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Observations and Results

Life Cycle:

The life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica shows complete

metamorphosis i.e. their life cycle stages are egg, larva, pupa and adult.

Eggs:

Eggs are whitish, oval in shape, 0.5mm long and having an

incubation period of 4-5 days. The eggs have a pearly luster, and have at

one end usually a decided nipple, somewhat like that of certain fruits. The

eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens.

Larvae:

Young Corcyra larvae hatched out from the egg within 4-5 days and

the larvae feed on the grains by webbing. Tiny larva after hatching is

creamy-white, with a prominent head or brownish head. It moves about

actively and feeds on broken grains for some time and then starts spinning

web to join grains. The larval development was inside the grain cluster.

The larval period ranged from first instar larval 4 to5 days. Second instar

larval period ranged 5 to 6 days. Third instar larval period ranged 3 to 4

days. Fourth instar larval period ranged 3 to 4 days. Fifth instar larval

period ranged 5 to 7 days. Sixth instar larval period ranged 8 to 10 days.

Full grown larva is pale whitish in colour with short scattered hairs. Total

Larval period is 25-35 days in summer and may be extended in winter.

Pupa:

Pupation takes place inside an extremely hard, solid whitish cocoon

that is surrounded by webbed grains. Pupal period is about 10-14 days but

may extend to 40-50 days to tide over winter months.

Adult:

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Adults are light greyish-brown in colour, 12mm long and with a

wing span of about 15mm, without any markings on the wings but veins

are slightly darkened. Head bears a projected tuft of scales. Moths start

emerging after 35-40 days. Moths commence mating and egg laying

immediately after emergence. Female lays about 190-200 eggs within few

days after emergence.

Caterpillar alone is responsible for damage. It prefers partially

damaged grains to feed. It pollutes food grains with frass, moults and

dense webbing. In case of whole grains, kernels are bound into lumps up to

2 kg with the following

1. Grain converted to webbed mass

2. Damaged grain / flour with bad odour unfit for consumption.

1) Parthenogenetic development of eggs laid by female C. cephalonica-

During the present study it was observed that the female emerged

from pupa is able to lay eggs without mating with male.

Life Cycle:

The parthenogenetical life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica shows

complete metamorphosis i.e. their life cycle stages are egg, larva, pupa and

adult.

Eggs:




eggs are sufficiently large to be readily seen without the aid of a lens

Larvae:

Young Parthenogenetic Corcyra cephalonica larvae hatched out

from the egg within 5-8 days and the larvae fed on the grains by webbing.

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Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent head. It moves

about actively and feeds on broken grains for some time and then starts

spinning web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish in colour,

15mm long with short scattered hairs and no markings on body. Larval

period is 32-40 days in summer and may be extended in winter.

Pupa:



may extend to winter months.

Adult:





immediately after emergence.160-170 eggs per female within few days

after emergence.

2) Life cycle of Parthenogenetic male and Parthenogenetic female-

Egg:





Larvae:

Young Parthenogenetic Corcyra larvae hatched out from the egg

within 5-8 days and the larvae fed on the grains by webbing. Tiny larva

after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent head. It moves about

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actively and feeds on broken grains for some time and then starts spinning

web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish in colour, 15mm long

with short scattered hairs and no markings on body. Larval period is 32-40

days in summer and may be extended in winter.

Pupa:




Adult:





immediately after emergence.180-195 eggs per female within few days

after emergence.

3) Life cycle of parthenogenetic female and normal male-

Egg:





Larvae:

Young Parthenogenetic female and normal male Corcyra larvae

hatched out from the egg within 7-9 days and the larvae fed on the grains

by webbing. Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent

head. It moves about actively and feeds on broken grains for some time

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and then starts spinning web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish

in colour, 15mm long with short scattered hairs and no markings on body.


Pupa:




Adult:





immediately after emergence. 149-155 eggs per female within few days

after emergence.

4) Life cycle of parthenogenetic male and normal female-

Egg:





Larvae:

Young Parthenogenetic male and normal female Corcyra larvae

hatched out from the egg within 7-10 days and the larvae fed on the grains

by webbing. Tiny larva after hatching is creamy-white, with a prominent

head. It moves about actively and feeds on broken grains for some time

and then starts spinning web to join grains. Full grown larva is pale whitish

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in colour, 15mm long with short scattered hairs and no markings on body.


Pupa:




Adult:





immediately after emergence. 175-190 eggs per female within few days

after emergence.

Male and female emergence data:

Male and female moth emergence data from Parthenogenetic

individuals was summarized in the table number 15 and figure number

15.1, 15.2, and 15.3.

1) Mating of normal female and normal male:

When normal male and normal female were mated, the female laid

on an average, 200.33±5.29 eggs. In the present study 188.66±6.56 moths

were emerged from 200.33±5.29 eggs. Total percentage of emergence of

moths was 94.17%, in which males were 60.95% and females were

38.69%.

2) Parthenogenetic female:

Among Parthenogenetic female laid on an average 165.66±4.58

eggs, In present study 89.33±3 moths were emerged from 165.66±4.58

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eggs. Total percentage of emergence of moth was 53.92%, in which

females were 43.65% and males were 55.97%.

3) Mating of parthenogenetic female and parthenogenetic male:

When Parthenogenetic female and parthenogenetic male were

mated, female laid on an average195±7.21 eggs. In the present study

130.66±4.16 moths were emerged from 195±7.21 eggs. Total percentage

of emergence of moth was 67.00%, in which males were 50.51% and

females were 48.98%.

4) Mating of parthenogenetic male and normal female:

When parthenogenetic male and normal female were mated, the

female laid on an average, 188.66±9 eggs. In the present study, 172±8.54

moths were emerged from 188.66±9 eggs. Total percentage of emergence

of moths was 91.16%, in which females were 38.95% and males were

61.04%.

5) Mating of parthenogenetic female and normal male:

When parthenogenetic female and normal male were mated, the

female laid on an average, 154.66±4.58 eggs. In the present study

125.33±7.21 moths were emerged from 154.66±4.58 eggs. Total

percentage of emergence of moths was 81.03%, in which females were

2.28% and males were 58.24%.

Morphological effect of Phytochemicals against the 4th

Instar Larvae

of Corcyra cephalonica:

The present investigation showed that different concentrations of

kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium, leaf extract of Argemone

mexicana and Nerium oleander, seed extract of Annona squamosa and

phylloclade extract of Euphorbia tirucalli causes mortality of Corcyra

cephalonica life cycle stages. The toxicity of the plant extracts to larva,

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pupa and adult increase with the increase in the concentration as compared

with the control.

When larvae were treated with different concentrations of kernel

extract of Semecarpus anacardium, leaf extract of Argemone mexicana and

Nerium oleander, seed extract of Annona squamosa and phylloclade

extract of Euphorbia tirucalli the following morphological changes in the

developing larvae, pupae and adults were observed. General sluggishness

and cessation of feeding was observed after two days of treatment that

increased significantly as the time enhanced. Gradually, the body became

black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and yellowish colour

was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening occurred

resulting in the death of the larvae. Death also occurred at the time of final

molting stage of pupa formation with attached larval skin and ruptured

abdomen. Adults emerged from the exposed larvae were mostly abnormal

and hence further generation may be controlled.

Table and figure 1 shows efficacy of kernel‟s extract of Semicarpus

anacardium in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvent against

larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Larval mortality was

observed with the increase in concentration of Semicarpus anacardium.

In Semicarpus anacardium kernel extract in Chloroform at 0.5 ml

concentration per kg of rice, 20% larval mortality was recorded whereas at

2 ml concentration 100% mortality was recorded. As the concentration

increases, a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence

reduction take place. Pupation was 80% at 0.5ml concentration which

decreased to 10% at 1.5 ml concentration of the S. anacardium.

