CbSE THEMES

CBSE Sample Theme Theme 1

Contents

english

Theme 1*: Theme – india’s Tryst with Mars 2

CBSESampleQuestions 6

Theme 2*: The Cleaning up Campaign sweeps Across the Country 7


hindifo"k; 1*% LokLF; 16

lh-ch-,l-bZ-lSEiyiz'u 20

fo"k; 2*% eaxy ij Hkkjr dk eaxykxeu 21

lh-ch-,l-bZ-lSEiyiz'u 25

MATheMATiCs

Theme 1*: AtithidevoBhavah 27


* Issued by CBSE as per Circular No. Acad-45/2014 dated 22 November, 2014.

Theme 1 CBSE Sample Theme

Theme 2*: empower to learn 31


sCienCe

Theme 1*: UnderstandingtheEnvironmentofMars 35


Theme 2*: Clean india–We Mean it! 43


soCiAl sCienCe

Theme 1*: AStoryofTwoBrothers 48


Theme 2*: LivingontheEdge 53



open text-based assessmentenglish – ix

Communicative (Code 101)Language & Literature (Code 184)

Theme 1: Theme – India’s Tryst with Mars 2


Theme 2: The Cleaning up Campaign Sweeps Across the Country 7


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Theme 1—india’s tryst with marsAbstractMOM will map the Martian geography, study the atmosphere and look for signs of methane gas, an indication of life on Mars. What is even more significant is that MOM proved the Government’s ‘Make in India’ push is eminently practical: the $74- million Indian craft. The text discusses impact of space programmes on India’s economy and society and the status of in India in the field of space research. The text also suggests a future perspective, which will set students reflecting on their potential roles in the field.

Mars. Mystic planet, the enigma of astrologers, the anima mundi of astronomers and the eternal obsession of science fiction writers, who terrified the world with stories of red- skinned Martians, armed with killer lasers arriving from the Red Planet to invade Planet Earth. But on the morning of Wednesday, September 24, 2014, India’s Mars Orbiter Mission, affectionately nicknamed MOM, which invaded the Red Planet by flawlessly entering its atmos-phere and going into orbit. Mangalyaan was launched on November 5 last year and had travelled over 650-million kilometres to reach the Martian atmosphere.

From our very own Aryabhata satellite launched in 1975, in Russia, to our home-built Mangalyaan launched from Sriharikota, India’s technological achievements have grown in leaps and bounds, and the Indian Nation has come a long way! Mangalyaan, formally known as the Mars Orbiter Mission or MOM.

These are two success of stories, Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan, that have made India sit on the high table of technologically advanced nations.

Laudatory messages poured in from several other quarterseither in the press or on social networking sites, for India’s entry into the elite club of space-faring nations, which have reached the Red Planet:

“The Mars mission’s success is continuity to the astronomical heritage laid down by astronomers like Lagadha, Aryabhata, Brahmagupta and Bhaskara.’’ • “Bharat scripted history’’ by becoming the first country in the world to make it to Martian

orbit in the very first attempt. A time when the whole world has its focus on Bharat, this great achievement marks another milestone in the path of glory.”

• “A milestone in the journey that we, as a nation, envisaged after independence’’. • “The scientific and technological potential in India should be fully developed for use in other

sectors”.

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Three hundred days ago, India’s space mission termed Mangalyaan, the voyage towards the planet Mars, was launched. It was what one calls a “textbook” launch with zero error, and one that has made India say “Yes, we can”. And in 300 days, after a journey pampered with uncharacteristic attention, the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) put itself into orbit around the red planet on schedule. That means, for the first time, a space agency has put a spacecraft around Mars on its first attempt (NASA took two attempts to get so far; the Soviet Union, three). Once that happened, it would start analysing the surface of the planet for any methane, a gas which is believed to hint at the presence of any Martian biology or life forms.

This point in the mission’s long timeline, is a proud moment in the history of India, a nation that started its space programme just about 50 years ago. With the Mangalyaan experiment, some say that India has “arrived” as a member of technically advanced nations.

The Space Commission Chairman, has also responded saying that every rupee spent here bene-fits people all across India. To put it in perspective, he said that Mangalyaan cost each of us over one billion Indians, about less than four rupees or four cents [about the price of an onion or two]! It is not just a grand bargain, but a steal!

What has the “common citizen” got out of these four rupees; or even forty or four hundred, count-ing over the year?

Plenty! You may have studied or read about how Indian satellites hovering around us give us real time information on weather, information to fishermen and coastal farmers on the tides and fish flock, on the state of ships and other vessels near and far from the coast, carry radio and TV waves, and most of all help in saving lives of millions.

How does development occur? When and how does a country become “developed”?Development has multiple components: proper food, clothing and shelter for the people; adequate

education and culture; good health; good environment; equal opportunity for all; ability to defend from enemies; economic stability and growth; and above all, good governance, all leading to a feeling of justifiable national pride.

Thanks to the help from our space programme, the loss of lives in the recent cyclone Phanini was limited to forty-four and almost a million people were saved by prior evacuation. Earlier cyclones, when we did not have this facility of early warning killed tens of thousands. Yes, but why to Mars? Herein is where the idea of development becomes important. India is still thought of as a “developing nation”, once ridiculed as a “ship to mouth” economy.

If you look at any one of these above components, technology plays a vital role in it. Technology comes out of logical, scientific and rational thought and its application. The greatest character-istic about technology is that it is scalable to millions, it becomes cheap and affordable, once it is spread, demanded and used; it can thus offer convenience and progress for the entire nation. Thanks to technology, we have now moved from “ship to mouth” to a “silo to ship” economy, and we rid ourselves of smallpox and polio, and are vaccinating all children against some common childhood diseases. It is here that Mangalyaan is relevant.

The expenditure of seventy-six million dollars has several other useful effects. We are using the latest technology, indeed cre-ating new ones, and at a frugal cost. Mars missions by developed

countries would be at least thrice costlier. This bespeaks its original purpose being a demonstration of the perseverance of ISRO personnel, especially considering everything else about the mission was a cobbling together of well-tested components. That MOM had a scientific payload on board seems incidental even if its observations will soon be the centre of much attention. And the design, building, testing and setting up have all been done by Indian engineers. Only some vital components were im-ported. It has thus led us to be self-sufficient and advanced our capabilities.

The technological prowess to aim for Mars means that we can apply it even better for terrestrial needs at home. It also brings us business, you may already be aware or have read about Indian satellites already carrying the payloads of other countries.

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This can also be good news for Indian cosmologists and astrophysicists who, like many other scientists in India, have been clamouring for a hike in research and development funding since the early 1990s.

THE MISSION: The Launch Vehicle - PSLV-C25 injects the Spacecraft into an Elliptical Parking Orbit with a perigee of 250 km and an apogee of 23,500 km. With six Liquid Engine firing, the spacecraft is gradually maneuvered into a hyperbolic trajectory with which it escapes from the Earth’s Sphere of Influence (SOI) and arrives at the Mars Sphere of Influence. When spacecraft reaches nearest point of Mars (Peri-apsis), it is maneuvered in to an elliptical orbit around Mars by firing the Liquid Engine. The spacecraft then moves around the Mars in an orbit with Peri-apsis of 366 km and Apo-apsis of about 80000 km.

Mars atDeparture

Departure01-12-13

EarthatMOI Vernal

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Trajectory Design

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rbITMars OrbitInsertion (MOI)24-09-14

the mission consists of following three phases:

1. geo centric phaseThe spacecraft is injected into an Elliptic Parking Orbit by the launcher. With six main engine burns, the spacecraft is gradually maneuvered into a departure hyperbolic trajectory with which it escapes from the Earth’s Sphere of Influence (SOI) with Earth’s orbital velocity + V boost. The SOI of earth ends at 918347 km from the surface of the earth beyond which the perturbing force on the orbiter is mainly due to the Sun. One primary concern is how to get the spacecraft to Mars, on the least amount of fuel. ISRO uses a method of travel called a Hohmann Transfer Orbit – or a Minimum Energy Transfer Orbit – to send a spacecraft from Earth to Mars with the least amount of fuel possible.

MOI Epoch : 24-09-2014, 07:18 hrs (IsT)periapsis : 423 kmapo-apsis : 80000 kmInclination : 150.0°period : 76.8 hr

peri-apsis

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To Earth

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2. helio centric phaseThe spacecraft leaves Earth in a direction tangential to Earth’s orbit and encounters Mars tan-gentially to its orbit. The flight path is roughly one half of an ellipse around sun. Eventually it will intersect the orbit of Mars at the exact moment when Mars is there too. This trajectory becomes possible with certain allowances when the relative position of Earth, Mars and Sun form an angle of approximately 44°. Such an arrangement recur periodically at intervals of about 780 days. Min-imum energy opportunities for Earth-Mars occur in November 2013, January 2016, May 2018 etc.

3. martian phaseThe spacecraft arrives at the Mars Sphere of Influence (around 573473 km from the surface of Mars) in a hyperbolic trajectory. At the time the spacecraft reaches the closest approach to Mars (Periapsis), it is captured into planned orbit around mars by imparting ∆V retro which is called the Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) manoeuvre. The Earth-Mars trajectory is shown in the above fig-ure. ISRO plans to launch the Mars Orbiter Mission during the November 2013 window utilizing minimum energy transfer opportunity.

What the press says…Calling India’s first space mission to Mars “historic,” an enthusiastic Times of India update report

earlier this month began, “Hurtling towards the Red Planet . . . the Mars Orbiter Mission will not have time to pause and celebrate” its first 100 days of spaceflight. Moreover, there’ll be “no applause from its only true spectators—the mute planets and distant stars.” Building things creatively and inexpen-sively has today become a national strength. India built the world’s cheapest car, the world’s cheapest tablet, and even quirkier creations like flour mills powered by scooters. India’s space budget, the ar-ticle reports, is 5.5% of NASA’s. India launches non-Indian Earth satellites cheaply for others. And India’s spaceflight engineering labour costs are low. The Hindustan Times, which calls Mangalyaan “a budget player in the global space race,” emphasizes that only 21 of 51 attempted Mars probes have succeeded, with only the US, Europe, and Russia having orbited or landed probes there. The applauding New York Times article, “From India, proof that a trip to Mars doesn’t have to break the bank,” examines the “budget player” dimension.

the future…MOM’s success has helped India to assert herself as a regional space-power that not only mar-

kets herself as a low-cost hub, but also as a country that can set the agenda for regional cooperation.Hopefully the programme will gain strength in the next decade, the payload will be increased,

the scientific agenda will be modified along with the infrastructure on the ground. Going ahead in the years to come will keep MOM’s achievement as an important milestone of Indian scientific- technolog-ical progress.

There is yet another perspective that needs to be examined — the promotion of science and technology through the processes of engaging and enticing students at the school and college levels, and their parents, and explaining to the available career options. Recall that ISRO and the Space Commission have started doing this by broadcasting the inserting of the spacecraft into the orbit of Mars using Edusat TV. This is also an appropriate moment for ISRO to organise regular sessions in our schools across the country. The jargon used in the sessions could be simplified, presented in all the twenty-two scheduled languages, and English, explaining how scientific laws were applied to all aspects of space launch.

MOM has shown us “Yes, we can”. The event still holds our fascination, and the time is just right. “After all, every ‘mom’ teaches her children and cares for their future, assisting them in every way. So why should ISRO’s MOM not do so for all children across India?” the voxpopuliask.

These days, the achievement has captured the imagination of youths — as shown by the over 2 lakh “likes” by 18–21 year-olds, on the MOM’s account in the social networking site. Mangalyaan thus is a tool to attract youth and advance science. It is, therefore, not just an expense, but also an

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investment for the future. Today it is Mars, tomorrow even greater challenges. Should India not be ready? Mars is, thus, a metaphor. (Any two may be chosen)

CBSE SamplE QuEStionS

Read the questions carefully and answer to the point in about 100 to 120 words. [2 × 05 = 10] 1. India has become the 4th nation in the world and the first in Asia to embark on a successful

mission to Mars. While the Indian media and leaders have gushed at this achievement as a national pride, how would it benefit the common people? Answer with suitable observations and illustrative examples.

KeY: • India’s satellite technology strengthened existing telegraphy, telephony, wireless telegraphy

and also radio communication. • Bio-prospecting becoming easier, with satellites helping Indian scientists reap nature’s

benefits. • Map vegetation, ecological zones and landscapes to provide valuable information for use

in hunt for new resources – e.g., plants as potential sources of undiscovered drugs; map India’s zones of biological diversity.

• This mission makes India a contender for the commercial global space market estimated at $300 billion.

• Commercial gains through use of technology. • MOST IMPORTANT: developing a spirit of inquiry and exploration in young minds.

2. Imagine, that you are a student-astronaut, who had participated in the launch. Describe what you experienced while in flight and later, what you felt and saw when Mangalyaan, entered the Mars orbit.

