nhiu loiphn mm Cisco IOS. Mi loi phn mm IOS ph hp vi tng loi thit b, vimc dung lng b nh v vi nhu cu ca khch hng.Mc d c nhiu phn mm IOS khc nhau cho nhiu loi thit b vi nhiu ctnh khc nhau nhng cu trc lnh cu hnh c bn th vn ging nhau. Do knng cu hnh v x l s c ca bn c th ng dng cho nhiu loi sn phmkhc nhau.Tn ca Cisco IOS c quy c chia ra thnh ba phn nh sau: Phn th nht th hin loi thit b m phn mm IOS ny c th s dng c. Phn th hai th hin cc c tnh ca phn mm IOS. Phn th ba th hin ni chy phn mm IOS trn router v cho bit phn mm ny c cung cp di dng nn hay khng nn.Bn c th la chn cc c tnh c bit ca IOS nh phn mmCisco Software Advisor. Cisco Software Advisor l mt cng c cung cpcc thng tin hin ti v cho php bn chn la cc c tnh cho phu hp viyu cu ca h thng mngThe name has three parts, separated by dashes: e.g. xxx-yyy-ww: xxxx = Platform yyyy = Feature ww = Format where It execute from if compressedName CodesPlatform (Hardware) (Partial list)C1005 1005 40. 40C1600 1600C1700 1700, 1720, 1750C2500 25xx, 3xxx, 5100, AO (11.2 and later only)C2600 2600C2800 Catalyst 2800C2900 2910, 2950C3620 3620C3640 3640C4000 4000 (11.2 and later only)C4500 4500, 4700Feature (Partial list)BAppletalkBoot Boot imageCCommserver file (CiscoPro)Drag IOS based diagnostic imagesGISDN subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP, IPX, Atalk)IIP subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, WAN, Remote Node, Terminal Services)NIPXQAsyncTTelco return (12.0)YReduced IP (SNMP, IP RIP/IGRP/EIGRP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP) (C1003/4)ZManaged moderns40 40 bit encryption56 56 bit encryptionFormat (Where the image runs in the route)FFlashMRamRRomLRebcatableCompression TypeZZip compressed (note lower case)XM zip compressedWSTAC compressHnh 2.1.4aKhi bn chn mua IOS mi th mt trong nhng iu quan trng bn cn phi ch l s tng thch gia IOS vi b nh flash v RAM trong router. Thng thng 41. 41th cc phin bn mi c thm nhiu c tnh mi th li i hi thm nhiu bnh. Bn c th dng lnh show version kim tra phn IOS hin ti v dunglng flash cn trng. Trn trang web h tr ca Cisco c mt s cng c gip bnxc nh dung lng flash v RAM cn thit cho tng loi IOS.Trc khi ci t phn mm Cisco IOS mi ln router, bn phi kim tra xemrouter c dung lng b nh hay khng. xem dung lng RAM bn dnglnh show version: cisco 1721 (68380) processor (revision c) with 3584k/512Kbytes of memory.Dng trn cho bit dung lng ca b nh chnh v b nh chia s trn router. Cmt s thit b s dng mt phn DRAM lm b nh chia s. Tng hai dung lngtrn l dung lng tht s ca DRAM trn router. xem dung lng ca b nh flash bn dung lnh show flash:GAD#show flash1599897 bytes total (10889728 bytes free) 42. 42Hnh 2.1.4b2.1.5 Hot ng ca phm mm Cisco IOSThit b Cisco IOS c 3 ch hot ng sau: ROM monitor Boot ROM Cisco IOS.Thng thng trong qu trnh khi ng router, mt trong cc ch hot ngtrn c ti ln RAM chy. Ngi qun tr h thng c th ci t gi tr chothanh ghi iu khin ch khi ng mc nh router. 43. 43Ch ROM monitor thc hin qu trnh bootstrap v kim tra phn cng. Ch ny c s dng khi phc li h thng khi b li ngim trng hoc khi ngiqun tr mng b mt mt m. Chng ta ch c th truy cp vo ch ROMmonitor bng ng kt ni vt l trc tip vo cng console trn router. Ngoi rachng ta khng th truy cp vo ch ny bng bt k cng no khc.Khi router ch boot ROM, ch c mt phn chc nng ca Cisco IOS l hotng c. Ch boot ROM cho php bn chp c ln b nh flash, nn ch ny thng c s dng thay th phn mm Cisco IOS trong flash. Bndng lnh copy tftp flash chp phn mm IOS trn TFTP server vo b nhflash trn router.Hnh 2.1.5aRouter mun hot ng bnh thng th phi cht c ton b phn mm IOStrong flash. mt s thit b, phn mm IOS c chy trc tip t flash. Tuynhin, hu ht cc Cisco router u chp phn mm IOS ln RAM ri chy tRAM. Mt s phn mm IOS lu trong flash di dng nn v c gii nn khichp ln RAM.Bn dng lnh show version xem cc thng tin v phn mm IOS, trong chin th gi tr cu hnh ca thanh ghi. Cn nu bn mun xem h thng cn baonhiu dung lng b nh ti phn mm Cisco IOS mi th bn dng lnh showflash. 44. 44Hnh 2.1.5b2.2Bt u vi router2.2.1 Khi ng routerRouter khi ng bng cch ti bootstrap, h iu hnh v tp tin cu hnh. Nurouter khng tm thy tp tin cu hnh th s t ng vo ch ci t. Khi bnhon tt vic cu hnh trong ch ci t th tp tin cu hnh s c lu trongNVRAM. cho router bt u hot ng, qu trnh khi ng phn mm Cisco IOS thchin 3 cng on sau: Kim tra phn cng ca router v bo m l chng hot ng tt. Tm v ti phn mm Cisco IOS. Tm v thc thi tp tin cu hnh khi ng hoc vo ch ci t nukhng tm thy tp tin ny. 45. 45Hnh 2.2.1a: Cc bc khi ng routerKhi router mi c bt in ln th n thc hin qu trnh t kim tra POST(Power on self test). Trong qu trnh ny, router chy mt trnh t ROM kimtra tt c cc thnh phn phn cng trn router, v d nh kim tra hot ng caCPU, b nh v cc cng giao tip mng. Sau khi hon tt qu trnh ny, router btu thc hin khi ng phn mm.Sau qu trnh POST, router s thc hin cc bc sau: 46. 46 Bc 1: Chy chng trnh np bootstrap t ROM. Bootstrap ch n gin l mt tp lnh thc hin kim tra phn cng v khi ng IOS. Bc 2: Tm IOS. Gi tr khi ng trn thanh ghi cu hnh s quyt nh vic tim IOS u. Nu gi tr ny cho bit l ti IOS t flash hay t mng thi cc cu lnh boot system trong tp tin cu hnh s cho bit chnh xc v tr v tn ca IOS. Bc 3: Ti h iu hnh c ti xung v bt u hot ng th cc bn s thy hin trn mn hnh console danh sch cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm c trn router. Bc 4: Tp tin cu hnh lu trong VNRAM c chp ln b nh chnh v c thc thi tng dng lnh mt. Cc cu lnh cu hnh thc hin khi ng qu trnh nh tuyn, t a ch cho cc cng giao tip mng v thit lp nhiu c tnh hot ng khc cho router. Bc 5: Nu khng tm thy tp tin cu hnh trong VNRAM th h iu hnh s i tm TFTP server. Nu cng khng tm thy mt TFTP server no th ch ci t s c khi ng.Trong ch ci t, cc bn khng th cu hnh cho cc giao thc phc tp carouter. Mc ch ca ch ci t ch l cho php ngi qun tr mng ci tmt cu hnh ti thiu cho router khi khng th tm c tp tin cu hnh t nhngngun khc.Trong ch ci t, cu tr li mc nh c t trong du ngoc vung [] saumi cu hi. Bn c th nhn phm Ctrl-C bt k lc no kt thc qu trnh cit. Khi tt c cc cng giao tip mng trn router s ng li.Khi bn hon tt cu hnh trong ch ci t, bn s gp cc dng thng bo nhsau:[0] Go to the IOS command promt without saving this config.