Correspondingly no adult emergences were recorded at 2ml concentration

of S. anacardium. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly with the

increase of the concentration. At 0.5 ml concentration no pupal mortality

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which enhanced to 100% at 1.5 ml concentration of S. anacardium in

chloroform extract.

In acetone extract of S. anacardium, at 0.5 ml concentration per kg

of rice, larval mortality was 10% while 100% mortality was recorded at 2

ml concentration. As the concentration was increased, a significant

reduction in pupation and adult emergence was observed. Pupation was

90% at 0.5ml concentration which decreased to 70% at 1.5ml

concentration of the S. anacardium no pupal mortality found. 70% adult

emergences were recorded at 1.5 ml concentration of Semicarpus

anacardium. At 2ml concentration of extract 100% larval mortality was

observed.

Chloroform and acetone extract showed highest mortality of larva

and pupa as compared with methanol and ethanol extract.

Table and figure 2 shows efficacy of leaf extract of Argemone

mexicana in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents against

larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Increased larval mortality

was observed with the increase in concentration of Argemone mexicana. In

Argemone Mexicana leaf extract in Chloroform at 0.5 ml concentration,

20% larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 90%

mortality was recorded. As the concentration increased, a significant

reduction in pupation and adult emergence was observed. Pupation was

80% at 0.5 ml concentration which decreased to 10% at 2 ml concentration

of the A. mexicana. Correspondingly no adult emergences were recorded at

2 ml concentration of A. mexicana pupal mortality increased

insignificantly with the increase of the concentration. At 0.5 ml

concentration, 10% pupal mortality which increased to 100% at 2 ml

concentration of A. mexicana in chloroform extract and no adult

emergence.

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In methanol extract at 0.5 ml concentration larval mortality was

10% while 100% mortality was recorded at 2 ml concentration of A.

mexicana. As the concentration increased a significant reduction in

pupation and adult emergence occured. Pupation was 90% at 0.5 ml

concentration which decreased to 80% at 1.5 ml concentration of the A.

mexicana, 10% pupal mortality was observed. At 2 ml concentration of

extract 100% larval mortality was observed.

Chloroform and methanol extracts showed highest mortality of

larva and pupa as compared with acetone and ethanol extracts.

Table and figure 3 shows efficacy of seed‟s extract of Annona

squamosa in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvent against


observed with the increase in concentration of Annona squamosa. In

Annona squamosa seed extract in Acetone at 0.5 ml concentration 20%

larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 100%

mortality was recorded. As the concentration increases, a significant

reduction in pupation and adult emergence take place. Pupation was 80%

at 0.5.ml concentration which decreased to 50% at 1.5 ml concentration of

the A. squamosa correspondingly no adult emergences were recorded at 2

ml concentration of A. squamosa. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly

with the increase of the concentration. At 0.5 ml concentration no pupal

mortality was observed.

In ethanol extract, at 0.5 ml concentration larval mortality was 10%

while 100% mortality was recorded at 2 ml concentration of A. squamosa.

As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in pupation and

adult emergence reduction occur. Pupation was 90% at 0.5 ml

concentration which decreased to 70% at 1.5 ml concentration of the A.

squamosa. At 2 ml extract 100% larval mortality was observed.

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Acetone and ethanol extract shows highest mortality of larva and

pupa as compared with chloroform and methanol extracts.

Table and figure 4 shows efficacy of phylloclade extract of

Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents

against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra cephalonica. Larval mortality

was observed with the increase in concentration of Euphorbia tirucalli. In

Euphorbia tirucalli extract in chloroform at 0.5 ml concentration 20%

larval mortality was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 70% mortality

was recorded. As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in

pupation and adult emergence occured. Pupation was 80% at 0.5.ml

concentration which decreased to 30% at 2 ml concentration of the E.

tirucalli. Correspondingly 10% adult emergences were recorded at 2 ml

concentration of E. tirucalli. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly with

the increase of the concentration.

Chloroform extract shows high mortality of larva and pupa as

compared with acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts.

Table and figure 5 shows efficacy of leaf extract of Nerium

oleander in chloroform, acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents against


observed with the increase in concentration of Nerium oleander. In Nerium

oleander extract in acetone at 0.5 ml concentration, 10% larval mortality

was recorded whereas at 2 ml concentration 80% mortality was recorded.

As the concentration increases, a significant reduction in pupation and

adult emergence occur. Pupation was 90% at 0.5 ml concentration which

decreased to 20% at 2 ml concentration of the N. oleander.

Correspondingly no adult emergence was recorded at 2 ml concentration of

N. oleander. Pupal mortality increased insignificantly with the increase of

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the concentration. At 0.5 ml concentration 10% pupal mortality and 20% at

2 ml concentration of N. oleander in acetone was observed.

Acetone extract shows high mortality of larva and pupa as compared

with chloroform, methanol and ethanol extract.

From the above data it is evident that all extracts of all plants tested

does not have required toxicity to control the infestation of C. cephalonica.

The lethal and sublethal doses were therefore calculated for only the

suitable extracts. The mortality responses of the Corcyra cephalonica on

exposure of different concentrations of plant extracts i.e. kernel extract of

Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform and acetone solvent, leaf extracts

of Argemone mexicana in chloroform and methanol solvents, extract of

Annona squamosa in acetone and ethanol, extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in

chloroform, leaf extract of Nerium oleander in acetone solvents were

studied. The range of statistical calculations and determination of LD10,

and LD50 values as per Finney‟s (1971) are given in table number 6 and 7

for kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium, table number 8 and 9 for

leaf extract of Argemone mexicana, table number 10 and 11 for seeds

extract of Annona squamosa, table number 12 for extract of Euphorbia

tirucalli in chloroform, table number 13 extracts of Nerium oleander in

acetone solvents.

The graphs regarding the empirical and improved expected probit

against the log of concentration are given in figure 6 and 7 for Regression

and Provisional lines for LD10, and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica

after the exposure to chloroform and acetone extract of kernel of

Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hours. The LD10 value for 96 hours of

kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform solvent is 0.5.380

ml/Kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of kernel

extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform solvent is 1.521 ml/Kg

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respectively (Table No. 6). The LD10 value for 96 hours of kernel extract

of Semecarpus anacardium in acetone solvent is 1.230 ml/Kg respectively.

The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of kernel extract of

Semecarpus anacardium in acetone solvent is 2.256 ml/Kg respectively

(Table No. 7).

The LD10 value for 96 hours of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana

in chloroform solvent is 0.5429 ml/Kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96

hours on leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in chloroform solvent is 1.878

ml/Kg respectively (Table No. 8). The LD10 value for 96 hours on leaf

extract of Argemone mexicana in methanol solvent is 1.746 ml/Kg

respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of Argemone

mexicana in methanol solvent is 2.479 ml/Kg respectively (Table No. 9).

The LD10 value for 96 hours on seeds extract of Annona squamosa in

acetone solvent is 0.3685 ml/Kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours

on seeds extract of Annona squamosa in acetone solvent is 1.878 ml/Kg

respectively (Table No. 10). The LD10 value for 96 hours on seeds extract

of Annona squamosa in ethanol solvent is 1.482 ml/Kg respectively. The

LD50 value for 96 hours on seeds extract of Annona squamosa in ethanol

solvent is 2.030 ml/Kg respectively (Table No. 11). The LD10 value for 96

hours on extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform solvent is 1.267

ml/Kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours on extract of Euphorbia

tirucalli in chloroform solvent is 2.183 ml/Kg respectively (Table No. 12).

The LD10 value for 96 hours on leaf extract of Nerium oleander in

acetone solvent is 0.9059 ml/Kg respectively. The LD50 value for 96 hours

on leaf extract of Nerium oleander in acetone solvent is 1.946 ml/Kg

respectively (Table No. 13).