KeY: • The solid rocket motors ignite and this feels like a huge kick behind, the vehicle shakes a

lot and the ride is rough for the first two minutes as you are pressed back into your seats with twice your weight. When the solid rocket motors burn out there is a big flash of light as they separate from the big fuel tank the shuttle is strapped to. Then the ride smoothes out. As the space-vehicle gets higher into the thinning atmosphere and burns off most of the fuel, the vehicle accelerates faster and you are pressed back into your seat the last few minutes of the ride.

• Once the main engines stop, immediately you go from the being squashed to being weightless. • Weightlessness due to lack of acceleration. • From far away from the Earth, and later in the Mars Orbit, you are in a good position to

study the Mars & the stars. • Make records –writing and drawing, working in the absence of gravity. • Describe features of Mars that are visible from the orbiter-red soil, craters, space storms,

length of the Mars day. • How Mangalyaan manages to capture only the ‘bright side’ of the planet. • A sense of wonder, curiosity and pride in India’s achievement.

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OPEN TEXT MATERIAL*Theme 2—The Cleaning up Campaign Sweeps Across the Country

AbstractPublic spaces in India’s cities often are eyesores full of rotting piles of trash along the streets, in neighbourhoods, public parks and playgrounds, and outside fancy air-conditioned malls and five-star hotels. On Gandhi Jayanti, this year, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi launched the Clean India [Swacch Bharat Abhiyan] campaign that aims to clean all places of human habitation in India of filth and litter. In his words: “We have to give Mahatma Gandhi something on his 150th birth anniversary, in 2019. Just like the whole nation united to fight for freedom back then, we have to work together to clean India now.”The text attempts to familiarise students about the status of hygiene practices in India in the past, the role played by individuals like Mahatma Gandhi and the potential role of youth to raise public consciousness about good sanitation. The issues are presented in the form of prose, poetry and drama, which would motivate students greater to read, assimilate and analyse the challenges with interest.

The following skit [slightly adapted] by Vaishnavi Rajesh, revolves around three youngsters – a youngster from city, a youngster from the town and a doctor who is from city but practiced medicine in town. The three people realize the need and importance of proper disposal of indus-trial waste and the health hazards when it is not done. They start a mass movement and the country is cleaned successfully.

Characters:Pargat - A youngster from a town Arjun - A youngster from a city Dr. Veni - A doctorSome common people, porters

Scene - I(At the railway station of a city called Pragatipur. At the centre of the stage is Arjun standing

under a board which reads ‘Platform No. 2’. Arjun is a 18-year old boy who is the son of a rich leather factory owner. He waits for his friend Pargat, who is from a town called Swarnapur. The railway station is busy and noisy with people and porters. Pargat, who is also 18 and has just started going to college, enters from left, pulling a trolley bag. They greet each other).

Arjun: Hello, Pargat! How are you? It has been a long time since we met. Glad to meet you.

Pargat: Yes! I’m fine brother. I’m really happy to see you. It has been 7 years since we had met last. You’ve really grown tall! Anyway, I’ll be staying here for 6 months at a stretch.

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Arjun: (laughs) You too! Come, let’s keep moving. We have to go home and then we’ll pay a visit to my uncle’s factory. I’ll show you some really interesting things happening over there!

Pargat: Okay! Let’s go. (The two exit towards the right)

Scene - II(They reach Arjun’s house which is well lit. A sofa in the centre. A window with a flower vase on

its sill. A tea-table in front of the sofa with some newspapers. To the left is a closed shelf. They enter from the left. Arjun takes Pargat’s trolley and puts it inside the shelf).

Pargat: Okay, Arjun! I’ll get ready in a few minutes and we’ll meet again then…

Arjun: Alright! Take your time. I’ll wait here for you.

(Arjun sits on the sofa reading a newspaper. Pargat exits through the left. He comes back after sometime. His hair is neatly combed).

Pargat: Let’s go, brother!

Arjun: Oh! You’re here! Let’s go! The factory is nearby. So let’s walk down.

Scene - III(Pargat nods his head and they exit through the left. They carry a bottle of water and some fruits

with them. They reach the factory and Arjun takes Pargat to a place from where a river can be seen. The backdrop of a stage is a river with the industry releasing its waste into the water at right. Black smoke rises from the chimney to the right).

Pargat: Oh! It stinks here! How do the factory people work here every day, Arjun? The water standing beside the factory is greenish-brown and slimy. And the hot, black smoke rising from there makes me feel very uncomfortable. We don’t have such things in our town. Aren’t you getting any smell, or even feel the heat?

Arjun: That’s alright Pargat. Never mind them. Where else can we dump our waste? Tell me? Don’t worry, they won’t harm anyone.

Pargat: But the fish in the river may die. They need clean water. And what if the farmers are using this water for the crops?

Arjun: Come on, Pargat! Don’t be so silly. Do you want us to store the effluents in our house? Come, let’s go inside the factory. Here, have some water and a fruit.

Scene - IV(They go inside and have some fruit and water. They return home after a while. The next day

morning, Pargat complains of vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhoea and cough. Arjun and Pargat go to the doctor. Dr Veni is a 35 year-old woman. The clinic has a table with the doctor’s usual instruments. A stool to the right of the table and two chairs to its left. Arjun and Pargat enter through the left. Pargat sits on the stool while Arjun sits on the chair. Pargat tells her out his problems and adds that that he is from a nearby town, and has come to the city the previous day. Dr. Veni writes him a prescription)

Dr. Veni: There’s nothing to worry, Mr. Pargat. I too had faced the same problem once. I com-pleted my MS here, and when I went to Swarnapur for my internship practice, I found the town very clean and peaceful. I got used to the water, food and weather there. When I returned here, I too had suffered the same health problems. You know, Mr. Arjun; our city is so dirty when compared to their town. Unless and until we, as citizens, take steps to clean it, we too may face the same situation, sooner or later.

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Arjun: I understand, doctor. My father is a leather factory owner and we too dump the factory waste in the river and pollute the air. Our life span is decreasing. My grandfather used to tell us that the life expectancy in his clean town was about 80 years. But, people are falling ill nowadays by 30 years itself.

Dr. Veni: I suggest that you treat your factory wastes, thereby rendering them harmless before releasing them into the environment. Thousands of people from various categories pass away every year due to air-borne, water borne and vector-borne diseases. The dirty water becomes a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other insects. The river water, when used for irrigation, poisons the crops. This results in diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, malaria, dengue, asthma problems, tuberculosis and several other fatal diseases…. (pause).

I have a suggestion for both of you. Why can’t we start a movement from our locality itself? Isn’t it agood idea? What do you say, Mr. Pargat?

Pargat: Sure, doctor! Let us make our city and nation a heaven!

Dr Veni: Good! Any plans for our movement?

Pargat: First, we must educate people about the need and importance of industrial waste management and tell them the health hazards of not having a clean environment. Using the media will trigger people’s participation. Then, we’ll raise some funds, and then, make it a mass movement.

Arjun: Everything is fine, Pargat, but using the media will cost a lot! Publishing an ad on TV, or radio or newspaper, everything needs to be paid for. We don’t have any money right now.

Dr. Veni: Why do you need money, Mr. Arjun? We have the internet, which is free! Why don’t we post a picture of us three cleaning the city and explain the problem, consequence and the solution to some of these problems. Each of us can post this in our own Facebook or Twitter or any other social networking site accounts and make the ‘post’ open to all. I am sure that some of our friends will get motivated and start joining our movement. We can even raise awareness about this among our friends and relatives. We can e-mail regarding these issues to a wider circle of people who can access and use the computer and internet. They too will raise their own movement in their localities.

Arjun & Pargat: A brilliant idea, doctor! It’s a wonderful idea!

Arjun: Good! We can go to some schools and organize a few workshops when we are free. Students have to be targeted the most because they make up tomorrow’s nation. I will get some posters made and hand them over to the factory workers and other local public. I will also motivate the workers and ask them to spread this idea to all of their family members. I will ensure that my uncle installs a waste-treatment system in the factory. Remember, no sticking posters here and there; they may make the place dirty.

Pargat: I will write some articles regarding this to be published in the newspaper. It is priceless.

Dr. Veni: I will definitely write about this and get it published in a medical magazine. I will also put up an article written in my clinic’s notice board. We must request people politely to donate for this environment-friendly movement and raise funds.

Pargat: After we collect some money, we must share it and recharge our mobiles. We can send SMSs to people, even some random numbers. I have an idea. We can even speak to the MLA who lives in our locality – Mr. Sudhir Singh. He is very friendly and is known for taking practical steps to fulfill the needs of the people. Let us draw his attention to this. I am sure he will help us.

Arjun: This is a wonderful idea, buddy! We can represent our city and speak with Mr. Sudhir Singh tomorrow at around 11 a.m. Are you free tomorrow, doctor?

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Dr. Veni: Since it is beneficial to all the people, I will open my clinic tomorrow only in the evening, by 4’o clock. We’ll go tomorrow. Let’s meet here at my clinic at 10.15 a.m.

Pargat: Remember, we need to focus on the importance of the proper disposal of industrial waste and the health hazards caused due to its improper disposal.

Arjun: You’re right, Pargat. Fine, doctor. Thank you very much. We’ll meet tomorrow here. Let us take leave, and here’s your consultation fee.

Dr. Veni: Thank you! All the best and wishing you a speedy recovery, Mr. Pargat! Take your medicines properly today so that you can come back healthy tomorrow!

(The trio meets the MLA Mr. Sudhir Singh and speaks to him regarding the issue. They request him to speak about this to the Mayor and represent their requests in the Legislative Assembly. Mr. Sudhir Singh raises the topic in the Legislative Assembly and the trio to do their best in their said works to create awareness among the people and successfully gather people to join the movement. A few months later, at Arjun’s house….)

Pargat: Buddy! Did you read today’s newspaper and watch the television this morning?

Arjun: No. Anything interesting?

Pargat: Yes, dear friend! The same thing is broadcast on the television and radio. Listen… (clearing the throat) “Mr. Arjun, Mr.Pargat and Dr.Veni speak to MLA Mr. Sudhir Singh about the harmful effects of releasing untreated industrial waste. Mr. Sudhir Singh speaks in the Legislative Assembly and new laws are formed. Firstly, students who participate in their movement for cleaning their neighbourhood and their environment, will be awarded 10 marks extra in their final exams. Sec-ondly, workers who join the movement with be provided 10% bonus in their salary for 5 months. Thirdly, senior citizens in the movement will be given discounts in ration shops. Fourthly, people and industries found to pollute the environment will be heavily fined from Rs. 1000 to Rs 10,00,000. People all around the state started joining the movement. So, will you join the movement? Let us join hands and say, ‘CLEAN INDIA, HAPPY INDIA’ .”

Arjun: Hurray! We’ve done it, Pargat! We are really making a way for a ‘CLEAN INDIA, HAPPY INDIA’

Going back in time…The relation of modern engineering to ancient engineering is difficult to comprehend considering

that modern engineering is so highly specialized and technologically advanced. Design and rules-of- thumb, empirical equations, physics, numerical methods, computer simulators, and other- engineering tools taken for granted today were not available to ancient engineers. Despite the supreme technological advantage today’s engineer has over the ancient engineer, fantastic engineering feats rivalling those of today were achieved throughout history. For example, the Indus Valley civilization of northwestern India flourished from 2600-1900 BCE. Harappa, Lothal, and Mohenjo-daro are three of the extensive archeological excavations in the region, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. They are noted for sophisti-cated public works that included sewage drainage systems, public wells, and private and public baths.Mohenjo-Daro’s “chief glory” was a complex system of drains that ran throughout the city. According to one scholar, “only the Romans, more than two thousand years later, had a comparable drainage system.”

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Mohenjo-Darohadaflush Anearbywellprovidedthewaterand systeminalmosteveryhouse. couldbeemptiedthroughadrain.

Mohenjo-daro city was situated on a slope between two streams. At the point where one of the streams meet the city’s walls, people carved a large reservoir out of rock. This was connected to a net-work of small and big reservoirs that distributed water to the entire city all year round. When you have such an extensive domestic water storage system, the next problem that arises is that of drain-age. Town planners of Mohenjo-daro had built the worlds first known main drainage system. It was a central system that connected every household in the city. Almost every house had a drinking water well, with a private bathroom. Earthenware waste pipes carried sewage from each home into covered channels that ran along the centres of the city’s main streets into the nearby agricultural fields, riv-ers, or streams. The drains took waste from kitchens, bathrooms, and indoor toilets. The main drains even had movable stone slabs as inspection points. The houses had excellent plumbing facilities for provision of water.

