“CBC Exam Guru”

“CBC Exam Guru”

Head Office: Abohar (Punjab), Helpline No: 78141 – 09600 www.cbcexamguru.in

“CBC Exam Guru”


CONTENTS

Sr.No Particulars Page No.

1 Introduction 1

2 Agriculture 9

3 Soil 13

4 Agroforestry 21

5 Irrigation 26

6 Food Processing 37

Practice Exercise 51

“CBC Exam Guru”


“CBC Institute” Agriculture

Head Office: Abohar (Punjab), Helpline No: 78141-09600 www.cbcexamguru.in Page | 1

Introduction

Share to total imports- 2.95 per cent

(2007-08), 2.74 per cent (2008-09)

Share to total export – 10.23 per cent

(2015-16)

Contribution total Employment-58 per

cent (2015-16)

A record production of 275.68 Million

tonnes of food grains in 2016-17

Contribution to Growth rate in GDP -7.1

per cent (2016-17)

Contribution to GDP -15.35 per cent

(2015-16)

Agricultural Updates

U.P. has highest total fertilizer

consumption.

Maximum production under fruit crop –

Banana

State having maximum area under

irrigation – Punjab

Major source of irrigation in India –

Canal

Maximum area under fruit crops –

Mango

Crop under highest irrigation is 1st –

wheat, 2nd – rice (50 per cent of total

area).

Indian standard ratio for fertilizers has

been assumed to be 4:2:1.

In India, the NPK nutrients ratio being

used is 6.5:2.5:1 as recommended ratio of

4:2:1.

Irrigated area to net sown area highest in

sugarcane (93 per cent) followed by

wheat (85 per cent).

26 per cent of the Indian populations are

under poverty line.

The parameter to group under BPL is:

In urban area – less than 2100 cal/day

In rural area – less than 2400 cal/day

Largest imported fertilizer is potash

(K2O).

Nobel Peace Prize (1970) or ―Green

Revolution‖ awarded to U.S. scientist

Nobel Laureate Dr. Norman Earnest

Borlaug.

First agriculture census in India

conducted in – 1970

Animal husbandry output constitutes

about 30 per cent of the country‘s

agriculture output.

As per national forest policy, for

ecological balance, the forests cover

should be on 1/3rd area (i.e. 33 per cent)

of the country.

Important Days in Agriculture

Date Days

3rd January WTO Foundation Day

2nd February World Wetland Day

28th February National Science Day

15th March Consumer Day

22nd March World Water Day

23rd March World Resources Day

18th April World Heritage Day

24th April Panchyati Ray Day /

Animal Lab Day

1st May Labour Day

22nd May International

Biodiversity Day

1st June World Milk Day

17th June World Day to Combat

Desertification

11th July World Population Day

12th July NABADR Foundation

Day

16th July ICAR Foundation Day

28th September Green Consumer Day

3rd October World Habitat Day/

Animal Day

6th October World Wildlife Day



15th October Women Farmer‘s Day

16th October World Food Day

3rd December National Agriculture

Education Day

5th December World Soil Day

23rd December Farmer‘s Day (Kisan

Divas)

Important Programmes

(a) Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

(PMFBY) Restructured Weather Based Crop

Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS)

It was launched by Govt. of India in

Kharif 2016.To provide insurance

coverage and financial support to the

farmers in the event of failure of any of

the notified crops as a result of natural

calamities, pest and diseases. In this

schemes, the premium rates to be paid by

farmers are very low 2 per cent of sum

insured for all Kharif crops, 1.5 per cent

for all Rabi crops and 5 per cent for

commercial and horticultural crops. The

schemes are voluntary for States and

available in areas and crops that are

notified by State Governments.

Soil Health Cards Scheme (SHCS)

It was started in February 2015. Soil

Health Card (SHC) is a printed report that

farmer will be handed over for each of his

holdings. SHC will contain the status of

his soil with respect to 12 parameters,

namely N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Bo and

pH, EC, OC. Based on this, the SHC will

also indicate fertilizer recommendations

and soil amendment required for the

farm.

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)

It is an initiative to promote commercial

organic production through certified

organic farming in the country. This

scheme was launched by Government of

India in 2015. Under PKVY organic

farming is promoted through adoption of

organic village by cluster approach and

PGS certification. Under PKVY scheme, an

area of 5 lakh acre is targeted to be

covered through 10,000 Clusters of 50

acres each, from the year, 2015-16 to

201718.

(b) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

(PMKSY)

PMKSY decision was taken on 1 July 2015

at the meeting of Cabinet committee on

Economic Affairs (CCEA), headed by the

Prime Minister. The major objectives of

PMKSY are as follows:

Converge investments in irrigation at

the farm level and provide end-to-end

solution

Har Khet Ko Pani: Enhance the physical

access of water on the farm and expand

cultivable area under assured irrigation

Integration of source, distribution,

efficient use of water through

appropriate technology and practice

Enhance adoption of precision-irrigation

and other water saving technologies

under More Crop Per Drop.

Promotion of micro-irrigation in the

form of drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-

guns in the farm (Jal Sinchan)

Enhance recharge of aquifers; promote

sustainable water conservation

Ensure integrated development of

Rainfed areas

Water harvesting, water management

and crop alignment, explore feasibility

of reusing treated municipal waste

water for peri-urban agriculture and

attract greater private investment in

irrigation.



Neem Coated Urea (NCU)

In January 2015, the Government

allowed the urea produce upto 100 per

cent of production as Neem coated urea.

Further, the Government made it

mandatory to produce at least 75 per

cent of domestic urea as Neem coated.

The current policy is that Government

has mandated all indigenous producers

of urea to produce 100 per cent of urea

as Neem coated urea only.

The scheme being promoted to

regulation the use of urea, enhance the

availability of nitrogen to the crop and

reduce to cost of fertilizer consumption.

Urea coasted with Neem oil is known as

Neem coated urea. Only about 30 to 40

per cent of N2 in the urea is utilized by

the plants. Coating of Neem oil helps in

gradual release of nitrates into soil. This

may work as a bio pesticide.

Primary motive of the Indian

government is to stop the illegal

diverting of highly subsidized urea for

the industrial purpose. Neem coated

urea is unfit for industrial purpose.

Interested Subvention Scheme (ISS)

The interest subvention scheme for

farmers aims at providing short term

credit to farmers at subsidized

interested rate. The policy came into

force with effect from Kharif 2006-07.

The scheme is being implemented for

the year 2017-18. The Government has

earmarked approximately Rs 20,339

crores for interest subvention during

2017-18.

The interest subvention will be given

to Public Sector Bank (PSBs), Private

Sector Banks, Cooperative Banks and

Regional Banks (RRBs) on use if own

funds and to NABARD for refinance to

RRBs and Cooperative Banks.

The interest Subvention Scheme will

continue for one year and it will be

implemented by NABARD and RBI.

Interest Subvention for Short-term Crop

Loans

The Central Government provide

farmers under the interest subvention

scheme to all farmers for short term

crop loan up-to one year for loan up-to

Rs. 3 lakhs borrowed by them during

the year 2017-18.

Under this scheme, the farmers can

avail concessional crop loans of up-to

Rs. 3 lakh at 7 per cent rate of interest.

It also provides for ab additional

subvention of 3 per cent for prompt

repayment within a period of one year

from the date of advance. The scheme

for 2017-18 will help farmers to avail of

short term crop loans up-to Rs. 3 lakh

payable within one year at only 4 per

cent per annum. In case farmers do not

repay the short term crop loan in time

they would be eligible for interest

subvention of 2 per cent as against 5

per cent available above.

The amount of subvention is to be

calculated on the amount of crop loan

from the date of disbursement up to

the date of repayment.

Interest Subvention for Post-harvest Loans

As a measure to check distress sale,

post-harvest loans for storage in

accredited warehouses against

Negotiable Warehouses Receipts

(NWRs) are available for up-to 6

months for KCC holding small &

marginal farmers. The Interest

Subvention Scheme will continue for



one year and it will be implemented by

NABARD and RBI.

In order to give relief to small and

marginal farmers who would have to

borrow at 9 per cent post-harvest

storage of their produce, the Central

Government has approved an interest

subvention of 2 per cent i.e. and

effective rate of loans up-to 6 months.

(c) Interest Subvention under Deendayal

Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural

Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)

DAY-NRLM has a provision for

interest subvention, to cover the

difference between the Lending Rate of

the banks and 7 per cent, on all credit

from the banks/financial institutions

availed by women SHGs, for a

maximum of 3,00,000 per SHG. This

will be available across the country in

two ways:

In 150 identified districts, banks will

lend to the women SHGs@7 per cent

up to an aggregated loan amount of Rs

3,00,000/-. The SHGs will also get

additional interest subvention of 3 per

cent in prompt payment, reducing the

effective rate of interest to 4 per cent.

In the remaining districts also, DAY-

NRLM complaint women SHGs will

get be registered with SRLMs. These

SHGs are eligible for interest

subvention to the extent of different

between the lending rates and 7 per

cent for the loan up to Rs. 3 lakhs,

subjected to the norms prescribed by

the respective SRLMs. This part of the

scheme will be operationalized but

SRLMs.



Revolution in Agriculture

Revolution Related to

Green revolution : Food grain production

White revolution : Milk production

Yellow revolution : Oilseeds production

Gray revolution : Manures and Fertilizers

Blue revolution : Egg production/Poultry

Pink revolution : Prawn production

Golden revolution : Fruit production (apple)

Brown revolution : Non-conventional energy source

Black revolution : Bio-fuel (Jatropha) production

Rainbow revolution : Agriculture

Food chain revolution : Food grain production

Evergreen revolution : Reduction in wastage of food grains, fruits and

vegetables

e-Revolution : Use of digital technologies

Second Green Revolution : Protein, Rice, Pulse

Famous Name of Crops

Famous Name Crops

Queen of cereals : Maize

King of cereals : Wheat

Queen of pulses : Pea

King of pulses : Chickpea

Egg plant : Brinjal

Bio energy plant : Jatropha

National fruits of India : Mango

Glory of East : Chrysanthemum

Autumn queen : Chrysanthemum

Wonder tree : Neem

Queen of night : Cestrum nocturnum

King of oilseeds : Groundnut

King of fruits : Mango

Queen of fruit : Pineapple

Poor man‘s fruit : Jackfruit

Poor man‘s meat : Soybean

Wonder crop : Soybean

King of vegetable : Potato

Queen of spices : Cardamom

King of spices : Black Pepper

King of flower crops : Rose

Backbone of America : Maize



Queen of nut crops : Peanut

Apple of paradise : Banana

Tree of heaven : Coconut

Food of god : Cocoa

Adams fig : Banana

India’s Position in World Agriculture Bank

Total Area : Seventh

Milk : First

Irrigated Area : First

Fruits and Vegetables : Second (first-China)

Population : Second

Oil Seeds : Second

Economically Active population : Second

Total Pulses : First

Total Cereals : Third

Coarse grains : Fourth

Wheat : Second

Rice : Second

Leading States of India (Production Crops)

Agricultural Commodity Top Producer State

Largest Total Food Grains : Uttar Pradesh

Producing state

Largest Apple producing State : Jammu & Kashmir

Largest Guava producing state : Madhya Pradesh

Largest Banana producing state : Tamil Nadu

Largest Rice producing state : West Bengal

Largest Wheat producing state : Uttar Pradesh

Largest Jute producing state : West Bengal

Largest Maize producing state : Andhra Pradesh

Largest Total Spices producing : Andhra Pradesh

State

Largest Vegetables producing : West Bengal

State

Largest Fruits producing State : Andhra Pradesh

Largest Loose Flowers producing : Tamil Nadu

State

Largest Cotton producing state : Gujarat

Largest Oilseeds producing state : Gujarat

Largest Sugar producing state : Maharashtra

Rapeseed & Mustard producing : Rajasthan

State



Largest Sunflower producing : Karnataka

State

Largest Sugarcane producing : Uttar Pradesh

State

Largest Orange producing state : Punjab

Largest Litchi producing state : Bihar

Largest Brinjal producing state : Odisha

Largest Pineapple producing : West Bengal

State

Recent Famous Years in Agriculture

1980 : Natural Conservation year

2002 : Worst drought year

2003 : International year of freshwater

2004 : International Rice year (Theme: Rice is life)

2005 : Neem Patent year (Patent from USA to India)

2006 : Natural Parthenium control year, International year of Desert and

Desertification

2007 : Potato year, Year of Neem

2008 : Water conservation year/world water year (Theme: More crop per drop)

2009 : Fibre year/Food security & quality year

2010 : International year of Biodiversity & Pulse Year (India)

2011 : International Forest year

2014 : International year of Family Farming

2016 : International year of Pulse (World)

Original Place or Crops

Crops Origin Place

Sunflower : USA

Linseed : Afghanistan

Potato, Tomato : Peru

Maize, Teosinate : Mexico

Rice, Sugarcane : South East Asia

Wheat, Barley, Buckwheat, Gram, Lucerne : South West Asia

Tobacco : America

Soybean, Rapseed and Mustard, Tea : China

Leading State in Production and Area of Crops

Crops State

Paddy production : WB

Paddy area : WB

Paddy productivity : Punjab

Wheat production : UP

State leading in vegetable crops production : WB



State leading in vegetable crops area : WB

State leading in fruits crops production : AP

State leading in fruits crops area : MH

Fruit crop leading in productivity : Papaya

Fruit crop leading in Production : Banana

Potato production : UP

Onion production : MH

Sugarcane production : UP

Sugarcane productivity : TN

Maize production : Karnataka

Pulse production : MP

Pulse Productivity : Haryana

Oil seed production : MP

Oil seed productivity : TN

Wheat area : UP

Wheat productivity : Haryana

Soybean production : MP

Soybean productivity : AP

Fruit crop leading in Area : Mango

Groundnut production : Gujarat

Groundnut productivity : TN

Tea production : Assam

Mustard production : Raj

Cotton production : MH



Agriculture

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. It

includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to

markets. Agriculture provides most of the world's food and fabrics.

Crops

Green plants can synthesise their food by the process of photosynthesis by using inorganic

substances like carbon dioxide, water in the presence of sunlight.

Man and other animals cannot make food by photosynthesis; they need readymade organic food

nutrients like carbohydrates, fats and proteins for their growth and development.

When he same kind of plants are grown in the fields on a large scale to obtain food like cereals,

pulses, vegetables and fruits, is called a crop.

Classification of Crops and their Origin

(a) Classification Based on Seasons

1. Kharif Crops

The Kharif/monsoon crop is sown with the beginning of the first rains in June to July, during

the south-west monsoon season and harvest in the month of October. The term Kharif means

―autumn‖ in Arabic. e.g. Paddy, Maize, Soybean, Sorghum, Groundnut, Cotton, Urd etc.

2. Zaid Crops

The Zaid/summer crop is mainly sown in the month of March and harvested in May. Requires

warm day weather for major growth period and longer day length for flowering, e.g. Paddy,

Groundnut, Moong, Sunflower, Maize, Groundnuts, Watermelon, Pumpkins, Gaurds.

3. Rabi Crops

The Rabi/winter crop or spring harvest crop is sown in the month of November during the

north-east monsoon season and harvest in the month of February. The term Rabi means ―spring‖

in Arabic. e.g. Wheat, Chickpea, Pea, Sunflower, Safflower, Mustard etc.

(b) Classification Based on Special Purpose

1. Competitive Crops: Such crops compete to each other and are unsuitable for intercropping e.g.

two cereals.

2. Arable crops: Crops which are cultivated on ploughed land. They are annual crops and

include cereals, root crops, tobacco, sugarcane, maize and potatoes.

3. Cash Crops: A crop, such as tobacco, grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed or a

crop grown by a farmer primarily for sale to others rather than for his or her own use e.g.

sugarcane, cotton, jute, tobacco etc.

4. Avenue Crops: Such crops are grown along farm roads and fences e.g. Pigeon pea, Glyricidia

sisal etc.

5. Cover Crops: A close-growing crop grown primarily to improve and protect the soil from

erosion through their ground covering foliage and /or rootmats between periods of regular crop

production e.g. Lobia, groundnut, urd, sweet potato, methi etc.

6. Paira/Utera Crops: The seed of succeeding crops like lentil, gram, pea, lathyrus, berseem,

linseed etc. is sown broadcast at 10 to 15 days before harvesting rice crop. This practice saves



time; money (to be spent on land preparation etc.) utilizes residual fertility. This practice is

common in both upland and lowland rice culture.

7. Energy Crops: An energy crop is a plant grown as a low cost and low maintenance harvest

used to make biofuels, or directly exploited for its energy content e,g, sugarcane, potato, maize,

tapioca.

8. Nurse Crops: A crop of trees (nurse trees), shrubs or other plants introduced to foster or

nourishment of another crops by i.e. shading it, protecting it from frost, insolation or wind. The

widest use of nurse crops is in the establishment of leguminaceous plants such as alfalfa, clover

e.g. Sunhemp in sugarcane, Jowar in cowpea, Rai in pea.

9. Fouling Crops: Such crops whose culture practices allow the infestation of weeds intensively

e.g. direct seeded upland rice.

10. Trap Crops: Trap crops are grown to protect the main cash crop from a certain pest or

several pests. These crops are planted in completely surrounding the main cash crop and prevent

pest attack from all sides of the field through attracting the pest e.g. cotton red bug trapped by

Ladyfinger around cotton.

(c) Classification Based on Cultural Method/Water

1. Irrigated crops: Crops grown with the help of irrigation water. e.g. Chili, sugarcane, Banana,

papaya etc.

2. Rain fed: crops grow only on rain water. e.g. Jowar, Bajra, Mung etc.

(d) Classification Based on Root System

1. Adventitious/Fiber rooted: The crops whose roots are fibrous shallow & spreading into the

soil. e.g. Cereal crops, wheat rice etc.

2. Tap root system: The main root goes deep into the soil. e.g. Tur, Grape, Cotton, Gram etc.

(e) Classification Based on No. of Cotyledon

1. Dicots or dicotyledonous: Crops having two cotyledons in the seed. e.g. all legumes & pulses.

2. Monocots or monocotyledons: Having one cotyledon in the seed. e.g. all cereals & Millets.

Climatic Requirement of Field Crops

(1) Rice

(a) Rice needs hot and humid climate.

(b) Rice is a short day plant.

(c) Maximum temperature for which rice crop tolerate is 40 C.

(d) Requirement of rainfall throughout growth period is 100-150 cm.

(2) Wheat

(a) Wheat needs cold and dry climate

(b) Wheat is a long day plant.

(c) Water required for proper growth is 60-90 cm.

(3) Maize

(a) Maize is a day neutral plant.

(b) Maize crop requires 50-80 cm rainfall for proper growth.

(c) Maize grows from sea level to 3000 metre altitude.

(4) Sorghum



(a) Sorghum is a short day plant.

(b) It can tolerate drought conditions as well as water logging condition.

(c) Requirement of rainfall throughout growth period is 40-60 cm.

(5) Pearl Millet/Bajra

(a) Bajra is a warm weather crop.