Plate I (a) shows, Corcyra cephalonica adult mating dorsal view and

(b) shows Corcyra cephalonica adult mating ventral view. Plate II (a)

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shows culture of Corcyra cephalonica on rice in the laboratory, and (b)

shows egg laying apparatus of Corcyra cephalonica. Plate III (a) egg

laying by female Corcyra cephalonica and (b) shows egg laying by female

Corcyra cephalonica with extended ovipositor.

Plate IV (a) first instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica and (b) shows

second instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica. Plate V (a) third instar larva of

Corcyra cephalonica, and (b) shows fourth instar larva of Corcyra

cephalonica. Plates VI (a) shows fifth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica

and (b) shows sixth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica.

Plate VII (a) shows male and female larva of Corcyra cephalonica

identification experimental setup for the study of sexual dimorphic

characters at larval stage. Both (Male and Female) larvae are pale white in

colour, female larva is larger than male larva. Last abdominal segment of

the female abdomen shows dark spot while in case of male it is absent.

Plate VII (b) shows experimental setup for male and female larva (separate

culture). Male and female larvae are cultured in separate vials.

Plate VIII (a) shows pupa of Corcyra cephalonica inside webbed

grains (b) shows male and female pupae of Corcyra cephalonica. A pale

yellowish pupa with round abdomen was observed from the vials in which

female larvae were cultured and slightly dark black colored pupa with

pointed abdomen was observed from the vials in which female larvae‟s are

cultured.

Plate IX (a) shows male and female pupa identification experimental

setup emerged male and female moth (b) Experimental setup.

Plate X shows adult moth of Corcyra cephalonica. Female moth is

larger than male moth with a pair of long and pointed labial palps and male

moth is smaller than female moth and labial palps are very short and blunt.

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Plate XI shows consolidated life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica.

Plate XII shows damage caused to rice by the infestation of Corcyra

cephalonica. Larvae begin to feed, trailing a silken thread. The silk

webbing binds and starts spinning web to join grains.

Plate XIII shows (a) Semecarpus anacardium twig and its kernels

and (b) shows powder of kernels of Semecarpus anacardium.

Plate XIV (a) shows the plant of Argemone mexicana in field and (b)

powder of the plant Argemone mexicana leaves in laboratory. Plate-XV (a)

shows the plant of Annona squamosa in field and (b) shows seeds of

Annona squamosa. Plate XVI (a) shows plant of Euphorbia tirucalli and

phylloclade of Euphorbia tirucalli and (b) shows powder of phylloclade

Euphorbia tirucalli.

Plate XVII (a) shows the collection of Nerium oleander plant from

field while (b) shows powder of leaves of Nerium oleander in laboratory.

Plate XVIII shows the method of extraction of phytochemicals (plant

extract) as was done by Soxhlet apparatus.

Plate XIX (a) shows experimental setup for the exposure of larva of

Corcyra cephalonica to plant extracts while (b) shows culture of the larvae

of Corcyra cephalonica in rice with plant extracts.

Plate XX shows the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to

Kernel‟s extracts of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform (a, b) and

acetone (c, d) solvents. Fig. a, b, c, d shows that the body of larva

gradually became black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and

black colour was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening

and death of the larvae was recorded. During the later phase, dry

appearance of body, crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments

and reduction due to shortening of body segments can be seen.

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Plate XXI shows the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure

to leaf extracts of Argemone mexicana in chloroform (a, b) and methanol

(c, d) solvents. Fig. a, b, c and d shows that the body of larva gradually

became black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour

was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of

the larvae were observed. During the later phase, dry appearance of body,

crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to

shortening of body segments can be seen.

Plate XXII shows, the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure

to seeds extracts of Annona squmosa in acetone (a and b) and ethanol (c

and d) solvents. Fig. a, b, c and d shows that the body of larva gradually

became black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour

was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of

the larvae were recorded. During the later phase, dry appearance of body,

crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to

shortening of body segments can be seen.

Plate XXIII shows the Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after

exposure to leaf extracts of phylloclades Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform

(a, b) solvents. Fig. (a) and (b) show that, the body of the larvae becomes

yellowish black. The body became paralyzed and black skin and black

colour was observed in the leg region. The whole body blackening and

death of the larvae was observed. During the later phase, dry appearance of

body, crumpled skin, overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction

due to shortening of body segments can be seen.

Plate XXIV shows the Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after

exposure to leaf extracts of Nerium oleander in acetone solvent. Fig. (a)

and (b) show that, the body of the larvae became yellowish black. The

body became paralyzed and black skin and black colour was observed in

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the leg region. The whole body blackening and death of the larvae were

recorded. During the later phase, dry appearance of body, crumpled skin,

overall shrinkage of body segments and reduction due to shortening of

body segments can be seen.

Plate XXV (A) shows that, the morphological effect of Corcyra

cephalonica pupae after exposure of 4th

instar larvae to extract of kernel of

Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform (a) and acetone (b) solvent. Fig. (a)

and (b) show the abnormal pupa of Corcyra cephalonica in chloroform and

acetone solvent during molting from one stage to another. Larval pupal

intermediates were also observed, indicating the effect of the plant on

chitin synthesis of the insect. Death also occurred at the time of final

molting stage of pupation attached to the larval skin. (B) Shows that, the

morphological effect of Corcyra cephalonica pupae after exposure of 4th

instar larvae to extract of leaves of Argemone mexicana in chloroform (c)

and methanol (d) solvent. Fig. (c) and (d) shows the abnormal pupa of

Corcyra cephalonica in chloroform and methanol solvent was observed

during molting from one stage to another. Larval pupal intermediates were

also observed indicating the effect of the plant on chitin synthesis of the

insect. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupation

attached to the larval skin.

Plate XXVI (C) shows that, the morphological effect of Corcyra

cephalonica pupae after exposure of 4th

instar larvae to extract of seeds of

Annona squamosa in acetone (e) and ethanol (f) solvent. Fig. (e) shows the

Abnormal pupa of Corcyra cephalonica in acetone solvent was observed

during molting from one stage to another. Death also occurred at the time

of final molting stage of pupation. Death also occurred at the time of final

molting stage of pupation fig. (f) larval pupal intermediates of Corcyra

cephalonica in ethanol solvent was observed during molting from one

89

stage to another. Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of

pupation (D) shows that, the morphological effect of Corcyra cephalonica

pupae after exposure of 4th instar larvae to extract of phylloclade‟s of

Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform (g) and extract of Nerium oleander in

acetone (h) solvent. Fig. (g and h) larval pupal intermediates of C.

cephalonica was observed during molting from one stage to another.

Death also occurred at the time of final molting stage of pupation.

Plate XXVII shows, the Morphological abnormalities of Corcyra

cephalonica adult emerged after treatment of 4th instar larvae to kernel‟s

extract of Semecarpus anacardium in chloroform (a and b) and acetone (c

and d) solvent. Fig. (a) Abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica with

shrinked wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and figure (b)

abnormal adult with vestigial wings and enlarged abdomen were observed

and hence further generation may be controlled. Fig (c) and (d) abnormal

adults with enlarged abdomen were observed and hence further generation

may be controlled.

Plate XXVIII showed the Morphological abnormalities of Corcyra

cephalonica adult resulted from 4th

instar larvae treated with leaf extracts

of Argemone mexicana in chloroform (a, b) and methanol(c, d) solvent.

Fig. (a) shows abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after

treatment of larvae to leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in chloroform,

with vestigial wings and enlarged abdominal were observed. Fig. (b)

shows abnormal adult with shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen were

observed and hence further generation may be controlled. Figure (c) and

(d) shows, abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after

treatment of larvae to leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in acetone with

shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and hence further

generation may be controlled.