[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit. 47. 47Enter your selection [2]:Hnh 2.2.1b: Ch ci t ca router2.2.1. n LED bo hiu trn router Hnh 2.2.2Cisco router s dng n LED bo hiu cc trng thi hot ng ca router. Ccloi n LED ny s khc nhau tu theo cc loi router khc nhau.Cc n LED ca cc cng trn router s cho bit trng thi hot ng ca cccng. Nu en LED ca mt cng no b tt trong khi cng ang hot ngv c kt ni ng th chng t l c s c i vi cng . Nu mt cnghot ng lin tuc th n LED ca cng sng lin tc. Cn n LED OK bnphi cng AUX s bt sng sau khi router hot ng tt. 48. 48 2.23. Kho st qu trnh khi ng ca routerHnh 2.2.3a: Thng tin hin th trong qu trnh khi ng routerV d hnh 2.2.3a cho thy ni dung cc thng ip c hin th trn mn hnhconsole trong sut qu trnh khi ng ca router. Cc thng tin ny s khc nhautu theo cc loi cng c trn router v tu theo tng phin bn Cisco IOS. Do hnh 2.2.3a ch l mt v d tham kho ch khng pn nh chnh xc ton bnhng g c hin th. 49. 49Trong hnh 2.2.3b, cu VNRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase cho bitrouter ny cha c cu hnh hoc l NVRAM b xo. Thng thng khirouter c cu hnh th tp tin cu hnh c lu trong NVRAM, sau taphi cu hnh thanh ghi router s dng tp tin cu hnh ny. Gi tr mc nhca thanh ghi cu hnh l 0x2102, khi router s khi ng vi Cisco IOS ti tb nh flash v tp tin cu hnh ti t NVRAM. 50. 50Hnh 2.2.3c: Thng tin hin th trong qu trnh khi ng routerDa vo thng tin nh hnh 2n2n3c, chng ta c th xc nh c phin bn caphn mm boottrap v IOS ang c s dng trn router. Ngoi ra bn cng xcnh c phin bn ca router, b x l l loi g, cung lng ca b nh v mts cc thng tin khc ca router nh: S lng cc cng giao tip. Cc loi cng giao tip. Dung lng NVRAM. Dung lng b nh flash.2 Thit lp phin kt ni bng HyperTerminalTt c cc Cisco router u c cng console ni tip bt ng b TIA/EIA-232(RJ45). Chng ta cn phi c cp v b chuyn i kt ni t thit b u cuiconsole vo cng console trn router. Thit b u cui console c th l mt thitb u cui ASCII hoc l mt PC c chy chng trnh m phng HyperTerminal. kt ni PC c cng console chng ta dng cp rollover v b chuyn i RJ45-DB9. 51. 51Thng s mc nh ca cng console l: 9000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flowcontrol. Cng console khng c h tr iu khin lung bng phn cng. Sau yl bc thc hin kt ni mt thit b u cui vo cng console trn router: Kt ni thit b u cui vo cng console trn router bng cp rollover v b chuyn i RJ45-DB9 hoc RJ45-DB25. Cu hnh thit b u cui hoc cu hnh phn mm m phng trn PC vi cc thng s sau: 96000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flow control. Truy cp vo router cu hnh router bn phi truy cp vo giao din ngi dng ca router bngthit b u cui hoc bng ng truy cp t xa. Sau khi truy cp c vo routerthi bn mi c th nhp cc cu lnh cho router.V l do bo mt nn router c 2 mc truy cp: Mc EXEC ngi dng: ch c mt s cu lnh dng xem trng thi ca router. mc ny, bn khng th thay i c cu hnh ca router. Mc EXEC c quyn: bao gm tt c cc cu lnh cu hnh router.Ngay sau khi truy cp c vo router bn s gp du nhc ca ch EXECngi dng. s dng c ton b tp lnh bn phi chuyn vo ch EXECc quyn. du nhc > bn g lnh enable. du nhc password: bn phinhp mt m ng vi mt m c cu hnh cho router trc bng lnhenable secret hoc enable password. Nu mt m ca router c cu hnh bic 2 lnh trn th mt m ca cu lnh enable secret s c p dng. Sau khihon tt cc bc trn bn s gp du nhc # cho bit l bn ang ch EXEC c quyn. T ch ny bn mi c th truy cp vo ch cu hnh toncc ri sau l cc ch cu hnh ring bit hn nh: Ch cu hnh cng giao tip. Ch cu hnh cng giao tip con. Ch cu hnh ng truy cp. Ch cu hnh router. 52. 52 Ch cu hnh route-map.T ch EXEC c quyn, bn g disable hoc exit tr v ch EXECngi dng. tr v ch EXEC c quyn t ch cu hnh ton cc, bndng lnh exit hoc Ctrl-Z. Lnh Ctrl-Z c th s dng tr v ngay ch EXEC c quyn t bt k ch cu hnh ring bit no.Hnh 2.2.5a2.2.6. Phm tr gip trong router CLIKhi bn g du chm hi (?) du nhc th router s hin th danh sch cc lnhtng ng vi ch cu hnh m bn ang . Ch --More-- cui mn hnhcho bit l phn hin th vn cn tip. xem trang tip theo, bn nhn nhanh 53. 53Spacebar. Cn nu bn mun hin th tip tng dng mt th bn nhn phm Enterhoc Return. Bn c th nhn tng dng mt th bn nhn phm bt k no khc quay tr v du nhc.Hnh 2.2.6a: Danh sch lnh s dng ch EXEC ngi dung chuyn vo ch EXEC c quyn bn g enable hoc g tt l ena cngc. Nu mt m c ci t vo cho router th router s yu cu bn nhpmt m. Sau khi bn vo c ch ny ri th bn g du chm hi (?), bn 54. 54s thy l danh sch cc cu lnhdung ch ch EXEC c quyn nhiu hn hndanh sch cc cu lnh m bn thy trong ch EXEC ngi dng. Tuy nhin cctp lnh ny s khc nhau tu theo cu hnh ca router v tu theo tng phin bnphn mm Cisco IOS.By gi gi s bn mun ci t ng h cho router nhng bn lai khng bit phidng lnh no thi khi chc nng tr gip ca router s gip bn tm c culnh ng. Bn thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. Dng du chm hi tm cu lnh ci t ng h. Trong danh sch cccu lnh c hin th bn s tm c lnh clock. 2. Kim tra c php cu lnh khai bo gi. 3. Bn nhp gi, pht, giy theo ng c php cu lnh. Bn s gp cu thngbo l cu lnh cha hon tt nh hnh 2.2.6b. 4. Bn nhn Ctrl-P hoc phm mi tn () li lnh va mi nhp. cuicu lnh bn thm mt khong trng v du chm hi (?) xem phn ktip ca cu lnh. Sau bn nhp li y cu lnh. 5. Nu bn gp du (^) th c ngha l cu lnh b nhp sai. V tr ca du (^)s cho bit v tr m cu lnh t u cho ti v tr m du (^) ch sai ri bns nhp thm du chm hi (?) thm c php ng tip theo ca cu lnh. 6. Bn nhp li y cu lnh theo ng c php ri nhn phm Enter hocReturn thc thi cu lnh.2.2.7. M rng thm v cch vit cu lnhTrong giao din ngi dng ca router, router c th c ch h tr son thocu lnh. Bn c th s dng cc t hp phm nh hnh 2.2.7a di chuyn con trtrn dng lnh m bn ang vit khi bn cn phi chnh sa cu lnh . Trong ccphin bn phn mm hin nay, ch h tr son tho cu lnh l hon ton tng. Tuy nhin nu ch ny ln nh hng khi bn bit cc script th bn cth tt bng lnh terminal no editing trong ch EXEC c quyn.CommandDescriptionCtrl-AMoves to the beginning of the command line 55. 