(b) Requirement of rainfall throughout growth period is 25-35 cm.

(c) Best suited temperature for crop growth is between 27-30 C.

(6) Barley

(a) Barley needs cold weather during early crop growth period and warm and dry weather at

maturity.

(b) Barely is a long day plant.

(c) Water requirement for good crop growth is 35-50 cm.

(7) Gram

(a) Gram is a winter season crop.

(b) Severe cold and frost at the time of flowering causes detrimental effect to gram seed

development.

(c) It is a long day plant.

(d) Requirement of water throughout growth period is 35-45 cm.

(8) Field Pea

(a) Field pea requires cool growing season.

(b) High humidity is harmful to pea crop due to incidence of disease.

(c) Field pea is a short day plant.

(d) Water requirement for proper growth is 40-60 cm.

(e) Frost can damage the plant during flowering period.

(9) Pigeon Pea

(a) Pigeon pea grows well under warm tropical and subtropical climate.

(b) It is highly susceptible to frost at the time of flowering.

(10) Green Gram

(a) Green gram requires hot climate.

(b) It is a day neutral plant.

(c) Best suited temperature for crop growth is between 25-32 C.

(d) It is considered to be the hardiest pulse among all pulse crops.

(11) Black Gram

(a) Black gram requires a hot and humid growing season.

(b) Heavy rains during flowering stage are harmful to yield of pea crop.

(c) Water requirement for proper growth is 40-60 cm.

(12) Soybean

(a) Soybean grows well in warm and moist climate.

(b) Soybean is a short day plant.

(c) Water requirement for proper growth is 60-75 cm.



(13) Groundnut

(a) Groundnut is wide spectrum adoptable crop which grown in all 3 seasons.

(b) It is a day neutral plant.

(c) It requires tropical climate.

(d) It requires an average annual rainfall of 50-100 cm.

(14) Sunflower

(a) Sunflower is also a wide spectrum adoptable crop, grown in all 3 seasons.

(b) Higher temperature (> 38 C) during reproductive stage reduce the oil content.

(c) It is a day neutral plant.

(d) The requirement of annual rainfall varies from 30-150 cm.

(15) Cotton

(a) Cotton is a warm season crop.

(b) It requires an average annual temperature and rainfall of over 18 C and 50-70 cm,

respectively.

(16) Sugarcane

(a) Sugarcane is a tropical plant.

(b) Under long day length conditions, plant produces more dry matter.

(c) Optimum temperature for crop growth is between 32-35 C.

(d) It requires an average annual rainfall of 250-300 cm.

(17) Potato

(a) Potato is a temperate and cool climate crop.

(b) Cloudy weather, rainy days and high humidity is unfavorable for potato crop.

(c) Tuberization stopped, when temperature exceeds 30 C.

(18) Rapseed and Mustard

(a) Cool temperature, clear dry weather with bright sunshine accompanied with adequate soil

moisture increases the oil percentage of crop.

(b) The crop cannot tolerate drought as well as water logging condition.



Soil

Soil‖ is a very broad term and refers to the loose layer of earth that covers the surface of the

planet. The soil is the part of the earth‘s surface, which includes disintegrated rock, humus,

inorganic and organic materials. For soil to form from rocks, it takes an average of 500 years or

more. The soil is usually formed when rocks break up into their constituent parts. When a range

of different forces act on the rocks, they break into smaller parts to form the soil. These forces

also include the impact of wind, water and the reaction from salts.

There are three stages of soil:

(a) Solid soil

(b) Soil with air in the pores

(c) Soil with water in the pores

There are various types of soil that undergo diverse environmental pressures. Soil is mainly

classified by its texture, proportions and different forms of organic and mineral compositions.

Types of Soil

Soil is classified into two types:

(a) Sandy Soil

(b) Silt Soil

(c) Clay Soil

(d) Loamy Soil

(a) Sandy Soil

The first type of soil is sand. It consists of small particles of weathered rock. Sandy soils are one

of the poorest types of soil for growing plants because it has very low nutrients and poor water

holding capacity, which makes it hard for the plant‘s roots to absorb water. This type of soil is

very good for the drainage system. Sandy soil is usually formed by the breakdown or

fragmentation of rocks like granite, limestone and quartz.

(b) Silt Soil

Silt, which is known to have much smaller particles compared to sandy soil and is made up of

rock and other mineral particles, which are smaller than sand and larger than clay. It is the

smooth and fine quality of the soil that holds water better than sand. Silt is easily transported by

moving currents and it is mainly found near the river, lake and other water bodies. The silt soil is



more fertile compared to the other three types of soil. Therefore, it is also used in agricultural

practices to improve soil fertility.

(c) Clay Soil

Clay is the smallest particle amongst the other two types of soil. The particles in this soil are

tightly packed together with each other with very little or no airspace. This soil has very good

water storage qualities and makes it hard for moisture and air to penetrate into it. It is very sticky

to the touch when wet, but smooth when dried. Clay is the densest and heaviest type of soil

which does not drain well or provide space for plant roots to flourish.

(d) Loamy Soil

Loam is the fourth type of soil. It is a combination of sand, silt and clay such that the beneficial

properties from each are included. For instance, it has the ability to retain moisture and nutrients;

hence, it is more suitable for farming. This soil is also referred to as an agricultural soil as it

includes an equilibrium of all three types of soil materials being sandy, clay, and silt and it also

happens to have humus. Apart from these, it also has higher calcium and pH levels because of

its inorganic origins.



Preparation of the Soil

This is the first essential stage for cultivating any crop plant. Preparation of soil involves the

following step – ploughing and digging, levelling and manuring.

(a) Ploughing and Digging:

The process of loosening and turning up of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by

using a wooden or iron plough.

(b) Levelling:

Soil, if ploughed in dry season, breaks into big mud pieces called crumbs. It is necessary to break

these crumbs with the help of a wooden plank or iron leveller. The field is levelled for sowing as

well as for irrigation.

(c) Manuring:

Mixing soil with manure is called manuring. manure is usually added to the soil both before and

after tilling. Adding manure before tilling helps in proper mixing of manure with the soil.

(d) Sowing

The process of putting seeds into the soil is called sowing.

Methods of Sowing:

Seeds are sown in the field by any of the three methods described below.

(a) Broadcasting:

Seeds are sown manually by directly scattering them into the soil. This process is called

broadcasting.

(b) Seed Drills:

The other method is to use a seed drill. A simple seed drill consists of an iron tube with a funnel

at the top attached to the plough.

Fig : SEED DRILL

(c) Transplantation:

There are certain crops like paddy and some vegetables for which seeds are not directly sown in

the field and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field. This process is known as

transplantation.

Applying Manures and Fertilizers

Crops absorb various nutrients from the soil through their roots. They are required for their

growth and development. The replenishment is done by adding mannures and fertilisers to the

soil. This process is called manuring.



Manures:

Manures are natural, organic substances obtained by the decomposition of animal wastes and

plant residues. They supply essential nutrients and humus to the soil and make it fertile.

Manures are of the three kinds : farm yard manure, compost and green manure.

Farm Yard Manure:

It consists of cattle dung, urine, straw, leaves and other farmyard wastes.

Compost:

It is the manure obtained by the decomposition of dead plants and animal wastes, sewage waste,

etc. It is made by burying all available organic material in a pit with alternative layers of soil and

leaving it to rot.

Green Manure:

Green manure is formed by the decomposition of fast growing leguminous plants like guar and

sunhemp. These plants are grown and ploughed back into the soil.

Advantages of Manure:

It enriches the soil with nutrients.

It adds organic matter to the soil which improves the quality of soil.

It increases water-holding capacity in sandy soil and drainage in clay soil.

It increases the population of useful microorganism in the soil

It improves and maintains the quality of the soil for a long time.

The Soils of Punjab have been classified into the following major types: Name of the Soil Area Covered Characteristics

Flood Plain or Bet

Soils

Area along with the west bank of

Satluj from Ropar to Fazilka

town in the south – west and in

Zira and Moga Tehsils.

(a) Periodically flooded or old flood

plain areas of various rivers, streams

or choes of the state.

(b) They are found in the form of

elongated belts on the both side of

the river channel such as those of

Satluj, Ravi, Beas and Ghagghar.

(c) They are pale to yellow brown in

colour. The soils are well drained and

very deep and they vary in texture

and these have generally a low and

irregular organic matter.

(d) Depending upon the source of

alluvium, the soils are calcareous or

non-calcareous. There is a wide belt

of more mature bet soils of old flood

plain extending along the west bank

of river Satluj from Ropar town to



Fazilka town in the south west.

Loamy Soils Nawanshahr district, in Nakodar

Tehsil of Jalandhar district,

Phagwara Tehsil and Central

parts of Kapurthala district,

Patiala, Nabha, Sangrur, Moga,

Bathinda and Muktsar districts.

(a) It is the most important, fertile

and productive soil group of the

state.

(b) These soils cover nearly 25% area

of the state.

(c) The soils become clayey towards

northwest in Amritsar and

Gurdaspur districts.

(d) These are deep and fine grained

soils, which have developed under

sub – moist and cool to warm

temperature climate.

(e) The pH value decreasing nears the

surface from 8.0 to 7.8 in the B-

horizon.

(f) Due to flooding by choes or

rivulets and excessive irrigation the

soils become partly salt affected or

sodic in western Amritsar district,

south – western Batala Tehsil of

Gurdaspur district.

(g) These soils are intensively

cultivated for wheat and paddy

crops.

Sandy Soils Bathinda, Mansa, Sangrur,

Patiala, Southern parts of

Ferozpur and Muktsar districts

and some patches of Ludhiana

district.

(a) These are arid soils of south –

western and south central Punjab.

(b) These soils have developed under

semi arid & warm to hot climate

conditions with rainfall ranging from

30 cm to 50 cm.

(c) The soils are yellowish to grey

colour, the overall grey colour

reflects the deficiency of organic

matter and also is poor in nitrogen,

phosphorus and potash.

(d) The pH value ranges from 7.8 to

8.5. The soils are sandy loam to silt in

mixture.

(e) They have low to medium fertility

but by artificial irrigation they



become much more productive and

are capable of producing cotton,

citrus, oilseeds, wheat and folder

crops.

Desert Soils Abohar and Zira tehsils of

Ferozpur district, Muktsar,

Bathinda, Mansa and in some

parts of Sangrur and Ludhiana

districts.

(a) These soils cover more than 11%

of the total area of the state.

(b) These soils have developed under

arid and hot climate and thin cover

or bush vegetation.

(c) The average rain fall is upto 30

cm.

(d) This soil is dry and deficient in

humus. It is poor in nitrogen,

phosphorous and potassium.

(e) The reaction is from normal to

alkaline and pH value ranges from

7.5 to 8.5.

(f) The fertility with respect to plant

nutrient is LMM (low to medium).

(g) In the south – western aridic zone

wind action has played a major role

in the formation of these soils. These

are sand dune studded. The soils are

covered by windblown sand.

(h) The soils are light in colour from

yellow to light brown.

(i) These soils are suitable for the

cultivation of cotton, moth, citrus,

wheat, bajra and other kharif fodder.

(j) The soils suffer from wind erosion

especially in the summers

Kandi Soils Pathankot, Gurdaspur,

Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr and

Ropar Districts

(a) These soils have a sandy, sandy

loam, silt loam and clay – silt to

gravelly texture.

(b) The texture becomes coarser and

rougher eastward the shivaliks hills

where gravel, pebbles and

conglomerates predominates.

(c) These have been deposited by

numerous choes coming from

Shivaliks hills.



(d) The soils are badly eroded and

less productive and are suitable from

dry farming.

Sierozems Tarn Taran and Patti tehsils,

Mukerian and Tanda tehsils of

Hoshiarpur District, Nakodar

and Phillaur tehsils of Jalandhar

district, Fatehgarh Sahib district,

Rajpura and Patiala tehsils of

Patiala district.

(a) These soils cover nearly 25% area

of the state. Sierozems are grey soils

of semi arid parts of Punjab with an

average annual rainfall from 50 cm to

70 cm, the general air temperature

ranges from 24 to 25 and have

grass and deciduous vegetation.

(b) The soils are overall grey colour

which indicates its deficiency in

organic matter.

(c) Nitrogen and Potash are not

sufficient pH value ranges between

7.8 to 8.5.

(d) These soils produce highest yield

of wheat under irrigation. Paddy

cultivation has been introduced in

these soils.

(e) Excessive irrigation as resulted in

some form of salinity.

Grey – Brown

Podzolic and

Forest Soils

Gurdaspur, Hosiarpur,

Nawanshahr & Ropar District

(a) These soils have developed under

shrub and deciduous forests, steep

slopes and rugged topography, much

water erosion and less hot

temperature conditions.

(b) These soils are reddish brown to

olive brown in colour.

Sodic and Saline

Soils

Fazilka, Bathinda, Ferozpur,

Muktsar and Faridkot Districts

(a) Salinty is the presence of high

content of soluable salts (more than

0.2 percent) which make it difficult

for the plant to absorb water from

saline soils.

(b) The salt moves up and down in

the soil alone with soil water.

(c) The pH values are generally 7.3 to

8.5 and the soil is neutral in reaction.

(d) Sodic soils have a higher

percentage of sodium (more than

15%) salt and high pH value above



8.5 and strong alkaline reaction.

(e) Saline soils of south-western

Punjab are of recent origin resulting

from surface flooding and or rise in

the ground water.

(f) During summer period of

excessive evaporation, salts

accumulate at the surface.

(g) Lower terraces along rive Ravi, in

Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts

and along river Satluj in Nakodar

and Sultanpur Tehsil and South

uncultivated moderately to severely

sodic and saline soils which are water

logged pockets. They have aquatic

horizon.



Agroforestry Forests are areas covering practically all uncultivated or untended lands covered with rather tall

and dense tree growth.

Function of Forests

Sr.No Particulars Functions

1. Productive They provide timber, fuel, charcoal, beedi leaves, wax and resins,

fruits, tanning, materials, manure leaves, grass, bamboo, guns, lac,

etc.

2. Protective Forests protect water sheds, catchments of rivers and streams

against erosion.

3. Aesthatic Forests add good appearance, landscaping and a thrilling

atmosphere to the locality.

4. Recreational Forest provides picnic resorts and opportunities for sport like

hiking trekking, wild life watching, bird watching.

5. Scientific Study of ecological process can be made

6. Ameliorative Forests improve climate and reduce pollution.

7. Hygienic Forests improve the environment and help in reduction of noise,

purify the air and give out oxygen to the atmosphere.

8. Industrial

developments

Forest meet the need for raw material for industrial development

such as Paper pups, rayon grade pulp, saw milk ply wood, hard

board etc.

Branches of Forestry

Forestry has five different branches:

1. Silviculture:

If refers to certain aspects of theory and practices of raising forests crops, methods of raising tree

crops, their growth and after care up to the time of final harvesting.

2. Mensuration:

It deals with the measurement of forest produce ex. Dimension from volume, age and increment

of individual trees and forest crop.

3. Silviculture system:

Process by which the crops constituting a forest are tended, removal and replaced by new crops

4. Management:

Practical application of sequence technique and economics to forest estate for the production of

certain desired results

5. Utilization:

Branch of forestry which deals with harvesting, marketing conservation and applying the forest

produce to a variety of uses eg. Timber, fuel, charcoal, pulp wood, ply wood.



Forestry:

The theory and practice of all that constitutes the creation conservation and scientific

management of forest and the utilization of their resources, based on the aims or objectives, the

forestry may be:

1. Protection of Environmental forestry: Protection of land, regulation of water cycle, Wild life

conservation Modernization of climate conditions, combination of above. Ex. Buddha Jayanti

Park at New Delhi.

2. Commercial or Production forestry: Timber and other raw materials.

3. Social Forestry: Raising forests outside the traditional forest with the involvement of society.

4. Farms Forestry: Raising forest trees on farms lands. It is further classified as:

(a) Noncommercial farm forestry: raising of trees by individuals for domestic needs (usually by

the farmers)

(b) Commercial farms forestry: Farmers grow trees on commercial basis on farmlands.

5. Community forestry: Raising of forests of public or community land

6. Urban forestry: Management of public and private owned lands in and adjacent to urban

centres. They have more aesthetic value.

7. Agro Forestry: Cultivating forest trees along with agricultural crops.

Benefits of Agroforestry system:

a) Environmental benefits:

Reduction of pressure on natural forests.

More efficient recycling of nutrients by deep rooted trees on the site

Better protection of ecological systems

Reduction of surface run-off, nutrient leaching and soil erosion through impeding effect of

tree roots and stems on these processes.

Improvement of microclimate, such as lowering of soil surface temperature and reduction

of evaporation of soil moisture through a combination of mulching and shading.

Increment in soil nutrients through addition and decomposition of litter fall.

Improvement of soil structure through the constant addition of organic matter from

decomposed litter.

It is also recognized that Agroforestry is perhaps the only alternative to meeting the

target of increasing forest or tree cover to 33 per cent from the present level of less than 25

per cent, as envisaged in the National Forest Policy (1988).

Agroforestry is known to have the potential to mitigate the climate change effects through

microclimate moderation and natural resources conservation in the short run and through

carbon sequestration in the long run. Agroforestry species are known to sequester as much

carbon in below ground biomass as the primary forests, and far greater than the crop and

grass systems.

b) Economic benefits:

Increment in outputs of food, fuel wood , fodder, fertiliser and timber.

Reduction in incidence of total crop failure, which is common to single cropping or

monoculture systems.



Increase in levels of farm income due to improved and sustained productivity.

Agroforestry has significant potential to provide employment to rural and urban

population through production, industrial application and value addition ventures.

Current estimates show that about 65 % of the country‘s timber requirement is met

from the trees grown on farms. Agroforestry also generates significant employment

opportunities.

c) Social benefits:

Improvement in rural living standards from sustained employment and higher income.

Improvement in nutrition and health due to increased quality and diversity of food outputs.

Stabilization and improvement of communities through elimination of the need to shift sites

of farm activities.

Important Points

1. The area under forest land in India – 67 mha

2. Forest school at Dehradun was established during – 1878

3. Contribution of forest product in world GDP – 1 percent.

4. Forest area is highest in – Madhya Pradesh.

5. Percentage of forest cover is highest in – Andman Nicobar Islands.

6. Percentage of forest cover in the world to the total area – 25 percent.

7. National Research Centre for Agroforestry – Jhansi (1988)

Taungya System of Cultivation

The taungya system was used primarily as an inexpensive means of establishing timber

plantations but is finally a recognized AF system.

The taungya (taung = hill, ya = cultivation) is a Burmese word coined in Burma in 1850. The

system was introduced to India by Brandis in 1890 and the first taungya plantations were

raised in 1896 in North Bengal.

It was introduced to S Africa in 1887 and was taken to Chittagong and Sylhat (Now in

Bangladesh) in 1870.

In India it started in 1896 in North Bengal. In 1890, it was introduced to Coorg in Karnataka.

Regular plantation however started in North Bengal in 1911 for raising Sal plantations and

in 1912, extended for raising Teak. In 1923 it was adopted in UP for raising Sal plantations.