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Plate XXIX shows, the morphological abnormalities of Corcyra


instar larvae treated with seeds extract

of Annona squamosa in acetone (a, b) and ethanol (c, d) solvent. Fig. (a, b,

c and d) shows, abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after

treatment of larvae to seed extract of Annona squamosa in acetone and

ethanol with shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen were observed and

hence further generation may be controlled.

Plate XXX shows, the morphological abnormalities of Corcyra


instar larvae treated with extract of

phylloclade‟s Euphorbia tirucalli in chloroform(a, b, c and d) solvent. Fig.

(a, b, c and d) shows abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged

after treatment of larvae to seed extract of phylloclade‟s Euphorbia

tirucalli in chloroform with shrinkage wings and enlarged abdomen and

abnormal adult were observed and hence further generation may be

controlled.

Plate XXXI shows the morphological abnormalities of Corcyra

cephalonica Adult resulted from 4th

instar larvae treated with extract of

Nerium oleander in acetone(a, b, c and d) solvent. Fig. ( a, b, c and d)

shows abnormal adults of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of

larvae to leaf extract of Nerium oleander in acetone with shrinked wings

and enlarged abdomen and hence further generation may be controlled.

Plate XXXII shows T.S. of foregut of control (A) and treated (B- S.

anacardium in chloroform and acetone, C- A. mexicana in chloroform and

methanol, D- A. squamosa in acetone and ethanol, E- E. tirucalli in

chloroform and acetone solvent) of Corcyra cephalonica. A) Shows the

foregut of Corcyra cephalonica larvae is the anterior most part of the

alimentary canal which starts from the mouth and continues as the midgut.

It is subdivided into pharynx, oesophagus and crop. The wall of the fore

91

gut externally was bounded by peritoneum, middle muscle layer composed

of inner circular and outer longitudinal cells based on a basement

membrane which is lined internally by cuticular intima from inner side.

Figures (B, C, D, and E) show the pathological changes observed in

oesophagus and crop when exposed to different type of plant extract.

While feeding the extract mixed food, the phytochemicals in the extract

acts on the linings of the gut.The general destruction caused by the plant

extract were shrinkage of epithelial cells and reduced in size in the larvae

treated with plant extract, epithelial cells were disintegrated and spread

into the gut lumen, circular muscles also ruptured resulting in to the

disappearance of plasma membrane, shedding of cytoplasm and

vacuolization.

Plate XXXIII shows the T. S. of midgut control (A) and treated (B-

S. anacardium in chloroform and acetone, C- A. mexicana in chloroform

and methanol, D- A. squamosa in acetone and ethanol, E- E. tirucalli in

chloroform and acetone solvent) of Corcyra cephalonica. A) The midgut

of the larvae is the main organ involved in digestion and absorption of

food. It is a straight and long tube occupying the major part of the

alimentary tract. Histologically, a stratum of enteric epithelium, the outer

ends of whose cells rest upon a basement membrane, lines the mid gut. The

latter is followed by an inner layer of circular muscles and an outer layer of

longitudinal muscles. The outer most coat of the mid gut is a thin

peritoneal membrane. The columnar (cylindrical) cells of the mid gut are

active functional cells, whose inner brush border projecting into the lumen

promotes secretion and absorption. Goblet cells (calcyform) are small

secretory cells interspersed among columnar cells. Figures (B, C, D and E)

show the effect of the plant extract on the midgut wall which includes the

destruction, disintegration and shrinkage of the columnar epithelial cells.

The circular muscles become thinner than the normal and the longitudinal

92

muscles get detached from them. Vacuolization and degeneration of

epithelial cells was observed. The cells get separated from each other,

become loose and some of them get discharged into the lumen of the

midgut.

Plate XXXIV shows the T. S. of the hindgut control (A) and treated

(B- S. anacardium in chloroform and acetone, C- A. mexicana in

chloroform and methanol, D- A. squamosa in acetone and ethanol, E- E.

tirucalli in chloroform and acetone solvent) of Corcyra cephalonica. A)

The hindgut is the terminal part of the alimentary canal of the larvae,

opening by anus to the exterior. Histologically hindgut is similar to the

foregut. It contains an outer layer of peritoneum, middle muscle layer

made of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle and on inner most

epithelial layer. The epithelial layer similar to foregut is lined by a

chitinous intima. Figures (B, C, D and E) show the histological

degenerations in hind gut, which are of the same nature as are observed in

the foregut except that they are varied in the intensity of damage. The

nature of damage includes vacuolization, degeneration and disintegration

of epithelial cells. The cell boundaries disappear.

Plate XXXV (a) shows the culture of individual pupa and emergence

of female by Parthenogenetic and (b) shows laying of Parthenogenetic

eggs from the independently developed female. Plate XXXVI shows (a)

Parthenogenetic experimental setup culture for four different mating

groups (1) Parthenogenetic female, (2) Parthenogenetic male and

Parthenogenetic female, (3) Parthenogenetic female and normal male, (4)

Parthenogenetic male and normal female. Plate (B) shows rearing of

Parthenogenetic Corcyra cephalonica culture on rice in laboratory and the

eggs laid by the different mating groups were used for culture. Different

93

culture groups of Corcyra cephalonica are useful to study the potential of

the parthenogenetic eggs for he survival.

94

Table-1

Efficacy of kernel‟s extract of Semecarpus anacardium in Chloroform,

Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol solvents against larval to adult mortality of

Corcyra cephalonica.

Solvent

Extract

in ml/kg

of rice

Larval

Mortality

(%)

Pupation

(%)

Pupal

Mortality

(%)

Adult

Emergence

(%)

Chloroform

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 20 80 0 80

1.0 30 70 10 60

1.5 90 10 10 0

2.0 100 0 0 0

Acetone

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 0 90

1.0 20 80 0 90

1.5 50 50 0 50

2.0 100 0 0 0

Methanol

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 0 90

1.0 20 80 0 80

1.5 20 80 0 80

2.0 40 60 30 30

Ethanol

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 0 90

1.0 20 80 0 80

1.5 20 80 0 80

2.0 40 60 30 30

95

Table-2

Efficacy of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in Chloroform, Acetone,

Methanol and Ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of Corcyra

cephalonica.

Solvent

Extract

in ml/kg

of rice

Larval

Mortality

(%)

Pupation

(%)

Pupal

Mortality

(%)

Adult

Emergence

(%)

Chloroform

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 20 80 10 70

1.0 30 70 20 50

1.5 50 50 20 30

2.0 90 10 10 0

Acetone

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 10 80

1.0 20 80 10 70

1.5 50 50 30 20

2.0 70 30 20 10

Methanol

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 0 90

1.0 10 90 0 90

1.5 20 80 10 70

2.0 100 0 0 0

Ethanol

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 0 90

1.0 20 80 10 70

1.5 20 80 10 70

2.0 20 80 40 40

96

Table-3

Efficacy of Seeds extract of Annona squamosa in Chloroform, Acetone,


cephalonica.

Solvent Extract

in ml/kg

of rice

Larval

Mortality

(%)

Pupation

(%)

Pupal

Mortality

(%)

Adult

Emergence

(%)

Chloroform

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 0 90

1.0 20 80 10 70

1.5 30 70 20 50

2.0 50 50 20 30

Acetone

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 20 80 0 80

1.0 30 70 20 50

1.5 50 50 20 30

2.0 100 0 0 0

Methanol

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 0 90

1.0 20 80 10 70

1.5 40 60 20 40

2.0 60 40 10 30

Ethanol

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 0 90

1.0 10 90 10 80

1.5 30 70 20 50

2.0 100 0 0 0

97

Table-4

Efficacy of phylloclade extract of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform,

Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol solvent against larval to adult mortality of

Corcyra cephalonica.