Following the fall of the Roman Empire, cities in most of Europe and parts of Asia, began to shrink considerably as residents migrated away from the urban centers (Bishop 1968). The population reduc-tion of the cities resulted in the abandonment of municipal services, e.g., sewer systems, runningwater. The neglect of these systems contributed to their deterioration. Another factor that contributed to the demise of urban drainage systems during this time period was the general apathy and indifference of urban residents during the time period. If people neglected their own cleanliness how could they be expected to be concerned with the cleanliness of the community?

Down the years…As Indians, we take pride in our cultural advancement by pointing to the Great Bath at

Mohenjo- Daro as evidence. While our people were bathing and had evolved a sophisticated sanitation system in our earliest cities, a large number of the world’s population were (and are) still to discover the rudiments of personal hygiene.

The country’s ten billion dollar Clean India campaign aims to install more toilets, to end open defecation, improve trash disposal and educate citizens about the link between sanitation and pub-lic health. The launch was timed to coincide with the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. In fact, Mahatma Gandhi included this issue of sanitation in his constructive programme, which he formulated and made it the central strategy for attaining independence for the country. His famous observation, “If we do not keep our backyards clean our ‘swaraj’ will have a foul stench” remains so intensely and poignantly relevant at that time as it is today...Mahatma Gandhi wrote extensively in the Indian Opinion, The Amrit Bazaar Patrika and several other newspapers about the methods to prevent epidemic diseases. It is instructive to learn that Mahatma Gandhi, in his articles, essays and letters, blamed our unclean habits and unhygienic conditions for the emergence of diseases. He even appealed to the educated Indians to become missionaries in hygiene and sanitation.

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Microsoft founder, Bill Gates, has praised the Government’s focus on providing toilets as a critical driver of children’s health. The dynamism of the Clean India Campaign could make the mammoth task a reality. Reaching out to each government and private school in every village and town looks daunting, but the spirited movement will, eventually, touch the chord of each child who would soon be given the privilege of using a toilet.

The challenges ahead…In its simplest connotation, the term ‘environment’ means the surrounding habitat of human

beings. In its narrowest meaning, ‘environment’ means the immediate surroundings of a person – his/her home, work place, market, neighbourhood, etc. It also includes the atmosphere in which a person lives. In its widest sense, it refers to the entire earth with its green forests, vast oceans, the layers of air and oxygen, etc. The importance of good and clean environment cannot be described adequately. The main factor which influences the growth of individuals is their environment. But unfortunately, the various elements of environment such as, air, water, land, etc., are polluted and contaminated.

Urbanisation, industrialisation and over-crowded living have primarily been responsible for this menace. India’s rise as an eco-nomic powerhouse depends on the thousands of small and large scale industrial units which simply dump their waste, more often toxic and hazardous, on land or discharged into water bodies, without adequate treatment causing environmental pollution and health hazards, despite the requirements of the pollution control measures. Management of industrial waste flows in a cycle: monitoring, collection, transportation, processing, disposal or recycle. People and companies need to educate themselves about the environment. Haze and smog alerts in urban areas usually result from harmful transportation emissions, and output of factories into the air that we breathe.

Nearer home, our Prime Minister said, “‘I will not litter, I will not allow others to litter’, is what we must resolve if we are true

children of this motherland”. As we clean our homes every day, why can’t this attitude not be extended to overall clean-liness and Swacch Bharat? The Prime Minister has called for a change in governance and attitude towards hygiene and sanitation. The pursuit of cleanliness could be an economic activity, contributing to GDP growth, a reduction in health-care costs, and a source of employment.

In the 21st century, the country is at a turning point. Time is running out faster than ever, and any further delay in implementation of sanitation and en-vironmental programmes will cause irreparable damage to both nature and human beings. No army or professionals, howsoever big, and even well paid, can clean up the squalor left behind by 1.3 billion people... Each one of those 1.3 billion has to act responsibly and not litter and take care of their own garbage. The individuals, households, schools are the places where this fight has to begin and be won!


[Any Two]Read the following questions and answer them concisely in about 100 to 120 words each.

1. On a recent visit to a nearby settlement [in the picture] during a neighbourhood clean-ing campaign, you were appalled by the living conditions of the people and the prevalence of communicable diseases like typhoid, malaria and jaundice, with a high infant mortality

WillingHandsMakeAnyWorkMeaningful

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rate. Write a letter to the Ward Councillor of your locality, expressing your views, and offering suggestions for improving the living conditions of the residents. (5)

Qn. 01: KEY: Causes & consequences: lack of information, lack of proper maintenance sewage & sewerage systems by local bodies, spread of diseases, infant deaths, breeding of flies and mosquitoes etc.

Solutions: Speaking to the people about vaccination, against open air defecation and the need to use toilets, personal hygiene, meet the ward councillor with a plan to build public toilets, a school, distribution of suitable books or showing them videos about health, hygiene & environmental conservation, some inhabitants to address students, promote literacy, design posters, placards.

2. The concept of Sulabh International, a project that converts night soil to bio-gas, visited your school and gave a talk about the need for construction of such toilets in homes, in villages. Write an article to be delivered during the Eco-club Meeting, on the problem, highlighting how the lack of sanitation puts the health of the people at risk. (5)

Qn. 02: KEY: About: Works to promote human rights, environmental sanitation, non- conventional sources of energy, waste management and social reforms through education. Innovations: A scavenging-free two-pit pour-flush toilet - Sulabh Shauchalaya Safe and hygienic on-site human waste disposal technology.

Promoting literacy among scavengers, so that they can compete in open job market Main-tenance and construction of pay-&-use public toilets Bath, laundry and urinal facilities being used by about ten million people every day and generates bio-gas and bio-fertilizer produced from excreta-based plants, low maintenance, waste water treatment plants of medium capacity -for institutions and industries

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3. In 2013, more Indians have access to mobile phones than adequate sanitation facilities. But habits like littering and spitting in the streets are also perennial problems with serious health consequences. Will people in our cities and towns stop littering the roads and spitting in public places as a result of the Clean India Campaign? Express your views on the topic in a letter to the editor of a leading daily. (5)

Qn. 03: KEY: Solutions: Legislation to control the use of plastic, steel and other non- biode-gradable products have had tremendous impact on the country’s environmental degradation and litter problem.

Ban the use of plastic bags for commercial purposes

Impose fines for spitting & littering [on-the-spot]

Public awareness through the media-they hinder quality of life & the environment & the global image of Indian society as a whole.

4. Plan a ‘My Clean Home, Clean School, Clean India’ campaign in which students of classes IX to XII can contribute to raising awareness among your school mates, parents and com-munity. Put down your ideas in the form of a short essay. (5)

Qn. 04: KEY: The activities of the campaign: To be coordinated by the teachers and the head boy and head girl of the school.

Appealing handmade posters, articles, and pamphlets– for display & ralley Songs, dances & skits to convey the right message and to give an air of festivity Involve nearby schools and eco-friendly factories.

Include face to face interaction to awaken the public, industrialists and the government to take quick steps.

Stress on waste management and its treatment before disposal. Look to save our monuments & natural resources.

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cbse Themes

Issued by CBSE


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2- fo"k; % eaxy ij Hkkjr dk eaxykxeu

lkjka'k%

fdlh Hkh ns'k dk fodkl mlosQ foKku ,oa rduhd ij fuHkZj djrk gSA Nk=kksa esa foKku osQ izfr #fp mRiUu djus ,oa muesa Lons'kh oSKkfud f'k{kk rduhdksa osQ izfr fo'okl o xoZ vuqHko djkus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd os bl {ks=k esa Hkkjrh; iz;klksa dh ljkguk dj losaQA

izLrqr ikB~; lkexzh gky gh esa liQy gq, eklZ vkfcZVj fe'ku dk o.kZu djrh gSA vki bl rF;ijd tkudkjh ls Hkkjr esa gksus okys varfj{k&vuqla/ku dh mRd"kZrk ;k=kk dk vuqeku yxk ldrs gSaA vki bl fo"k; esa vius fe=kksa] ekrk&firk vkfn ls ppkZ dj ldrs gSa rFkk Hkkjr dh fodkl ;k=kk osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk iSnk dj ldrs gSaA vki bl fo"k; esa vkSj vf/d tkudkjh izkIr djus osQ fy, fudV osQ iqLrdky;] os/'kkyk vFkok uSV ij [kkst dj ldrs gSa rFkk ns'k esa vU; {ks=kksa esa gksus okys iz;klksa esa Lokoyacu o lq/kj ykus osQ fy, vius ;ksxnku dk iz.k ys ldrs gSaA

eklZ vkWfcZVj fe'ku (êkWe*)

varfj{k esa pedrs rkjs] xzg ,oa vU; fiaM lfn;ksa ls euq"; dh dYiukvksa osQ osQUnz jgs gSaA izkphu le; ls gh Hkkjr [kxksy'kkL=k laca/h vusd fopkj fo'o osQ lEeq[k j[krk jgk gSA orZeku le; esa Hkh Hkkjr us varfj{k foKku osQ {ks=k esa bfrgkl jprs gq, ih,l,yoh lh&25 jkWosQV osQ ekè;e ls eklZ vkWfcZVj ;ku dks eaxy dh d{kk esa LFkkfir dj vius eaxy fe'ku dks liQyrkiwoZd iwjk dj fy;k gSA eaxy;ku dks JhgfjdksVk osQ lrh'k /ou Lisl lsaVj ls îksyj lSVsykbV ykUp osfgdy* ih,l,yoh lh&25 dh enn ls NksM+k x;k FkkA ;g ns'k osQ fy, cgqr cM+h liQyrk gSA blosQ iz{ksi.k osQ i'pkr Hkkjr dh varfj{k laLFkk ^bljks* vejhdk] :l vkSj ;wjksi osQ oqQN ns'k la;qDr :i ls ;wjksih; la?k dh varfj{k laLFkk osQ ckn pkSFkh laLFkk cu pqdh gS] ftlus bruh cM+h liQyrk gkfly dh gSSA

igys liQy vfHk;ku ¶eSjhuj 9¸ (uklk) dks feykdj gq, oqQy 51 eaxy vfHk;kuksa esa ls vc rd osQoy 21 esa gh liQyrk izkIr dh tk ldh gSA phu vkSj tkiku dh ukdke;kc dksf'k'kksa osQ ckn Hkkjr ,f'k;k dk igyk vkSj ,dek=k jk"Vª gS] ftlosQ êkWe* (eklZ vkfcZVj fe'ku) vfHk;ku us igyh dksf'k'k esa gh eaxy xzg osQ dne liQyrkiwoZd pwes gSa] blls igys ;wjksih; la?k dh ;wjksfi;u Lisl ,tsalh] vesfjdk dh ûs'kuy ,;jksukWfVDl ,aM Lisl ,MfefuLVªs'ku* ûklk* vkSj :l dh ^jkWLdksLekst* us gh vc rd eaxy xzg ij vius vfHk;ku Hksts gSaA

o"kZ 1969 esa LFkkiuk osQ ckn ls vc rd ^bljks* us fofHkUu mn~ns';ksa osQ fy;s fliZQ i`Foh osQ vkl&ikl osQ vfHk;ku vkSj panzek osQ fy;s vfHk;ku dks gh vatke fn;s FksA 19 viSzy 1975 dks Lons'k fufeZr mixzg ^vk;ZHkV~V* osQ iz{ksi.k osQ lkFk vius varfj{k ;k=kk dh 'kqjQvkr djus okys ^bljks* dh ;g liQyrk Hkkjr osQ varfj{k esa c<+rs opZLo dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gSA ;g igyk volj gS tc ^bljks* us i`Foh osQ izHkko {ks=k ls ckgj fdlh [kxksyh; fiaM osQ vè;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, vfHk;ku dks liQyrkiwoZd ykap fd;k gSA

Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/ku laxBu osQ ,d gtkj ls T+;knk oSKkfud bl vfHk;ku ls tqMs+ Fks] ftlesa ukStoku oSKkfudksa us Hkh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ tks la[;k esa 20 ls vf/d FksA

cbse Themes

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fp=k 1% êkWe*&iz{ksfir gksrs gq,

fliZQ 450 djksM+ #i;ksa ;kuh yxHkx 72 fefy;u MkWyj dh ykxr dk ;g vfHk;ku fo'o dk lcls lLrk eaxy vfHk;ku ekuk x;k gSA bldh rqyuk 18 uoacj 2013 dks Hksts x, uklk osQ gky gh osQ yky xzg vfHk;ku &êklZ ,VeksLiQh;j ,aM oksysVkby boksY;w'ku fe'ku* êkosu* ls dh tk ldrh gS] ftldh ykxr 671 fefy;u vesfjdu MkWyj gSA tcfd ;wjksi osQ êklZ ,Dlizsl vkWfcZVj* (2003) dk [kpZ 386 fefy;u MkWyj FkkA Hkkjr osQ jkWosQV iksVZ dgs tkus okys JhgfjdksVk esa izèkkuea=kh ujsanz eksnh us fVIi.kh dh Fkh] ¶gkWyhoqM dh lkbal fiQD'ku fiQYe ^xzsfoVh* dk ctV gekjs eaxy vfHk;ku ls T+;knk gS --- ;g cgqr cM+h miyfC/ gS ---¸ ;gk¡ ;g crkuk mfpr jgsxk fd xzsfoVh fiQYe dk ctV êkWe* osQ ctV ls 13 fefy;u ikWmaM vf/d FkkA iz/kuea=kh ujsUnz eksnh us eaxy;ku dh liQyrk ij ckj&ckj viuh [kq'kh trk;h gSA iz/kuea=kh osQ vuqlkj] ¶vkWVks esa fdlh ,dliQj dk fdjk;k 10 #i;s izfr fdyksehVj] eaxy;ku ij [kpZ 7 #i;s izfr fdyksehVj jgkA eksnh us dgk fd eaxy;ku dh liQyrk dh [kq'kh fozQoSQV dh fdlh thr ls gtkj xquh cM+h gSA¸

eaxy xzg dh lrg ij igys ls ekStwn lcls T+;knk pfpZr vesfjdh jksyj ;ku ^D;wfj;ksflVh* dh ykxr nks vjc vesfjdh MkWyj ls Hkh T+;knk jgh FkhA tcfd Hkkjr eaxy;ku izfr Hkkjrh; 4 #i;s ls de dher osQ lkFk fo'o dk vc rd dk lcls lLrk varj&xzgh fe'ku gSA blosQ fuekZ.k ewY; dks fuEu j[kus gsrq cgqr vf/d eg¡xs fons'kh iqtksZ a ,oa midj.kksa osQ LFkku ij Lons'kh iqtksZ a dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA eaxy;ku ,oa ih,l,yoh&lh 25 osQ oqQN leh{kkRed ?kVd ^rjy iz.kksnu O;oLFkk osQUnz* foozQe lkjk HkkbZ varfj{k osQUnz ,oa ^bljks* dh ^tM+Roh; O;oLFkk bdkbZ* esa fufeZr fd;s x;s FksA

^bljks* osQ iz{ksi.k vf/dkj cksMZ us iz{ksi.k iwoZ liQy vH;klksa osQ ckn êklZ vkWfcZVj fe'ku* osQ iz{ksi.k osQ fy;s 1 uoacj 2013 dks eatwjh nh Fkh rFkk 5 uoacj 2013 dks bls ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA ,d NksVh dkj osQ vkdkj osQ 1350 fdyks osQ eaxy;ku fe'ku dh [kkl ckr ;g Fkh fd bls Hkkjr esa gh fodflr ih,l,yoh ,Dl ,y lh&25 jkWosQV ls ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA ;g jkWosQV 444 ehVj yack Fkk] vFkkZr~ 15 eaftyk bekjr osQ cjkcj FkkA

eaxy;ku fe'ku osQ igys pj.k osQ varxZr uoacj 2013 esa iz{ksfir fd;s tkus osQ djhc 45 feuV ckn eaxy;ku iFoh esa viuh fu/kZfjr d{kk esa igq¡pk FkkA iz{ksi.k osQ vxys fnu 25 fnuksa rd iFoh osQ vkl&ikl pDdj yxkus osQ ckn eaxy;ku dks eaxy xzg dh vksj cwLVj jkWosQV osQ lgkjs Hkstk x;k FkkA 300 fnuksa dh ;k=kk osQ ckn bl lky 24 flracj dks rhljs vge pj.k osQ varxZr eaxy;ku dks liQyrkiwoZd eaxy xzg ij mldh fu/kZfjr d{kk esa ig¡qpk fn;k x;kA ;n~;fi êkWe* dk eq[; mn~ns'; varfj{k ;ku dks yky xzg dh d{kk esa igq¡pkuk Fkk] ijarq okrkoj.k] [kfut yo.kksa] ehFksu dh mifLFkfr dk eaxy xzg ij irk yxkuk blosQ vuqHkotU; mn~ns'; gSA êkWe* osQ lqjf{kr rjhosQ ls eaxy xzg osQ d{k esa igq¡pus osQ ckn vc bljks dk mn~ns'; lHkh midj.kksa dks lfozQ; djuk gS ftudk Hkkj oqQy feykdj 15 fdyksxzke gSA ^bljks* dks vius eaxy;ku ls 6 eghus ls 1 lky rd cus jgus dh vk'kk gSA

bl vfHk;ku esa eaxy xzg osQ ok;qeaMy osQ vè;;u] lrgh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj LFkyko`Qfr dks [kkstus] rFkk bu lcls

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egRoiw.kZ vFkkZr nq"izkI; ehFksu osQ lzksr dh igpku djus osQ fy, ik¡p oSKkfud vFkok varfj{k midj.k Hksts x, gSsa] tks ;g irk yxkus esa lgk;rk djsaxs fd D;k yky xzg ij dHkh thou laHko FkkA blosQ midj.kksa esa ,d jaxhu oSQejk Hkh 'kkfey gS] tks xzg dh rLohjsa ysxkA eaxy xzg dh vksj tkrs&tkrs eklZ oSQejs us 19 uoacj dh nksigj dks Hkkjr dh ,d rLohj yh] ftls bljks* dh osclkbV osQ lkFk&lkFk ih,l,yoh- lh&25 dh yxkrkj c<+rh yksdfiz;rk okyh dk;kZy;h isQlcqd ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

fp=k 2% ekWe esa yxs eklZ dyj oSQejs }kjk 19 uoEcj] 2013

dks 13%50 feuV ij fy;k x;k i`Foh dk igyk fp=k

;g vfHk;ku ,d varxzfgd vfHk;ku dh ifjdYiuk] ;kstuk] izcU/u rFkk fozQ;k iz.kkyh osQ fodkl osQ fy;s ,d izkS|ksfxdh izn'khZdj.k ifj;kstuk gSA blesa vkSj ÅtkZ lapkfyr djus osQ ik¡p fo'ks"k midj.k gSaA tks fuEufyf[kr gaS%

(1) yheu vYiQkiQksVksehVj% vke cksypky esa dgsas rks ;g eaxy xzg ls ty osQ yqIr gksus dh izfozQ;k dks le>us esa oSKkfudksa dh lgk;rk djsxkA

(2) ehFksu lsaljiWQkj eklZ% ;g eaxy xzg osQ ok;qeaMy esa ehFksu dk irk yxk,xkA

(3) eklZ ,Dt+ksLisQfjd U;wVªy daiksft'ku ,usykbtj êsudk*% ;g d.k i;kZoj.k dk vè;;u djsxkA

(4) eklZ dyj oSQejk% ;g rhu jaxksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, eaxy xzg dh rLohjsa vkSj mldh lrg dh fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk la?kVu osQ ckjs esa lwpuk,¡ iznku djsxkA

(5) FkeZy baizQkjsM besftax LiSDVªksehVj ^fVl*% ;g eaxy xzg osQ /jkry osQ rRoksa vkSj [kfutkssa dk ekufp=k.k djsxkA

êkWe* dh liQyrk bldh rhu fo'ks"krkvksa osQ dkj.k gS% eaxy xzg dh d{kk osQ fn'kkKku dk lgh irk yxkus dh ^bljks* dh {kerk] xgu varfj{k lapkj esa ^bljks* dh n{krk ,oa d{k dh Lok;Ùkrk tks eaxy;ku dks eqf'dy osQ le; fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke cukrh gSA ^bljks* osQ lgh fn'kk ifjogu osQ dkS'ky us eaxy;ku dks Hkw&lhek ls igys lw;Z osQfUnzr lhek ,oa ckn esa eaxy xzg dh d{kk esa igqapkus esa mfpr Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

tgk¡ ,d vksj lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa esa êkWe* dh liQyrk ls mYykl dk ekgkSy gS ogha nwljs ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa us vHkh Hkkjr dks cèkkbZ nh gSA phu us êkWe* dh liQyrk dks ^,f'k;k dk xoZ* dgk gSA

êkWe* vfHk;ku dh liQyrk osQ ckn fn;s x;s ,d lk{kkRdkj esa eaxy;ku vfHk;ku osQ funs'kd oh- osQ'ko jktw us crk;k gS fd vfHk;ku dh liQyrk dk Js; lHkh lfEefyr oSKkfudksa dh ,drk ,oa ifjJe dks tkrk gSA vfHk;ku dks vYiO;;h cuk;s j[kus osQ fy;s fdlh izdkj dk le>kSrk ugha fd;kA lSVsykbV dh ;kstuk] ifjdYiuk ls ysdj fozQ;kUo;u rd gj pj.k dks lko/kuhiwoZd iwjk fd;k x;k gSA oSKkfudksa dh ;qok ih<+h us Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA ;qok oSKkfud fu;a=k.k d{k ls ysdj ekWe osQ iz{ksi.k osQ 'keu rd iwjh fu"Bk ls dk;Zjr FksA

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êkWe* us bfrgkl jpus osQ nwljs fnu eaxyxzg dh igyh rLohj Hksth gSA Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/ku laxBu us yky xzg dh rLohjksa osQ lkFk V~ohV fd;kA ^êaxy dh igyh rLohj] 7300 fdyksehVj dh Å¡pkbZ ls** ---- ogk¡ dk n`'; laqnj gSA varfj{k ;ku (eaxy;ku) bl le; d{kk esa eaxy xzg dk pDdj yxk jgk gS vkSj eaxyxzg ls bldh U;wure nwjh 421-7 fdyksehVj gS vkSj vf/dre nwjh 76]993-6 fdeh gSA d{kk dk >qdko eaxy xzg dh Hkweè;orhZ {ks=k esa 150 fMxzh osQ okafNr Lrj ij gSA bl d{kk esa eaxy;ku dks eaxyxzg dk ,d pDdj yxkus esa 72 ?kaVs] 51 feuV] vkSj 51 lsosaQM dk le; yxrk gSA ^bljks* us crk;k gS fd vkus okys lIrkgksa esa eaxy;ku osQ ik¡p oSKkfud midj.kksa dk bLrseky djrs gq, varfj{k ;ku dk eaxy xzg dh d{kk esa iwjk ijh{k.k fd;k tk;sxkA

fp=k 3% ekWe }kjk 7300 fdyksehVj dh Å¡pkbZ ls yh x;h eaxy xzg dh igyh rLohj

2011 esa êkWe* osQ fuekZ.k dh laHkkouk dk ijh{k.k djus osQ ckn bljks us ;w- vkj jko dh vè;{krk okyh lykgdkj lfefr ls vfHk;ku osQ fy;s vko';d midj.kkssa osQ fy;s lykg dk fuosnu fd;k Fkk] ftlosQ ckn lfefr osQ ikl oqQy 30 lq>ko vk;s Fks] ftuesa 11 dks igys pquk x;k vkSj var esa loksZÙke 5 dks gh vfHk;ku osQ fy;s pquk x;kA

fp=k 4% eaxy osQ mRrjh; xksyk/Z eas {ks=kh; /wy Hkjs va/M+ dk eklZ dyj oSQejs }kjk yxHkx

74]500 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ls flrEcj 28] 2014 dks fy;k x;k fp=k

bl vfHk;ku dh liQyrk ls Hkfo"; esa bl {ks=k esa gksus okys Hkkjrh; iz;klksa osQ fy;s ldkjkRedrk dk okrkoj.k cuk gS rFkk blls vkxs vkus okyh ;qok oSKkfudksa dh ih<+h osQ vkRecy dk fodkl gksxkA eaxy;ku ls feyus okys fp=kksa ,oa vk¡dM+ksa ls varfj{k foKku essa gksus okys ewyHkwr vuqla/ku esa vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku feysxk rFkk bldk lalkj osQ leLr izkf.k;ksa dh HkykbZ gsrq mi;ksx fd;k tk losQxkA

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lh-ch-,l-bZ- lSEiy iz'u

1- Hkkjrh; eaxy;ku vfHk;ku dh liQyrk fdl izdkj ns'k osQ vkRefo'okl ,oa Lokoyacu dks c<+kus esa lgk;d gksxh\

2- eaxy;ku osQ fuekZ.k esa gq;s [kpZ dks vR;f/d vYi j[kus gsrq fdl izdkj mik; fd;s x;s gSa\ D;k ,sls mik; vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkh fd;s tk ldrs gSa\ vius fopkj jf[k,A

vad ;kstuk


voyksdu lwpukvksa dk xgu fo'ys"k.k ewY;kadu vkSj fo'ys"k.k 02

dkj.k ekWe osQ fuekZ.k esa Lons'kh rduhd dks c<+kok

Kku dk iz;ksx 01

lq>ko uohu fopkjksa dk lekos'ku l`tu (ubZ ckr crkuk) 02


voyksdu [kpZ dk de djus osQ mik;ksx dk xgu vè;;u

ewY;kadu vkSj fo'ys"k.k 02

dkj.k ekWe osQ fuekZ.k esa [kpZ de djus gsrq fd;s x;s mik;ksa osQ dkj.kksa dk vè;;u

Kku dk iz;ksx 01

lq>ko uohu fopkjksa dk lekos'ku l`tu (ubZ ckr crkuk) 02

open text-based assessmentmathematics – ix

Theme 1: Atithidevo Bhavah 27


Theme 2: Empower to Learn 31


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open text mateRiaL*Theme 1—atithidevo bhavah

abstractAtithidevo Bhavah is a verse in Sanskrit. It means to consider the guest as god. This statement is drawn from an ancient scripture which has been the ethos of Indian culture. Recently, this verse has found its place in the tagline of Ministry of Tourism in order to improve the treatment of the foreign tourists visiting the country due to the popularity the country has gained in the recent times as a popular and favorite tourist destination.