It is still practiced in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka and the north-

eastern hill region.

This is a modified form of shifting cultivation in which the labour is permitted to raise agri-

crops in an area but only side by side with the forest species planted by it. The practice

consists of land preparation, tree planting, growing agricultural crops for 1-3 years, until

shade becomes too dense, and then moving on to repeat the cycle in a different area. A large

variety of crops and trees, depending on the soil and climatic conditions, are grown in

India. In fact this system was introduced to raise forest plantations, but finally became

recognized agroforestry system.



Trees and crops grown in Taungya

State Tree crop Associated agricultural crops

U.P. Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis

Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sisso,

Eucalyptus spp. Populus spp.

Maize, paddy, sorghum,

pigeon-pea, soyabean, wheat,

barley, chick-pea, rape-seed

and miscellaneous

Andhra Pradesh (AP) Anacardium occidentale,

Tectona grandis, Bombax ceiba,

Bamboo, Eucalyptus spp.

Hill paddy, groundnut, sweet

potato

Kerala Tectona grandis Bombax ceiba

Eucalyptus spp.

Paddy, tapioca, ginger,

turmeric, etc.

Assam Shorea robusta, S assamica Paddy

Tamil Nadu Tectona grandis, Santalum album

Tamarindus indica, Acacia nilotica

Acacia mearnsii ,Ceiba pentandra

Cashew, Rubber, Bamboo

Millet, pulses, groundnut,

cotton

Andaman and

Nicobar Islands

Pterocarpus dalbergioides Sugar-cane, maize

Maharashtra Tectona grandis, Acacia nilotica Sunhemp, jute, mesta,

sunflower, castor etc.

Tripura Shorea spp., Schima spp., Michelia spp. Paddy, maize etc

West Bengal Tectona grandis, Shorea robusta

Schima wallichii, Cryptomeria

japonica, Quercus spp. Michelia

doltsopa

Paddy, maize, millets,

turmeric, ginger, lady‘s,

finger, pineapple, sunhemp

Karnataka Tectona grandis, Santalum album, Cassia

siamea

Paddy, tapioca, etc.

Advantages of Taungya:

Artificial regeneration of the forest is obtained cheaply;

Problems of unemployment are solved;

Helps towards maximum utilization of the site;

Low cost method of forest plantation establishment;

In every case, highly remunerative to the forest departments;

Provision of food crops from forest land; and

Weed, climber growth, etc. is eliminated.

Disadvantage of the Taungya:

Loss of soil fertility and exposure of soil;

Danger of epidemics;

Legal problems created;

Susceptibility of land to accelerated erosion increases; and,

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It is a form of exploitation of human labour.

Allelopathy

Allelopathy refers to a biochemical phenomenon where one organism influences the

germination, growth, survival and reproduction of another organism using biochemicals.

Alley Cropping

Alley cropping is the cultivation of food, forage or specially crops between rows of trees. It is a

larger version of intercropping or companion planting conducted over a longer time scale. Alley

cropping can provide profitable opportunities for row crop farmers, hardwood timber growers,

nut growers and Christmas tree growers.



Irrigation

Plants need water for proper growth and development. Seeds need water for germination. Plants

need water to draw nutrients from the soil and for making food by photosynthesis. Water helps

the plant to translocate food from one part to other parts of the body. It also protects the crop

from frost and extremely hot air currents. Thus water plays an important role in the life of plants

right from the germination stage to the maturity stage.

The main sources of irrigation in our country are rivers, lakes, ponds, wells, tube wells, dams

and canals. Water from these sources is delivered by irrigation canals or pumped by using electric

or diesel pumps.

Well and Tube Well Irrigation

Wells are mainly found in U.P., Bihar, Tamil Nadu, etc. There are various types of wells –

shallow wells, deep wells, tube wells, artesian wells, etc. From the shallow wells water is

not always available as the level of water goes down during the dry months. Deep wells

are more suitable for the purpose of irrigation as water from them is available throughout

the year.

At places where ground water is available, a tube-well can be installed near the

agricultural area. A deep tube well worked by electricity, can irrigate a much larger area

(about 400 hectares) than a surface well (half hectares). Tube wells are mostly used in U.P.,

Haryana, Punjab, Bihar and Gujarat.

Merits: Well is simplest, cheapest and independent source of irrigation and can be used as

and when the necessity arises. Several chemicals such as nitrate, chloride, sulphate, etc.

found in well water add to the fertility of soil. More reliable during periods of drought

when surface water dries up.

Demerits: Only limited area can be irrigated. In the event of a drought, the ground water

level falls and enough water is not available. Tubewells can draw a lot of groundwater

from its neighbouring areas and make the ground dry and unfit for agriculture.

Canal Irrigation

Canals can be an effective source of irrigation in areas of low level relief, deep fertile soils,

perennial source of water and extensive command area. Therefore, the main concentration

of canal irrigation is in the northern plain of India, especially the areas comprising Uttar

Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab.

The digging of canals in rocky and uneven areas is difficult and uneconomic. Thus, canals

are practically absent from the Peninsular plateau area. However, the coastal and the delta

regions in South India do have some canals for irrigation.



Two types: Inundation canals, which are taken out from the rivers without any regulating

system like weirs etc. at their head. Such canals provide irrigation mainly in the rainy

season when the river is in flood and there is excess water. Perennial Canals are those

which are taken off from perennial rivers by constructing a barrage across the river. Most

of the canals in India are perennial.

Merits: Most of the canals provide perennial irrigation and supply water as and when

needed. This saves the crops from drought conditions and helps in increasing the farm

production.

Demerits: Many canals overflow during the rainy season and flood the surrounding areas.

Canal irrigation is suitable in plain areas only.

Tank Irrigation

A tank is developed by constructing a small bund of earth or stones built across a stream.

The water impounded by the bund is used for irrigation and other purposes. Tank

comprises an important source of irrigation in the Karnataka Plateau, MP, Maharashtra,

Odisha, Kerala Bundelkhand area of UP, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Merits: Most of the tanks are natural and do not involve heavy cost for their construction

and have longer life span. In many tanks, fishing is also carried on, which supplements

both the food resources and income of the farmer.

Demerits: Many tanks dry up during the dry season and fail to provide irrigation when it

is required. Lifting of water from tanks and carrying it to the fields is a strenuous and

costly exercise.

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Drip Irrigation

In drip irrigation, water is applied near the plant root through emitters or drippers, on or

below the soil surface, at a low rate varying from 2-20 liters per hour. The soil moisture is

kept at an optimum level with frequent irrigations.

Among all irrigation methods, drip irrigation is the most efficient and can be practiced for

a large variety of crops, especially in vegetables, orchard crops, flowers and plantation

crops.

Merits: Fertilizer and nutrient loss is minimized due to localized application and reduced

leaching. Field leveling is not necessary. Recycled non-potable water can be used. Water

application efficiency increases. Soil erosion and weed growth is lessened.

Demerits: Initial cost can be more, can result in clogging, wastage of water, time and

harvest, if not installed properly.

Sprinkler Irrigation

In this method, water is sprayed into the air and allowed to fall on the ground surface

somewhat resembling rainfall. The spray is developed by the flow of water under pressure

through small orifices or nozzles. The sprinkler irrigation system is a very suitable method

for irrigation on uneven lands and on shallow soils.

Nearly all crops are suitable for sprinkler irrigation systems except crops like paddy, jute,

etc. The dry crops, vegetables, flowering crops, orchards, plantation crops like tea, coffee

are all suitable and can be irrigated through sprinklers.

Merits: Suitable to all types of soil except heavy clay. Water saving. Increase in yield.

Saves land as no bunds etc. are required.

Demerits: Higher initial cost. Under high wind conditions and high temperature

distribution and application efficiency is poor.









Other Types of Irrigation

Furrow Irrigation: Furrow irrigation is a type of surface irrigation in which trenches or

―furrows‖ are dug between crop rows in a field. Farmers flow water down the furrows

and it seeps vertically and horizontally to refill the soil reservoir. Flow to each furrow is

individually controlled.

(a) One of the difficulties of furrow irrigation is ensuring uniform dispersion of water

over a given field. Another difficulty with furrow irrigation is the increased potential for

water loss due to runoff.

Surge Irrigation: Surge irrigation is a variant of furrow irrigation where the water supply

is pulsed on and off in planned time periods. The wetting and drying cycles reduce

infiltration rates resulting in faster advance rates and higher uniformities than continuous

flow.

Ditch Irrigation: It is a rather traditional method, where ditches are dug out and seedlings

are planted in rows. The plantings are watered by placing canals or furrows in between

the rows of plants. Siphon tubes are used to move the water from the main ditch to the

canals.

Sub Irrigation or Seepage Irrigation: It is a method of irrigation where water is delivered

to the plant root zone from below the soil surface and absorbed upwards. The excess may

be collected for reuse.

(a) Advantages are water and nutrient conservation, and labor-saving.

(b) The outfitting cost is relatively high. Potential problems, such as the possibility of

increased presence of disease in recycle water.









Weeding

Weeds are the unwanted plants which grow along with the main crops. They are undesirable

because they compete with the main crop for nutrients, space, air, light and water, etc. and

reduce the crop yield. They also spread pests onto the crops and sometime produce poisonous

substances which are harmful to animals and humans.

The process of removing weeds from the field is called weeding.

Time for weeding:

(a) The best time for the removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds.

Some Common Weeds:

Some of the most common weeds found in crop fields are :

Wild oats (Javi).

Grass

Amaranthus (Chaulai)

Chenopodium (Bathua)

Methods of Weeding:

Manual Weeding:

Weeds may be removed manually either by uprooting them or by cutting then with the help of

tools like hand fork, khurpa and harrow.

By Using Weedicides:

The chemical substances which destroy (kill) weeds but do not harm the crop are called

weedicides or herbicides. Some common weedicides in use are : Dalapon, Metachlor, Siniazine

and Butachlor. These weedicides are diluted in water and sprayed in the field with a sprayer.

Weedicides must be used with care as they are poisonous and have side effects if consumed.

Farmers should cover their nose and mouth with a piece of cloth during spraying.

Biological Method:

Weeds can also be controlled by biological methods. For example, cochineal insects are used to

control the growth of the weed called opuntia.

Protection of crops :

Pests are organisms that attack and damage crops. They may be rodents (rats), insects (locusts,

weevils, and termites), stray animals and birds. It is estimated that 10% of our crop is destroyed

every year by these pests.

Crops are also attacked by bacteria, fungi and viruses by causing several diseases. There diseases

reduce the quality and quantity of the product. These diseases get transmitted through seeds, air,

and soil or through insects.

Pesticides:

The chemical substances which kill pests without harming the crops are called pesticides. These

chemicals are sprayed by using a sprayer. The following chemicals are used to kill these pests.

Insecticides:

These are used to destroy insects. Examples: DDT, BHC, Malathion.



Fungicides:

These are used to destroy fungi. Examples: sulphur, lime sulphur

Figure : SCARECROW TO KEEP BIRDS

AWAY FROM THE CROP

Rodenticides:

These are used to kill rodents. Examples: zinc phosphide, warfarin. Insecticides, Fungicides and

rodenticides are collectively called pesticides. Birds can be scared away by putting scarecrows

in the fields as shown in Fig.

Harvesting

Once the crop has matured, it has to be gathered. The process of cutting and gathering a matured

crop is known as harvesting.

All over the world harvest season is celebrated with excitement. Baisakhi, Holi, Pogal, Diwali,

Nabanya and Bihu are some of the harvest festivals celebrated in India.

Harvesting of grain Crops:

Most of the grain crops are reaped close to the ground with the help of a sickle.

Threshing:

The process of separating the grain from the harvested stalks of hay is known as threshing. This

is done by spreading the harvested crop on the ground and walking over them. Animals such as

bullocks, buffaloes or camels are also used on a large scale for this purpose.

Winnowing:

The process of separating the grain from the chaff is known as winnowing. Farmers hold the

mixture of grains and chaff at a height and allow them to fall in a gentle stream. The wind blows

away the chaff which is lighter. The heavier grains fall directly on the ground below and are thus

separated.

Big farms use huge machines called combines which cut, thresh as well as separate the grain

from the chaff.

Harvesting of other crops:

Besides grain crops, all other crops like vegetable crops, cash crops, etc. are harvested through

different processes and techniques. Plucking, gathering, packing, storing of crops, etc. are the

different steps in the process of harvesting some specific crops.



Agro-based Industries

Agro-based industries are industries which use agricultural products as raw materials. For

example, cotton textiles, silk textiles, and jute industries are Agro-based industries.

Agro-based industries are depending on agriculture for their raw material and other basic

inputs. This inter-dependence should be oriented to suit the need of our country and State.

Stabilization and growth of agricultural production effects in rapid advancement in output and

employment in agro-industries.

Further, the cumulative result of agricultural growth and growth of agro-industries creates

greater opportunities for industrial growth as well as the integration of the different sectors of

the economy. Agro-based industries can be classified into two categories namely food processing

industries and nonfood processing industries. Food processing industries mostly deal with the

preservation of perishable products and utilization of by-products for other purposes. These

types of industries contain the processing of wheat, rice, maize, barley, pulses, meat, fruits,

vegetables, etc.

Factors influencing growth of Agro-based industries

Different factors influencing growth of Agro-based industries are given below;

Employment generator

Less capital investment

Social and economic development

The locally obtainable raw material used in the production activities

Need for agro-based industries:

Appropriate to rural areas as they are raw material oriented.

To solve the difficulty of unemployment.

To make income and increase the standard of living.

For decentralization and spreading of industries.

To support balanced growth between agriculture and industry.

To explain the problem of exploitation of the farming community.

To give a big push to agriculture and act as a cause of demand and supply.

To avoid wastage of perishable agricultural products.

To prevent the migration of people from rural to urban areas.

To develop proper backward areas.

To develop infrastructural facilities.

Agro-based industries in India

The Agro-based industry is an enterprise that processes raw materials, containing ground and

tree crops as well as livestock. The degree of processing can differ tremendously, ranging from

the cleaning and grading of apples to the milling of rice, to the cooking, mixing, and chemical

alteration that makes a texturized vegetable food Agro-industries can be approximately

categorized according to the degree the raw material is transformed. In general, capital

investment, technological complexity, and management necessities increase in proportion with

the degree of transformation.



According to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Agro-based industry

consists of;

Food and beverages

Tobacco products;

Paper and wood products

Textiles, footwear, and apparel

Lather products

Rubber products.

The Agro-based industry includes industries like textiles, sugar, paper and vegetable oil. These

all industries use agricultural products as their raw materials. The textile industry is the very

largest industry in the organized sector.

The Agro-based industry depends upon agriculture region for raw materials. This industry is the

major market of agricultural commodities. Main agro-based industries in India are the sugar

industry, the cotton textile industry, oil industry, jute industry, food processing industries, paper

industry, etc. The sugar industry is a very important agro-based industry in India. Employment

opportunity in the rural region of the country is increasing due to the establishment of more and

more Agro-based industries. Farmers get reasonable cost of the Agro-based product by

interlinking of Agro-based industry and farmers. Internal and external economies are helpful to

rural people due to the establishment of Agro-based industries. Rural infrastructure is developed

with the help of these Agro-based industries.

Types of Agro-based Industry

There are four types of agro-based industries;

1. Agro-produce processing units

They merely system the raw material so that it can be preserved and transported at a cheaper

cost. There is no new product is manufactured. Example: Rice mills, Dal mills, etc.

2. Agro-produce manufacturing units

Manufacture completely new products. Finished goods will be totally different from its original

raw material. Example: Sugar factories, bakery, solvent extraction units, textile mills, etc.

3. Agro-inputs manufacturing units

Industrial units which create goods either for mechanization of agriculture or for increasing

productivity come under this type. Example: Agricultural implements, seed industries, pump

set, fertilizer and pesticide units, etc.

4. Agro service centers

Agro service centers are mainly workshops and service centers which are engaged in repairing

and servicing of pump sets, diesel engines, tractors and all types of farm equipment.



Different types of Agro-based industries based on textile industries are given below;

Cotton textiles

Woolen textiles

Silk textiles

Synthetic fibers

Jute textile industries

Textile Industry:

In the Indian economy, the textile industry occupies a unique position. Because, it contributes to

industrial production (14 percent), employment generation (35 million persons directly and the

second largest after agriculture) and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 percent). It

contributes 4 percent towards Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is the only industry in the

country, which is self-reliant and entire in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest

value-added products.

Cotton Textiles: In ancient India, these industries were formed with hand spinning and

handloom weaving techniques. Nowadays, there are almost 1600 cotton and human-made fiber

textile mills in the country.

Jute Textiles: India is the first largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second

place as an exporter after Bangladesh. There are totally about 70 jute mills in India. The jute

textile industry supports 2.61 lakh workers directly and another 40 lakhs small and marginal

farmers who are engaged in the cultivation of jute and Mesta. Many more people are associated

indirectly.

Sugar Industry: An India stands second as a world producer of sugar however occupies the first

place in the production of gur and khandsari. The raw material used in this sugar industry is

bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces. There are totally 460 sugar mills in the country

spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and

Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Totally sixty percent of mills are in

Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suitable to the

cooperative sector.

In recent years, a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western

states, particularly in Maharashtra; this is since the cane formed here has higher sucrose content.

The cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season. Also, cooperatives are more successful in

these states.

Agriculture and industry both are miles apart from each other but there are definite industries

which are dependent on agriculture and these types of industries are known as Agro-based

industries. Agro-based industries use agriculture products as its raw materials as far as the

production of products is concerned, given below are some of the examples of Agro-based

industries;



The textile industry is one of the examples because whether its cotton, silk, jute, woolen, etc,

all have some factor of agriculture in it and so, the textile can be called as an agro-based

industry.

Sugar is another best example as it uses sugarcane for the production of sugar and since

sugarcane is agriculture product sugar industry can be termed as an Agro-based industry.

Paper is also one example of the Agro-based industry as it uses wood for the production of

the paper.

Vegetable oil industries

Tea and coffee industries are also one example of Agro-based industry.

Importance of Agro-based industries:

Organization of Agro-based industries is based on the availability of raw material.

Agro-based industries have to set up at rural areas where raw material can be available in

plenty and helps in the upliftment of the rural economy.

To provide rural population an opportunity for employment.

Generate income and thereby improve the economic condition of people and which in turn

creates the potential for demand based industries.

Present an opportunity for the dispersal of industries instead of concentrating at a particular

place.

Solve the difficulty of exploitation of the farming community by traders and middlemen.

Farmers can be assured of a better price for their produce.

Encourage to bring more and more areas under various crops and increase agricultural

production and improve the nation‘s economy.

Transportation cost of agricultural products can be decreased and thereby help to minimize

the cost of finished goods.

Help to increase backward areas based on their suitability for setting up agro-industries.

The impact of Agro-based industries on regional development is;

Well, the functioning agriculture sector is critical for the general macroeconomic

framework. Inflation in India is largely due to supply-side constraints and as such any

variability in an act in the agricultural sector has a direct impact on the poor.