Solvent Extract

in ml/kg

of rice

Larval

Mortality

(%)

Pupation

(%)

Pupal

Mortality

(%)

Adult

Emergence

(%)

Chloroform

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 20 80 0 80

1.0 30 70 20 50

1.5 50 50 20 30

2.0 70 30 20 10

Acetone

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 0 90

1.0 20 80 10 70

1.5 30 70 20 50

2.0 50 50 20 30

Methanol

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 0 90

1.0 20 80 10 70

1.5 40 60 20 40

2.0 60 40 10 30

Ethanol

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 0 100 0 100

1.0 10 90 10 80

1.5 20 80 20 60

2.0 30 70 20 50

98

Table-5

Efficacy of leaf extract of Nerium oleander in Chloroform, Acetone,


cephalonica.

Solvent Extract in

ml/kg of

rice

Larval

Mortality

(%)

Pupation

(%)

Pupal

Mortality

(%)

Adult

Emergence

(%)

Chloroform

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 0 100 0 100

1.0 20 80 10 70

1.5 40 60 20 40

2.0 50 50 30 20

Acetone

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 10 90 10 80

1.0 30 70 20 50

1.5 50 50 20 30

2.0 80 20 20 0

Methanol

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 0 100 0 100

1.0 10 90 0 90

1.5 20 80 10 70

2.0 40 60 20 40

Ethanol

Control 0 100 0 100

0.5 0 100 0 100

1.0 0 100 0 100

1.5 10 90 0 90

2.0 10 90 20 70

99

Table-6

Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Chloroform extract of Kernel extract

of Semecarpus

anacardium for 96 hrs

Sr.

No.

Conc.

of

Extract

Log of

Conc.

No. of

Animal

Exposed

„n‟

Mortality

For 24

hrs. „r‟

%Mortality

P=(100r)/n

Empirical

Probit

Expected

Probit

Weighing

Co-

efficient

Weight

W=nw

Working

probit

„y‟

Wx Wy Wx2 Wy

2 Wxy Improved

Expected

probit „y‟

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII

1) 1 1.0000 10 1 10% 3.7184 4.3 0.53159 5.3159 4.845 5.3159 25.7555 5.3159 124.7855 25.7555 4.4827

2) 1.5 1.1760 10 6 60% 5.2533 4.9 0.63431 6.3431 4.252 7.4601 26.9708 8.7738 114.6801 31.7204 4.9826

3) 2 1..3010 10 8 80% 5.8416 5.6 0.55788 5.5788 5.823 7.2580 32.4853 9.4426 189.1622 42.2634 5.3372

4) 2.5 1.3979 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -

One

Added

to the

log

∑W=

17.2378

∑Wx=

20.034

∑Wy=

85.2116

∑Wx2=

23.5323

∑Wy2=

452.1601

∑Wxy=

99.7393

1) 𝑥 =𝛴𝑊𝑥

𝛴𝑊=

20.034

17.2378= 1.1622 4)Regression equation:- 1) LD 10=

3.7184−1.6435

2.8392=

0.7308 Antilog=1 .7308 = 0.5380

2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦

𝛴𝑊=

85.2116

17.2378= 4.9432 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2) LD 50=

5−1.6435

2.8392= 1.1821

3) b =𝛴𝑊𝑥𝑦−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑦

𝛴𝑊𝑥2−𝑥 .𝛴𝑊𝑥=

99.7393−1.1622 ×85.2116

23.5323−1.1622 ×20.034 = 4.9432 + 2.8392𝑥 – 2.8392 x1.1622 Antilog=0.1821 = 1.521

= 2.8392𝑥– 3.2997 + 4.9432

=0.7064

0.2488= 2.8392 = 2.8392𝑥+ 1.6435 (One substracted from each log value)

100

Table -7

Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Acetone of Kernel extract of

Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hrs

Sr.

No.

Conc.

of

Extract

Log of

Conc.

„x‟

No. of

Animal

Exposed

„n‟

Mortality

For 96

hrs. „r‟

%Mortality

P=(100r)/n

Empirical

Probit

Expected

Probit

Weighing

Co-

efficient

Weight

W=nw

Working

probit

„y‟

Wx Wy Wx2 Wy2 Wxy Improved

Expected

probit „y‟


1) 1.5 0.1760 10 2 20% 4.1584 3.8 0.37031 3.7031 4.237 0.6521 15.6900 0.1148 66.4786 2.7630 4.1377

2) 2.0 0.3010 10 4 40% 4.7467 4.8 0.62742 6.2742 4.747 1.8885 29.7836 0.5684 141..3828 8.9648 4.7452

3) 2.5 0.3979 10 5 50% 5.0000 4.9 0.63431 6.3431 5.000 2.5239 31.7155 1.0042 158.5775 12.6195 5.2168

4) 3.0 0.4771 10 8 80% 5.8416 6.0 0.43863 4.3863 5.829 2.0927 25.5677 0.9984 149.0343 12.1983 5.6021

5) 3.5 0.5441 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -

∑W=

20.7067

∑Wx=

7.1572

∑Wy=

102.7568

∑Wx2=

2.6858

∑Wy2=

515.4732

∑Wxy=

36.5456


𝛴𝑊=

7.1572


3.7184−3.281

4.8652=

0.0899 Antilog=1.230

2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦

𝛴𝑊=

102.7568

20.7067= 4.9624 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2) LD 50=

5−3.281

4.8652= 0.3533

Antilog = 2.256

= 4.9624 +4.8652𝑥 – 4.8652 x 0.3456



36.5456−0.3456 ×102.7568

2.6858−0.3456 ×7.1572 = 4.8652𝑥– 1.6814 + 4.9624

= 4.8652𝑥+ 3.281

=1.0329

0.2123= 4.8652

101

Table-8

Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonic aafter the treatment in Chloroform extract of leaf extract of

Argemone mexicana for 96 hrs

Sr.

No.

Conc.

of

Extract

Log of

Conc.

„x‟

No. of

Animal

Expose

d „n‟

Mortali

ty For

96 hrs.

„r‟

%

Mortality

P=(100r)/n

Empirica

l Probit

Expecte

d Probit

Weighin

g Co-

efficient

Weight

W=nw

Workin

g probit

„y‟

Wx Wy Wx2 Wy

2 Wxy Improved

Expected

probit „y‟


1) 1.0 1.0000 10 2 20% 4.1584 4.1 0.47144 4.7144 4.160 4.7144 19.6119 4.7144 81.5855 19.6119 4.3490

2) 1.5 1.1760 10 4 40% 4.7467 4.7 0.61609 6.1609 4.747 7.2452 29.2457 8.5203 138.8297 34.3929 4.7674

3) 2.0 1.3010 10 5 50% 5.0000 5.1 0.63431 6.3431 5.000 8.2523 31.7155 10.7363 158.5775 41.2618 5.0646

4) 2.5 1.3979 10 6 60% 5.2533 5.4 0.60052 6.0052 5.250 8.3946 31.5273 11.7349 165.5183 44.0720 5.2950

5) 3.0 1.4771 10 8 80% 5.8416 5.8 0.50260 5.0260 5.841 7.4239 29.3568 10.9658 171.4734 43.3629 5.4833

6) 3.5 1.5441 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -

One

added to

the log

∑W=

28.2496

∑Wx=

36.0304

∑Wy=

141.3572

∑Wx2=

46.6717

∑Wy2=

715.9844

∑Wxy=

182.7015


𝛴𝑊=

36.0304

28.2496= 1.2754 4) Regression equation:- 1) LD10=

3.7184−1.9715

2.3775= 0.7347 Antilog of 1 .7347

= 0.5429

2) 𝑦 =∑𝑊𝑦

∑𝑊=

141.3572

28.2496= 5.0038 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 )

3) b = ∑𝑊𝑥𝑦−𝑥 .∑𝑊𝑦

∑𝑊𝑥2−𝑥 .∑𝑊𝑥=

182.7015−1.2754 x 141.3572

46.6717−1.2754 x 36.0304 = 5.0038 + 2.3775𝑥 – 2.3775 x 1.2754 2) LD50=

5−1.9715

2.3775= 1.2738 Antilog of 0.2738 =

1.878

=2.4146

1.0156= 2.3775 = 2.3775𝑥– 3.03226 + 5.0038

= 2.3775𝑥+ 1.9715 (One substracted from each log value)

102

Table-9

Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Methanol extract of leaf extract of

Argemone mexicana for 96 hrs

Sr.