55Esc-BMoves back one wordCtrl-B (or right arrow)Moves back one characterCtrl-E Moves to the end of the command lineCtrl-F (or left arrow) Moves forward one characterEsc-FMoves forward one wordKhi son tho cu lnh, mn hnh s cun ngang khi cu lnh di qu mt hang.Khi con tr n ht l phi th dng lnh s dch sang tri 10 khong trng. Khi 10 k t u tin ca cu lnh s khng nhn thy c trn mn hnh na. Bn cth cun li xem bng cch nhn Ctrl-B hoc nhn phm mi tn () cho tikhi mn hnh cun ti u cu lnh. Hoc bn c th nhn Ctrl-A chuyn ngayv u dng lnh.Trn hnh 2.2.7b l v d khi mt cu lnh di qu mt hnh. Du ($) cho bit lcu lnh c dch sang tri.Phm Ctrl-Z c s dng quay tr v ch EXEC c quyn t bt k ch cu hnh ring bit no. Hnh 2.2.7b2.2.8. Gi li cc lnh s dng 56. 56Khi cu hnh router, router co lu li mt s cc lnh bn s dng. iu ny cbit c ch khi bn mun lp li cc cu lnh di v phc tp. Vi c ch ny bnc th thc hin cc vic sau: Ci t kchthc vng b m lu cc cu lnh s dng. Gi li cc cu lnh s dng. Tt chc nng ny i.Mc nh l router s lu li 10 cu lnh trong b m. Bn c th thay i slng cu lnh m router lu li bng lnh terminal history size hoc historysize. Ti a l 255 cu lnh c th lu li c.Nu bn mun gi li cu lnh va mi s dng gn nht th bn nhn Ctrl-P hocphm mi tn (). Nu bn tip tc nhn th mi ln nhn nh vy bn s gi litun t cc cu lnh trc na. Nu bn mun gi lui l mt cu lnh sau thbn nhn Ctrl-N hoc nhn phm mi tn (). Tng t, nu bn tip tc nhn nhvy thi mi ln nhn bn s gi li mt lnh .Khi g lnh, bn ch cn g cc k t router phn bit vi mi cu knh khcri nhn phm Tab th router s t ng hon tt cu lnh cho bn. Khi bn dngphm Tab m router hin th c cu lnh th c ngha l router nhn bitc cu lnh m bn mun nhp.Ngoi ra, hu ht cc router u c them chc nng cho bn nh du khi vcopy. Nh bn c th copy cu lnh trc ri dn hoc chn vo cu lnhhin ti.LnhGii thch lnhCtrl-P or up arrow key Gi li lnh ngay trc Ctrl-N or down arrow key Gi li lnh ngay sau Router>show historyXem cc lnh s dng cn lu trong b mRouter>Terminalhistorysize Ci t dung lng b m lu cc lnhnumber-of-lines s dngRouter>terminal no editing Tt chc nng son tho lnh nng caoRouter>terminal editingM chc nng son tho lnh nng caoHon tt cu lnh 57. 57 X l li cu lnhLi cu lnh thng l do bn g sai. Sau khi bn g mt cu lnh b sai th bn sgp du bo li (^). Du bo li (^) t v tr m cu lnh bt u b sai. Da vo v vn dng chc nng tr gip ca h thng bn s tm ra v chnh sa li lic php ca cu lnh.Router#clock set 13:32:00 February 93% Invalid input detected at ^ markerTrong v d trn, du bo li cho bit cu lnh b sai s 93. Bn g li cu lnh tu ti v tr b li ri thm du chm hi (?) nh sau:Router # clock set 13:32:00 February ?YearSau bn nhp li cu lnh vi s nm ng nh c php trn:Router#clock set 13:32:00 February 1993Sau khi bn g xong cu lnh ri nhn phm Enter m cu lnh b sai th bn cth dng phm mi tn () gi cu lnh va mi nhp. Sau bn dng ccphm mi tn sang phi, sang tri di chuyn con tr ti v tr b sai sa li. Nucn xo cc k t th bn c th dng phm .Lnh show versionLnh show version dng hin th cc thng tin v phin bn phn mm CiscoIOS ang chy trn router, trong c c thng tin v gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh.Trong hnh di cc bn s thy nhung thng tin c hin th do lnh showversion bao gm: Phin bn IOS v mt t thng tin c trng. Phin bn phn mm Bootstrap ROM. Phin bn phn mm Boot ROM. Thi gian hot ng ca router. Phng thc khi ng router ln gn y nht. Tn v v tr lu phn mm h iu hnh. Phin bn phn cng ca router. 58. 58 Gi tr ci t ca thanh ghi cu hnh.Chng ta thng s dng lnh show version xc nh phin bn ca phn mmIOS v xem gi tr thanh ghi ci t cho qua trnh khi ng ca router.TNG KTSau khi kt thc chng ny, chng ta nm c cc nh sau: Mc ch ca IOS. Hot ng c bn ca IOS. Xc nh cc c tnh khc nhau ca cc phin bn IOS khc nhau. 59. 59 Cc phng php thit lp phin kt ni CLI vo router. S khc nhau gia 2 ch EXEC ngi dng v EXEC c quyn Thit lp phin kt ni vo router bng HyperTerminal. Truy cp vo router. S dng ch tr gip ca router trong giao din dng lnh. S dng c ch h tr son tho cu lnh. Gi li cc cu lnh s dng. X l li cu lnh. S dng lnh show version. 60. 60CHNG 3CU HNH ROUTERGII THIUCu hnh router cho router thc hin nhiu chc nng mng phc tp l mtcng vic y th thch. Tuy nhin bc bt u cu hnh router th khng khlm. Nu ngay t bc ny bn c gng thc hnh nhiu lm quen v nm vngc cc bc di chuyn gia cc ch cu hnh ca router th cng vic cuhnh phc tp v sau s tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu. Trong chng ny s giithiu v cc ch cu hnh c bn ca router v mt s lnh cu hnh n gin.K nng c v hiu mt cch r rng cc tp tin cu hnh l mt k nng rt quantrng ca ngi qun tr mng. Cisco IOS c cung cp mt s cng c cho ngiqun tr mng thm mt s thng tin cn thit vo tp tin cu hnh. Cng gingnh nhng ngi lp trnh phi c ti liu ca tng bc lp trnh th ngi quntr mng cng cn c cung cp thng tin cng nhiu cng tt khi m h thngmng do ngi khc qun tr.Khi hon tt chng ny cc bn c th: t tn cho router. Ci t mt m cho router. Kho st cc lnh show. Cu hnh cng Ethernet trn router. Thc hin mt s thay i trn router. Lu cc thay i li. Cu hnh cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip trn router. Cu hnh thng ip hng ngy cho router. Cu hnh bng host cho router. Hiu c tm quan trng ca vic ghi nhn li v lu d phng cu hnh carouter. 61. 61 3.1. Cu hnh router3.1.1. Ch giao tip dng lnh CLIHnh 3.1.1Tt c cc cu lnh lm thay i cu hnh router u xut pht t ch cu hnh toncc. Tu theo bn mun thay i thay i phn cu hnh c bit no ca routerth bn chuyn vo ch chuyn bit tng ng. Cc ch cu hnh chuyn bitny u l ch con ca ch cu hnh ton cc.Cc cu lnh c s dng trong ch cu hnh ton cc l nhng cu lnh c tcng ln ton b h thng. Bn s dng cu lnh sau di chuyn vo ch cuhnh ton cc: 62. 