Agriculture is the mainstay of providing employment to a vast division of Indian

population. Agro-based industries are labor intensive and thus the scope they have for

making employment is immense

It has a huge potential in terms of contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Food and

grocery industries account for around 31 percent of India‘s consumption basket. The

advantages thus accrued can help in socio-economic welfare of people through greater

social spending.

Agro-based industry present raw materials for several other industries. Thus other

industries are dependent on this feeder sector.

Agro-based industry affects the nutritional security of the country.



Problems faced by agro-based industries in India:

The problems faced by agro-based industries in India are given below;

Small Landholdings: This makes economies of scale hard to operate and farmers are forced to rely

on subsistence farming.

(a) Seasonal nature: This means that the farmers have a very small window to reap benefits of

their hard labor. In recent times, climate change has affected weather patterns which in turn has

had an adverse contact on agricultural production.

(b) Perishable nature: Products are of perishable nature and thus it needs huge infrastructure in

terms of cold storage, good road connectivity, etc. India suffers on account of both forward

linkages and backward linkages.

(c) Variability: Agro-industries contain variability in the quantity and quality of raw materials.

Quantity is uncertain as of fluctuations in weather, in soil condition, etc. Quality changes because

of standardization, of raw materials remain elusive even though there has been an advancement

in animal and plant genetics. These changes exert additional pressure on agro-industrial units in

terms of operations related to production, scheduling, and quality control.

(d) Sugarcane Agro-based industry in India is suffering on account of poor export scenario, large

arrears due to sugar manufacturers, over-regulation in the sector. Since the advent of

globalization of trade, a development in one region has an impact on all other regions. For

example, the sugar prices globally are low which affect the Indian manufacturers.



Food Processing

Food Processing includes process under which any raw product of agriculture, dairy, animal

husbandry, meat, poultry or fishing is transformed through a process (involving employees,

power, machines or money) in such a way that its original physical properties undergo a change

and the transformed product has commercial value and is suitable for human and animal

consumption.

It also includes the process of value addition to produce products through methods such as

preservation, addition of food additives, drying etc. with a view to preserve food substances in

an effective manner, enhance their shelf life and quality.

Significance

The Food Processing Industry (FPI) is of enormous significance as it provides vital linkages and

synergies that it promotes between the two pillars of the economy, i.e. agriculture and industry.

(a) Employment Generation: It provides direct and indirect employment opportunities, because

it acts as a bridge between Agriculture and Manufacturing.

(b) Doubling of farmers’ income: With the rise in demand for agri-products there will be

commensurate rise in the price paid to the farmer, thereby increasing the income.

(c) Reduce malnutrition: Processed foods when fortified with vitamins and minerals can reduce

the nutritional gap in the population.

(d) Reduce food wastage: UN estimates that 40% of production is wasted. Similarly, NITI Aayog

estimated annual post-harvest losses of close to Rs 90,000 crore. With greater thrust on proper

sorting and grading close to the farm gate, and diverting extra produce to FPI, this wastage could

also be reduced, leading to better price realisation for farmers.

(e) Boosts Trade and Earns Foreign exchange: It is an important source of foreign exchange. For

e.g. Indian Basmati rice is in great demand in Middle Eastern countries.

(f) Curbing Migration: Food Processing being a labour intensive industry will provide localized

employment opportunities and thus will reduce the push factor in source regions of migration.

(g) Curbing Food Inflation: Processing increases the shelf life of the food thus keeping supplies

in tune with the demand thereby controlling food-inflation. For e.g. Frozen Safal peas are

available throughout the year.

(h) Crop-diversification: Food processing will require different types of inputs thus creating an

incentive for the farmer to grow and diversify crops.

(i) Preserve the nutritive quality of food and prolongs the shelf life by preventing them from

spoilage due to microbes and other spoilage agents,

(j) Enhances the quality and taste of food thereby bringing more choices in food basket

Enhances consumer choices: Today, food processing allows food from other parts of the world to

be transported to our local market and vice versa.

Status of Food Processing In India

(a) India is the world's second largest producer of fruits & vegetables after China but hardly 2%

of the produce is processed.



(b) In spite of a large production base, the level of processing is low (less than 10%).

Approximately 2% of fruits and vegetables, 8% marine, 35% milk, 6% poultry are processed.

Lack of adequate processable varieties continues to pose a significant challenge to this sector.

(c) India's livestock population is largest in the world with 50% of the world's buffaloes and 20%

of cattle, but only about 1% of total meat production is converted to value added products.

(d) More than 75% of the industry is in unorganized sector.

(e) Processing can be delineated into primary and secondary processing. Rice, sugar, edible oil

and flour mills are examples of primary processing. Secondary processing includes the

processing of fruits and vegetables, dairy, bakery, chocolates and other items.

(f) Most processing in India can be classified as primary processing, which has lower value-

addition compared to secondary processing. There is a need to move up the value chain in

processed food products to boost farmer incomes. For instance, horticulture products, such as

fruits and vegetables, carry the potential for higher value-addition when compared to cereal

crops.

(g) At present, India‘s agricultural exports predominantly consist of raw materials, which are

then processed in other countries, again indicating the space to move up the value chain.

Food processing industry in India can be segmented as follows

Cereal/ pulse milling

Fruit & vegetable processing

Milk & milk products

Beverages like coffee, tea & cocoa

Fish, poultry, eggs & products

Meat & meat products

Aerated waters/soft drinks 8. Beer/alcoholic beverages

Bread, biscuits & other bakery products

Edible oil/fats.

Confectioneries

Breakfast cereals, malt protein, weaning, extruded food products

Problems in Food Processing Industries

At present most of the industries are in unorganized sectors. So, number of problems are arising

from different sections of the industries. Some of the basic problems encountered by Indian food

industries at different levels are given below.

Farm level problems

Poor yield of farm produce and therefore low returns.

Lack of material resources necessary for development.

Primitive methods of farming.

No control on the quality of inputs and lack of finance to manage.

Vagaries of weather.

Unavailability of reliable handling and transportation system.



Lack of storage facilities at farm.

Distributors’ problems

Lack of modern transportation facilities and high cost

Inadequate cold storage faculties

Irregular quality and quantity of farm produce

Processing industries problem

Financing

Higher import duties

Higher cost of raw material and packaging

Inadequate transport and cold storage facilities

Infrequent availability of refrigerated containers

Staggering advertising costs

Limited domestic market

Consumer discontent

Does not get value for money

The price variation is a day to day affair

Continued dependence on seasonal products

Lack of variety of semi processed or prepared convenience food at affordable prices.

Reasons for slow growth of processed foods in India

Majority of the population has low-income levels and cannot afford processed foods.

The high cost of packaging pushes up the cost of the processed items and thereby makes

them out of reach of the common man.

Indians traditionally prefer fresh foods that are cooked rather than use preserved foods.

There is also no national character for food habits and these keep changing from region to

region.

However, the scenario is changing with some foods, especially fast food, acquiring the

national character. Also some foods such as idli, dosa, some Punjabi foods like chhole, alu

mutter etc., some Chinese foods and now the western foods like burgers and pizza are fast

gaining national popularity.

Transport (both road and railways) and communication are poor.

There are no reliable cold chains, which are necessary for temperature sensitive foods like

fruits & vegetables, ice creams etc.

Modernization is unaffordable for small-scale manufacturer but the large companies do

not find investment justifiable due to small size of the market.

Supermarkets are not yet popular although a few are making an appearance.

Challenges

Extensive use of fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals has raised concerns about the

quality of food which should be looked into. Further, protection is needed from unfair and

hazardous practices such adulteration.

Care should be taken as processed foods may not be nutritionally balanced and may pose

a health risk especially for children unless fortified. This could trigger a negative



perception regarding processed foods and could likely impact the economic gains made

by this sector.

Low value-added in processing: There is major fragmentation of food processing capacity,

with a large unorganized segment and widespread use of primitive processing. This

results in lower value-addition at the processing stage, especially from a nutritional point

of view.

Limited ability to control quality and safety: The sheer number of players, especially in the

large unorganized segment, involved in the food value-chain, makes implementation of

quality and safety norms difficult. This has led to practices such as milk adulteration and

use of carbide for fruit ripening becoming more widespread.

Low consumer awareness: Consumer awareness is a critical aspect of an improved

nutritional situation in the country. Consumers currently lack awareness of several

nutritional and food safety and quality aspects.

Suggestions

Storage capacities and infrastructure should be increased.

Develop the agricultural facility with good agricultural practice which leads to the

transition from staple food crops to diversification of crops.

Backward linkages to farmers need to be made more robust. Contract farming can be

promoted. According to the Model Contract Farming Act, 2018, the contract will specify

the quantity, quality and price of produce being supplied. This would shield farmers from

price volatility, subject to quality commitments.

Skilling is required at two levels. First at the farm gate in promoting agricultural best

practices and in processing activities.

Public investment and connectivity should be increased.

Slaughter animal rules should be framed in a comprehensive policy framework.

Farm pattern diversification which leads to a production of variety of crops other than

constant set of crops which creates lot of job opportunities.

Second Green Revolution should be updated with the diversified technologies.

We have to encourage the domestic startups and industry than the international

companies.

There should be a Centre of Excellence between centre and state.

Should have more training institutes for upcoming entrepreneurs and it should be in all

states. Scholarship should be given to the upcoming entrepreneurs.

New technology should be updated in the training institutes and skill development should

be given the top most priority.

Government’s Initiative

It has been the endeavor of the Government to promote food processing industry in the country

to reduce wastage of agricultural produce and minimize post- harvest losses.

According to ―Assessment of Quantitative Harvest and Post-Harvest Losses of Major Crops and

Commodities in India‖ by ICAR the percentage of post-harvest losses as assessed by the study is

as under:



Crops Cumulative wastage (%)

Cereals 4.65 – 5.99

Pulses 6.36 – 8.41

Oil Seeds 3.08 – 9.96

Fruits & Vegetables 4.58 – 15.88

Milk 0.92

Fisheries (Inland) 5.23

Fisheries (Marine) 10.52

Meat 2.71

Poultry 6.74

With the above in view, the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) is

implementing PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana)

The objective of PMKSY is to supplement agriculture, modernize processing and decrease

agri-waste.

It is an umbrella scheme incorporating ongoing schemes

Under PMKSY the following schemes are to be implemented.

Mega Food Parks.

Integrated Cold Chain, Value Addition and Preservation Infrastructure.

Creation/Expansion of Food Processing/Preservation Capacities.

Infrastructure for Agro Processing Clusters.

Scheme for Creation of Backward and Forward Linkages.

Food Safety & Quality Assurance Infrastructure.

Human Resources and Institutions.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy: FDI up to 100%, under the automatic route is

allowed in food processing industries.

Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)– an

apex organization under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry – focusses on ‗export‘ of

scheduled products.



Agricultural Economics

Economics: According to Smith, ―Economics is the Science of Wealth”.

Macro Economics: deals with the whole economic set up & related additions or average, e.g.

Total Production, total income, total employment, total expenditure, total savings, price level

etc.

Agriculture Economics: Application of principles of general economic to agriculture is called

as agricultural economics.

Micro Economics: Such captivities & services of consumption, production, exchange, and

distribution concerned with Individual unit of single industry, single farm, single farm.

Factors of Production

Land: Anything above the earth surface which is free given by the nature. It is fixed.

Capital: Capital is the part of wealth used for further regenerating wealth. It is an passive

factor. All capital is wealth but all wealth is not capital.

Labour: It is an active factor.

Organisation

Enterprise:

Reward of Land Rent

Reward of Labour Wages

Reward of Capital Interest

Reward of Enterprise Profit

Marketing

Classification of Markets

(a) Visible Market

Place basis:

(i) Village market

(ii) Primary market

(iii) Secondary market

(iv) Retail market

(v) Market near sea

(vi) Terminal market

Area basis:

(i) Local Market

(ii) Regional Market or state

(iii) National market

(iv) International Market

Time basis:

(i) Short period M.

(ii) Long P.M.

(iii) Very long P.M.



(b) Invisible Market

Agent middleman:

(i) Artia

(ii) Commission agent

(iii) Speculated middleman

(iv) Processor

(v) Hammal

(vi) Weighman

(vii) Rural trade

(viii) Other workers.

Trader middleman:

(i) Wholesaler

(ii) Retailer

Market Structures

(a) Local markets

(b) State or regional markets

(c) Sea board markets

(d) Wholesale markets

(e) Retail markets.

Finance

Agricultural Finance/Loan

(a) Short term loan – for 1 to 1 ½ years

(b) Medium term loan – for 1 to 5 years

(c) Long term loan – for 5 to 30 years.

Rural Credit Sources

Institutional: contribute about 36 per cent of the total credit.

Banking institution- They finance usually for productive purpose. It includes

Commercial banks, Cooperative societies etc.

By Govt. Agencies under various rural uplift programmes.

Non-Institutional: Contribute about 64 per cent of the total credit. They finance both

for productive and unproductive purpose. It includes professional money lender,

shopkeeper, employers, friends and relatives.

Existence of Banks

RBI – 1975 for credit to marginal small & Agricultural labours.

RBI was established April 1st, 1935 and nationalized in January 1st, 1949.

Direct Tax: A tax is said to be a direct tax when it is not intended to be shifted to

anybody else. The person who pays it in the first instance is also excepted to bear it.

Income Tax is an example of direct tax.



Indirect Tax: Indirect Tax is that tax which is levied on goods or services produced or

purchased. Indirect taxes are paid by customers when they buy goods and services. These

includes excise duty, customs duty etc..

Economic growth components – land, labour, capital, technology, organizer.

VAT (Value Added tax):

It is a multistage sales tax with credit for taxes paid on business purchases.

Haryana is the 1st State in adopting VAT in India.

It has 4 slabs- 0 per cent, 1 per cent, 4 per cent & 12.5 per cent.

VAT seeks to tax the value added at every stage of manufacturing and sale, with a provision

of refunding the amount of VAT already paid at the earlier stages to avoid double taxation.

Farm Management

Farm management is that branch of agricultural economics which deals with the business

principles and practices of farming with an object of obtaining the maximum possible return

from the farm as a unit under a sound farming programme.

Cost Concepts & Types

Cost is the value of the factors of production used in producing and distributing goods and

services. The cost of a factor unit equals the maximum amount which the factor could earn in

alternative employment.

Total Cost

The total sums of fixed and variable costs in the production of a particular commodity

are called as total cost.

There are other costs which have boon derived from those main groups.

Fixed Costs

These costs are related to fixed resources and are overhead costs.

Rent, interest on fixed capital, depreciation of building, taxes and wages of the

permanent labourers constitute fixed costs.

These are the same at all levels of production.

Variable Costs

These costs are related to the variable resources and change with the output.

They change with the quantity of production. In the beginning, as the production

increases variable costs rise quite rapidly, but with further rise in production variable

costs do not increase proportionately with the production due to economics brought

about by mass production later on as diminishing returns set in, variable costs start

rising more rapidly than the production.

The variable costs are nil, if there is no production on the farm.

If farming is to be carried, the variable cost must be less than selling price, e.g. current

supplies such as seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, insecticides, hired labour charges, interest

on working capital.



Total Costs

The increase in variable costs determines whether farming would be profitable, but once

the total costs are covered, the farmer remains indifferent to the average cost of per unit cost

of production.

Profit = Gross income – Total Cost (Fixed Variable)

The fixed and variable costs make total cost of production of each unit of crop or livestock

product.

Other Costs

(a) Average Total Cost

When the fixed costs have spread over on many units, there is not much effect of the fixed

costs on the average costs. Variable costs assume importance average cost begin to rise,

Average total cost =

=

It refers to the average of all costs (fixed + Variable) per Unit of output.

(b) Average Fixed Cost

Average fixed cost is a fixed cost per unit of output. The total fixed cost is the same at all

the levels of production.

It is because the fixed cost is divided by increasingly large number as output increases. It

can be expressed as AFC =

where, AFC: Average Fixed Cost; TFC: Total Fixed Cost; Y:

Output.

(c) Average Variable Cost

AVC refers to total variable cost per unit of output. The AVC has an inverse relationship

with average product (AP).

The AVC is expressed as: AVC =

, where, VC: Variable cost; Y: Output.

(c) Marginal Cost

The marginal cost has also certain relationship with Marginal Product (MP) just as the

average variable cost has with average product.

Marginal cost (MC) is the change in cost associated with an increase of one unit of output.

Cost of Cultivation and Cost of Production

Cost of Cultivation: includes factor costs up to the stage of gathering

Cost of Production: includes factor costs up to the stage of marketing the produce.

Per Unit Cost of Production

Cost of production is to be worked out as cost per unit or area and production i.e. per hectare

and per quintal/tonnes.

Per Hectare Cost of Production = Total cost/Area under crop (ha)

Grass Returns: Value of (main product + by-product)

Per Quintal/Tonne Cost of Production =



Contribution of Agriculture to Economic Development

The following points highlight the three types of contribution that agriculture has made towards

economic development. The types are:

1. Factor Contribution

2. Product Contribution

3. Market Contribution.

1. Factor Contribution:

Development of agriculture releases some resources for being transferred to the other sectors. As

these resources are productive in nature, we call the transfer of these resources to the non-

agricultural sectors as ‗factor contribution‘ of agriculture.

Factor contribution can be in the following forms:

(a) Provision of Capital:

The non-agricultural sectors require funds for acquiring material capital. In the initial stages of

their development, these funds will be generated in the agricultural sector and then transferred

to the other sectors. In a closed economy in the initial stages, it is the agricultural sectors which

command most of the income, capital and also labour.

Even when an underdeveloped economy is an open economy, the outside source of capital like

foreign aid or foreign commercial investment can make only a limited contribution to the

economic development. Further, foreign political influence is likely to accompany such capital

and this may not be acceptable to the present day underdeveloped economies.

The transfer of capital to non-agricultural sectors can be voluntary or compulsory. It is voluntary

when the agriculturists themselves invest their savings in the industrial projects. The

agriculturist industrialist of England and the land owners of Japan present an important example

of this type of voluntary flow of capital to the non-agricultural sectors.

The compulsory from of flow of funds is generally brought about by the government of the day

through taxation on the agricultural sector its net proceeds being spent for the development of

the non-agricultural sectors.

Land tax in Japan is often quoted as an example of this compulsory transfer of funds from the

agricultural sector to other sectors. It formed 80% of the total tax revenue of the Government in

the last two decades of the 19th century.

Forced extraction of surplus from agriculture by taxation, confiscation, imposition of levies or

arbitrarily kept low prices of agricultural products, can be the other measures taken by the

government to transfer funds from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sectors.

However, compulsion is not always necessary for the transfer of funds. Agricultural

development itself may bring down the price of agricultural produce, reduce the cost of

production in manufacturing and other sectors, increase their profits and thus indirectly help in

the generation of capital in these sectors.

There is yet another way through which agriculture can provide capital to the non-agricultural

sectors. Nurkse has referred to this process. According to him in densely populated agricultural

economies, there already exists zero value labour i.e. labour whose contribution at the margin to

agriculture is zero.