No.

Conc.

of

Extract

Log of

Conc.

„x‟

No. of

Animal

Exposed

„n‟

Mortality

For 24

hrs. „r‟

%Mortality

P=(100r)/n

Empirical

Probit

Expected

Probit

Weighing

Co-

efficient

Weight

W=nw

Working

probit

„y‟

Wx Wy Wx2 Wy

2 Wxy Improved

Expected

probit „y‟


1) 1.5 0.1761 10 1 10% 3.7184 3.7 0.33589 3.3589 3.719 0.5915 12.4917 0.1041 46.4568 2.1997 4.5602

2) 2.0 0.3010 10 4 40% 4.7467 4.8 0.62742 6.2742 4.747 1.8885 29.7836 0.5684 141.3828 8.9648 4.8117

3) 2.5 0.3979 10 6 60% 5.2533 5.1 0.63431 6.3431 5.252 2.5239 33.3139 1.0042 174.9649 13.2556 5.0069

4) 3.0 0.4771 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -

∑W=

15.9762

∑Wx=

5.0039

∑Wy=

77.2659

∑Wx2=

1.6767

∑Wy2=

362.8045

∑Wxy=

24.4201


𝛴𝑊=

5.0039


3.7184−4.2057

2.0136=

0.2420 Antilog=1.746

2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦

𝛴𝑊=

77.2659

15.9762= 4.8363 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2) LD 50=

5−4.2057

2.0136=

0.3944 Antilog=2.479



24.4201−0.3132 ×77.2659

1.6767−0.3132 ×5.0039 = 4.8363 +2.0136𝑥 – 2.0136 x 0.3132

= 2.0136𝑥– 0.6306 + 4.8363

=0.2205

0.1095= 2.0136 = 2.0136𝑥+ 4.2057

103

Table-10

Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Acetone extract of seeds of Annona

squamosa

for 96 hrs

Sr.

No.

Conc.

of

Extract

Log of

Conc.

„x‟

No. of

Animal

Exposed

„n‟

Mortality

For 96

hrs. „r‟

%

Mortality

P=(100r)/n

Empirical

Probit

Expected

Probit

Weighing

Co-

efficient

Weight

W=nw

Working

probit

„y‟


Expected

probit „y‟


1) 1.0 1.0000 10 2 20% 4.1584 4.1 0.47144 4.7144 4.160 4.7144 19.6119 4.7144 81.5855 19.6119 4.3490

2) 1.5 1.1760 10 4 40% 4.7467 4.7 0.61609 6.1609 4.747 7.2452 29.2457 8.5203 138.8297 34.3929 4.7674

3) 2.0 1.3010 10 5 50% 5.0000 5.1 0.63431 6.3431 5.000 8.2523 31.7155 10.7363 158.5775 41.2618 5.0646

4) 2.5 1.3979 10 6 60% 5.2533 5.4 0.60052 6.0052 5.250 8.3946 31.5273 11.7349 165.5183 44.0720 5.2950

5) 3.0 1.4771 10 8 80% 5.8416 5.8 0.50260 5.0260 5.841 7.4239 29.3568 10.9658 171.4734 43.3629 5.4833

6) 3.5 1.5441 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -

One

added

to the

log

∑W=

28.2496

∑Wx=

36.0304

∑Wy=

141.3572

∑Wx2=

46.6717

∑Wy2=

715.9844

∑Wxy=

182.7015


𝛴𝑊=

36.0304

28.2496= 1.2754 4) Regression equation:- 1) LD 10=

3.7184−1.9715

2.3775= 0.5665 Antilog of

1 .5665 = 0.3685

2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦

𝛴𝑊=

141.3572

28.2496= 5.0038 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 )

2) LD 50=5−1.9715

2.3775= 1.2738

= 5.0038 + 2.3775𝑥 – 2.3775 x 1.2754 Antilog of 0.2738 = 1.878



182.7015−1.2754 ×141.3572

46.6717−1.2754 ×36.0304 = 2.3775𝑥– 3.03226 + 5.0038 (One substracted from each log value)

=2.4146

1.0156= 2.3775= = 2.3775𝑥+ 1.9715

104

Table-11

Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Ethanol extract of seeds of Annona

squamosa

for 96 hrs

Sr.

No.

Conc.

of

Extract

Log of

Conc.

„x‟

No. of

Animal

Exposed

„n‟

Mortality

For 24

hrs. „r‟

%Mortality

P=(100r)/n

Empirical

Probit

Expected

Probit

Weighing

Co-

efficient

Weight

W=nw

Working

probit

„y‟


Expected

probit „y‟


1) 1.5 0.1761 10 1 10% 3.7184 3.7 0.33589 3.3589 3.719 0.5915 12.4917 0.1041 46.4568 2.1997 3.7677

2) 2 0.3010 10 5 50% 5.0000 5.0 0.63662 6.3662 5.000 1.9162 31.831 0.5767 159.155 9.5811 4.9389

3) 2.5 0.3979 10 8 80% 5.8416 5.5 0.58099 5.8099 5.808 2.3117 33.7438 0.9198 195.9845 13.4266 5.8476

4) 3 0.4771 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -

∑W=

15.535

∑Wx=

4.8194

∑Wy=

78.0665

∑Wx2=

1.6006

∑Wy2=

401.5963

∑Wxy=

25.2074


𝛴𝑊=

4.8194


3.7184−2.1164

9.3774= 0.1708 Antilog=1.482

2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦

𝛴𝑊=

78.0665

15.535= 5.0252 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2) LD 50=

5−2.1164

9.3774= 0.3075 Antilog=2.030

= 5.0252 +9.3774𝑥 – 9.3774 x 0.3102



25.2074−0.3102 ×78.0665

1.6006−0.3102 ×4.8194 = 9.3774𝑥– 2.9088 + 5.0252

= 9.3774𝑥+ 2.1164

=0.9912

0.1057= 9.3774

105

Table-12

Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Chloroform extract of phylloclade

Euphorbia tirucalli for 96 hrs

Sr.

No.

Conc.

of

Extract

Log of

Conc.

„x‟

No. of

Animal

Exposed

„n‟

Mortality

For 96

hrs. „r‟

%Mortality

P=(100r)/n

Empirical

Probit

Expected

Probit

Weighing

Co-

efficient

Weight

W=nw

Working

probit

„y‟

Wx Wy Wx2 Wy

2 Wxy Improved

Expected

probit „y‟


1) 1.5 0.1760 10 2 20% 4.1584 4.0 0.43863 4.3863 4.171 0.7724 18.2952 0.1360 76.3095 3.2217 4.1162

2) 2.0 0.3010 10 4 40% 4. 7467 4.5 0.58099 5.8099 4.760 1.7487 27.6551 0.5263 131.6383 8.3241 4.7933

3) 2.5 0.3979 10 6 60% 5.2533 5.2 0.62742 6.2742 5.253 2.4965 32.9583 0.9933 173.1303 13.1141 5.3186

4) 3 0.4771 10 8 80% 5.8416 6.0 0.43863 6.3681 5.829 2.0842 25.4645 0.9943 148.4329 12.1491 5.7480

5) 3.5 0.5441 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - - -

∑W=

20.839

∑Wx=

7.1018

∑Wy=

104.3731

∑Wx2=

2.6499

∑Wy2=

529.511

∑Wxy=

36.809


𝛴𝑊=

7.1018

20.839= 0.3407 4) Regression equation:- 1) LD 10=

3.7184−3.1615

5.4214= 0.1027 Antilog=1.267

2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦

𝛴𝑊=

104.37314

20.839= 5.0085 Y = 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2) LD 50=

5−3.1615

5.4214= 0.3391 Antilog=2.183



36.809−0.3407 ×104.3731

2.6499−0.3407 ×7.1018 = 5.0085 +5.4214𝑥 – 5.4214 x 0.3407

= 5.4214𝑥– 1.8470 +5.0085

=1.2491

0,2304= 5.4214 = 5.4214𝑥+ 3.1615

106

Table-13

Calculation of Regression equation for LD10 and LD50 values of Corcyra cephalonica after the treatment in Acetone leaf extract of Nerium

oleander for 96

hrs

Sr.