The concept of Atithidevo bhavah is deep rooted in our Indian culture and is carried forward with same spirit as it used to in ancient times. The text gives an insight into the number of foreign tourists arrivals in India during different seasons which is supported with data. The concept also gets reinforced when the statistics show that tourists of all age groups from across the globe love to visit India.

India is a beautiful country rich in diversity. The majestic Himalayas, the sparkling ocean, the dry desert, the dancing river, the enticing lagoons or the magical back waters, all appeal to nature lovers. People come from far off countries to a new beautiful vision of glory of nature. Its rich history, cultural and geographical diversity makes it an international tourism attraction. There are many places which attract the interest of the tourists in India. Many foreign tourists from different parts of the world come to explore the natural and the heritage beauty of this Nation. Tourists come for different purposes such as weddings, shopping, tourism, business, education, adventure, family reunions, etc.

seasonality in Foreign tourist arrivals in indiaIndia experiences three major season—Winter, Summer and

Monsoon.In 2011 over six lakh tourists had visited various tourist

destinations such as Agra, Jaipur, Udaipur, Kashmir valley, Goa, Mysore and Thiruvananthapuram in the winter season.

In 2012, the minimum number of foreign tourists visited India during the month of May and maximum during the months of December.

The following graph clearly shows that the highest FTAs in India were in October-December and January-March during 2012.

Figure-1: month-wise percentage share of foreign tourist arrivals in india, 2012

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India is ranked as the 38th country in the world in terms of foreign tourist arrivals. The most represented countries are the United Kingdom and the United States. In 2012 Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Delhi were the most popular states for foreign tourists. Domestic tourists visited the states of Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu most frequently.

Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Agra have been the four most visited cities of India by foreign tourists during the year 2012. Worldwide, Chennai is ranked 41 by the number of foreign tourists, while Delhi is ranked at 50, Mumbai at 57, Agra at 65 and Kolkata at 99.

statistics, suRveys and studies

Foreign Tourist Arrivals and Foreign Exchange Earnings during the years 2000-2001

Year Foreign tourist arrivals (in nos.)

Percentage change over

previous year

Foreign ex-change earnings

( crore)


previous year

Foreign ex-change earn-ings (million

US$)


previous year

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2649378

2537282

2384364

2726214

3457477

3918610

4447167

5081504

5282603

5167699

5775692

6290319

6.7

–4.2

–6.0

14.3

26.8

13.3

13.5

14.3

4.0

–2.2

11.8

8.9

15626

15083

15064

20729

27944

33123

39025

44360

51294*

54960#

64889#

77591#

20.6

–3.5

–0.1

37.6

34.8

18.5

17.8

13.7

15.6

7.1

18.1

19.6

3460

3198

3103

4463

6170

7493

8634

10729

11832*

11394#

14193#

16564#

15.0

(–)7.6

(–)3.0

43.8

38.2

21.4

15.2

24.3

10.3

(–)3.7

24.6

16.7

# Advance estimate * Revised estimates

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Table-1: Annual Report 2011-12, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India

Ideal Wonders of India

Taj Mahal (also “the Taj”), built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his queen Mumtaz Mahal is the pinnacleof Mughal architecture.

The Harmandir Sahib (The abode of God) Golden Temple

Tawang Monestry located at Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh was founded by Merak Lama Lodre Gyatso in the year 1680-81. The name Tawang means Chosen Horse.

Foreign tourists arrivals (Ftas) in indiaIt can be observed clearly that the FTAs in India have been increasing from all regions during the year 2012. The growth was maximum from Eastern Europe followed by Africa, East Asia, Australia, Central and South America.

Table-2: Number of FTAs from different regions of the world (in lakhs approximately)

Region/ Country Eastern Europe Africa East Asia Australia Central andSouth America

2011 27 23 47 23 62012 31 26 53 24 7

modes of travel of Foreign tourists arrivals (Ftas) in indiaTravel by ‘air’ has been found to be the most preferred mode of transport. In 2012, out of the 6.58 mil-lion foreign tourist arrivals in India, majority arrived by air (92%), followed by land (7 %) and sea(1%). Arrivals through land routes comprised tourists mainly from Bangladesh and Pakistan.

Figure-2: arrival of Foreign tourists in india

series 1

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Air travel has been the most preferred mode of travel for the FTAs over the years, accounting for above 80% share in each year during this period. During last three years from 2010 onwards, the per-centage of FTAs travelling to India by air has remained more than 90%. The share of arrivals through land check-post has been above 10% during 2001 to 2008; however, it has been gradually declining over the last 3 years. Arrivals through sea routes remain less than 1% from 1996 to 2012.

age distribution of Ftas in india

Table-3: The percentage distribution of FTAs in India according to age groups during 1996–2012

Age–group (in years) 0–15 15–25 25–35 35–45 45–55 55–65 65 & Above

% Distribution by Age-group(in years)

11 8 16 21 20 14 10

During the year 2012, sex-wise distribution of the FTAs comprises of 58.7% males and 41.3% females.The government’s proposal to infuse over ` 1,000 crore in developing India as an attractive tourism destination is being seen as a window to draw more foreign tourists and foreign exchange, besides enhancing air connectivity and development of heritage sites within the country. Now one can easily guess why Max Mueller has said these lines about India- “If we were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power and beauty that nature can bestow in some parts, a very paradise on earth, I should point to India.”Such is our India. It is undoubtedly a paradise for the tourists.

CBSE SamplE QuEStionS 1. Prepare a histogram on the percentage distribution of Foreign Tourists Arrival in India

according to age groups during 1996–2012 for class size 10 (using Table 3). (3 marks) 2. On the basis of the given bar graph on month–wise percentage share of FTAs in India, answer

the following: (3 marks) (a) Which season has the maximum number of FTAs in India? (b) Which month has the minimum number of FTAs in India? What according to you could be

the reason for less visitors in this particular month? (c) Find the mean percentage of foreign visitors in the months April to September?

3. Government proposes to sanction ` 1000 crores for development of tourism industry in India. Which five areas could be taken into consideration and in what percentages? Justify the distri-bution and represent through a bar graph. (4 marks)

marking scheme 1. Drawing of bar graph (2 marks) Labeling, scale and heading (1 mark) 2. (a) December (1 mark) (b) May, due to extreme heat of summer 3. Five areas : Infrastructure: Rail, road and air network (2 marks) : Hotel and hospitality - world class amenities : Development of World Heritage sites : Empowerment of guides and local people of the tourist places : Advertisement Justification and drawing of bar graph (2 marks)

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OPEN TEXT MATERIAL*Theme 2—Empower to Learn

AbstractHarshit heard of the social networking sites and started exploring them on the internet. To his surprise he came across various educational as well as social networking sites that give innovative and improved ways of learning. He gradually got prone to the facilities these platforms offer which broadened his perspectives. He realised that this advancement in social networking platform is providing him with much better options to engage with his contemporaries, enhance his skills and access a wide variety of academic tools and resources which most definitely add up to his convenience.

Harshit learnt about LEARNOUT, a free social learning network for university and school students. It offers a platform for its users where they can engage in activities like sharing study related materials, counselling or simply connecting through a vast network of existing users from around the world. Within a small time span of two years, more than 80,00,000 students registered for the website and they use the website on daily basis. The distribution of the students in different age groups was graphically presented and he got inspired as he thought to himself that maximum number of children of his age is gaining from this site.

Figure-1: Histogram showing the number of students using learnout in different age groups

The website offers user generated contents in 7 different languages including Italian, English, Spanish, Polish, Russian, Serbian and Portuguese. The website is directly operated from its respective regional head offices thereby providing a direct approach to the users. LEARNOUT also has its free application available for all android devices. The website also has a dedicated 24/7 support team to assist the students in their matters. He surveyed a number of people and recorded his findings on the percentage of users using this site in different languages:

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Table-1: The percentage of users in different languages of LEARNOUT is given in the table below

Language Italian English Spanish Polish Russian Serbian Portuguesew Percentage of users

11 57 6 4 10 9 3

He also discovered a site named TWOWAY which provides its students with a different approach towards studies. It offers an interactive way of studying where students get to create and animate flashcards. The website currently has about 1 million study content authored by the students. The website also conducts different quizzical campaigns for the students and tracks the progress of its users. The issues on which the campaigns were conducted are presented in the form of pie chart.

Harshit also got a platform to spread awareness of the issues which he has to record in his project work given by his teacher. He could collect the data globally and interpret it from different perspectives.

Figure-2: The pie chart shows the campaigns conducted on TWOWAY in different subjects

Mathematics was troubling him and he needed a special assistance in various concepts. He received many resource materials to gain more knowledge and achieved higher level of learning. The site named TROUBLE BUBBLE was the answer to his queries. TROUBLE BUBBLE offers a very interactive way to the students looking for answers to the distressing questions. They can ask questions directly from the academic experts through their vast network. The following data shows the number of questions asked by students between 2:00pm to 9:00pm.

Table-2: The table below shows the average number of questions asked at different hours of the day on TROUBLE BUBBLE

Time 2 to 3pm 3 to 4pm 4 to 5pm 5 to 6pm 6 to 7pm 7 to 8pm 8 to 9pmNumber of questions

180 270 360 440 520 300 190

Harshit was pleased to know that he has the facility to get immediate answers to his queries through this site.

SUPERB, another educational networking site, offers its users with a unique way to have interaction. It builds a strong connection between students and renowned teachers from around the world. SUPERB offers a number of free tools and services to the teachers, which literally transforms the way of teaching and helps in the provision of superior quality of services to its users. The website is

Percentage of campaigns

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suitable for students of all ages, whether be a student of middle school or an undergraduate, SUPERB has stored a lot more for its users to achieve their educational goals.

The advancements in technology proved to be beneficial for Harshit. With social networking platforms advancing, they are playing their role to facilitate the students with their needs and benefit them to achieve their goals. The given frequency polygon displayed maximum benefit taken by the students from this site. It was an eye opener for Harshit as he wanted extended learning in all the subjects. Being a smart boy, he always used to check data before taking any decision.

Figure-3: Frequency Polygon showing the percentage of campaigns conducted in different subjects

Harshit was empowered by these educational networking sites as they transformed him into a global citizen. He received input from across the world from different teachers who had shared the best of the ways to share their learning through innovative ideas of constructing knowledge with the students accessing their sites. Thus, technology supported Harshit to make the best use of time and energy to equip him to learn at his own pace but with global input in his learning process.


1. Justify giving examples, why Harshit is a smart boy in using technology for learning. (3 marks) 2. Prepare a pie chart to represent the data given in Table 1. (3 marks) 3. Represent the frequency polygon as a histogram for Figure-3. (4 marks)

Marking scheme 1. (a) Better options to engage with his contemporaries, enhance his skills and access a wide variety

of academic tools (1 mark) (b) Resources most definitely add up to his convenience. (1 mark) (c) It is a fun filled and interesting way of learning. (1 mark)

2. Drawing of pie chart (2 marks) Labelling (1 mark) 3. Conversion into class size (2 marks)

Drawing a histogram (2 marks)

open text-based assessmentscience – ix

Theme 1: Understanding the Environment of Mars 35


Theme 2: Clean India–We Mean it! 43


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open text mateRiaL*Theme 1—Understanding the environment of mars

abstractRecent success of ‘Mangalyan’ (Mars Orbitor Mission) has made all of us proud of our scientists and engineers. The study of Mars’ environment will help us in understanding more about our own environment. This text gives inputs on environment of Mars which can be correlated to the concepts learned by the students in Class IX Science. The students are not supposed to memorize the facts and figures mentioned in the text, rather study the facts and figures with the above objectives in mind.