62Ch : S thay i ca du nhc cho bit bn ang ch cu hnh ton ccRouter # configure terminalRouter(config)#Ch cu hnh ton cc l ch cu hnh chnh. T ch ny bn c thchuyn vo cc ch chuyn bit nh: Ch cu hnh cng giao tip. Ch cu hnh ng truy cp. Ch cu hnh router. Ch cu hnh cng con. Ch cu hnh b iu khin.Khi bn chuyn vo ch cu hnh chuyn bit no th du nhc s thay itng ng. Cc cu lnh trong ch c tc ng i vi cc cng hay cc tintrnh no lin quan n ch cu hnh thi.Bn dng lnh exit tr v ch cu hnh ton cc hoc bn dng phm Ctrl-Z quay v thng ch EXEC c quyn.3.1.2. t tn cho routerCng vic u tin khi cu hnh router l t tn cho router. Trong ch cu hnhton cc, bn dng lnh sau:Router(config)#hostname TokyoTokyo (config)#Ngay sau khi bn nhn phm Enter thc thi cu lnh bn s thy du nhc i ttn mc nh (Router) sang tn m bn va mi t (Tokyo).3.1.3. t mt m cho routerMt m c s dng hn ch vic truy cp vo router. Thng thng ta lunt mt m cho ng vty v console trn router. Ngoi ra mt m cn c sdng kim sot s truy cp vo ch EXEC c quyn trn router. Khi , ch 63. 63nhng ngi no c php mi c th thc hin vic thay i tp tin cu hnhtrn router.Sau y l cc lnh m bn cn s dng thc hin vic t mt m cho ngconsole:Router(config)#line console 0Router(config-line)#password Router(config-line)#loginChng ta cng cn t mt m cho mt hoc nhiu ng vty kim sot cc usertruy nhp t xa vo router v Telnet. Thng thng Cisco router c 5 ng vtyvi th t t 0 n 4. Chng ta thng s dng mt mt m cho tt c cc ngvty, nhng i khi chng ta nn t thm mt m ring cho mt ng dphng khi c 4 ng kia u ang c s dng. Sau y l cc lnh cn s dng t mt m cho ng vty:Router(config)#line vty 0 4Router(config-line)#password Router(config-line)#loginMt m enable v enable secret c s dng hn ch vic truy cp vo ch EXEC c quyn. Mt m enable ch c s dng khi chng ta ci t mt menable secret v mt m ny c m ho cn mt m enable th khng. Sau yl cc lnh dng t mt m enable secret:Router(config)#enable password Router(config)#enable secret i khi bn s thy l rt khng an ton khi mt m c hin th r rng khi sdng lnh show running-config hoc show startup-config. trnh iu ny bnnn dng lnh sau m ho tt c cc mt m hin th trn tp tin cu hnh carouter:Router(config)#service password-encryption 64. 64Lnh service password-encryption s p dng mt c ch m ho n gin ln ttc cc mt m cha c m ho. Ring mt m enable secret th s dng mtthut ton m ho rt mnh l MD5.Hnh 3.1.33.1.4. Kim tra bng cc lnh showChng ta c rt nhiu lnh show c dng kim tra ni dung cc tp tin trnrouter v tm ra s c. Trong c hai ch EXEC c quyn v EXEC ngidng, khi bn g show? Th bn s xem c danh sch cc lnh show. ngnhin l s lnh show dng c trong ch EXEC c quyn s nhiu hn trongch EXEC ngi dng. 65. 65Hnh 3.1.4 Show interface - hin th trng thi ca tt c cc cng giao tip trn router. xem trng thi ca mt cng no th bn thm tn v s th t cacng sau lnh show interface. V d nh:Router#show interface serial 0/1 66. 66 Show controllers serial - hin th cc thng tin chuyn bit v phn cng ca cc cng serial. Show clock - hin th ng h c ci t trn router. Show hosts - hin th danh sch tn v a ch tng ng. Show users - hin th tt c cc user ang kt ni vo router. Show history - hin th danh sch cc cu lnh va mi c s dng. Show flash hin th thng tin b nh flash v tp tin IOS cha trong . Show version - hin th thng tin v router v IOS ang chy trn RAM. Show ARP - hin th bng ARP trn router. Show protocol - hin th trng thi ton cc v trng thi ca cc cng giao tip c cu hnh giao thc lp 3. Show startup-configuration - hin th tp tin cu hnh ng chy trn RAM.3.1.5. Cu hnh cng serialChng ta c th cuhnh cng serial bng ng console hoc vty. Sau y l ccbc cn thc hin khi cu hnh cng serial: 1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc. 2. Vo ch cu hnh cng serial. 3. Khai bo a ch v subnet mask. 4. t tc clock nu u cp cm vo cng serial l DCE. Nu u cp lDTE th chng ta c th b qua ny. 5. Khi ng serial.Mi mt cng serial u phi c mt a ch IP v subnet mask chng c thnh tuyn cc gi IP. cu hnh a ch IP chng ta dng lnh sau:Router(config)#interface serial 0/0Router(config)#ip address Cng serial cn phi c tn hiu clock iu khin thi gian thc hin thng tinlin lc. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, thit b DCE, v d nh CSU, s l thit bcung cp tn hiu clock. Mc nh th Cisco router lad thit b DTE nhng chng tac th cu hnh chng thnh thit b DCE. 67. 67Trong mi trng lm lab th cc ng lin kt serial c kt ni trc tip vinhau. Do phi c mt u l DCE cp tn hiu clock. Bn dng lnhclockrate ci t tc clock. Sau y l cc tc clock m bn c th tcho router (n v ca tc clock l bit/s): 1200, 2400, 9600, 19200, 38400,56000, 64000, 72000, 125000, 148000, 500000, 800000, 1000000, 1300000,2000000, 4000000. Tuy nhin s c mt s tc bn khng s dng c tutheo kh nng vt l ca tng cng serial.Mc nh th cc cng giao tip trn router u ng. Nu bn mun m hay khing cc cng ny th bn phi dng lnh no shutdown. Nu bn mun ng cngli bo tr hoc x l s c th bn dng lnh shutdown.Trong mi trng lm lab, tc clock thng c s dng l 56000. Sau y lcc lnh c s dng ci t tc clock v khi ng cng serial:Router(config)#interface serial 0/0Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000Router(config-if)#no shutdown3.1.6. Thc hin vic thm bt, dch chuyn v thay i tp tin cu hnhNu bn cn chnh sa tp tin cu hnh th bn phi di chuyn vo ng ch cuhnh v thc hin cn thit. V d:nu bn cn m mt cng no trn router thtrc ht bn phi vo ch cu hnh ton cc, sau vo ch cu ca cng ri dng lnh no shutdown. kim tra nhng g m bn va mi thay i, bn dng lnh show running-config. Lnh ny s hin th ni dung ca tp tin cu hnh hin ti. Nu kt quhin th c nhng c nhng chi tit khng ng th bn c th chnh sa li bngcch thc hin mt hoc nhiu cch sau: Dng dng no ca cc lnh cu hnh. Khi ng li router vi tp tin cu hnh nguyn thu trong NVRAM. Chp tp tin cu hnh d phng t TFTP server. Xo tp tin cu hnh khi ng bng lnh erase startup-config,sau khi ng li router v vo ch ci t. 68. 68 lu tp tin, cu hnh hin ti thnh tp tin cu hnh khi ng lu trongNVRAM, bn dng lnh nh sau:Router#copy running-config startup-configHnh 3.1.6.3.1.7. Cu hnh cng EthernetTng t nh cng serial, chng ta c th cu hnh cng Ethernet bng ngconsole hoc vty.Mi cng Ethernet cng cn phi c mt a ch IP v subnet mask c th thchin nh tuyn cc gi IP qua cng .Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh Ethernet: Vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Vo ch cu hnh cng Ethernet. Khai bo a ch v subnet mask. Khi ng cng Ethernet.Mc nh l cc cng trn router u ng. Do , bn phi dng lnh noshutdown m hay khi ng cng. Nu bn cn ng cng li bo tr hay xl s c th bn dng lnh shutdown. 