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1914 1994

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On a flat plain a house is built. It is an object standing up on the flat surface. Inside the house

there are rooms, volumes of space: but from the outside these are not obvious. All we see is the object. Many houses built together form streets and squares. (1)They enclose space and thus a new factor is added to the internal volumes or spaces . . . the outside spaces. Whereas internal volumes, rooms, are justified in the purely functional sense of construction and shelter, there is no such forth-right justification for external space/volume. It is accidental and marginal. Or is it?

In a purely materialistic world our environment would resemble a rock-strewn river, the rocks being buildings and the river being traffic passing them, vehicular and pedestrian. In fact, (2)this conception of flow is false since people are by nature possessive. A group of people standing or chatting on the pavement colonize the spot and the passer-by has to walk round them. Social life is not confined to the interior of buildings. Where people forgather, in market place or forum, there will therefore be some expression of this to give identity to the activity. Market place, focal point, clearly defined promenade and so on. In other words, the outside is articulated into spaces just as is the inside, but for its own reasons.

We can therefore postulate an environment which is articulated; as opposed to one which is simply a part of the earth’s surface, over which ant-like people and vehicles are forever swarming and on to which buildings are plonked at random. Consequently, instead of a shapeless environment based on the principle of flow, (3)we have an articulated environment resulting from the breaking-up of flow into action and rest, into corridor street and market place, alley and square (and all their minor devolutions).

(4)The practical result of so articulating the town into identifiable parts is that no sooner do we create a HERE than we have to admit a THERE, and it is precisely in the manipulation of these two spatial concept that a large part of urban drama arises.

(G. Cullen, TOWNSCAPE, The Architectural Press, 1961)

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