Fig. 1: Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft getting into Large Space Simulation Chamber for Testing

mars orbiter mission (m.o.m.)Mars tugs at the human imagination like no other planet. The conditions in Mars are believed

to be hospitable since the planet is similar to earth in many ways. Mars and Earth have almost equal period of revolution around the axis. Mars takes 24 hours and 37 minutes to complete equal period of revolution around the axis. While Earth takes approximately 365 days to orbit round the Sun, Mars takes 687 days for an orbit around the Sun. The gravity of Mars is roughly one-third to Earth’s gravity and it has a thin atmosphere with a pressure of 1% that of Earth. The atmosphere, water, ice

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and geology interact with each other to produce dynamic Martian environment as in Earth. Mars has surface features reminiscent of both the impact craters of the Moon, volcanoes, deserts and polar ice of Earth. It inspires visions of an approachable world. For ages, humans have been speculating about life on Mars. But the question that is to be still answered is whether Mars has a biosphere or ever had an environment in which life could have evolved and sustained.

Mars Orbiter Mission is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter craft designed to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit. The mission is primarily a technological mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion and other bus systems of spacecraft. It has been configured to carry out observation of physical features of mars and carry out limited study of Martian atmosphere with following five payloads: • Mars Colour Camera (MCC) • Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIIS) • Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM) • Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA) • Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP).

The ‘Mangalyan’ or Mars Orbiter Spacecraft started its journey on 1st December, 2013 and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has been able to successfully do Mars Orbit Insertion operation on 24th September, 2014. The trajectory (path) of travel of MOM is shown below:

Fig. 2: The Trajectory of Travel of MOM

time to celebrateIt is a great moment to all of us. The following Press Release from ISRO gives us the gist of our

accomplishment:

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pRess ReLease

September 24, 2014

Mars Orbiter Spacecraft Successfully Inserted into Mars Orbit

Fig. 3: Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi addressing fromISTRAC as ISRO Chairman Dr. K. Radhakrishnan looks on

India’s Mars Orbiter Spacecraft successfully entered into an orbit around planet Mars today morning (September 24, 2014) by firing its 440 Newton Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) along with eight smaller liquid engines. This Liquid Engines firing operation which began at 07:17:32 Hrs IST lasted for 1388.67 seconds which changed the velocity of the spacecraft by 1099 metre/sec. With this operation, the spacecraft entered into an elliptical orbit around Mars. Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Modi, was present at ISRO’s Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bangalore to witness this important event.

The events related to Mars Orbit Insertion progressed satisfactorily and the spacecraft performance was normal. The Spacecraft is now circling Mars in an orbit whose nearest point to Mars (periapsis) is at 421.7 km and farthest point (apoapsis) at 76,993.6 km. The inclination of orbit with respect to the equatorial plane of Mars is 150 degree, as intended. In this orbit, the spacecraft takes 72 hours 51 minutes 51 seconds to go round the Mars once.

Mars Orbiter Spacecraft was launched on-board India’s workhorse launch vehicle PSLV on November 05, 2013 into a parking orbit around the Earth. On December 01, 2013, following Trans Mars Injection (TMI) manoeuvre, the spacecraft escaped from orbiting the earth and followed a path that would allow it to encounter Mars on September 24, 2014.

With today’s successful Mars Orbit Insertion operation, ISRO has become the fourth space agency to successfully send a spacecraft to Mars orbit. In the coming weeks, the spacecraft will be thoroughly tested in the Mars orbit and the systematic observation of that planet using its five scientific instruments would begin.

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Fig. 4: Mars Orbiter Spacecraft captures its first image of Mars, taken from a height of 7300 km

Fig. 5: Image taken using the Mars Colour Camera from an altitude of 8449 km

Following are some facts on Mars available on the NASA website. The MOM may possibly verify the facts and get more information on Mars.

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mars Facts

Fig. 6: Picture of Mars

mars climateScientists think that the climate on Mars 3.5 billion years ago was similar to that of early Earth:

warm and wet. But because of chemical reactions between Mars’ carbon dioxide atmosphere and water, most of its carbon dioxide was used up forming carbonate rocks. Earth is big enough and active enough that it has plate tectonics which recycles this carbonate back to carbon dioxide. Mars is too small (10 times less massive than the earth) and does not have any recycling of its carbonate. So now the Mars atmosphere is very thin, the temperature is very cold, and what water remains is either frozen in the Martian poles as permafrost or hidden in deep underground springs. Mars’ current climate changes drastically during the year. It has seasons similar to the Earth’s due the tilt of its axis. But because its orbit around the Sun is elliptical; the distance from the Sun varies about by 20% depending on where it is in its annual orbit. The seasons in one hemisphere (South) are more extreme while in the other (north) they are less extreme.

temperatureThe temperature on Mars may reach a high of about 70 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius)

at noon, at the equator in the summer, or a low of about –225 degrees Fahrenheit (–153 degrees Celsius) at the poles. Obviously this is very inhospitable for humans, but it is also of some concern for the electronics and mechanical parts of a Mars airplane and its instrumentation. In the mid-latitudes, the average temperature would be about –50 degrees Celsius with a nighttime minimum of –60 degrees Celsius and a summer midday maximum of about 0 degrees Celsius.

HumidityHumidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. This varies from day-to-day and depends

on the temperature: warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air. Humidity is measured as a percentage of the maximum amount of water that the air can hold at a given temperature. The greater the difference between the two temperatures, the greater the evaporation. When there is a lot of evaporation, the air is drier and the humidity is low. The instrument used to measure humidity is called a psychrometer.

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On Mars, the air is saturated (100% humidity) at night, but under saturated during the day. This is because of the huge temperature difference between day and night.

To demonstrate this:

• Take a clean, dry jar and place the lid on it.

• Allow to stand 10 minutes in a shaded area and observe.

• Put it in a freezer for at least an hour.Remove and observe. (At room temperature, the air inside the jar was not saturated, but in the

cold freezer the air could not hold much water—it became saturated—and the water condensed and formed frost.)

WindOccasionally, winds on Mars are strong enough to create dust storms that cover much of the

planet. After such storms, it can be months before all of the dust settles. The maximum wind speeds recorded by the Viking Landers in the 1970’s were about 30 metres per second (60 miles an hour) with an average of 10 m/s (20 mph). Just as on Earth, at certain latitudes, the winds tend to blow in certain directions.

In Mars’ northern mid-latitudes, wind blows from west to east just as it does in the United States. (Local variations of this can be caused by nearby mountains, large bodies of water, the season, etc.) Recent satellite images of Mars show that the dust storms have lessened, indicating that Mars winds have lessened, due to unknown causes. Scientists say that the planet is also getting colder.

air pressureA barometer is used to measure air pressure. The average air pressure on Earth is 29.92 inches

of mercury (or 1,013 millibars). This is more than 100 times Mars’ average of 0.224 inches of mercury (7.5 millibars).

Air pressure is not the same everywhere on Earth. One reason is because temperature varies from place to place. When air heats up, air molecules move faster, pushing each other away and causing air to expand. With fewer molecules in the same amount of space, the air in that space weighs less: it exerts less pressure on the Earth. Cold air molecules are packed closer and exert more pressure on the Earth.

At any given location on Earth, the air pressure can vary about 10% whereas on Mars it can vary by as much as 50%. Mars’ atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide and therefore behaves differently than Earth’s mostly nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere.

Changing air pressure is experienced as ears pop going up and down mountains or when flying in airplanes. Meteorologists, who try to predict the weather, know that a higher than average pressure reading usually brings fair weather while low pressure usually brings stormy weather.

We live on the bottom of an ocean of air. Air has weight and exerts pressure on us as a result of its weight. On each square inch of our bodies, there are 14.7 pounds of pressure. On the entire human body surface, the total air pressure varies from 10 to 20 tons! Just as ocean animals are not crushed by the weight of water above them, we are not crushed by the weight of the air because the inner pressure of our bodies pushing out equalizes the air pressure pushing down on us.

Linking to What you have LearntLet’s see the beautiful picture of our earth, the ‘Mangalyan’ captured on its Mars Mission. You may

try to connect the information given above to what you have learnt in the Unit IV: Our Environment.

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Fig. 7: Picture of Earth captured by Mangalyan on its Mission

table 1

Mars Earth

Atmosphere (composition) Carbon dioxide (95.32%), Nitrogen (2.7%), Argon (1.6%), Oxygen (0.13%), Water vapour (0.03%), Nitric oxide (0.01%)

Nitrogen (77%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (1%), Carbon dioxide (0.038%), Water vapour (1%)

Atmosphere (pressure) 7.5 millibars (average) 1.013 millibars (at sea level)

Deepest Canyan Valles Marineris 7 km deep 4,000 km wide

Grand Canyon 1.8 km deep,400 km long, 149,597,891 kilometers

Distance from Sun (average) 227,936,637 kilometers 149,597,891 kilometers

Equatorial Radius 3,397 kilometers 6,378 kilometers

Gravity 0.375 that of Earth 2.66 times that of Mars

Largest Volcano Olympus Mons 26 km high 602 km in diameter

Mauna Loa (Hawaii) 10.1 km high 121 km in diameter

Length of Day 24 hours, 37 minutes Just slightly under 24 hours

Length of Year 687 Earth days 365 days

Polar Caps Covered with a mixture of carbon dioxide ice and water ice

Permanently covered with water ice

Surface Temperature (average) – 63 degrees C 14 degrees C

Tilt of Axis 25 degrees 23.45 degrees

Number of Satellites 2 (Phobos and Deimos) 1 (Moon)

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1. Suggest an experiment to check the presence of atmosphere on Mars. Explain the role of atmosphere in the climate of a planet. (5)

2. From the information given above, differentiate between the environment of Earth and Mars. (3) 3. How will the concerns of our environment be addressed from the inputs of Mars Orbiter

Mission? (2)

marking scheme: 1. Any one experiment to prove the presence of atmosphere e.g. use of syringe. (5) Role of atmosphere in temperature, rain, humidity, air pressure, wind, etc. 2. Comparison of environment between mars and earth which may include, composition of air,

temperature, humidity, wind, etc. (3) 3. Objective of MOM, possible achievements correlating information with concerns of environment. (2)Note: To be assessed as a whole as per total weightage of marks.

References 1. http://www.isro.gov.in/satellites/mars-orbiter-spacecraft.aspx retrieved on 28/9/14 2. http://www.isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx? Sep24_2014 retrieved on 28/9/14 3. http://quest.nasa.gov/aero/planetary/mars.html retrieved on 28/9/2014

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OPEN TEXT MATERIAL*Theme 2—Clean India–We Mean it!

AbstractRecent launch of ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ has inspired many of us to take up the task related to sanitation in and around us. There are many case studies available which show the involvement of committed individuals and organizations who have done exceptionally good work in the area of sanitation. The content given here focuses on some selected case studies which help the learner to assimilate the importance of sanitation. It is also expected that the learner find solutions to day to day environmental issues based on the inputs given in the text.

Sanitation – Need of the Hour:Let’s start with the pledge we had taken on 2nd October, 2014.

Pledge

Mahatma Gandhi dreamt of an India which was not only free but also clean and developed.Mahatma Gandhi secured freedom for Mother India.Now it is our duty to serve Mother India by keeping the country neat and clean.I take this pledge that I will remain committed towards cleanliness and devote time for this.I will devote 100 hours per year that is two hours per week to voluntary work for cleanliness.I will neither litter nor let others litter.I will initiate the quest for cleanliness with myself, my family, my locality, my village and my work place.I believe that the countries of the world that appear clean are so because their citizens don’t indulge in littering nor do they allow it to happen.With this firm belief, I will propagate the message of Swachh Bharat Mission in villages and towns.I will encourage 100 other persons to take this pledge which I am taking today.I will endeavour to make them devote their 100 hours for cleanliness. I am confident that every step I take towards cleanliness will help in making my country clean.

There are individuals in our country who have been doing a lot of work in the area of sanitation. Read the three case studies and correlate that to what you have learnt in the unit: Our Environment

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Case Study-1: Waste to Wealth: An Experiment in Schools

Fig. 1: Glimpses of Waste Management Activities

Tirur Block in Malappuram district of Kerala has adopted an innovative approach to convert waste in the schools into wealth — through establishing a bio-gas plant in the school. Waste management is a major problem in the schools: given that 85 per cent of the things dumped as waste are actually resources in the wrong place, the necessity of correct practices for waste management is imperative.

To sensitise the younger generation of this fact, the Tirur block Panchayat (BP) constructed a bio-gas plant (8 m3 digester able to digest 75 kg bio-waste) in Government VHSS, BP Angadi, in Talakkad gram panchayat (GP). With around 2300 students on the rolls, the remains of the mid-day meal and the lunch brought by children is turned into bio-gas. A nearby hotel run by ‘Kudumbashree’ can also use this for its waste disposal. This in turn meets part of the fuel needs for cooking the mid-day meal. Slurry is used as manure for the school garden.

The waste from the school kitchen and food remains thrown away by the children used to make the surroundings dirty and a perfect breeding ground for diseases. The Tirur BP, formulated a plan for setting up a bio-gas plant for transforming this waste into a resource, that is, fuel for the mid-day meal and slurry/manure for the school garden. This unit is meant to be a display unit to show children how waste can be managed scientifically and turned into a useful resource.