69. 69Hnh 3.1.73.2. Hon chnh cu hnh router 3.2.1. Tm quan trng ca vic chun ho tp tin cu hnhTrong mt t chc vic pht cc quy nh dnh cho cc tp tin cu hnh l rt cnthit. T ta c th kim sot c cc tp tin no cn bo tr, lu cc tp tin u v nh th no.Cc quy nh ny c th l nhng quy nh c ng dng rng ri hoc cng cth ch c gi tr trong mt phm vi no . Nu khng c mt quy nh chung chot chc ca mnh th h thng mng ca bn s tr nn ln xn v khng m boc hot ng thng sut.3.2.2. Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tipTrn cc cng giao tip bn nn ghi ch li mt s thng tin quan trng, v d nhch s mch m cng ny kt ni vo, hay thng tin vo router khc, v phn onmng m cng ny kt ni n. Da vo cc cu ch thch ny, ngi qun trmng c th bit c l cng giao tip ny kt ni vo u. 70. 70Cu ch thch ch n gin l ghi ch thm cho cc cng giao tip, ngoi ra nhon ton khng c tc ng g i vi hot ng ca router. Bn nn vit cu chthch theo mt nh dng chung v mi cng giao tip c mt cu ch thch ring.Tu theo cu trc mng v quy c chung, bn c th quyt nh l ghi ch nhngthng tin no lin quan n cng giao tip gip cho tp tin cu hnh c rrng hn, gip cho vic xc nh s c c nhanh hn.Hnh 3.2.23.2.3. Cu hnh ch thch cho cc cng giao tipTrc tin bn phi vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ri t ch cu hnh ton ccbn chuyn vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip. Ti y bn g lnh description vcu ch thch m bn mun.Sau y l cc bc cu hnh cu ch thch cho cng giao tip:1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc bng lnh configure terminal.2. Vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip (v d l cng Ethernet 0): interface Ethernet 0.3. Nhp lnh description v theo sau l cu ch thch.4. Thot khi ch cu hnh giao tip tr v ch EXEC c quyn bng cch nhn phm Ctrl-Z.5. Lu li cu hnh va ri vo NVRAM bng lnh copy running-config startup- config.Sau y l 2 v d v cch vit cu ch thch: 71. 71Interface Ethernet 0Description LAN Engineering, Bldg.2Interface serial 0Description ABC network 1, circuit 1 LAB_A# config terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL_Z LAB_A (config)# interface Ethernet 0 LAB_A (config-if)#description LAN Engineerinng, Bldg. 2Hnh 3.2.33.2.4. Thng ip ng nhpThng ip ng nhp c hin th khi bn ng nhp vo h thng. Loi thngip ny rt hu dng khi bn cn cnh bo trc khi n gi tt h thng mng.Tt c mi ngi u c th nhn thy thng ip ng nhp. Cho nn bn nndng cc thng ip mng tnh cnh bo, thu ht s ch . Cn nhng thng ip cho n mi ngi ng nhp vo router l khng thch hp lm.V d mt thng ip nh sau: This is a secure system, authorized access only!(y l h thng c bo mt, ch dnh cho nhng ngi c thm quyn!) cs dng cnh bo nhng v khch ving thm bt hp php. 72. 72Hnh 3.2.43.2.5. Cu hnh thng ip ng nhp (MOTD)Hnh 3.2.5Thng ip MOTD c th hin th trn tt v cc thit b u cui kt ni vorouter. cu hnh thng ip MOTD bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ti y bndng lnh banner motd, cch mt khong trng, nhp k t phn cch v d nhk t #, ri vit cu thng bo, kt thc bng cch nhp k t phn cch mt lnna.Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh thng ip MOTD: 1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc bng lnh configure terminal 2. Nhp lnh nh sau: banner motd # The message of the day goes here #. 3. Lu cu hnh va ri bng lnh copy running-config startup-config.3.2.6. Phn gii tn my 73. 73Phn gii tn my l qu trnh my tnh phn gii t tn my thnh a ch IP tngng. c th lin h vi cc thit b IP khc bng tn th cc thit b mng nh routercng cn phi c kh nng phn gii tn my thnh a ch IP. Danh sch gia tnmy v i ch IP tng ng c gi l bng host.Bng host c th bao gm tt c cc thit b mng trong t chc ca mnh. Mi mta ch IP c mt tn my tng ng. Phn mm Cisco IOS c mt vng m lu tn my v a ch tng ng. Vng b m ny gip cho qu trnh phn giitn thnh a ch c nhanh hn.Tuy nhin tn my y khng ging nh tn DNS, n ch c ngha i virouter m n c cu hnh m thi. Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh bnghost trn router vi bt k tn no vi IP no v cc thng tin ny ch c nghai vi router m thi.The following is an exemple of the configuration of a host table on a router:Router(config)#ip host Auckland 172.16.32.1Router(config)#ip host Beirut 192.168.53.1Router(config)#ip host Capetown 192.168.89.1Router(config)#ip host Denver 10.202.8.1Hnh 3.2.63.2.7. Cu hnh bng host khai bo tn cho cc a ch IP, u tin bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Tiy dng lnh ip host, theo sau l tn ca thit b v tt c cc IP ca n. Nh vytn my ny s nh x vi tng a ch IP ca cc cng trn thit b . Khi bnc th dng lnh ping hay telnet ti thit b bng tn ca thit b hay a ch IPtng ng u c.Sau ay l cc bc thc hin cu bng host:1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc ca router.2. Nhp lnh ip host theo sau l tn ca router v tt c cc a ch IP ca cc cng trn router .3. Tip tc nhp tn v a ch IP tng ng ca cc router khc trong mng 74. 744. Lu cu hnh vo NVRAM.Hnh 3.2.73.2.8. Lp h s v lu d phng tp tin cu hnhTp tin cu hnh ca cc thit b mng s quyt nh s hot ng ca h thng.Cng vic qun l tp tin cu hnh ca cc thit b bao gm cc cng vic sau: Lp danh sch v so snh vi tp tin cu hnh trn cc thit b ang hot ng. Lu d phng cc tp tin cu hnh lnh server mng. Thc hin ci t v nng cp cc phn mm.Chng ta cn lu d phng cc tp tin cu hnh s dng trong trng hp c sc. Tp tin cu hnh c th c lu trn server mng, v d nh TFTP server, hocl lu trn a v ct ni an ton. Ngoi ra chng ta cng nn lp h s i kmvi cc tp tin ny.3.2.9. Ct, dn v chnh sa tp tin cu hnhChng ta c th dng lnh copy running-config tftp sao chp tp tin cu hnhang chy trn router vo TFTP server. Sau y l cc bc thc hin:Bc 1: nhp lnh copy running-config tftp.Bc 2: nhp a ch IP ca my m chng ta s lu tp tin cu hnh ln .Bc 3: nhp tn tp tin. 75. 75Bc 4: xc nhn li cu lnh bng cch tr li yes Hnh 3.2.9aChng ta c th s dng tp tin cu hnh lu trn server mng cu hnh chorouter. thc hin iu ny bn lm theo cc bc sau: 1. Nhp lnh copy tftp running-config. 