No.

Conc.

of

Extract

Log of

Conc.

„x‟

No. of

Animal

Exposed

„n‟

Mortality

For 96

hrs. „r‟

%Mortality

P=(100r)/n

Empirical

Probit

Expected

Probit

Weighing

Co-

efficient

Weight

W=nw

Working

probit

„y‟


Expected

probit „y‟


1) 1 1.0000 10 1 10% 3.7184 4.1 0.47144 4.7144 3.784 4.7144 17.8392 4.7144 67.5038 17.8392 3.8841

2) 1.5 1.1761 10 3 30% 4.4756 4.4 0.55788 5.5788 4.477 6.5612 24.9762 7.7166 111.8188 29.3746 4.5632

3) 2 1.3010 10 5 50% 5.0000 5.1 0.63431 6.3431 5.000 8.2523 31.7155 10.7363 158.5775 41.2618 5.0448

4) 2.5 1.3979 10 6 60% 5.2533 5.3 0.61609 6.1609 5.253 8.6123 32.3632 12.0391 170.0039 45.2405 5.4185

5) 3 1.4771 10 8 80% 5.8416 5.6 0.55788 5.5788 5.823 8.2404 32.4853 12.1719 189.1622 47.9841 5.7239

6) 3.5 1.5441 10 10 100% - - - - - - - - - -

One

added to

the log

∑W=

33.0904

∑Wx=

36.3806

∑Wy=

139.3794

∑Wx2=

47.3783

∑Wy2=

697.0662

∑Wxy=

181.7002


𝛴𝑊=

36.3806

33.0904= 1.0994 1) LD 10=

3.7184−0.0277

3.8564= 0.9570 Antilog of 1 .9570 =

0.9059

2) y =𝛴𝑊𝑦

𝛴𝑊=

139.3794

33.0904= 4.2120



181.7002−1.0994×139.3794

47.3783−1.0994×36.3806 2) LD50=

5−0.0277

3.8564= 1.2893 Antilog of 0.2893 = 1.946

=28.4665

7.3815= 3.8564 (One substracted from each log value)

4) Regression equation: Y= 𝑦 + b (𝑥 − 𝑥 )

= 4.2120 +3.8564𝑥 –3.8564 x1.0994

= 3.8564 𝑥– 4.2397 +4.2120 = 3.8564𝑥+ 0.0277

107

Table 15

Male and Female emergence data from parthenogenetic individuals

±indicates Standard deviation of three sets

Sr.

No. Type

No. of Egg

laid

No. of Moth

emergence

Male

(♂) %

Female

(♀) %

Total %

emergence of

moth

1. Normal male and Normal

Female Moths (Control) 200.33±5.29 188.66±6.56 60.95 38.69 94.17

2. Parthenogenetic Female 165.66±4.58 89.33±3 55.97 43.65 53.92

3. Parthenogenetic Female

and Parthenogenetic Male 195±7.21 130.66±4.16 50.51 48.98 67.00

4. Parthenogenetic Male and

Normal Female 188.66±9 172±8.54 61.04 38.95 91.16

5. Parthenogenetic Female

and Normal Male 154.66±4.58 125.33±7.21 58.24 42.28 81.03

108

Table-14

Comparison of LD10 and LD50 values of kernel extract of Semecarpus anacardium, leaf extract of Argemone mexicana,

seeds extract of Annona squamosa, phylloclade Euphorbia tirucalli and leaf extract of Nerium oleander to Corcyra

cephalonica.

Name of plant Solvent

Time of

exposure in

hrs.

Regression equation

Y = 𝒚 + b (𝒙 − 𝒙 )

LD10 value in

ml/Kg

LD50 value in

ml/Kg

Kernel extract of

S. anacardium

Chloroform 96 Y = 2.8392 𝑥+ 1.6435 0.5380 1.521

Acetone 96 Y = 4.8652 𝑥+ 3.281 1.230 2.256

Leaf extract of

A. mexicana

Chloroform 96 Y = 2.3775 𝑥+ 1.9715 0.5429 1.878

Methanol 96 Y = 2.0136 𝑥+ 4.2057 1.746 2.479

Seeds extract of

A. squamosa

Acetone 96 Y = 2.3775 𝑥+ 1.9715 0.3685 1.878

Ethanol 96 Y = 9.3774 𝑥+ 2.1164 1.482 2.030

Phylloclade extract

of E. tirucalli Chloroform 96 Y = 5.4214 𝑥+ 3.1615 1.267 2.183

Leaf extract of

N. oleander Acetone 96 Y = 3.8564 𝑥+ 0.0277 0.9059 1.946

109

Fig

ure

-1 E

ffic

acy

of

ker

nel

s ex

trac

t of

Sem

eca

rpu

s a

na

card

ium

in

ch

loro

form

, ac

eto

ne,

met

han

ol

and

eth

anol

solv

ent

agai

nst

lar

val

to

adult

mo

rtal

ity

of

Co

rcyr

a c

eph

alo

nic

a.

110

Fig

ure

-2 E

ffic

acy

of

leaf

ex

trac

t of

Arg

emo

ne

mex

ican

a i

n c

hlo

rofo

rm, ac

eto

ne,

met

han

ol

and

eth

anol

solv

ent

agai

nst

lar

val

to

adult

mo

rtal

ity

of

Co

rcyr

a c

eph

alo

nic

a.

111

Fig

ure

-3 E

ffic

acy

of

See

ds

extr

act

of

Ann

ona

squam

osa

in

ch

loro

form

, ac

eton

e, m

eth

anol

and

eth

anol

solv

ent

agai

nst

lar

val

to

adult

mo

rtal

ity

of

Co

rcyr

a c

eph

alo

nic

a.

112

Fig

ure

-4 E

ffic

acy

of

leaf

ex

trac

t o

f N

eriu

m o

lean

der

in

chlo

rofo

rm,

acet

on

e, m

ethan

ol

and

eth

anol

solv

ent

agai

nst

lar

val

to

adult

mo

rtal

ity

of

Co

rcyr

a c

eph

alo

nic

a.

113

Fig

ure

-5 E

ffic

acy

of

phyll

ocl

ade

extr

act

of

Euph

orb

ia t

iru

call

i in

Chlo

rofo

rm,

Ace

tone,

Met

han

ol

and

eth

anol

solv

ent

agai

nst

lar

val

to

adult

mo

rtal

ity

of

Co

rcyr

a c

eph

alo

nic

a.