Discussions were held with representatives of the school Parent Teacher Association (PTA), and their support ensured. Sustainability, a major factor in the case of such plants, operation and maintenance, was properly planned. Under the supervision of the PTA, health club/green club members formed maintenance committees which maintain and operate the plant without complaint. The plant has been operating successfully till date, with the help of the school authorities, especially with the help of some dedicated teachers. In case of schools situated in market places, vegetable, fish or chicken merchants use this facility to get rid of their waste and the schools get more fuel for their needs.

Case Study-2: Dhedhuki—Water Resource Management

Dhedhuki Regional Water Supply Scheme (RWSS) provides water to 22 villages of Sayla taluka in Surendranagar, Gujarat. Dhedhuki area is composed of sand stone, which is medium to coarse grained and has good porosity and transmissibility. However, the area around Dhedhuki has poor ground water quality and the average rainfall in the area is also on the lower side, about 500 mm. Under these circumstances, water resource management assumes significance for source sustainability.

Dhedhuki has two ponds namely, Somani talao and the Bhimnath talao which is on the road to Dhandhalpur. Both these ponds were deepened by excavating 55,000 m3 and 6,000 m3 mud respectively and the mud was used to increase the height of both the talaos by 30 cms. As result of deepening, the capacities of the two ponds have been augmented by 1,38,000 m3. In addition, a 3 km stretch of recharge channel has been deepened and diverted to the two ponds. Thus the water that overflows from the Bhimnath talao as well as the run-off from the village borders is diverted through the recharge channel. In each talao a recharge bore has also been developed so that water easily percolates into the aquifer. The Dhedhuki Regional Water Supply Scheme, sources the ground water in the area through 11 bore wells. Of these nine are functional and the water is pumped from a depth of about 112 meters. The artificial recharging carried out at the two ponds will help in improving both the

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quantity and quality of water in the bore wells of the RWSS. The Pani Samiti of Dhedhuki participated in the work with complete enthusiasm.

Based on the report from operator of RWSS and village people of Dhedhuki, the inflow of water started in the ponds from mid-night of July 01, 2007 and outflow started just after 8 hours from the time of inflow i.e. at about 0800 hrs on July 01, 2007 because it was indeed very heavy rains in the beginning itself. It was noticed that the result has been very encouraging and a huge quantity of pond water penetrated into deep aquifers through the bore wells.

Case Study-3 : Community Sanitary Complexes under Total Sanitation Campaign

Fig. 2: Community Sanitary Complex

A hilly state, Mizoram is situated in the Northeast corner of India. As per the 2001 census, Mizoram has a population of 8,91,058 with a literacy percentage of 88.94 per cent. In Mizoram, the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) was introduced in 2002. Emphasis has been laid on information, education and communication components to change the behaviour of the targetted population, by creating awareness about health education. The programme is being implemented with focus on community-led and people-centred initiatives. The Village Water and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) plays an effective role in absorbing new ideas and concepts. Through the TSC, the consciousness of the community is being transformed towards health and hygiene practices. People choose from a menu of options for household toilets for satisfying their felt needs. The generation of demand for sanitation facilities motivated the targetted audiences and they are willing to pay their share in the project. Thus, the physical implementation of this programme has made remarkable achievements in converting dry toilets into pour flush toilets, and construction of septic tanks. The programme has made a highly positive impact, especially in the rural areas.

A Community Sanitary Complex (CSC) is an important component of the TSC. It is meant for public places, markets, etc., where large-scale congregation of people takes place. Mizoram has implemented innovative ideas for the operation and maintenance of such complexes, which is essential as Gram Panchayats (GPs) have to ultimately own the responsibility for them, as CSCs are to be used by the community. The location of a CSC is decided after taking into consideration where people congregate every day, that is, near shopping areas and taxi stands, etc. The public land is donated by the village council free of cost in the interest of cleanliness in the village.

An innovative design has been evolved for the CSC: one side of the complex is extended on one side, and this is converted into a shop, which could sell items of daily need, books, stationery or eatables. The shop is given to a person in return for a commitment to operate and maintain the CSC. The shop is rented generally for one year through local advertisements as per terms and conditions set for the purpose. The shopkeeper also takes care of the electricity and water bills of the CSC. In certain cases, where collection through users’ fee has been large or the shop has been running successfully, the shop-owner also contributes up to 200 per month to the village council — for further maintenance of the complex or a one-time expenditure for the evacuation of the septic tank, as and when required.

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This has, therefore, resulted in the sustainability of the community sanitary complexes, constructed with central assistance under the Total Sanitation Campaign. Community members, too, are satisfied as they get clean sanitary facilities. This concept can certainly be replicated in the north-eastern reason for ensuring clean surroundings in public places and market areas.


1. Suggest sanitation practices which may lead to reduction of Air and Soil pollution from the inputs from the above case studies. (5)

2. Explain how sanitation can be linked to water resource management. (3) 3. Suggest measures to maintain the quality of water collected through rain harvesting. (2) 4. Write a letter to the school principals suggesting ways in which sanitation practices can be

improved in the neighbourhood slum cluster or a nearby village. (3) 5. As a part of the expression series, CBSE had given many topics to students for creative

expression. Write an essay on any of the following topics related to sanitation: (5) (a) It is difficult to imagine a clean village until each citizen contributes. Develop a Citizen

Charter for the clean village of your dreams. (b) Deliberate upon the changes in the common cultural and social norms that you feel necessary

to create clean spaces in the long run and fulfil Gandhiji’s dream of ‘Swachh Bharat’.

Marking Scheme 1. Based on the case studies: (5) • Two sanitation practices which will help reduction in Air Pollution. • Two sanitation practices which will help in reduction of Soil Pollution. 2. Explanation of water resource management: (3) Linkage of water resource management and sanitation

Some of the practices given in the text. 3. Rain water harvesting (2) Importance of quality of water.

Some measures to maintain the quality of water collected through rain water harvesting. 4. Detailed suggestions on sanitation practices involving students, teachers and parents, giving

examples from the text given above. (3) 5. (a) Citizen’s charter: Do’s and Don’ts, Duties and responsibilities (5) (b) Importance of clean spaces (5) Cultural and social norms hindering the clean spaces Changes in the norms.

Note: To be assessed as a whole as per total weightage of marks.

References: 1. http://www.mdws.gov.in/ 2. http://indiasanitationportal.org/category/source/government-india-goi 3. http://www.mdws.gov.in/documentreports/term/42?tid=15 4. http://tsc.gov.in/tsc/NBA/NBAHome.aspx 5. http://indiawater.gov.in/misc/frm_oss.aspx 6. http://nirmalgrampuraskar.nic.in/

open text-based assessmentsocial science – ix

Theme 1: A Story of Two Brothers 48


Theme 2: Living on the Edge 53


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open text mateRial*Theme 1—a story of two brothers

abstractSet in the era of the great divide of two nations, this is a story encompassing the lives of two brothers whose destiny had taken a different course from the contented life they once had. From the refugee camps to the tumultuous struggle they ensued, the story narrates how a person moulds his reality from rags, and how the other lynches into the shackles of urban poverty.

main textSoiled floors, anxiously stirred souls, nervous air, and confusion. As this delirious boy made his

way through a swarm of people, peeping as far as he could, scanning for familiar face, all efforts seemed futile. The refugee camp seemed to quiver from providing any sort of refuge. The enigma of what had happened was unfathomable for this little lad. The India- Pakistan divide had scarred the innocent lives of millions, one of which was him. Happy families broken, brotherhood was precariously held with feeble strings, unaware of which Manpreet merely of 14 years, sat quietly in a corner, nibbling on the stale bread, all that the nonchalant camp could provide! Suddenly his eyes twinkled. "Maa!, Bhai!", he shrieked with all his might and ran with great alacrity like he'd found the elixir he ever wanted. He embraced his mother at once, who once was a renowned Thakurain of the huge bungalow at Lahore, wife of a sagacious Thakur, whose jurisdiction was considered the decree from the Gods- now a listless widow, still overcoming from the impalpable sorrow. Hugging and kissing both his beloved, he wiped off his tears.

The clock seemed to tick slower each day in the horrendous living conditions in the camp. Despite government's efforts to provide basic amenities and shelter to the homeless, the number of takers outnumbered the resources. The fear of the unknown enveloped them, for what seemed like forever. They were unsure of their fate. After a month of struggle, a band of government officials arrived out of the hustle, announcing distribution of land for the refugees in the Lajpat Nagar area of Delhi. Manpreet’s family was lucky enough to get that benefit. Being allotted that petty piece of land

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in the suburbs gave them hope — the hope of survival, the hope to be independent and to regain the status they once had had, all over.

The transition to settled life did not come easy. With great difficulty they managed to make a makeshift house, consisting of a large square room and a small room and a common lavatory set up by the government. The days spent in that house had been of acute sufferings. Countless days and nights were spent almost without food leading to intermittent jolts in the stomach, causing pain and agony with which the young ones tossed in the bed entire night trying hard to sleep. It was the mother who tried to soothe them in those waking hours of fret and pain.

The single mother was the only bread earner for the family attempting to combat the circumstances that had left two children solely dependent on her. However, the once Thakurain, now took to menial jobs. “Beta, I am going to get you some food. Take care, both of you, and don’t talk to strangers.’’ she left the kids all by themselves, to a brick kiln, where she worked in draconian conditions, inhaling the hazardous dust particles. Every night she came home broken tired, her health being seriously affected, she coughed excessively and it worsened as days passed by. The meager amount she received after sweating the entire day was not sufficient to make both ends meet.

The hideous and pathetic urban poverty had made them malnourished and withered. The mother was saddened by the cruel struggle one has to make for mere existence in a crowded city. With these thoughts, her eyes moistened and was dumbstruck to see the transformation of her sons as well, who in a privileged position would always sneer at the sight of the good food and jibe faces, now were gorging on bits of substandard food which was all she could manage to arrange. She cried bitterly to witness these days of abject urban poverty. She saw how her sons acted beyond their years, never demanded anything, knowing the fact their mother could do nothing but silently curse her impalpable fate on one hand and showed great tenacity to gather strength from the situation on the other.

The Mother toiled harder each day to at least get her younger son Jeet, who was now 11, educated, in hope of him growing up and start earning respectably for the family. She invested all her wages on him, and sent him to a government school. On the contrary the elder son Manpreet, 15, plunged himself and did all sorts of odd jobs- newspaper vending, running errands, supplying milk, working as a mechanic, picking rags from houses to support his mother in sharing the responsibility of managing the house.

As the ravages of time unfolded, the family became immune to the sufferings, and years passed forth. The excessive strain on the mother began to show serious effects. The years of handwork and suffering she had endured emanated through her body. The symptoms that had once been neglected worsened.

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One ill-fated day she started spewing out blood which sent Manpreet in a state of panic. He rushed her to the government hospital, where she was diagnosed with tuberculosis and was summoned to get admitted at a moment’s notice. Manpreet was distressed, he was aware how cardinal it was for his mother to get proper treatment but he also knew fully well that he could not afford it. The private doctors had refused to go forth with the treatment and demanded enormous amounts of money; on the other hand, the government hospitals had run out of facilities and only prescribed a few medicines with a stern warning of not doing any sort of work as it would be fatal for her health.

With the hope of restoring his mother’s health, what now seemed plausible to Manpreet was to play multiple roles of managing household chores, looking after his mother, younger brother and also earn single handedly to tackle this grim situation. Under such circumstances, Jeet’s education was constantly interrupted and often put aside for many weeks, which troubled Manpreet deeply. He worked selflessly hoping that the days of darkness would soon be over, but the worst was yet to come.

One evening, after painful plodding he delved in the pockets of his tattered trouser to take out the money he had earned, but couldn’t find any. The realization that his money had been stolen on the way back shattered him. He blamed God for all the unfairness he had to face, and felt the urge to steal to tackle the shortcoming. Looking through his anguish, his mother embraced him in consolation and said, “Son, I know the world is unfair but one has to brave all situations with courage. Remember the sun is bound to rise after prolonged darkness” These words sparked his infatuation for working even harder and he moved on with renewed aplomb. He walked all the way to the Gurudwara that night, to fetch food for his starving family. That visit gave him immense strength and revitalized his faith in the supreme power.

Frequent visits to Gurudwara restored his faith in the almighty and saved him from indulging in antisocial practices. His notable sincerity in providing services was acknowledged by the owner of a car sales shop. “Lad, I’ve been noticing your dedicated service for the past week. Why don’t you work here on a permanent basis?” Manpreet explained his abominable state. Empathizing with his situation the man offered him a respectable position at his shop. Manpreet’s happiness knew no bounds. For once in his life all odds favoured him. He readily accepted the offer. He couldn’t wait to go home and tell his mother about his new found job.