2. du nhc tip theo bn chn loi tp tin cu hnh my hay tp tin cu hnhmng. Tp tin cu hnh mng c cha cc lnh c th thc thi cho tt c ccrouter v server trong mng. Cn loi tp tin cu hnh my th ch s cc lnhthc thi cho mt router m thi. du nhc k tip, bn nhp a ch IP camy no m bn ang lu tp tin cu hnh trn . V d nh trn hnh3.2.9b: router c cu hnh t TFTP server c a ch IP l 131.108.2.155. 3. Sau nhp tn ca tp tin hoc l chp nhn ly tn mc nh. Tn ca tptin theo quy tc ca UNIX. Tn mc nh cho loi tp tin cu hnh my lhostname-config, cn tn mc nh cho loi tp tin cu hnh mng lnetword-config. Trong mi trng DOS th tn tp tin b gii hn vi 8 k tv 3 k t m rng (v d nh: router.cfg). Cui cng bn xc nhn li tt ccc thng tin va ri. Bn lu trn hnh th s thy l du nhc chuyn 76. 76 ngay sang tn Tokyo. iu ny chng t l router c cu hnh li ngay sau khi tp tin cu hnh va c ti xung.Tp tin cu hnh trn router cng c th c lu vo a bng cch sao chp didng vn bn ri lu vo a mm hoc a cng. Khi no cn chp tr li rouer thbn dng chc nng son tho c bn ca chng trnh m phng thit b u cui ct dn cc dng lnh vo router. Hnh 3.2.9bTNG KT CHNGSau y l phn tng kt cc chnh m bn cn nm khi cu hnh router.Router c cc ch sau: Ch EXEC ngi dng. Ch EXEC c quyn. Ch cu hnh ton cc. Cc ch cu hnh khc.Bn c th dng giao din dng lnh ca router thc hin mt s thay i chocu hnh ca router nh: t tn cho router. 77. 77 t mt m cho router. Cu hnh cc cng giao tip trn router. Chnh sa tp tin cu hnh. Hin th tp tin cu hnh.Ngoi ra, bn cn nh mt s im quan trng sau: Xy dng mt cu hnh chun l yu t quan trng thnh cng trong vic bo tr bt k h thng mng ca mt t chc no. Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip c th mang mt s thng tin quan trng gip cho ngi qun tr mng nm c cu trc h thng mng v x l s c nhanh hn. Thng ip ng nhp s cung cp cc thng bo cho ngi dng khi h ng nhp vo router. Phn gii tn my thnh a ch IP cho php router c th chuyn i nhanh t my ra a ch. Cng vic lp h s v lu d phng tp tin cu hnh l ht sc quan trng bo m cho h thng mng lun hot ng thng sut. 78. 78CHNG 4CP NHT THNG TIN T CC THIT B KHC GII THIU i khi ngi qun tr mng s phi x l nhng h thng mng m khng c h s y v chnh xc. Trong nhng tnh hung nh vy th giao thc CDP-Cisco Discovery Protocol s l mt cng c rt hu ch gip bn xy dng c cu trc c bn v h thng mng. CDP l mt giao thc hot ng khng ph thuc vo mi trng truyn ca mng, giao thc ny l c quyn ca Cisco c s dng pht hin cc thit b xung quanh. CDP s hin th thng tin v cc thit b kt ni trc tip m bn ang x l. Tuy nhin y khng phi l mt cng c thc s mng. Trong nhiu trng hp, sau khi router c cu hnh v i vo hot ng th nh qun tr mng s kh c th kt ni trc tip vo router cu hnh hay lm g khc. Khi , Telnet, l mt ng dng ca TCP/IP, s gip ngi qun tr mng thit lp kt ni t xa vo ch giao tip dng lnh (CLI) ca router xem, cu hnh v x l s c. y l mt cng c ch yu ca cc chuyn gia mng. Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn s nm c cc kin thc sau: Bt v tt CDP. Cch s dng lnh show cdp neighbors. Cch xc nh cc thit b ln cn kt ni vo cng giao tip. Ghi nhn thng tin v a ch mng ca cc thit b ln cn bng cch sdng CDP. Thit lp kt ni Telnet. Kim tra kt ni Telnet. Kt thc phin Telnet. Tm ngng mt phin Telnet. Thc hin cc kim tra kt ni khc. X l s c vi cc kt ni t xa.4.1. Kt ni v khm ph cc thit b ln cn 4.1.1. Gii thiu v CDP 79. 79TCP/IPNovell IPXAppleTalk OthersCDP discovers and shows information aboutdirecttl connected Cisco devicesLANS Frame Relay ATM OthersHnh 4.1.1CDP l giao thc lp 2 kt ni vi lp vt l di v lp mng trn nh hnhv. CDP c s dng thu thp thng tin t cc thit b ln cn, v d nh thitb l loi thit b no, trn thit b cng no l cng kt ni v kt ni vocng no trn thit b ca chng ta, phin bn phn cng ca thit b lgCDP l giao thc hot ng c lp vi mi trng truyn mng v c thchy trn tt c cc thit b ca Cisco trn nn giao thc truy cp mng con SNAP(Subnet Access Protocol).Phin bn 2 ca CDP (CDPv2) l phin bn mi nht ca giao thc ny. Cisco IOSt phin bn 12.0(3)T tr i c h tr CDPv2. Mc nh th Cisco IOS (t phinbn 10.3 n 12.0(3) chy CDP phin bn 1).Khi thit b Cisco c bt ln, CDP t ng hot ng v cho php thit b d tmcc thit b ln cn khc cng chy CDP. CDP hot ng lp lin kt d liu vcho php 2 thit b thu thp thng tin ln nhau cho d 2 thit b ny c th chygiao thc lp mng khc nhau.Mi thit b c cu hnh CDP s gi mt thng ip qung co theo nh k chocc router khc. Mi thng ip nh vy phi c t nht mt a ch m thit b c th nhn c thng ip ca giao thc qun l mng c bn SNMP (SimpleNetwork Management Protocol) thng qua a ch . Ngoi ra, mi thng ipqung co cn c thi hn sng hoc l thi hn lu gi thng tin. y lkhong thi gian cho cc thit b lu gi thng tin nhn c trc khi xo bthng tin i. Bn cnh vic pht thng ip, mi thit b cng lng nghe theo 80. 80nh k nhn thng ip t cc thit b ln cn khac thu thp thng tin vchng.4.1.2. Thng tin thu nhn c t CDPCDP c s dng ch yu pht hin tt c cc thit b Cisco khc kt ni trctip vo thit b ca chng ta. Bn s dng lnh show cdp neighbors hin ththng tin v cc mng kt ni trc tip vo router. CDP cung cp thng tin v tngthit b CDP lng ging bng cch truyn thng bo CDP mang theo cac gi trtype length (TLVs).TLVs c hin th bi lnh show cdp neighbors s bao gm cc thng tin v: Device ID: Ch s danh nh (ID) ca thit b lng ging. Local interface: Cng trn thit b ca chng ta kt ni n thit b lng ging, Hold time: thi hn lu gi thng tin cp nht. Capability: loi thit b. Platform: phin bn phn cng ca thit b. Port ID: ch s danh nh (ID) ca cng trn thit b lng ging kt ni vo thit b ca chng ta. VTP management domain name: tn min qun l ca VTP (ch c CDPv2). Native VLAN: VLAN mc nh trn router (ch c CDPv2). Half/Full duplex: ch hot ng song cng hay bn song cng.Trong hnh 4.1.2, router v tr thp nht khng kt ni trc tip vp router mngi qun tr mng ang thc hin kt ni console. Do xem c cc thngtin CDP ca router ny, ngi qun tr mng phi Telnet vo router kt ni trctip vi router . 81. 81Hnh 4.1.24.1.3. Chy CDP, kim tra v ghi nhn cc thng tin CDPCh cu hnh caLnhrouter thc hin cu Chc nng ca cu lnhlnhCdp run Ch cu hnh ton cc Khi ng cdp trn router.Cdp enableCh cu hnh cng Khi ng CDP trn cnggiao tip. giao tip tng ngClear cdp countersCh EXEC ngi dng Xo ng h m lu lng tr v 0Showcdp entry Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th thng tin v mt(&/device-name thit b lng ging m ta[*][protocol/version]) cn. Thng tin hin th c th c gii hn thoe giao thc hay theo phin bn.Show cdpCh EXEC c quyn Hin th khong thi gian gia cc ln pht thng 82. 