This is what we call disguisedly unemployed labour. This labour can be taken away from

agriculture and utilized for producing some overhead capital, though of crude nature e.g.,

embankment, canals etc., some of which can help in the development of non-agricultural sectors.

We may, however, note that this source of capital is available only in over populated economies.

(b) Provision of Labour:

Another factor contribution of agriculture towards economic development is through the release

of labour by the agricultural sector for the non-agricultural sectors.

There are three potential sources of labour supply for the developing non-agricultural sectors,

namely:

(i) Natural population growth,

(ii) Immigration and

(iii) Farm population.

The supply of labour from first two sources can never be smooth and adequate. Supply through

population growth will be very slow in coming forth. It may also be noted in the interest of the

nation to encourage population growth. Immigration has its own problems.

Differences in religion, language, customs, lack of knowledge etc., act as strong barriers for

immigration. Under these circumstances, for a rapid development of the non-agricultural sectors,

farm population remains the only dependable source of labour supply.

However, it may be noted that movement of farm labour to the non-agricultural sectors is not

always easy. Transfer of labour from the agricultural sector to the developing non-agricultural

sectors may not create a serious problem in over-populated countries.

There is already a surplus labour force in the agricultural sector of these countries and it can be

easily drawn into the industrial sector without fall in agricultural output. The problem is more

serious in sparsely populated countries.

There is no disguised unemployment there and any shifting of labour agriculture to non-

agricultural sectors will bring down the agricultural production. However, a country moving on

the development path cannot afford such a fall in agricultural production because of various

reasons.

Firstly, it needs more raw materials from the agricultural sector and secondly, the labour shifting

from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors will increase its consumption of food grains because

of increase in its income.

So, in sparsely populated countries, it is desirable that the transfer of labour from the agricultural

sector for the development of the non-agricultural sectors is also preceded or accompanied by an

increase in the productivity in the agricultural sector itself.

This does not mean that agricultural development is not necessary for the overall economic

development of an over-populated country. More agricultural output is needed for the

developing industrial and other non-agricultural sectors even in over populated countries. Only

difference is that labour may be more easily available for the developing non-agricultural section

in over-populated countries.



Kuznet has expressed the importance of transfer of labour from the agricultural sector to non-

agricultural sectors in another way. He feels that this transfer also, infect, implies a transfer of

capital invested in the agricultural labour. He says ―…we could still argue that internal migration

of labour from agriculture represents a large transfer of valuable resources to the non-

agricultural sectors and a large contribution to the country‘s growth.‖

May be, what he says is of somewhat doubtful validity in the initial stages, but it is perfectly

correct in the later stages of economic development when agriculture has started using improved

technology. The labour transferred to the non-agricultural sectors is now well trained and more

educated.

2. Product Contribution:

The product contribution of agriculture towards an overall economic development takes two

forms.

These are described below:

(a) Provision of Wage Goods:

When the non-agricultural sectors are to be developed, people will have to shift from agriculture

to various occupations in these sectors. But they will require food for their sustenance even after

shifting to new sectors. In fact their demand for food grains is likely to increase as a result of

increase in their income after their transfer to the non-agricultural sectors.

The demand for food grains can also increase because of another reason. The farming population

still left in agriculture might find its income increased due to higher prices of agricultural

products as a result of increased demand. This may spur it to increase its own consumption also.

As the non-agricultural sectors develop, their dependence on agriculture for other contributions

like that of capital, labour, raw material etc., is reduced. However, dependence of the non-

agricultural sectors on agriculture for provision of wage goods will be as strong as ever unless, of

course, new scientific innovations also result in the production of perfect synthetic substitutes for

food grains.

(b) Provision of Industrial Raw Materials:

The other product contribution made by agriculture for the development of the non-agricultural

sectors of the economy, especially the secondary sector, is in the form of provision of raw

materials.

A study of the history of industrial development of advanced nations will show that the agro-

based industries were the first to develop in such countries. There are many reasons for priority

being given to agro- based industries in the initial stages of economic development.

Firstly, it is easier to produce raw materials in the agricultural sector. Minerals which form, the

other source of industrial raw materials involve extensive use of capital which may be available

in the beginning. Secondly, agro-based industries, generally, have flexible techniques of

production.

These techniques range from the extremely labour intensive ones to the highly capital intensive

ones. This is the case, for example, with agro-based industries like textiles, sugar, grain milling,

hide processing etc. In case of such industries, it is open for a firm to produce the commodities

with a technique, as determined by the availability of capital etc.



In the initial stages, for example, labour intensive techniques can be used to produce the

commodities. Later on, where more funds are available, the producers can switch on to relatively

more capital intensive techniques for production. In case of mineral based industries, the option

to select a technique is very much limited. All the techniques are generally capital intensive.

There is yet another factor which favours the development of agro-based industries in the

beginning. It is said that it is easy to shift a labourers from a farm to a factory if the factory uses a

farm product as a raw material.

The subject (psychological) cost of transfer of labour from agriculture to industry in such a case is

very low. It is felt if a labourer shifts from the agricultural sector (the major source of labour in

the initial stages of industrial development), he will feel more at home while working in an agro-

based industry than in a mineral-based industry.

The preceding discussion clearly implies that more of industrial raw materials have to be

produced in the agricultural sector in the initial stages of development. This could be achieved

either by bringing additional area under cultivation or diverting land from food crops to

industrial raw materials or by increasing the productivity of various crops.

of various crops.

Division of land from food crops to raw material will not be desirable because as

industrialisation proceeds, more of food grains may be required due to increasing income of the

people. The other two methods can be or rather have to be adopted for increasing agricultural

production if agro-based industries are to be set up in the economy.

3. Market Contribution:

The contribution focuses attention on the flow of goods generated by the development of the

agricultural sector-flow which helps the development of the other sectors.

This contribution can take various forms:

(a) Expanded Market for the Products of Other Sectors:

So far, we have been emphasizing that agricultural development is necessary for providing

inputs necessary for the development of other sectors of an economy. However, any sector, for

its development, does not only require the necessary inputs for production but also a wide

market for its growing production.

Agriculture provides an expanding market for the products of the other sectors in the initial

stages of development of the economy. Agricultural sector, while helping the development of the

other sectors, also finds the income of its people increasing. This increased income, in turn, leads

to an additional demand for the products of other sectors, not only for consumption purposes

but also for production.

It may be noted here that, no doubt, the other sectors can sell their products in foreign markets,

rather than depend on the domestic market provided by the agriculture sector. However, in

practice, it is not wise to rely upon a foreign market in the initial stages of development.

Lack of sufficient knowledge about the foreign countries, excessive competition, unfavorable

commercial policies of the foreign countries etc., will make the entry as operation of the domestic

firms in foreign markets rather risky and unprofitable.



(b) Flow of Agricultural Products to Other Sectors of the Economy:

Development of agriculture makes another type of market contribution also to the economy. As

agriculture develops and its production becomes more market oriented, many other institutions,

generally non-agricultural in character, come into existence. These institutions include those

providing processing, packing and distribution services.

David Metcalf focuses our attention on these two market contributions,‘In a more effective way.

According to him, Agricultural development through providing market for agricultural input &

consumers‘ good, promotes the development of industrial sector.

Developments industrial sector, in turn helps in the development of the agricultural sector

through the spread of modern technology in agriculture and providing an expanded market for

agricultural products. This is a virtuous circle which in the process gives rise to institutions

facilitating two way exchanges of commodities.

(c) Development of International Trade:

Surplus products from the agricultural sector, as a result of its development, can move to the

international market. This, in turn, can result in the flow of necessary capital as well as consumer

goods from outside.

The growth process of the economy as a whole can thus gain momentum. So, in a way, we can

say that in the case of development of international trade, agriculture combines market

contribution with factor contribution for the development of non-agricultural sectors.



Practice Exercise

1. The science concerned with vegetable

culture is called

(a) Floriculture

(b) Olericulture

(c) Horticulture

(d) Agriculture

2. Which of the following elements is almost

non-essential for plants?

(a) Ca

(b) Mo

(c) Zn

(d) Na

3. Although a deficiency of any one of the

elements listed may result in chlorosis,

only one of these elements is an element

found in chlorophyll. Which is it?

(a) Zinc

(b) Iron

(c) Magnesium

(d) Chloride

4. Which of the following elements is not

present in a nitrogenous base?

(a) Hydrogen

(b) Carbon

(c) Phosphorus

(d) Nitrogen

5. A water-fern, which is used as a green

manure in rice fields, is

(a) Salvinia

(b) Mucor

(c) Aspergillus

(d) Azolla

6. Green manure plants used by farmers

mainly belong to

(a) compositae

(b) leguminosae

(c) solanaceae

(d) poaceae

7. Major food crops of the world belong to

(a) Leguminosae

(b) Gramineae

(c) Solanaceae

(d) Cruciferae

8. The principal cereal crop of India is

(a) wheat

(b) rice

(c) barley

(d) sorghum

9. Which one among the following chemicals

is used for causing defoliation of forest

trees?

(a) Posphon D

(b) Malic hydrazide

(c) 2, 4-D

(d) Amo 1618

10. Bio herbicides have been recommended

(a) to prevent Eco degradation

(b) because of their ready availability

(c) because of their cheap rates

(d) because of their abundance

11. The most important weed against which

eradication measures would be taken on

war footings is

(a) Eichhornia

(b) Dactylis

(c) parthenium

(d) Ageratum

12. Water logging of soil makes it.

Physiologically dry because

(a) this condition does not allow the

capillary force to work

(b) this condition does not allow oxygen to

enter the soil

(c) both (a) and (b)

(d) none of these

13. Which one of the following is natural

insecticide?

(a) pyrethrum

(b) nicotine

(c) both (a) and (b)

(d) none of these

14. The process by which nutrient chemicals

or contaminants are dissolved and carried

away by water, or are moved into a lower

layer of soil

(a) mulching



(b) desertification

(c) incineration

(d) leaching

15. Which of the following is an example of a

weed of rabi season that infest wheat crop?

(a) Chenopodium

(b) Motha

(c) Jangali jowar

(d) None of the above

16. First bio insecticide developed

commercial scale was

(a) quinine

(b) DDT

(c) organophosphate

(d) sporeine

17. Composted manure is produced from

(a) farmyard manure and green manure

(b) farm refuse and household refuse

(c) organic remains of biogas plants

(d) rotten vegetables and animal refuse

18. Norin-I0 gene from Japan is a

(a) dwarf gene of wheat

(b) dwarf gene of rice

(d) dwarf gene of maize

(d) disease resistant gene of rice

19. Aims of plant breeding are to produce

(a) disease-free varieties

(b) high-yielding varieties

(c) early-maturing varieties

(d) all of the above

20. Growing of two or more crops

simultaneously on the same piece cat

land is called

(a) mixed cropping

(b) mixed farming

(c) intercropping

(d) fanning

21. The Mexican dwarf wheat variety was

developed by

(a) Swami Nathan

(b) Borlaug

(c) Watson

(d) Kush

22. The desired varieties of economically

useful crops are raised by

(a) vemalisation

(b) mutation

(c) natural selection

(d) hybridisation

23. High-yielding varieties of wheat were

primarily developed by Indian scientist by

crossing- breeding traditional varieties with

(a) American varieties

(b) Mexican varieties

(c) European varieties

(d) African varieties

24. A plant breeder: waists to develop a

disease resistant variety. What should he do

first?

(a) Hybridization

(b) Mutation

(c) Selection

(d) Production of crop

25. Selection of homozygous plant is

(a) pure line selection

(b) mass selection

(c) mixed selection

(d) introduction

26. Television broadcast for rural

development programmes in India started

in

(a) 1947

(b) 1957

(c) 1967

(d) 1977



27. Which of tile following points refers to the

economic level of output?

(a) MR<mc

(b) MR>MC

(c) MR AC

(d) MR = MC</mc

28. What is the correct order of C 3 plants?

(a) Sugarcane - Paddy - Bajra - Maize

(b) Groundnut-Potato-Wheat- Soybean

(c) Potato-Paddy-Bajra-Wheat

(d) Paddy - Sugarcane - Soybean- Bajra

29. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 60 2 - >60 2 + 6HZ0 shows

(a) Photosynthesis

(b) Respiration

(c) Oxidation

(d) Translocation of food materials

30. How does the supply of nitrogen in grains

take place?

(a) From old leaves

(b) From plant roots

(c) From stem

(d) By photosynthesis

31. To reduce the crop weed corn - petition, at

what stage are the herbicides used?

(a) At germination

(b) At tillering

(c) At ear emergence

(d) After first irrigation

32. How much percentage dry weight of

crops should be at physiological maturity?

(a) 28%

(b) 20%

(c) 25%

(d) 30%

33. Growth of early emerging leaves becomes

faster because of –

(a) Cell division and cell enlargement

(b) Stunt growth of plants

(c) Faster Photosynthesis

(d) Low pressure of outer atmosphere

34. The ideal temperature for most of the

cultivable crops is-

(a) 30°C - 50°C

(b) 15°C - 40°C

(c) 35°C - 40°C

(d) 45°C - 55°C

35. Match List-I with List- II and choose the

correct answer from the codes -

List-I List-II

(a) Magnesium 1. Cell formation

(b) Phosphorus 2. Special function of

chlorophyll formation

(c) Potassium 3. Helping in the

formation of

primordial

(d) Manganese 4. to influence the

organic action of

nitrogen and iron

Codes: (a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) 2 1 3 4

(b) 2 3 4 1

(c) 3 1 2 4

(d) 2 3 1 4

36. Which pH range is not suitable to grow

the crop

(a) Oats – 5.0 - - 7.5 pH

(b) Cotton – 6.0 -7.5 pH

(c) Bean -- 6.0 – 8.0 pH

(d) Potato —4.5 - 6.5 pH

37. What is Azofication?

(a) It is also known as composite fixation of

nitrogen.



(b) It is also known as free fixation of

nitrogen

(c) It is also known as nitrogen fixed by

Rhizobium bacteria

(d) It is also known as nitrogen gain

through rains or snow

38. Which is the hybrid of Pusa Giant Napier

(a) Napier lowar

(b) Napier Bajra

(c) Jowar Bajra

(d) Bajra lowar

39. From where is Indian Journals

Agriculture Sciences published

(a) UPCAR

(b) ICAR

(c) CISR

(d) NBRI

40. How much paddy seed is needed for

transplanting one hectare area by SRI

technique :

(a) 30 - 35 kg

(b) 10- 105 kg

(c) 5 - 6kg

(d) 10-12kg

41. Soldier insect harms which crop more

(a) Urad

(b) Arhar

(c) Moong

(d) Paddy

42. In which season is the highest yield of

Maize obtained

(a) Zaid

(b) Kharif

(c) Rabi

(d) All of these

43. Seed treatment of which crop is done by

Captan or Cerasan @ 5 gm / kg seed –

(a) Cotton

(b) Jute

(c) Safflower

(d) Mondua

44. Varieties of Miscavi and Pusa Visal are of

which crop

(a) Cotton

(b) Jute

(c) Oat

(d) Berseem

45. Which is not prepared from potato?

(a) Farina and Alcohol

(b) Paper

(c) Wine

(d) Acetic acid

46. Potato tuber growth is stopped at what

temperature?

(a) 40°C - 42°C

(b) 30°C - 32°C

(c) 35°C - 37°C

(d) 38°C - 40°C

47. In which state of India is the area of

Coffee maximum?

(a) Kerala

(b) Andhra Pradesh

(c) Karnataka

(d) Tamil Nadu

48. How much cloves of garlic is required for

one hectare

(a) 400 kg

(b) 500 kg

(c) 600 kg

(d) 300 kg

49. Which variety of Papaya gives maximum

Papain?

(a) Pusa Delicious

(b) Pusa Majesty

(c) Pusa Gaint

(d) Pusa Dwarf

50. At the time of Apple fruit setting, whittle

the minimum temperature required?

(a) 10°C

(b) 4-5°C - - 5-5°C

(c) 8°C - - 10°C

(d) 2°C - 30 C

51. How many days can the Aonla be kept in

salt solution?

(a) 15 days

(b) 30 days

(c) 60 days

(d) 75 days



52. What is the average temperature of cow

and buffalo?

(a) - 98o4°F

(b) 1U0°F

(c) 101o5°F

(d) 102°F

53. ‗Pheromone Trap‘ attracts –

(a) male moths

(b) female moths

(c) caterpillar

(d) female bugs

54. Success of rural projects depends upon –

(a) Agriculture Extension

(b) Management

(c) Y Soil Science

(d) Regular training of staff

55. At which height from soil level are the

synoptic meteorological observations done?

(a) 2-0 metre

(b) 1-25 metre

(c) 2o25 metre

(d) 100 metre to 2o0 metre

56. Evaporation is measured by which

instrument?

(a) Barometer

(b) Psychrometer

(c) Lysimeter

(d) Hygrometer

57. What is computed by the following

equation? CGR = (W2 - W1) / (t2 - t1)

(a) Relative growth rate

(b) Crop growth rate

(c) Analysis of development

(d) Leaf area index

58. At what temperature does the wilt disease

Virus grow faster?

(a) 40°C - 45°C

(b) 35°C o 40°C

(c) 24°C - 28°C

(d) 22°C - 26°C

59. Opening and closing of stomata depends

on-

(a) Sunlight

(b) Water pressure

(c) Transpiration

(d) Temperature

60. Which of the following is not a variety of

seeds?

(a) Hybrid seed

(b) Composite seed

(c) Breeder seed

(d) Mutant seed

61. Which of the following is not a method of

knowing seed life?

(a) Respiration test

(b) Embryo culture method

(c) Seed dormancy method

(d) lndigocarmjne method

62. Drip irrigation is useful in which region?

(a) Dry

(b) Humid

(c) High rainfall

(d) None of these

63. Seed plant technique is followed in –

(a) Paddy

(b) Wheat

(c) Bajra

(d) Potato

64. The optimum cardinal temperature point

for germination of rice seeds is –

(a) 18°C - 22°C

(b) 20°C - 25°C

(c) 30°'C - 32°C

(d) 37°C - 39°C

65. Chemical formula of pyrite is –

(a) CuS

(b) MnS

(c) FeS

(d) FeS2

66. Asexual reproduction includes –

(a) Autcgamy

(b) Amphimixis

(c) Apomixis

(d) Allogamy

67. Among the following crop rotations,

which is good for increasing soil

Nutrient status?