Manpreet, with his honesty and merit, was further promoted; his brother was but a contrast to Manpreet. Jeet who had given into poverty sought an alternative- stealth. He did not realize the worth of the sacrifices that his family had made, instead of studying hard, he had fallen prey to the hounds of the society. His addiction to drinking led him on, and he drained the hard earned money of his family so, stealing from other people was the only way out he was left with. Many a times he was in police custody and it was his elder brother who came to his rescue. He thus became a liability to his family.

Years flew by. Manpreet was now 22 and he had worked his soul off to bring his family out of the acute urban poverty. With the copious money he was now earning, he managed to get his mother proper treatment for her illness. She was recovering, rather slowly, but the years of prolonged illness had taken a toll on her general well- being. However, Jeet was leading towards oblivion. Days and nights he didn’t return home. And when he did, he was never in his senses all right. He had become

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a drunkard, draining all his family’s money, as well as falling in a debt trap. All his family’s efforts to pull him from the vacuum were in vain.

Soon the mother began feeling, that she had breathed the number of breaths given by the lord, and that, the end was near. She wanted to see Manpreet, settled and raise a family. She had lost all faith in Jeet and Manpreet was the only ray of hope. Moreover, he had started earning decently enough to be a family man. And so, he found himself a partner, and got married. On the other hand, Jeet’s visit to his home was dwindling. Whenever he turned up, he only demanded for money. Time flew on and one fateful day, a grave knock at the door startled the family. There were two police constables, with sorry eyes who delivered the sad news. Jeet was no more. He died of alcohol overdose. He had met an appalling end and succumbed to the miseries of demonic urban poverty.

On the contrary, Manpreet had overcome his woes, beating his destiny with his hard work and high morals. Highs and lows came and went; he never deviated from his path and continued working hard.

Though both the brothers came from similar backgrounds and circumstances but had different approaches towards tribulations. The first brother took poverty as a challenge and decided to defeat it while the other succumbed to the poverty.

But that was not all. Manpreet was a very socially driven youth. The pain that was inflicted upon him from this acute situation of poverty, along with the loss of his dear ones and the destruction of his family- altogether blazed his heart with fire. He thought of the night he had almost given up all hopes. What he was today was by the grace of Almighty. He realized, it was now his turn to pay back. He de-voted his time in the Gurudwara, doing every bit of service to mankind he could. Helping the churning poor, empathising their pain and remembering how he was once in their shoes. He sat reminiscing the days gone by, took a paper and scribbled his heart out-

“I do remember the days

When my heart had something to say

The time I spent at dirty camps

Those moments of rumbling and hunger cramps

When helplessness engulfed us like a colossal wave

When the almighty was the one who could save

Though my beloved had fallen prey to poverty

I had to accept it with utter veracity

Oh my heart feels the pain

When I think of it again

Those old memories in which I peep

My heart sinks in sorrows deep

Life is a journey with colors changing hue

And today happiness is all I pursue”

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bibliography • wuscregina.ca • www.slate.com • www.wasteventures.org • www.ibtimes.com


1. ‘Poverty is not an economic abstraction, it is a human condition’. Justify the statement. (5 marks)

2. In context to given story, what according to you are the causes of poverty and what may be your contribution towards eliminating poverty? (5 marks)

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Question 1: • Poverty is a state when a person is not able to have square meals a day. • It is a state of despair, grief and pain • Opportunities are there to come out of this vicious cycle through hard work and self - belief. • Poverty is a state of mind when one feels resource less, be it physical resources i.e. money

and likes that we can see or be it Humane resources i.e values, confidence and trust which though very important cannot be seen.

• How much is enough cannot be measured, but when greed is there, one is poor. (5 marks)

Question 2: causes of poverty: 1. Lack of opportunities 2. Lack of productive resources and access to it. 3. Partition of the country and the loss of all assets of the family 4. Lack of education and skills to make an individual future ready My contribution towards eliminating poverty

1. Imparting Education

2. Skill Development

3. Strong Value System

4. Involving with NGOs to fight the vices in the society. (5 marks)

(To be assessed as a whole)

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OPEN TEXT MATERIAL*Theme 2—Living on the Edge

AbstractBig cities provide big opportunities. They attract both rich and the poor alike. The poor from the villages are attracted by greater job prospects, better infrastructural facilities and above all an escape from constraining social and cultural traditions in rural villages. Urban life presents conditions of overcrowded living, congestion, unemployment, lack of social and community networks, stark inequalities and crippling social problems such as crime and violence. Many of those who migrate benefit from the opportunities in the urban areas while others may be left behind to struggle with the challenges of city life.

Urban Population GrowthDespite the multitude of problems related to the urban poor, the number of urban residents is

growing, by nearly 60 million every year. According to W. H. O. figures the global urban population is expected to grow roughly 1.5% per year between 2012–2030. By the middle of the 21st century, the urban population will almost double, increasing from approximately 3.4 billion in 2009 to 6.4 billion in 2050.

In the years to come, urban population growth will occur in the cities of the developing countries. By the middle of the 21st century the urban population of these countries will be more than double. On the other hand in the high income countries, the urban population is expected to remain largely unchanged. Reasons for urban growth are attributed to both natural growth and rural to urban migration. Immigration accounts for two-thirds of the urban growth. Without immigration, urban population will decline or remain static.

Let’s have a look at population growth in selected mega-cities of the world. (Study Figure 1)

Source: http://newint.org/features/2006/01/01/facts/

Figure 1. Population growth in selected mega cities of the world (2000-2015)

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Compare the growth of urban population in the developing nations with that of developed nations. We would come to a conclusion that the population of the cities located in the developing world like Karachi, Mumbai, Delhi and Dhaka will grow faster than that of the developing world like Osaka and Tokyo.

challengesChallenges faced by urban immigrants like resource constraints, inadequate Government policies

at both the Central and local level and lack of planning for urban growth and management have led to the rise of slums.

What is a slum? A slum for the purpose of Census has been defined as residential areas where dwellings are unfit for human habitation by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors which are detrimental to the safety and health. Slums have been categorized into three types: Notified slums, Recognized slums and identified slums.

Slums lack infrastructural facilities. The water that they fetch is not clean and purified. It is contaminated and attracts flies and mosquitoes. This water is often stored which causes diseases like malaria. Water is not available everywhere in a slum. Women at times have to walk 2-3 kilometers each day to fetch water for their daily needs. Toilet facilities are not ade-quate. Slum dwellers are not able to build toilets in their homes. Inadequate sanitation facilities leads to harmful diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, cholera, parasitic worms etc.

Figure 2 shows that the proportion of slum population to the urban population is highest in Sub- Saharan Africa, followed by South Central Asia. It is the least in Europe.

A region wise study of the slum population tells us that Asia has 60% of the world’s slum dwellers, Africa 20% and Latin America 14%.

A peculiar feature of Asian urbanization is the prevalence of “megacities” that are home to 10 million people. In 2011, there were 23 such cities worldwide, 13 of which were Asian. It is expected that by 2025, the number of megacities would reach 37 out of which 21 are Asian. Southeast Asia has most densely populated cities with population densities going up to 16,500 people per square kilometres.

slums in India

Slum Population in India by States

State 2011 2017 (Projected)

Maharashtra 1.81 2.05

Uttar Pradesh 1.1 1.2

Andhra Pradesh 0.81 0.86

Madhya Pradesh 0.64 0.71

Gujarat 0.46 0.52

Delhi 0.31 0.37

Source: Census of India 2011

All figures in crores

Source: ttp://newint.org/fea-tures/2006/01/01/facts

Figure 2. Slum population by region

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According to the NSSO estimates nine million households or roughly one - eighth of India’s urban population lives in slums.

According to recent estimates, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh will be having largest share of slum population in India by 2017. These states are already home to a large number of slum populations which mostly lives in and around urban areas. By 2017, Maharashtra will be home to more than 20 million of slum population in India followed by Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. It is estimated that by 2017, India's total slum population will be 104 million.

At the crack of dawn, 13 year old, Radha wakes up in the urban sprawl of Delhi’s Yamuna Pushta. She heads towards the slum public toilets next to the railway line. Returns and gets ready to go along with her mother to fetch water from a tap at the end of the lane. She carries along four empty cans and places them in the long serpentine queue where women are shouting and jostling over the water tap. After two hours she returns to her rickety shack and quickly gets ready for school. On good days breakfast is a dry chapati with left over vegetable.

On her way she drops her 8 year old brother to a small unrecognised private school. No one is at home when she returns at one o’clock along with her brother. She has to cook and feed him and do all the houseold work from cleaning to washing. In the evening when all other children are playing in the basti she sits and completes her homework and returns to household work.

Her two elder sisters have gone along with her mother to work in the neighbourhood bunglows. They return in the evening. Radha and her brother Sonu are priviledged to get education as no one else is literate in her house. Her father is a rickshaw puller. He works morning to night and is barely able to earn Rs. 300 per day.

DharaviThe financial capital of India, Mumbai, is home to the largest slum Dharavi. Dharavi is the second

largest slum of Asia after Orangi. More than half of Mumbai’s population lives in slums.

Source: http://www.coolgeography. co.uk A- level/AQA/Year%2013/ World%20Citi es/Mumbai/Mumbai.htm

Dharavi spans over 500 acres in the heart of the Mumbai city. It has a population density over 10 times that of the city. The estimated population is 6 lakhs. In the 19th century, Dharavi was a mangrove swamp and inhabited by a fisher community, the Kolis. They used to practice western edge of Dharavi. However they have stopped fishing and switched over to other profitable professions. Also the fisher folk have given way to migrants from Gujarat, Uttar Pradeh and Tamil Nadu. Dharavi is bustling with informal economic activity. A study by the SPARC (Society for the Promotion of Area

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Resource Centres) estimates that Dharavi has 4,902 production facilities, with 1,036 in textiles, 932 in pottery, 567 in the leather, 722 in recycling and scrap metal, 498 in embroidery and 152 in food. Further-more, there are 111 restaurants and several thousand boutiques in Dharavi.

As put nicely by someone: Dharavi is becom-ing the green lung stopping Mumbai choking to death on its own waste. The recycling factories in Dharavi have saved Mumbai. The city of Mumbai generates almost 7,025 tons of waste on a daily basis and for this reason Dharavi remains a land of recycling opportunity for many rural Indians. A disposable plastic cup may reborn several times in Dharavi. They are discarded and gathered in, melted and remoulded in some new plastic form. Thousands of tones of plastic, metal, paper, glass, cotton, metals revolve around in Dharavi each day.

In the little corner of Sion Dharavi one can see a flourishing papad making cottage industry. The women keep themselves busy by making papads.

bibliography • http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/ • http://newint.org/features/2006/01/01/facts/#sthash.bzLNkvAx.dpuf • http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/slum-population-in-india.html • http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMENT/

EXTURB ANPOVERTY/0,contentMDK:20227679~menuPK:473804~pagePK:148956~piP K:216618~the SitePK:341325,00.html

• http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/c-p-chandrasekhar/the-changing- face-of-urban-poverty/article4379020.ece

• http://www.ibtimes.com/5-biggest-slums-world-381338 • http://mayaanjali.hubpages.com/hub/Dharavi-A-slum-beyond-comparison • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathputhli_slum • http://www.sos-arsenic.net/english/environment/leatherindustry.html • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891648/ • http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/slum-population-in-india.html • http://www.enn.com/ecosystems/article/45337 • http://www.ukessays.com/essays/sociology/the-world-urban-slum-population.php#ixzz3B-

W8ePOgY • http://base.d-p-h.info/fr/fiches/dph/fiche-dph-7867.html


1. Will imparting education to children in slums, enrich their lives without providing them with basic needs? Comment. (5 marks)

2. Reason out why do the developing nations have more slums than the developed nations? (5 marks)

Source: http://mumbai-magic.blogspot.in/2007/03/pappadam-central.html

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Question 1: • Imparting education to children will not enrich their lives immediately; it simply pre-

pares them for the future. • But in order to ensure that the education that we provide them reaches them, a good atmos-

phere is necessary. • They don't have basic infrastructure and health care. Their atmosphere instead of motivating

them to study, demotivates them. • They will not be able to study in a condition in which they cannot even find food to eat, and

will be forced to work as a child labourer in order to earn money for their daily bread, and not choose to continue to study. (To be assessed as a whole, 5 Marks)

Question 2: Reasons of the developing nations have more slums than the development nations:

• The only type of settlement affordable and accessible to the poor in development nations where competition for land and profits is intense?

• In comparison with developed nations, limited job opportunities in developing nations. • Lack of job prospects, education, health facilities, along with restrictive social or cultural

realities. • Lack of infrastructural provision to meet economic and social needs. • Lack of planning and reforms by governments / bad governance.

(To be assessed as a whole, 5 Marks)

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