114

Figure 6: Regression and Provisional line for LD10 and LD50 values of

Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Chloroform extract

of kernels of Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hours


Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Acetone extract of

Kernels of Semecarpus anacardium for 96 hours

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Em

pir

ica

l/Im

pro

ved

Exp

ecte

d p

rob

it

Log of Concentration

Empirical Probit

Improved Expected probit „y‟

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Empirical Probit

Improved Expected Probit


115



of leaves of Argemone mexicana for 96 hours


Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Methanol extract of

leaves of Argemone mexicana for 96 hours

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Em

pir

ica

l/Im

pro

ved

Exp

ecte

d p

rob

it


Empirical Probit


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Em

pir

ica

l/Im

pro

ved

Exp

ecte

d p

rob

it


Empirical Probit


116



seeds of Annona squamosa for 96 hours


Corcyra cephalonica after the exposure to Ethanol extract of

seeds of Annona squamosa for 96 hours

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Emp

iric

al/I

mp

rove

d E

xpe

cte

d p

rob

it


Empirical Probit


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Em

pir

ica

l/Im

pro

ved

Exp

ecte

d p

rob

it


Empirical Probit


117



of Euphorbia for 96 hours



leaves of Nerium for 96 hours

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Em

pir

ica

l/Im

pro

ved

Exp

ecte

d p

rob

it


Empirical Probit

Improved Expected

probit „y‟

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Em

pir

ica

l/Im

pro

ved

Exp

ecte

d p

rob

it


Empirical Probit


118

Figure 15.1

Eggs laid by the female Corcyra cephalonica in various mating groups

Figure 15.2

Male and Female emergence data from Normal and Parthenogenetic

individuals

0

50

100

150

200

250

Normal Moth Parthenogenetical

Female

Parthenogenetical

Female and Male

Parthenogenetical

Male and Normal

Female

Parthenogenetical

Female and

Normal Male

No

. o

f eg

gs

laid

Type

Parthenogenesis (Eggs laid)

No. of Egg laid

0

50

100

150

200


Female

Parthenogenetical

Female and Male

Parthenogenetical

Male and Normal

Female

Parthenogenetical

Female and

Normal Male

No

. o

f m

oth

em

erg

ern

ce

Type

Parthenogenesis (Moth emergence)

No. of Moth emergence

119

Figure 15.3

Percentage (%) data of Normal and Parthenogenetic male and female

individuals

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Female

Parthenogenetical

Female and Male

Parthenogenetical

Male and Normal Female

Parthenogenetical

Female and Normal Male

Per

cen

tag

e

Type

Parthenogenesis ♂ and ♀%

♂% ♀%

120

PLATE-I

a) Mating adult Corcyra cephalonica (Dorsal view)

b) Mating adult Corcyra cephalonica (Ventral view)

121

PLATE-II

a) Culture of Corcyra cephalonica on rice in the laboratory

b) Egg laying apparatus of Corcyra cephalonica

122

PLATE-III

a) Egg laying by female Corcyra cephalonica

b) Egg laying by female Corcyra cephalonica with extended

ovipositor

123

PLATE-IV

a) First instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica

b) Second instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica

124

PLATE-V

a) Third instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica

b) Fourth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica

125

PLATE-VI

a) Fifth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica

b) Sixth instar larva of Corcyra cephalonica

126

PLATE-VII

a) Sexual dimorphism at the larval stage of C. cephalonica

b) Culture of individual larva

127

PLATE-VIII

a) Pupa of Corcyra cephalonica inside webbed grains

b) Male and female pupae of Corcyra cephalonica

128

PLATE-IX

a) Male and Female Pupa Identification Experimental setup

b) Experimental setup

129

PLATE-X

Adult (Moth) of Corcyra cephalonica

a) Male Moth b) Female Moth

c) Labial palps of male d) Labial palps of female

130

PLATE-XI

Life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica

131

PLATE-XII

Damage of rice by Corcyra cephalonica

132

PLATE-XIII

a) Kernel‟s of Semecarpus anacardium (Linnaeus)

b) Powder of Kernel‟s of Semecarpus anacardium

133

PLATE-XIV

a) Argemone mexicana (Linnaeus) Plant

b) Powder of leaves of Argemone mexicana

134

PLATE-XV

a) Annona squamosa (Linnaeus) plant

b) Seeds of Annona squamosa

135

PLATE-XVI

a) Phylloclades Euphorbia tirucalli (Linnaeus) plant

b) Powder of Phylloclades Euphorbia tirucalli

\

136

PLATE-XVII

a) Nerium oleander (Linnaeus) Plant

b) Powder of Nerium oleander leaves

137

PLATE-XVIII

Extraction of phytochemicals by Soxhlets‟s Apparatus

138

PLATE-XIX

a) Experimental set up for the exposure of larva of Corcyra

cephalonica to plant extracts

b) Culture of larvae of Corcyra cephalonica in rice with plant

extracts

139

PLATE-XX

Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to Kernel‟s extracts of

Semecarpus anacardium in Chloroform (a, b) and Acetone(c, d) extracts

140

PLATE-XXI

Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to leaf‟s extracts of

Argemone mexicana in Chloroform (a, b) and Methanol (c, d) solvents

141

PLATE-XXII

Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to seed‟s extracts of

Annona squamosa in Acetone (a, b) and Ethanol (c, d) solvents

142

PLATE-XXIII

Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to extracts of Phylloclades

of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform (a, b) solvents

143

PLATE-XXIV

Larvae of Corcyra cephalonica after exposure to leaf‟s extracts of

Nerium oleander in Acetone (a, b) solvent

144

PLATE-XXV

A. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure

of larvae to extract of kernels of Semecarpus anacardium in

Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b)

B. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure

of larvae to extract of leaves of Argemone mexicana

in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d)

145

PLATE-XXVI

C. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure

of larvae to extract of seeds of Annona squamosa in Acetone (e)

and Ethanol (f)

D. Morphological effects on Corcyra cephalonica Pupa after exposure

of larvae to extract of phylloclade‟s of Euphorbia tirucalli in

Chloroform (g) and leaves of Nerium oleander in Acetone (h)

146

PLATE-XXVII

Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to

kernel‟s extract of Semecarpus anacardium in Chloroform (a, b) and

Acetone (c, d) solvent

147

PLATE-XXVIII

Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment to leaf‟s extracts

of Argemone mexicana in Chloroform (a, b) and Methanol (c, d) solvent

148

PLATE-XXIX

Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to seed‟s

extracts of Annona squamosa in Acetone (a, b) and Ethanol(c, d) solvent

149

PLATE-XXX

Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after treatment of larvae to

Phylloclade‟s of Euphorbia tirucalli in Chloroform (a, b, c, d) solvent

150

PLATE-XXXI

Adult of Corcyra cephalonica emerged after exposure of larvae to leaf‟s

extracts of Nerium oleander in Acetone (a, b, c and d) solvent

151

Plate-XXXII

A) T.S. of larval foregut of Corcyra cephalonica(Control)

B) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of S.

anacardium in Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b) solvent

C) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A.

mexicana in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d) solvent

152

D) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A.

squamosa in Acetone (e) and Ethanol (f) solvent

E) T. S. of foregut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of E.

tirucalli in Chloroform (g) and N. oleander in Acetone (h) solvent

153

Plate-XXXIII

A) T. S. of midgut of Corcyra cephalonica (Control)

B) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of S.

anacardium in Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b) solvent

C) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of

A. mexicana in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d) solvent

154

D) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A.


E) T. S. of midgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of E.


155

Plate-XXXIV

A) T. S. of hindgut of Corcyra cephalonica (Control)

B) T. S. of hindgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of

S. anacardium in Chloroform (a) and Acetone (b) solvent

C) T. S. of hindgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of

A. mexicana in Chloroform (c) and Methanol (d) solvent

156

D) T. S. of hindgut of C. cephalonica after exposure to extract of A.


E.)T. S. of hindgut of C.cephalonica after exposure to extract of E.


157

PLATE-XXXV

a) Culture of individual pupa and emergence of female

b) Laying of Parthenogenetic eggs from the independently

developed female

158

PLATE-XXXVI

a) Experimental setup for the culture of four different mating groups

of Parthenogenetic and normal C. cephalonica

b) Rearing of Parthenogenetic C. cephalonica on Rice in laboratory

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