(a) Groundnut-Wheat



(b) Rice-Wheat

(c) Pearltnillet-Wheat

(d) Sorghum-Wheat

68. For providing inputs like quality seeds,

fertilizers and pesticides, the agency

present at the Village Panchayat Samiti

Level is –

(a) NABARD

(b) Nationalised Banks

(c) Cooperative Society

(d) Insurance Companies

69. For waterlogged rice cultivation, the

fertilizer that may be avoided is –

(a) Ammonium chloride

(b) Sodium nitrate

(c) Urea

(d) None of these

70. Where do the female mango leaf hoppers

lay their eggs

(a) On the dorsal surface of leaves

(b) Inside the tissue of leaf margin

(c) Inside the mid-rib of leaves

(d) On the ventral surface of leaves

71. Prabhat is an early short duration variety

of –

(a) Red gram

(b) Black gram

(c) Gram

(d) Green gram

72. Anemometer measures -

(a) Relative humidity

(b) Wind direction

(c) Wind velocity

(d) Net radiation

73. TPS technique is related to –

(a) Sugarcane

(b) Tomato

(c) Potato

(d) All of these

74. The ratio between marketable crop Yield

and water used in evapotranspiration is

known as--

(a) Economic irrigation efficiency

(b) Field water use efficiency

(c) Water use efficiency

(d) Consumptive use efficiency

75. In H.T.S.T. pasteurization, which one of

the following organisms is chosen as index

organism for killing?

(a) S lactis

(b) S. thermophilus

(c) M tuberculosis

(d) subtilis

76. In maize plants –

(a) Tassels appear first

(b) Silk appear first

(c) Both of these appear at same time

(d) None of these

77. Damping - off disease of vegetable

nursery can be controlled, by –

(a) Mixing of fungicides in soil

(b) Solarization

(c) Seed treatment

(d) All of these

78. SRI is a technique used in –

(a) Groundnut

(b) Maize

(c) Wheat

(d) Rice

79. Soil fertility is reduced due to –

(a) Poor drainage

(b) Over irrigation

(c) Continuous cropping

(d) Imbalanced use of fertilizers



80. In India, gene bank of wheat is located at

(a) IARI, New Delhi

(b) Ludhiana

(c) Kanpur

(d) Karnal

81. Sulphur, containing amino acid is –

(a) Cystine

(b) Valine

(c) Isolucine

(d) None of these

82. Thermophilic micro-organism grow well

at temperature -

(a) 20°C - 40°C

(b) 10°C - 20°C

(c) 5°C -7°C

(d) 50°C - 60°C

83. Blind hoeing is recommended for –

(a) Maize

(b) Wheat

(c) Sugarcan

(d) Groundnut

84. Whiptail is a disorder of cauliflower due

to deficiency of –

(a) Boron

(b) Zinc

(c) Potassium

(d) Molybdenum

85. Numbers of agro-climate and ecological

zones classified by ICAR respectively are –

(a) 131,8

(b) 15,131

(c) 21,15

(d) 8,131

86. Effective cause of atmospheric pressure is

not –

(a) Soil erosion

(b) Temperature

(c) altitude from the sea level

(d) rotation of earth

87. Which Sorghum variety is not multicut?

(a) M. P Chari

(b) U. P. Chari -1

(c) Pusa Chari-2

(d) M. P. Chari -2

88. Which disease is not related to Bajra?

(a) Rust

(b) Green Ear

(c) Ergot

(d) Wilt

89. The Black rust of disease of wheat is

caused by-

(a) Xanthomonas graminis

(b) Puccinia graminis

(c) Puccinia recondite

(d) None of these

90. A crop grown in Zaid season is

(a) Soyabean

(b) Water melon

(c) Jute

(d) Maize

91. The adoption of High Yielding Variety

Programme in Indian Agriculture started

in

(a) 1966

(b) 1965

(c) 1968

(d) 1967

92. Which of the following is a food crop?

(a) Palm

(b) Jute

(c) Cotton

(d) Maize

93. Which of the following is an oilseed?

(a) Cardamom

(b) Garlic

(c) Clove

(d) Mustard

94. Which one of the following makes a case

for intensive, modern farming?

(a) Cropping pattern

(b) Higher output using organic method

(c) Remunerative price

(d) None of these

95. Which of the following is not an

agricultural product?

(a) Alum

(b) Cotton

(c) Jute



(d) Rice

96. Crop rotation helps to

(a) lessen use of pesticides

(b) yield more crops

(c) produce a greater choice of plant

products

(d) Eliminate parasites which have selective

host

97. Potassium chloride contains K –

(a) 18%

(b) 48%

(c) 44%

(d) 60%

98. Plant micronutrient is –

(a) Carbon

(b) Boron

(c) Magnesium

(d) Sulphur


(a) Amphimixis

(b) Apomixis

(c) Allogamy

(d) Autogamy

100. Living Cells are not essential for –

(a) Transpiration

(b) Evaporation

(c) Guttation

(d) All of these

101. How much tomatoes are required for

one kg tomato seeds?

(a) 50-300 kg

(b) 300-350 kg

(c) 160-210 kg

(d) 200-250 kg

102. What is the suitable Rabi maize variety?

(a) Sharadmani

(b) Azad Uttam

(c) Naveen

(d) Ganga - 5

103. At the vegetative growth stage,

flowering is stopped in food-grain crops,

known as

(a) sigmoid growth curve

(b) determinate growth

(c) indeterminate growth

(d) grand growth period

104. How does the moisture stress affect the

cell?

(a) Affect cell division

(b) Affect cell expansion

(c) Cell mortality rate is affected

(d) No effect on cell

105. Which one among the following

chemicals is used for causing defoliation of

forest trees?

(a) Posphon D

(b) Malic hydrazid

(c) 2, 4-D

(d) Amo 1618

106. The desired varieties of economically

useful crops are raised by

(a) Vemalisation

(b) Mutation

(c) Natural selection

(d) Hybridization

107. High-yielding varieties of wheat were

primarily developed by Indian scientist by

crossing - breeding traditional varieties

with

(a) American varieties

(b) Mexican varieties

(c) European varieties

(d) African varieties

108. A plant breeder: waists to develop a

disease resistant variety. What should he do

first?

(a) Hybridization

(b) Mutation

(c) Selection

(d) Production of crop

109. Removal of stamens in an inter-sexual

flower before they dehisce is called

(a) Protogyny

(b) Protandry

(c) Inducing male sterility

(d) Emasculation

110. Selection of homozygous plant is

(a) Pure line selection



(b) Mass selection

(c) Mixed selection

(d) Introduction

111. The study of fish culture is called

(a) Ophiology

(b) Ichthyology

(c) Herpetology

(d) Pisciculture

112. Inland fisheries is referred to

(a) culturing fish in freshwater

(b) trapping and capturing fish

(c) deep sea fisheries

(d) extraction of oil from fish

113. Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly

contagious disease almost exclusive to

cattle, sheep, swine, goats, and other

cloven-hoofed animals. It is caused by

(a) fungi

(b) bacteria

(c) protozoa

(d) Virus

114. Anthrax is a serious disease of

(a) cattle

(b) poultry

(c) fish

(d) all of these

115. High milk yielding varieties of cows are

obtained by

(a) super ovulation

(b) artificial insemination

(c) use of surrogate mothers

(d) all of these

116. Which of the following is the high milk

yielding variety of cow?

(a) Jamunapari

(b) Murrah

(c) Holstein

(d) Kathiyabari

117. A fan produces a feeling of comfort

during hot weather because

(a) Fan supplies cold air

(b) Our perspiration evaporates rapidly

(c) Our body radiates more heat in air

(d) Conductivity of air increases

118. The water can be made to boil even at

0°C if the pressure of surrounding is

(a) 76cm of Hg

(b) 5cm of Hg

(c) 0.1 cm of Hg

(d) 4.6 mm of Hg

119. The saturated Vapour pressure of water

Agriculture at 100°C is

(a) 750 mm of Hg

(b) 76 mm of Hg

(c) 760 mm of Hg

(d) 7.6 mm of Hg

120. First stable compound in C3 cycle is

(a) Phosphoglyceraldehyde

(b) Phosphoglyceric acid

(c) fructose -1-6 diphosphate

(d) Glucose -6-phosphate

121. Which of the following wavelength of

light is absorbed maximum for

photosynthesis?

(a) Red light

(b) Blue light

(c) Green light

(d) Yellow light

122. Compensation point is

(a) where there is neither photo synthesis

nor respiration

(b) when rate of photosynthesis is equal to

the rate of respiration

(c) when there is enough water just to meet

the requirements of plant

(d) when the entire food synthesized in

photosynthesis remain unutilized

123. The Blue Revolution is related with?

(a) Fish production

(b) Food grain production

(c) Oilseed production

(d) Milk production.

124. Indian agriculture is typically

characterized as?

(a) land surplus, labour scare economy

(b) land surplus, labour surplus economy

(c) land scare, labour surplus economy

(d) land scare, labour scare economy



125. Dr. M.S. Swami Nathan has

distinguished himself in which of the

following fields?

(a) Nuclear Physics

(b) Agriculture

(c) Astrophysics

(d) Medicine

126. The Green Revolution in India was the

outcome of the efforts of whom amongst,

the following?

(a) M.S. Swaminathan

(b) Rangrajan

(c) K.V. Kamath

(d) Rakesh Mohan

127. The National Bank for Agriculture and

Rural Development (NABARD) was

established in the year?

(a) 1970

(b) 1975

(c) 1977

(d) 1980

128. The head office of the NABARD is

located in?

(a) Lucknow

(b) Hyderabad

(c) New Delhi

(d) Mumbai

129. Where is the Central Rice Research

Institute located?

(a) Bengaluru

(b) Kanpur

(c) Coimbatore

(d) Cuttack

130. NABARD was established in the?

(a) Fourth Five Year plan

(b) Fifth Five Year plan

(c) Sixth Five Year plan

(d) Eighth Five Year plan

131. Under which Five Year Plan agriculture

register negative growth?

(a) Third

(b) Fifth

(c) Seventh

(d) Ninth

132. Who is known as Father of White

Revolution in India?

(a) M.S. Swaminathan

(b) V. Kurien

(c) K.N. – Bahal

(d) (b) P. Pal

133. Indian Pulse Research Institute is located

in?

(a) Allahabad

(b) Kanpur

(c) Faizabad

(d) Lucknow

134. Where first Agriculture University of

India was established?

(a) Kumarganj, Faizabad

(b) Pantnagar

(c) Kanpur

(d) Naini, Allahabad

135. Where is the Indian Sugarcane Research

Institute situated?

(a) New Delhi

(b) Varanasi

(c) Kanpur

(d) Lucknow

136. Where is the Central Food Technological

Research Institute (CFTRJ) situated?

(a) Bangaluru

(b) Karnal

(c) Mysore

(d) Lucknow



137. Indian Green Revolution started from?

(a) Pantanagar

(b) Bangaluru

(c) Kanpur

(d) Delhi

138. How many labourers are required to run

a 30 cows milk herd?

(a) 8

(b) 6

(c) 4

(d) 10

139. What is the availability of per day per

capita milk in India presently (2008-09)?

(a) 229 gram

(b) 239 gram

(c) 219 gram

(d) 252 gram

140. Which place is occupied by India in egg

production?

(a) First

(b) Second

(c) Third

(d) Fourth

141. How much calories (cal) may be

obtained from 100 gram chicken egg?

(a) 175 cal

(b) 180 cal

(c) 160 cal

(d) 130 cal

142. Main function of bio fertilizer is-

(a) To increase chemical process

(b) To increase physiological process

(c) To increase biological process

(d) To increase photosynthesis process

143. How much tomato average production

(q.) may be yield from one hectare?

(a) 100

(b) 105-150

(c) 250

(d) 160-275

144. Which type of soil is, found near the

canal banks?

(a) Acidic and alkaline

(b) Acidic

(c) Alkaline

(d) None of these

145. Which one is not bio fertilizer?

(a) Multiflex

(b) PSB

(c) Vermicompost

(d) NADEP

146. In which form is nitrogen absorbed by

paddy under waterlogged condition?

(a) NH4 ion

(b) Nitrate ion

(c) NO2 ion

(d) N2

147. Jalpriya is a variety of –

(a) Maize

(b) Jowar

(c) Paddy

(d) Barley

148. Sugarcane + Potato is an inter-cropping

system of-

(a) Autumn season

(b) Zaid season

(c) Spring season

(d) Rainy season

149. Seed-rate of potato per hectare is-

(a) 25 quintal/hectare

(b) 10 quintal/hectare

(c) 15 quintal/hectare

(d) 40 quintal/hectare

150. Deficiency symptoms of calcium on

plants first appear at-

(a) Lower leaves

(b) Middle leaves

(c) Terminal leaves

(d) All leaves

151. Which weedicide is used to kill broad

leaf weeds in wheat?

(a) 2, 4 - (d) S.S. (WPSS)

(b) 2, 4, 5 T

(c) 2, 4 – DB

(d) None of these

152. Maya is the variety of-

(a) Potato

(b) Gram



(c) Pea

(d) Mustard

153. The weed that causes Asthma is

(a) Hirankhuri

(b) Bathua

(c) Parthenium

(d) Krishna Neel

154. Which crop requires maximum amount

of nitrogen?

(a) Potato

(b) Wheat

(c) Barley

(d) Sugarcane

155. First dwarf variety of paddy developed

in India is-

(a) Jaya

(b) Saket-4

(c) Govind

(d) Narendra-97

156. Sprinkler irrigation is suitable, where the

soil has –

(a) Clayey texture

(b) Loamy texture

(c) Undulating topography

(d) All of these

157. Endosulfan is also known as –

(a) Lindane

(b) Thiodan

(c) Aldrin

(d) (b) H.(c)

158. Which of the following is systemic

poison?

(a) Metasystox

(b) Phosphomidan

(c) Phorate

(d) All of these

159. DDVP is known as –

(a) Nuvan

(b) Malathion

(c) Thiodan

(d) Sulfex

160. Seed treatment with Vitavax is the main

controlling method of -

(a) Loose smut

(b) Rust

(c) Downy mildew

(d) All of these

161. Covered smut of barley as a disease of –

(a) Externally seed-borne

(b) Internally seed-borne

(c) Air-borne

(d) None of these

162. Which of the following cakes is not

edible?

(a) Castor cake

(b) Mustard cake

(c) Sesame cake

(d) Groundnut cake

163. In India, about 142 million hectare land

is under –

(a) Cultivation

(b) Waste land

(c) Forest

(d) Eroded land

164. The headquarters of Indian

Meteorological Department was established

in 1875 at

(a) New Delhi

(b) Hyderabad

(c) Pune

(d) Calcutta

165. Moisture condensed in small drops upon

cool surface is called-

(a) Hail

(b) Dew

(c) Snow

(d) Fog

166. How many agro-climatic zones (ACZ)

are found in India

(a) 16

(b) 18

(c) 15

(d) 20

167. Tilt angle of a disc plough is generally-

(a) 10°

(b) 15°

(c) 20°

(d) 45°



168. Pudding is done to-

(a) Reduce percolation of water

(b) Pulverize and levelling soil

(c) Kill weeds

(d) All of the above

169. The Community Development

Programme (COP) was started in India on-

(a) 2nd October, 1950

(b) 2nd October, 1952

(c) 2nd October,1951

(d) None of these

170. The wain unit of Integrated

Development Programme In-

(a) family

(b) village

(c) Block

(d)District

171. Element of Communica6on

(a) Message

(b) feedback

(c) Channel

(d)) All of these

172. The first Kshetriya Gramin Bank (KGB)

was opened in India is-

(a) 1972

(b) 1980

(c) 1975

(d) 1969

173. The main function of NABARD is-

(a) Farmers' loaning

(b) Agricultural research

(c) Refinancing to agricultural financing

institutions

(d) Development of agriculture

174. Rent theory of profit was given by-

(a) Hawley

(b) P. Blacker

(c) Tanssig

(d) F.A Walker

175. In L.D.R., the profit will be maximum

when-

(a) MC = MP

(b) MC > MP

(c) MP = TP

(d) MP > TP

176. The period of 11th Five Year Plan is-

(a) 2000-2005

(b) 2002-2007

(c) 2007-2012

(d) 2008-2012

177. Acid rain contains mainly-

(a) PO4

(b) NO2

(c) NO3

(d) C1-14

178. Cell Organelle found only in plants are

(a) Mitochondria

(b) Golgi complex

(c) Ribosomes

(d) Plastids

179. Proteins are synthesized in-.

(a) Centrosomes

(b) Ribosomes

(c) Mitochondria

(d) Golgi bodies

180. Milk fever is caused due to the

deficiency of-

(a) P

(b) Ca

(c) Mg

(d) K

181. Milk sugar is a type of-

(a) Glucose

(b) Sucrose

(c) Lactose

(d) Fructose

182. Muriate of Potash is-

(a) K2SO4

(b) KCI

(c) K2HPO4

(d) KNO3

183. Azotobacter fixes atmospheric nitrogen

in the soil by-

(a) Symbiotically

(b) Non-symbiotically

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of these

184. The chemical formula of iron pyrites is-



(a) FeSO4

(b) FeS

(c) FeS2

(d) Fe2(SO4)3

185. Rock phosphates are used in-

(a) Saline soil

(b) Sodic soil

(c) Acidic soil

(d) Neutral soil

186. Intravenous chlorosis is caused due to

the deficiency of-

(a) N

(b) Mg

(c) S

(b) Fe

187. Kinnow is the hybrid variety of-

(a) Citrus

(b) Orange

(c) Mandarin

(d) Lemon

188. The permanent preservative, which is

used for preservation of fruit and

vegetables, is-

(a) Sodium chloride

(b) Potassium metabisulphate

(c) Potassium sulphate

(d) Sugar

189. Whip tail disease of cauliflower is caused

by deficiency of-

(a) Nifrogen

(b) Boron

(c) Molybdenum

(d) Zinc

190. The word 'Agriculture' is derived from-

(a) Greek

(b) Latin

(c) Arabic

(d) French

191. Motha (Grass nut) belongs to the family

of-

(a) Cruciferae

(b) Tiliaceae

(c) Cyperaceae

(d) Graminaceae

192. Which of the followings are short day

crops?

(a) Maize, Lobia, Bajra

(b) Wheat, Mustard, Gram

(c) Moong, Soybean, Bajra

(d) Wheat, Soybean, Bajra

193. What is the sequence of C4 plants?

(a) Sudangrass - Sugarcane -Paddy - Bajra

(b) Sugarcane - Maize - Sudangrass - Bajra .

(c) Sugarcane - Cotton - Paddy- Maize

(d) Cotton - Maize - Bajra -Sugarcane

194. Match List-I (crops) with List-11 (water

requirement) and select your answer from

the code given below-

List-1

(a) Jowar

(b) Soybean

(c) Cotton

(d) Groundnut

List-11

1. 140 mm - 300 mm

2. 350 mm - 450. mm

3. 200 mm - 300 mm

4. 300 mm - 350 mm

Codes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) 3 1 2 4

(b) 4 2 3 1

(c) 1 4 2 3

(d) 3 1 4 2

195. In which state, are there biggest area,

highest production and number of

Sugar Mills in relation to Sugarcane?

(a) Maharashtra

(b) Bihar

(c) Uttar Pradesh

(d) Andhra Pradesh

196. Which is not prepared by Potato?

(a) Acetic Acid

(b) Paper

(c) Wine

(d) Fanina

197. Uttar Pradesh is occupying which place

in India, for Guava production?



(a) Second

(b) First

(c) Third

(d) Fifth

198. Which of the following is TPA variety of

Potato?