82 ip qung co CDP, s phin bn v thi gian cn hiu lc ca cc thng ip ny trn tng cng ca router.Show cdp interface [type Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th thng tin vnumber]nhng cng c chy CDPShow cdp neighbors [type Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th cc thng tin vnumber] [detial] nhng thit b m CDP pht hin c: loi thit b, tn thit b, thit b kt ni vo cng no trn thit b ca chng ta. Nu bn c s dng t kho detail th ban s c thm thng tin v VLAN ID, ch hot ng song cng, tn min VTP. 83. 83Hnh 4.1.3aHnh 4.1.3bHnh 4.1.3c 84. 84Hnh 4.1.3dHnh 4.1.3e4.1.4. Xy dng bn mng 85. 85CDP l mt giao thc c thit k v hot ng kh nh, n gin. Cc gi CDPc kch thc nh nhng li mang nhiu thng tin hu ch v cc thit b lngging Cisco.Bn c th s dng cc thng tin ny xy dng s mng ca cc thit b. Bnc th Telnet vo cc thit b lng ging ri dng lnh show cdp neighbors tmtip cc thit b khc kt ni vo thit b ny.4.1.5. Tt CDP tt ton b CDP trn router, bn dng lnh no cdp run ch cu hnh toncc. Khi bn tt ton b CDP th khng c cng no trn router cn chy c.i vi Cisco IOS phin bn 10.3 tr i, CDP chy mc nh trn tt c cc cngc th gi v nhn thng tin CDP. Tuy nhin cng c mt s cng nh cngAsynchronous chng hn th mc nh l CDP tt trn cc cng ny. Nu CDPang b tt trn mt cng no th bn c th khi ng li CDP bng lnh cdpenable trong ch cu hnh cng giao tip tng ng. Cn nu bn mun ttCDP trn mt cng no th bn dng lnh no cdp enable trong ch cu hnhcng . Hnh 4.1.54.1.6. X l s c ca CDP 86. 86LnhM tClear cdp table Xo bng thng tin ca CDP v cc thit b lng gingClear cdp countersXo b m lu lng tr v 0.Show cdp trafficHin th b m ca CDP, bao gm s lng gi CDP giv nhn, s lng li checksumShow debuggingHin th thng tin v cc loi debug ang chy trn routerDebug cdp adjacency Kim tra thng tin CDP v cc thit b lng gingDebug cdp eventsKim tra cc hot ng ca CDPDebug cdp ipKim tra thng tin CDP IPDebug cdp packets Kim tra thng tin v cc gi CDPCdp timer Ci t thi gian nh k gi gi CDP cp nhtCdp holdtimeCi t thi gian lu gi thng tin cho cc gi CDP cpnht c pht iShow cdpHin th thng tin ton cc ca CDP, bao gm thi gianinh cp nht v thi gian lu gi thng tin4.2. Thu thp thng tin v cc thit b xa 4.2.1. TelnetTelnet l giao thc gi lp u cui o nm trong b giao thc TCP/IP. N chophp thit lp kt ni t xa vo thit b. Lnh Telnet c s dng kim tra hotng phn mm lp ng dng gia 2 my.Telnet hot ng lp ng dng ca m hnh OSI. Telnet hot ng da trn cch TCP m bo vic truyn d liu gia client v cc server.Mt router c th cho php thc hin ng thi nhiu phin kt ni Telnet. ngvty 0-4 trn router l ng dnh cho Telnet. 5 ng Telnet ny c th thc hincng lc. Chng ta cn lu rng vic s dng Telnet kim tra kt ni lp ngdng ch l vic ph. Telnet c s dng ch yu thit lp kt ni t xa vothit b. Telnet l mt chng trnh ng dng n gin v thng dng nht. 87. 87Hnh 4.21.4.2.2. Thit lp v kim tra kt ni TelnetLnh Telnet cho php ngi dng thc hin Telnet t mt thit b Cisco ny sangthit b khc. Chng ta khng cn phi nhp lnh connect hay telnet thit lpkt ni Telnet m chng ta c th nhp tn hoc a ch IP ca router m chng tamun Telnet vo. Khi kt thc phin Telnet, bn dng lnh exit hoc logout. thit lp kt ni Telnet, bn dng mt trong cc lnh sau:Denver>connect parisDenver>parisDenver>131.108.100.152Denver>telnet paris 88. 88 Hnh 4.2.2aRouter cn phi c bng host hoc l trong mng phi c dch v DNS phn giitn my m chng ta nhp vo. Nu khng th bt buc bn phi dng a ch IP.Telnet c s dng kim tra xem bn c th kt ni t xa vo mt router haykhng. V d nh hnh 4.2.2b: nu bn Telnet ch EXEC ngi dng vEXEC c quyn u c.Nu bn c th truy cp t xa vo router thi c ngha l c t nht mt ng dngTCP/IP kt ni vo c router . Mt kt ni Telnet thnh cng chng t rngcc ng dng lp trn hot ng tt. 89. 89Hnh 4.2.2bNu bn c th Telnet vo mt router ny m khng Telnet vo c router khcth c th s c l do sai tn, a ch hoc do cp quyn truy cp. Sai st c th nm router m bn ang x l hoc nm router m bn Telnet ti. Trong trng hpny, bc tip theo bn nn c gng ping th. Lnh ping cho php chng ta kimtra kt ni lp Mng t u n cui.Khi bn Telnet xong, bn c th ngt kt ni. Mc nh th sau 10 pht mkhng c bt k hot ng no kt ni Telnet s t ng ngt. Hoc l bn c thngt kt ni Telnet bng lnh exit.4.2.3. Ngt, tm ngng phin TelnetTelnet c mt c tnh quan trng l bn c th tm ngng mt phin Telnet. Tuynhin c mt rc ri l khi bn s dng phm enter sau khi tm ngng phin Telnetth phn mm Cisco IOS s t ng quay tr li kt ni Telnet va mi tm ngngtrc . M phm enter l phm rt hay c s dng. Do khi bn tm ngngmt phin Telnet th rt c th sau bn s kt ni li vo mt router khc. iuny rt nguy him khi bn thc hin thay i cu hnh router. Do bn cn ch cn thn cu hnh ca router trc khi tm ngng phin Telnet trn router .Mi mt phin Telnet ch c tm ngng trong mt khong thi gian gii hn. quay tr li kt ni Telnet m bn tm ngng bn ch cn nhn phm Enter. Bndng lnh show session xem cc kt ni Telnet ang c m. 90. 90Sau y l trnh t cc bc bn ngt kt ni Telnet: Nhp lnh disconnect. Tip theo sau lnh ny l tn hoc a ch IP ca router. V d: Denver>disconnect parisSau y l cc bc thc hin tm ngng phin Telnet: Nhn t hp phm Ctrl-Shift-6 cng lc, bung ra ri nhn tip ch x. Nhp tn hoc a ch IP ca router.Hnh 4.2.34.2.4. M rng thm v hot ng TelnetTrn router c th m nhiu phin Telnet cng lc. Chng ta c th chuyn i quali gia cc phin Telnet ny. Bn c th n nh s lng phin Telnet c phpm ng thi trn router bng lnh session limit. chuyn i qua li gia cc phin Telnet, bn tm ngng phin Telnet hin tiv quay tr li phin mi m trc .Nhn t hp phm Ctrl-Shift-6 cng lc, bung ra ri nhn tip ch x: tm thotkhi kt ni hin ti, quay li du nhc EXEC. 91. 