(a) JH 222

(b) Chipsona-11

(c) Anand

(d) HPS-1/113

199. What is VAM?

(a) Virus

(b) Bacteria

(c) Algae

(d) Fungi

200. What is the main function of zinc in the

plants?

(a) Synthesis of nitrogen

(b) Synthesis of phosphorus

(c) Required for synthesis of Tryptophos

(d) To increase activity of the boron

201. What is the area in floriculture (in 000

hectare) in India?

(a) 40 - 50

(b) 60 - 80

(c) 100 -120

(d) None of these

202. Which of the following factors does not

affect the nitrification?

(a) Air

(b) Seed

(c) Temperature

(d) Moisture

203. Which is the correct sequence of soil

erosion?

(a) Rill - Sheet Gulley

(b) Gulley Sheet Rill

(c) Sheet Rill - Gulley

(d) Sheet - Gulley - Rill

204. Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) should not be

mixed with-

(a) DAP.

(b) Compost fertilizer

(c) Ammonium Chloride

(d) Urea

205. Insecticides are

(a) Excreta specific inhibitors of system

(b) Digestive system

(c) Nervous system

(d) Blood Circulatory system

206. The credit for the success of Krishi

Vigyan Kendras (KVK) goes to-

(a) Dr. R. S. Paroda

(b) Dr. Chandrika Prasad •

(c) Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta

(d) Dr. Mangla Rai

207. Cauliflower belongs to the family-

(a) Cruciferae

(b) poacae

(c) Malvaceab

(d) Leguminaceae

208. Which type of soil is best for knol khol?

(a) Loam

(b) Clayey loam

(c) Silty clayey loam.

(d) Clay

209. Which of the following soil type is most

suitable for garlic cultivation?

(a) Loamy sand

(b) Sandy loam

(c) Loam

(d) Clay

210. Average planting distance (R P) of guava

is-

(a) 5 m 5m

(b) 6 m m

(c) 8 m 8 m

(d) 10 m 10 m

211. Which of the following soil type has the

highest field capacity?

(a) Loam

(b) Silty loam

(c) Clayey loam

(d) Clay

212. The trade name of phorate is-

(a) Temic

(b)Thiodan

(c) Phortox



(d) Metasystox

213. The sprayers are cleaned before use by-

(a) 1% chlorine water

(b) 1% hydrochloric acid

(c) 1% ammonia water

(d) 1% bromine water

214. The Gyanogas pump(Bis) aLumni-gator

(a) Duster

(b) Fumigatior

(c) Sprayer

(d) Emulsifier

215. The main reason of Irish Famine in

Potato was-

(a) Late Blight disease

(b) Bacterial Blight disease

(c) Blast disease

(d) Ear Cockle disease

216. The instrument, which is used for

sowing of seed with fertilizer together at

(a) time is-

(a) Seed drill

(b) Dibbler

(c) Seed sowing behind plough

(d) Ferti-cum Seed drill

217. Seed treatment is done to control-

(a) Soil-borne disease

(b) Air-borne disease

(c) Seed-borne disease

(d) None of these

218. Salt tolerant crop is -

(a) Cowpea

(b) Field pea

(c) Garlic

(d) Long melon

219. Which of the following is not a dairy

breed of cattle?

(a) Sahiwal

(b) Sindhi

(c) Nagore

(d) All these

220. Stored grains can be saved from insect

damage, if the grain moisture content is-

(a) <> 10%

(c) 10%

(d) None of these

221. Which of the following pesticides has

been banned in India?

(a) Bogor

(b) DDT

(c) Metasystox

(d) Dimecron

222. Pulses fit well in cropping system as they

are-

(a) Short duration crops

(b) Disease resistant crops

(c) Long duration crops

(d) Moisture stress resistant crops

223. Wheat is a-

(a) Cash crop

(b) Cereal crop

(c) Covered crop

(d) None of these

224. Autumn sugarcane is planted in month

of-

(a) February-March

(b) July

(c) October

(d) December

225. Seed-rate for timely sown wheat is-

(a) 75 kg/ha

(b) 100 kg/ha

(c) 125 kg/ha

(d) 150 kg/ha

226. Most critical stage in wheat for irrigation

is-

(a) C. R.I.

(b) Flowering

(c) Milk

(d) Dough

227. Name of most popular variety of wheat

in Uttar Pradesh is -.

(a) PBW - 343

(b) U.P. - 2338

(c) K -7903

(d) K -9107

228. KPG - 59 (Udai) is a variety of-

(a) Field pea

(b) Vegetable pea



(c) Lentil

(d) Gram

229. In plain, Rajma is cultivated during-

(a) Kharif

(b) Rabi

(c) Zaid

(d) None of these

230. Which crop is recommended for Zaid

season cultivation in Uttar Pradesh?

(a) Vegetable pea

(b) Groundnut

(c) Barley

(d) Lentil

231. The most efficient use of potassium

achieved by-

(a) Broadcasting at the sowing time

(b) Top dressing after one month of sowing

(c) Basal placement at the sowing time

(d) Foliar spray

232. The term °Extension' was first used in-

(a) U.K.

(b) U.S.A

(c) India

(d) France

233. The first K.V.K. Krishi Vigyan Kendra in

India was established in-

(a) Bombay

(b) Port Blair

(c) Pondicherry

(d) Madras

234. ATMA is related to-

(a) NARP

(b) NAARM

(c) NREP

(d) None of these

235. Albert Mayer is the name associated

with-

(a) Nilokheri Development Project

(b) Firka Development Project

(c) Etawah Pilot Project

(d) Shriniketan Project

236. Co-operative Credit Societies Act was

passed in India in-

(a) 1902

(b) 1904

(c) 1906

(d) 1912

237. Maximum photosynthesis takes place in-

(a) Blue light

(b) Red light

(c) Violet light

(d) Green light

238. Farm Planning means-

(a) Farm Budgeting

(b) Cropping pattern

(c) Type of enterprises

(d) None of these

239. The first product of photosynthesis in C3

plant is-

(a) Pyruvic acid

(b) Phosphoglyceric acid

(c) Oxaloacetic acid

(d) Succinic acid

240. Bending of plants towards light is called-

(a) Phototropism

(b) Verbalization

(c) Photo-respiration

(d) None of these

241. Germination is inhibited by-

(a) Red light

(b) Blue light

(c) U.V. light.

(d) I.R. light

242. The best method of milking is-

(a) Knuckling method

(b) Fisting method

(c) Stripping method

(d) None of these

243. Line breeding is a type of-

(a) Inbreeding

(b) Outbreeding

(c) Natural breeding

(d) None of these

244. Match List-I with List-Hand select

answer from the codes given below-

List-1

(a) White Revolution

(b) Grey Revolution



(c) Blue Revolution

(d) Green Revolution

List-II

1. Fertilizer production

2. Fish production

3. Cereal production

4. Milk production

Codes:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) 4 1 2 3

(b) 1 2 3 4

(c) 2 4 3 1

(d) 1 3 4 2

245. 'Tharparkar' breed of cow is-

(a) Milch breed

(b) Working breed

(c) Dual purpose breeds

(d) None of these

246. Cow and buffalo belong to the family-

(a) Bovidae

(b) Suidae

(c) Equidae

(d) Cammelidae

247. What is the contribution of Animal

Husbandry Sector in the agricultural

growth?

(a) 10%

(b) 12% -15%

(c) 7% - 9%

(d) 5%

248. Which one of the following do not relate

to groundnut?

(a) Brazil

(b) 2n = 40

(c) Pink disease

(d) Tikka disease

249. Which of the following is produced

highest in India?

(a) Mango

(b) Banana

(c) Papaya

(d) Grapes

250. The optimum temperature for the

Banana crop is-

(a) 30°C

(b) 23°C

(c) 21o5°C

(d) 26o5°C

251. Which one of the following varieties has

been selected to develop Narendra Aonla-6

variety?

(a) Chakaiya

(b) Hathijhool

(c) Banarasi

(d) NarendraAonla-6

252. Red soil is poor in which of the following

nutrients?

(a) Phosphorus and Sulphur

(b) Phosphorus and Nitrogen

(c) Nitrogen and Zinc

(d) Nitrogen and Potassium

253. A farming system in which arable crops

are grown in alleys formed by trees or

shrubs, to establish soil fertility and to

enhance soil productivity, is known as-

(a) Relay cropping

(b) Multiple cropping

(c) Alley cropping

(d) Mixed cropping

254. The cropping intensity of Groundnut +

Arhar - Sugarcane is-

(a) 200%

(b) 300%

(c) 150%

(d) 250%

255. The scented variety of paddy is-

(a) Jaya

(b) Bala

(c) Type-3

(d) Type-1

256. From which language is the word

'Agronomy' taken?

(a) Latin

(b) Greek

(c) French

(d) German

257. Tarameera is belonged to which family?

(a) Cruciferae



(b) Linaceae

(c) Compositae

(d) Graminae

258. The size of clay particles are-

(a) 1o0 mm

(b) 0o2 – 0o02 mm

(c) < 0o02 mm

(d) < 0o002 mm

259. When one plant has both male and

female flowers separately, is called-

(a) Monophrodits

(b) Monoecious

(c) Hermaphrodite

(d) Apornixis

260. Aamrapali is the cross of-

(a) Neelam x Dashaheri

(b) Dashaheri x Langra

(c) Langra x Dashaheri

(d) Dashaheri x Neelam

261. Seed-plot technique is adopted in-

(a) Onion

(b) Potato

(c) Sugarcane

(d) Tomato

262. The origin of litchi is-

(a) India

(b) Philippines

(c) China

(d) Burma

263.The main advantage of 'PVC' pipes for

drainage is the feasibility of –

(a) Mechanical laying

(b) Physical laying

(c) Chemical laying

(d) Physical, chemical laying both

264. 'ESCORT' tractor is manufactured at –

(a) Faridabad

(b) Ghaziabad

(c) Kanpur

(d) Chennai

265. Soil erosion by wind brings about the

serious damage in soil by changing the –

(a) Soil permeability

(b) Soil structure

(c) Soil texture

(d) Soil plasticity

266. High compression petrol engines are

used in some tractors and have high

performance in –

(a) U.S.A

(b) Germany

(c) Japan

(d) Holland

267. The distribution of fertilizers by aircraft

is widely practiced in –

(a) England

(b) France

(c) Gennady

(d) New Zealand

268. A 2- row potato harvester, working in

good conditions with 4 to 5 men on the

machine, can do how much hectare per

day?

(a) 0.5-0.6 ha

(b) 12.1.4 ha

(c) 2.5 ha

(d) 1.8 - 1.9 ha

269. Mole drainage is practiced extensively in

country -

(a) New Zealand

(b) Japan

(c) U.S.A

(d) China

270. Which is not included in the sources of

energy, getting for agricultural work?

(a) Diesel engine

(b) Electric

(c) Bullocks motor

(d) Cow

271. Which is included in dairy equipment‘s?

(a) Threshers

(b) Lactometer

(c) Cane Planter

(d) Winnowers

272. In our country, for the manufacturing of

agricultural implements tools, mostly wood

is used, because –

(a) Easy available at all the places



(b) Wood is cheaper

(c) Easy to repair tools made-up of wooden,

compound to metal tools

(d) Above (a) to (c) are correct

273. Which of the following wood is not used

for making handle of spade?

(a) Sheesham

(b) Babool

(c) Neem

(d) Mango

274. Soil turning plough makes the furrow of

which type (shape)?

(a) 'V' shape

(b) shape

(c) 'O' shape

(d) No definite shape

275. Which of the following' is one (single)

handed soil turning plough?

(a) Punjab plough

(b) Praia plough

(c) Victory plough

(d) U. P. No.1 plough

276. The purpose of tillage is/are –

(a) Soil clods breaking and suppressing in

soil

(b) Eradication of weeds

(c) Leveling of soil

(d) Above (a), (b) and (c)

277. The main function of cultivator is –

(a) To turn the soil

(b) To make furrow in soil

(c) To pulverize the soil

(d) All above three functions

278. Bakhar is generally used in -

(a) U. P.

(b) Bundelkhand

(c) Vindhya Pradesh

(d) In all the States/parts of India (in All

India)

279. Harrow is drawn by –

(a) Bullocks

(b) Tractor

(c) Diesel

(d) Bullocks and Tractor both

280. Which of the following is not a

secondary tillage implement?

(a) Cultivators

(b) Harrow

(c) Hoe

(d) Meston plough

281. The term 'Olpad' in 'Olpad Thresher' is

named on the name of –

(a) Scientist

(b) Village

(c) Labourer

(d) Farmer

282. Which of the following 'hoe' is bullock

drawn?

(a) Akola hoe

(b) Sharma hoe

(c) Wheel hoe

(d) Naini type hoe

283. The land leveling implement is –

(a) Patella

(b) Roller

(c) Scrapper


284. Patella is used far –

(a) Sowing

(b) Levelling

(c) Earthing

(d) Weeding

285. Which of the material is not used for

making rollers?

(a) Wood

(b) Stone

(c) Iron

(d) Steel

286. In which condition, roller is used?

(a) Where soil is wet

(b) Where clods are present in soil

(c) Where soil is friable


287. Which one of the following work is not

done by scrappers?

(a) For leveling of soil

(b) For making irrigation channels

(c) For covering the sown-seeds by earth



(d) For making ridges

288. Dibbler is used for –

(a) Ploughing

(b) Seed sowing

(c) Levelling of land

(d) Intercultural

289. The minimum expenditure is incurred

by implements for sowing seeds among the

following –

(a) Deshi plough

(b) Cultivator

(c) Dibbler

(d) Seed-drill

290. Which of the following tool is used for

measuring the draft of agricultural

implements?

(a) Dynamometer

(b) Hydrometer

(c) Galvanometer

(d) Barometer

291. Which of the following does not affect

the draft of ploughs?

(a) Width of furrow

(b) Depth of furrow

(c) Length of furrow

(d) Soil moisture

293. Swing-basket (Dhenkuli) is used for –

(a) Making furrow

(b) Lifting water from wells

(c) Destroying weeds

(d) Leveling of land

294. Which of the following is used

maximum for lifting water from wells?

(a) Persian wheel (Rahat)

(b) Swing basket (Bedi)

(c) Dhenkuli

(d) Don

295. Which of the following is used for lifting

water from 8-10 m depth?

(a) Washer Rahat

(b) Hand pump

(c) Mayadar lift


296. In which implement bullocks are not

used for lifting water?

(a) Buldev Balti

(b) Charsa

(c) Egyptian screw

(d) Rahat (Persian wheel)

297. The working efficiency per day of deshi

plough is -

(a) 0.3 ha

(c) 0.4 ha

(c) 0.6 ha

(d) 0.8 ha

298. Which of the method of ploughing is

mostly practiced?

(a) Outside to inside ploughing

(b) inside to outside ploughing

(c) Ploughing by putting furrow from one

side of field

(d) Ploughing by halai making

299. The best method of ploughing,

through deshi plough is –

(a) Outside to inside ploughing

(b) Inside to outside ploughing

(c) Ploughing by making halai

(d) Ploughing by making furrow from one

side of field

300. How much is the working efficiency of

dibbler (ha per day)?

(a) 0.15

(b) 0.25

(c) 0.35

(d) 0.45

301. Tillage includes –

(a) Ploughing of land

(b) Keep the land free from weeds

(c) Make the soil levelled

(d) All of the above operations

302. Function of the seed-drill is –

(a) Making furrow

(b) Dropping seeds

(c) Covering the seeds in furrow


303. Wrought iron contains carbon (per cent)

–



(a) 0.05-1%

(b) 1-2%

(c) 2-3%

(d) 3-4%

304. The mould-board of a tractor drawn soil

turning plough is the type of

(a) General purpose

(b) Stubble

(c) Sod (breaker)

(d) High speed

305. Among the following, ridger is not used

in crop –

(a) Maize

(b) Gram

(c) Potato

(d) Sugarcane

306. Bolt mostly used as of types –

(a) Rubber

(b) Kirmich

(c) Leather

(d) Cotton thread

307. The major defects of rubber belts are -

(a) Costly

(b) Slips on wet

(c) Early rubbed

(d) Increased due to heat

308. How many m.m. are in one foot length?

(a) 304.3

(b) 404.8

(c) 204.8

(d) 104.8

309. The grooved pulleys are made up of -

(a) Steel

(b) Cast iron

(c) Wooden

(d) Above (a) and (b) both

310. A general farmer used deshi plough for

the purpose of –

(a) Land ploughing

(b) Collecting weeds

(c) Making soil powdery

(d) Above all works

311. Which of the following is best for driving

machine from 16w power to slow speed?

(a) Belts and pulley

(b) Spur gear

(c) Toothed wheel and chains


312. Reapers are used form

(a) Crop cutting

(b) Threshing of harvested crop produce

(lank)

(c) Seeds sowing

(d) Fodder cutting

313. Threshers (except Olpad threshers) are

driven by –

(a) One pair of bullocks

(b) Two pair of bullocks

(c) Diesel


314. Winnowing it called -

(a) Cutting a crop

(b) To separate straw et

(c) To thresh

(d) Cutting the fodder

315. Chaff-cutter is driven by –

(a) Hand

(b) Bullocks

(c) Electric power


316. Sugarcane juice is extracted (%) from

cances through bullock – drawn cane

crusher -

(a) 50-55

(b) 70-75

(c) 25-30

(d) 60-65

317. ‗Olpad‘ thresher is used

(a) Oil extraction from mustard, toria etc

(b) Extracting juice from cane

(c) Threshing of wheat, barley, pea etc

(d) All (a), (b) and (c)

318. ‗Seed dresser' is used for –

(a) Mixing/treating seeds with chemicals

(b) Sowing seeds at proper distance

(c) Making seeds of high grade

(d) Keeping seeds effective upto longer

period



319. ‗Try squares‘ is used by –

(a) Blacksmith

(b) Carpenter

(c) Potter

(d) Farmers

320. Which type of saw is riot included?

(a) Cross cut saw

(b) Deshi saw

(c) Tenon saw

(d) Teething saw

321. Which type of saw, used for cutting

round shape in hole

(a) Fret saw

(b) Penal saw

(c) Tenon saw

(d) Key hole saw

322. ‗Draw-Knife‘ is used for –

(a) To fit galua in grinder

(b) Making round the corners of wood

(c) Smoothing the base of wood

(d) Sharping teeth of saw

323. The tool used for making deep pit in

wood is

(a) Adage

(b) Saw

(c) Draw knife

(d) Chisel

324. The main work of ‗scrapper‘ it –

(a) For cutting the wood

(b) For scrapping the wood

(c) For smoothing the wood


325. 'File' is used –

(a) Scrapping the wood

(b) Cutting the wood

(c) Forcing the wood

(d) Making equal by scrapping the wood

326. The type of file is generally –

(a) Round

(b) Triangular

(c) Flate

(d) Above all types

327. Brace machine is used for –

(a) Making hole in wood

(b) Scrapping the wood

(c) For smoothing the wood

(d) None of these

328. Which one machine/tool is not used in

making hole in wood?