91Ti du nhc EXEC, bn c th thit lp phin kt ni mi. Router 2500 ch chophp m 5 phin Telnet cng lc.Bn c th m nhiu phin Telnet cng lc v tm ngng bng t hp phm Ctrl-Shift-6, x. Nu bn dng phm Enter th Cisco IOS s t ng quay li kt ni vami tm ngng trc . Cn nu bn dng lnh resume th bn phi nhp thmch s ID bng lnh show session. Hnh 4.2.44.2.5. Cc lnh kim tra kt ni khc h tr vic kim tra ni mng c bn, nhiu giao thc mng c h tr giaothc phn hi (echo). Giao thc phn hi c s dng kim tra vic nh tuyncc gi d liu. Lnh ping thc hin gi i mt gi d liu ti my ch v chnhn gi tr li v t my ch. Kt qu ca giao thc phn hi gip bn xc nh tin cy ca ng truyn ti my ch, thi gian tr trn ng truyn, mych c n c hay khng, c hot ng hay khng. Lnh ping l lnh c bn kim tra kt ni. Bn c th dng lnh ny ch EXEC ngi dng hy EXECc quyn u c. 92. 92 Hnh 4.2.5aHnh 4.2.5a l v d cho bit phn hi hnh cng cho 5 gi gi i ca lnh ping172.16.1.5. Du chm than (!) cho bit l phn hi thnh cng. Nu bn nhn cmt hay nhiu du chm thay v du chm than (!) th iu c ngha l router ht thi gian ch gi phn hi t my ch. Lnh ping s dng giao thc ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol giao thc thng ip iu khin internet).Lnh traceroute l mt cng c l tng bn tm ng i ca gi d liu trnmng. Lnh traceroute cng tng t nh lnh ping, ch khc l lnh ping th chkim tra kt ni t u cui n u cui, cn lnh traceroute th kim tra tngchng mt dc theo ng truyn. Bn c th thc hin lnh traceroute ch EXEC ngi dng hay EXEC c quyn u c.Trong v d hnh 4.2.5b, bn thc hin lnh traceroute t router York n routerRome. ng truyn ny phi i qua router London v Paris. Nu c router nokhng n c th kt qu phn hi l du sao (*) thay v tn ca router . Trongtrng hp nh vy, lnh traceroute vn s tip tc c gng gi n trm k tipcho n khi bn nhn t hp phm Ctrl-shift-6. 93. 93 Hnh 4.2.5bVic kim tra c bn cng tp trung ch yu vo lp Mng. Bn dng lnh showip route kim tra bng nh tuyn ca router cho h thng mng. Lnh ny sc cp chi tit hn trong chong sau.Sau y l cc bc thc hin ping: Nhp lnh ping, theo sau l a ch IP hoc tn ca my ch. Nhn phm Enter.Sau y l cc bc thc hin lnh traceroute: Nhp lnh traceroute, theo sau l a ch IP hoc tn ca my ch. Nhn phm Enter.4.2.6. X l s c v a ch IPS c v a ch l s c xy ra ph bin nht trong mng IP. Sau y l 3 lnhthng c s dng x l cc s c lin quan n a ch: Ping: s dng giao thc ICMP kim tra kt ni vt l v a ch IP ca lp Mng. y l lnh kim tra c bn. 94. 94 Telnet: kim tra kt ni phn mm lp ng dng gia ngun v my ch.y l lnh kim tra kt ni hon chnh. Traceroute: cho php xc nh v tr li trn ng truyn t my ngunn my ch. Lnh trace s dng gi tr Time to Live to thng ip tmi router trn ng truyn.TNG KTKt thc chng ny bn cn nm c nhng chnh nh sau: M v tt CDP S dng lnh show cdp neighbors. Xc nh c cc thit b lng ging kt ni vo cc cng trn thit b camnh. Thu nhp thng tin v cc thit b lng ging bng cch s dng CDP. Thit lp kt ni Telnet. Kt thc kt ni Telnet. Tm ngng kt ni Telnet. Thc hin kim tra kt ni. X l s c ca kt ni u cui t xa. 95. 95CHNG 5QUN L PHN MM CISCO IOS GII THIUCisco router khng th hot ng c nu khng c h iu hnh mng Cisco(IOS). Mi router trong qu trnh khi ng u c bc tm v ti IOS. Chngny s m t chi tit cc bc khi ng ca router v cho bn thy tm quan trngca qu trnh ny.Cc thit b mng Cisco hot ng vi nhiu loi tp tin khc nhau, trong c hiu hnh v tp tin cu hnh. Ngi qun tr mng hay bt k ai mun qun tr choh thng mng hot ng tri chy v tin cy th phi bo tr cc tp tin ny cnthn, bo m rng thit b ang chy ng phin bn phn mm v cc tp tin hthng ca Cisco v cc cng c hu dng qun l cc tp tin ny.Khi hon tt chng ny , cc bn c th thc hin c nhng vic sau: Xc nh c router ang giai on no ca qu trnh khi ng. Xc nh c cc thit b Cisco tm v ti Cisco IOS nh th no. S dng cc lnh boot system. Xc nh gi tr ca thanh ghi cu hnh. M t khi qut cc tp tin m Cisco IOS s dng v chc nng tng ng ca chng. Nm c ni m router lu cc loi tp tin khc nhau. M t khi qut cu trc tn ca IOS. Lu v khi phc tp tin cu hnh bng cch s dng TFTP v ct dn. Ti IOS bng TFTP. Ti IOS bng Xmodem. Kim tra tp tin h thng bng cc lnh show.5.1. Kho st v kim tra qu trnh khi ng router5.1.1.Cc giai on khi ng router khi bt u bt inMc tiu chnh ca qu trnh khi ng router l khi ng cc hot ng carouter. Router phi hot ng vi tin cy cao thc hin kt ni cho bt k 96. 96loi mng no. Do , qu trnh khi ng router phi thc hin cc cng vic nhsau: Kim tra phn cng ca router Tm v ti phn mm Cisco IOS. Tm v thc hin cc cu lnh cu hnh, trong bao gm cc cu hnh giao thc v a ch cho cc cng giao tip.ROMBootstrap Load bootstrapFlash TFTP H iu hnhTm v ti h iu Server mng CiscohnhROM NVRAM TFTPTp tin cuTm v ti tp tin Server hnh cu hnh hoc vo ch ci t Console5.1.2. Thit b Cisco tm v ti nh th noNgun mc nh ti phn mm Cisco IOS th khc nhau tu theo phin bn phncng ca thit b, nhng hu ht cc router u tm lnh boot system lu trongNVRAM. Phn mm Cisco IOS c th c ti t nhiu ngun khc nhau. Nhngngun ny chng ta c th cu hnh hoc router s s dng qu trnh tm v tiphn mm mc nh ca n.Gi tr ci t cho thanh ghi cu hnh s cho php router tm IOS nh sau: Lnh boot system cu hnh cho router ni m router tm ta IOS. Router s s dng cc cu lnh ny theo th t khi khi ng. 97. 97Nu trong NVRAM khng c cc cu lnh boot system thh thng s mc nh l s dng Cisco IOS trong b nh flash.Nu trong b nh flash cng khng c IOS th router s cgng s dng TFTP ti IOS v. Router s s dng gi tr ci t cu hnh bit tn tp tin lu trn server mng.Ci t thanh ghi cu hnh, lu trong NVRAM, gi tr ci t cho thanh ghicu hnh khc nhau s cho php router xc nh v tr ti IOS khc nhauRouter# configure terminalRouter(config)# boot system flash IOS_filenameRouter(config)# boot system tftp IOS_filenametftp_addressRouter(config)# boot system ROM[Ctrl-Z]Router# copy running-config startup-configKhng tm thy lnh boot system trong NVRAM.B nh Flash khng c IOS.Ti Cisco IOS mcnh trong b nh Flash.Ti Cisco IOS mc nh t TFTP server. 98. 985.1.3 S dng lnh boot system5.1.4 Hnh 5.1.3S dng lnh boot systemTh t cc v tr m router tm h iu hnh c ci t trong phn khi ng cathanh ghi cu hnh. Gi tr mc nh ca thanh ghi cu hnh c th thay i bnglnh config-register trong ch cu hnh ton cc. Thng s ca lnh ny sng s hex.Thanh ghi cu hnh l thanh ghi 16 bi lu trong NVRAM. 4 bit thp ca thanh ghicu hnh th hin cho phn khi ng router. u tin, ta dng lnh show version xem gi tr hin ti ca thanh ghi cu hnh v cng m bo l gi tr ca 12trn khng c g thay i. Sau ta dng lnh cnig-register thay i gi trcho thanh ghi, ta ch cn i gi tr ca s hex cui cng m