(a) Ordinary drill

(b) Hand drill

(c) Pincer

(d) Twist bit

329. 'Bar cramp' is a tool of –

(a) Wood cutting

(b) Catching tightly wood

(c) Beating tool

(d) Smoothing tool

330. Nail (Keel) pulling is done by –

(a) Claw-hammer

(b) Pincer

(c) Plier

(d) All of these

331. 'Forging' is said –

(a) Heating the iron

(b) Beating the hot iron

(c) Converting into desired shape by

beating the iron

(d) Beating iron and making hole in it

332. 'Anvil' (Nihai) is used for –

(a) Beating the iron on keeping over this

(b) By beating iron through this

(c) Heating iron through handling this

(d) Cooling of hot iron

333. Fire is pulled-up through –

(a) Poker

(b) Sewage block

(c) Showel

(d) Anvil

334. 'Sledge' is used to –

(a) Lift heavy material

(b) Fire furnace

(c) Cut the iron in cold condition

(d) Cut the iron in hot condition

335. The roller of cane-crusher is made-up of

which steel?

(a) Cast iron

(b) Gun metal



(c) High carbon steel

(d) Wrought iron

336. The tool use for catching (handling) the

claw and turning it hither and thither

during beating is called -

(a) Sewage block

(b) Chisel

(c) Plier

(d) Tongs

337. Punches are of -

(a) Two types

(b) Three types

(c) Four types

(d) Several types

338. Agricultural tractors are generally

having horse power (h.p.) –

(a) 20-50

(b) 50-70

(c) 10-15

(d) 20-25

339. A three-tine furrow plough is ploughing

at a speed of 2 km/hr and the each furrow

size is 20 cm wide and 12 cm deep furrow.

How much time, it would require to plough

5 hectare land?

(a) 41 hours 40 minutes

(b) 40 hours 55 minutes

(c) 20 hours 55 minutes

(d) None of these

340. If a gear 'A', having 50 teeth and running

at a speed of 200 r.p.m. is driving to

another gear 'B' having 125 r.p.m. How

many number of teeth in gear 'B'?

(a) 500

(b) 400

(c) 80

(d) 60

341. Animal driven cane planter is developed

by-

(a) ICAR

(b) CIAE

(c) IISR

(d) IARI

342. A 10 cm wide belt is running at a speed

of 900 r.p.m. If the 15 H. P. is available, then

how much plies of belt?

(a) 3

(b) 10

(c) 6

(d) D

343. How much width belt would be needed

(if 20 H. P. is to be transferred through belt

of 10 plies, where speed of belt is 1460?

(a) 4 cm

(b) 8 cm

(c) 5 cm

(d) 6 cm

344. A 10 cm wide belt, having the speed of

1350 meter per minute, would be

appropriate to transfer the how much B, P.?

(a) 20

(b) 15

(c) 25

(d) 40

345. A tractor driving pulley has its 25 cm

diameter and revolving at a speed of 960

r.p.m. If on the shaft of a thresher, an

attached pulley is revolving at a speed of

1600 r.p.m. what would be the diameter of

this pulley?

(a) 16 cm

(b) 15 cm

(c) 12 cm

(d) 20 cm

346. A pulley of 21 cm diameter and

revolving at 1600 r.p.m. Find out the speed

of the belt running over it –

(a) 1120 m/minute

(b) 1200 m/minute

(c) 1056 m/minute

(d) None of these

347. If the distance between two pullies,

having the diameter of 45 cm and 39 cm, is

3.2 metre, then what would be length of

required flate belt?

(a) 6.8 m

(b) 7.72m



(c) 9.4 m

(d) 7.2 m

348. Two pair of bullocks are ploughing a

field by victory ploughs at a speed of 2 km

hr. If the average width of each furrow is 25

cm. How much time will be require (to

plough one hectare land? Where after each

two hours working, 20 minutes res is

required to provide?

(a) 10 hours

(b) 8 hours

(c) 11 hours 40 minutes

(d) 8 hours 20 minutes

349. If the relative distance is 2.5 metre of

centre points of two pullies, having SO cm

and 25 cm diameter, then, how much length

(metre) of ‗V‘ belt would be required?

(a) 6.18875

(b) 5.18775

(c) 6.28775

(d) 6.18775

350. A ‗chain‘ contains how much metre?

(a) 20.1168

(b) 21.1168

(c) 15.1168

(d) 18.1168

351. If the rate of electricity is rupee one per

unit, then, a 20 he p. electric motor, having

approx. 100% efficiency will require how

much cost (Rs.) on 100 hours running to

irrigate the field?

(a) 500

(b) 750

(c) 1500

(d) 2000

352. ‗Drip‘ irrigation is generally followed in

the country –

(a) Israel

(b) America

(c) Australia

(d) Japan

353. In India, under canal net-work system of

irrigation, generally, how much amount of

water is allowed to run in small canal?

(a) Less than 4 cusec

(b) Less than 10 cusec

(c) Between 15 to 20 cusec

(d) Between 25 to 30 cusec

354. Method of irrigation is –

(a) Surface irrigation

(b) Sprinkler irrigation

(c) Drip irrigation

(d) All of these

355. The Torque-a power to generate

revolutions is expressed as (its unit is kg

metre) –

(a) Length of arm (m) x Force (kg)

(b) Length of arm (cm) x Force (kg)

(c) Length of arm (m) x Force (g)

(d) Length of arm (ram) x Force (mg)

356. Work is expressed by the formula as –

(a) Work = Force (kg) x Distance (m)

(b) Work = Force (g) x Distance (m)

(c) Work = Force (mg) x Distance (m)

(d) Work = Force (kg) x Distance (cm)

357. The length of ‗Engineer chain‘ is –

(a) 100 ft

(b) 80 ft

(c) 20 ft

(d) None of these

358. The length of 'Gunter chain' is –

(a) 66 ft

(b) 100 ft

(c) 20 ft

(d) 90 ft

359. The area of an acre is-

(a) 0.40

(b) 0.80

(c) 1.10

(d) None of these

360. One centimeter is equal to -

(a) 5 mm

(b) 10 mm

(c) 15 mm

(d) None of these

361. The draft of 'Victory plough' is -

(a) 80-100 kg

(b) 40-50 kg



(c) 70-80 kg

(d) 10-20 kg

362. How much horse power (h.p.) is in one

kW (Kilowatt)?

(a) 1.34

(b) 1.90

(c) 2.00

(d) 3.80

363. Man power is considered equal to how

much horse power (h.p.)?

(a) 0.1

(b) 0.2

(c) 0.3

(d) 0.4

364. Drip irrigation is useful in which region?

(a) Dry

(b) Humid

(c) High rainfall

(d) None of these

364. Seed plant technique is followed in –

(a) Paddy

(b) Wheat

(c) Bajra

(d) Potato

365. The optimum cardinal temperature point

for germination of rice seeds is –

(a) 18°C - 22°C

(b) 20°C - 25°C

(c) 30°C - 32°C

(d) 37°C - 39°C

365. Chemical formula of pyrite is –

(a) CuS

(b) MnS

(c) FeS

(d) FeS2


(a) Autogamy

(b) Amphimixis

(c) Apomixis

(d) Allogamy

367. Among the following crop rotations,

which is good for increasing soil Nutrient

status?

(a) Groundnut-Wheat

(b) Rice-Wheat

(c) Pearlmillet-Wheat

(d) Sorghum-Wheat

368. For providing inputs like quality

seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, the agency

Present at the Village Panchayat Samiti

Level is –

(a) NABARD

(b) Nationalised Banks

(c) Cooperative Society

(d) insurance Companies

369. What culture should be given priority in

groundnut cultivation?

(a) Rhizobium

(b) Mycorrhiza

(c) Azospirillum

(d) Phosphobacteria

370. Soil fertility is reduced due to –

(a) Poor drainage

(b) Over irrigation

(c) Continuous cropping

(d) Imbalanced use of fertilizers

371. In India, gene bank of wheat is located at

(a) IARI, New Delhi

(b) Ludhiana

(c) Kanpur

(d) Karnal

372. For waterlogged rice cultivation, the

fertilizer that may be avoided is –

(a) Ammonium chloride

(b) Sodium nitrate

(c) Urea

(d) None of these

373. Where do the female mango leaf

hoppers lay their eggs?

(a) On the dorsal surface of leaves

(b) Inside the tissue of leaf margin

(c) Inside the mid-rib of leaves

(d) On the ventral surface of leaves

374. Prabhat is an early Short duration

variety of

(a) Red gram

(b) Black gram

(c) Gram



(d) Green gram

375. Anemometer measures -

(a) Relative humidity

(b) Wind direction

(c) Wind velocity

(d) Net radiation

376. TP5 technique is related to:

(a) Sugarcane

(b) Tomato

(c) Potato

(d) All of these

377. The ratio between marketable crop yield

and water used in evapotrans-piration is

known as

(a) Economic irrigation efficiency

(b) Field water use efficiency

(c) Water use efficiency

(d) Consumptive use efficiency

378. In H.T.S.T. pasteurization, which one of

the following organisms is chosen as index

organism for killing?

(a) S.lactis

(b) S.thermophilus

(c) M.tuberculosis

(d) B subtilis

379. In maize plants

(a) Tassels appear first

(b) Silk appear first

(c) Both of these appear at same time

(d) None of these

380. Damping-off disease of vegetable

nursery can be controlled by

(a) Mixing of fungicides in soil

(b) Solarization

(c) Seed treatment

(d) All of these

381. SRI is a technique used in

(a) Groundnut

(b) Maize

(c) Wheat

(d) Rice

382. Sulphur, containing amino acid in –

(a) Cystine

(b) Valine

(c) Isolucine

(d) None of these

383. Thermophilic micro-organism grow well

temperature –

(a) 20°C - .40°C

(b) 10°C - 20°

(c) 5°C - 7°C

(d) 50°C - 60°C

384. Blind hoeing is r commended for –

(a) Maize

(b) Wheat

(c) Sugarcane

(d) Groundnut

385. Whiptail is a disorder of cauliflower due

to deficiency of –

(a) Boron

(b) Zinc

(c) Potassium

(d) Molybdenum

386. Numbers of agro -climate and ecological

zones classified by ICAR respectively are –

(a) 131,8

(b) 15,131

(c) 21,15

(d) 8,131

387. Glycolysis occurs only in the –

(a) presence of O2

(b) Absence of O2


(d) None of these

388. Pink bollworm is a pest of –

(a) Okra

(b) Gram

(c) Cotton

(d) Mustard

389. Kisan Mitra is an employee of –

(a) Corporation

(b) Central Govt.

(c) State Govt.

(d) None of these

390. The red color of tomatoes is due to the

presence of –

(a) Lycopene

(b) Carotene



(c) Xanthomonas

(d) Anthocyanin

391. The Green Revolution has mainly been

the successful for –

(a) Rice

(b) Wheat

(c) Gram

(d) Maize

392. Photorespiration is inhibited by -

(a) α-hydroxy sulphonates

(b) 2, 4-Dinitrophenol

(c) CMU and DCMU

(d) None of these

393. The cropping intensity of maize-potato-

tobacco is –

(a) 100%

(b) 200%

(c) 300%

(d) None of these

394. Red Delicious is a variety of –

(a) Papaya

(b) Mango

(c) Guava

(d) Apple

395. Mastitis is a disease of which organ?

(a) Lung

(b) Uternus

(c) Heart

(d) Udder

396. Guttation occurs in pints through -

(a) Hydathodes

(b) Stomata


(d) None of these

397. Biofertilizer are –

(a) Culture of micro-organism

(b) Organic manures

(c) Green manure

(d) None of these

398. National Sugar Institute N.S.I. is located

at –

(a) Varanasi

(b) Kanpur

(c) New Delhi

(d) Lucknow

399. The number of essential elements

mineral elements of plant is –

(a) 13

(b) 16

(c) 20

(d) 21

400. Colostrum should be fed to newborn

calves for –

(a) 10 days

(b) 1/2 day

(c) 1 day

(d) 4 day

401. Stomata upon at r6ghtin

(a) CAM plants

(b) C4 plants

(c) C3 plants

(d) None of these

402. ‗Chanchal‘ is a variety of –

(a) Tomato

(b) Brinjal

(c) Capcicum

(d) Chilli

403. Khaira disease of rice can be controlled

by spraying

(a) Calcium sulphate

(b) Copper sulphate

(c) Borax

(d) Zinc sulphate

404. Sulphur-coated Urea contains N –

(a) 21%

(b) 26%

(c) 33%

(d) 40%

405. Toda is breed of –

(a) Sheep

(b) Cattle

(c) Goat

(d) Buffalo

406. Living Cells are not essential for –

(a) Evaporation

(b) Transpiration

(c) Guttation

(d) All of these



407. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute is

located at –

(a) Bihar

(b) Karnal

(c) Jodhpur

(d) Dehradun

408. Which one of the following can be

suitable for cropping as a wheat mixed

crop?

(a) Cotton

(b) Cabbage

(c) Jowar

(d) Mustard

409. Granite is a …. rock.

(a) Igneous

(b) Metamorphic

(c) Sedimentary

(d) None of these

410. Mastitis in animals is clue to

(a) Virus and Worms

(b) Worms

(c) Bacteria and Virus

(d) Fungi an hand milking and dry

411. α & β-tubulins are protein components

of -

(a) Microtubules

(b) Actin filaments

(c) Intermediate

(d) All of these

412. Generally during summer and kharif

seasons annual plants produce bloom in

how many days?

(a) 50-60 days

(b) 60-70 days

(c) 70-80 days

(d) 70-75 days

413. Which is not the symptom of Khaira

disease?

(a) Stem of plants turn and fall down

(b) Dark grey colour spots on leaves

(c) Adverse effect on root growth

(d) More diseases stop the crop growth

414. A.D.P. to A.T.P. change is called –

(a) Oxidation

(b) Photosynthesis

(c) Phosphorylation

(d) Transpiration

415. Which of the following is the cross of

Karan Swiss?

(a) Hariyana × Jersey

(b) Sahiwal × Brown Swiss

(c) Sahiwal × Holstein

(d) Hariyana × Brown Swiss

416. Which does not match in relation to

Cotton?

(a) Ranivan -American

(b) C-520 - Diploid

(c) G-27 - Diploid

(d) Vikas - American

417. Inarching method is used for culture of

which fruits?

(a) Phalsa and Guava

(b) Mango and Guava

(c) Mango and Grapes

(d) Guava and Litchi

418. In case of availability of two irrigations

for wheat, at which critical stage crop

should be irrigated?

(a) Late joint and Dough stage

(b) Tillering and Flowering

(c) Crown Root Initiation and Milking stage

(d) Crown Root initiation and Flowering

419. The monsoon airs in the country reaches

at which bank first of all?

(a) Kachchh region of Gujarat

(b) Coastal region of Orissa

(c) Bay of Bengal region

(d) Coastal region of Kerala of South Indian

region

420. Which species of honeybee is not Indian?

(a) Apis mellifera

(b) Apis florea

(c) Apis dorsata

(d) Apis dorsata

421. Which is not true in relation to Gram?

(a) Origin-North America

(b) Subfamily -Papilionaceae

(c) Chromosome NO.-22



(d) Acid-Malic and Oxalic

422. Now many tomatoes are required for

one kg tomato seeds?

(a) 200-250 kg

(b) 50-300 kg

(c) 300-350 kg

(d) 160-210 kg

423. From where is Krishak Bharati magazine

published?

(a) Narendra Dev University of Agriculture

and Technology, Faizabad

(b) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of

Agriculture and Technology, Meerut

(c) G. B pant University of Agriculture &

Technology, Pantnagar

(d) C S. (a) University of Agriculture &

Technology, Kanpur

424. How much Brinjal seed may be obtained

from one hectare area?

(a) 75-125kg

(b) 150-200kg

(c) 100-150kg

(d) 200-300kg

425. Which variety of Barley is huskless?

(a) Ritambhara (K 551)

(b) Geetanjali (K 1149)

(c) Karan -3

(d) Pragati (K 508)

426. What is the average annual production

of European variety of honeybee colony?

(a) 8 kg

(b) 10 kg

(c) 14 kg

(d) 16 kg

427. Approximately how much area in lakh

hectares .of saline and alkali soils are there

in Uttar Pradesh?

(a) 14.4 lakh hectares

(b) 15.00 lakh hectares

(c) 12.4 lakh hectares

(d) 10.4 lakh hectares

428. Which elements are useful in energy

storage, transfer and bonding?

(a) NKS

(b) NPK

(c) NSP

(d) None of these

429. Which disease occurs, when more

sorghum is consumed?

(a) Pellagra

(b) Rickets

(c) Scurvy

(d) Night blindness

430. How much seed per hectare is needed

for Berseern?

(a) 15-20 kg

(b) 18-22 kg

(c) 25-30 kg

(d) 30-35 kg

431. Which is the perennial variety of

Elephant Grass (Napier Grass)?

(a) Napier-1

(b) Pusa Giant

(c) NB-21

(d) Pusa Giant Napier

432. Which is not natural factor affecting soil

fertility?

(a) Parent material

(b) Topography

(c) Soil age

(d) Air

433. Which states are the highest & lowest

producers of Potato crop?

(a) Bihar & Kashmir

(b) Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand

(c) Gujarat and Assam

(d) Uttar Pradesh & Himachal Pradesh

434. Which disease occurs, when more

sorghum is consumed?

(a) Pellagra

(b) Rickets

(c) Scurvy

(d) Night blindness

435. Which is a variety of at?

(a) Kent

(b) K-12

(c) Naveen

(d) LD-491



436. Due to which reason is the Napier Grass

mixed with Cluster bean or Cowpea for

feeding?

(a) Due to more HCN content

(b) Due to high crude fibre

(c) Due to oxalic acid

(d) Due to more carbohydrates

437. The leaching loss of Nitrogen (N) is more

in the form of –

(a) Nitrogen

(b) Water solution

(c) Ammonia

(d) Nitrate

438. Which is not correct in the following?

(a) Infrared rays - 50% of energy

(b) Ultraviolet rays - 10% of energy

(c) X-rays and Gamma rays 9% of energy

(d) Visible fighting rays -41% of energy

439. Which is not true in relation to Bajra?

(a) Chromosome No - 20

(b) Origin Africa

(c) Pennisetum Typhoides

(d) Graminae Family

440. How much kg of sugarcane seed

required for sowing one Hectare?

(a) 5200-5500 kg

(b) 7000-7500 kg

(c) 5500-6000 kg

(d) 8000-8500 kg

441. The major fungi that effect food-gram in

storage are –

(a) Aspergillus

(b) Mucor

(c) Rhizopus

(d) Candida

442. Effective cause of atmospheric pressure

is not

(a) soil erosion

(b) temperature

(c) altitude from the sea level

(d) rotation of earth

443. Which Sorghum variety is not multicut?

(a) M. P Chari

(b) U. P. Chari - 1

(c) Pusa Chari - 2

(d) M. P. Chari – 2

444. Which disease is not related to Bajra?

(a) Rust

(b) Green Ear

(c) Ergot

(d) Wilt

445. National Research Centre for Grapes is

located at which among the following

places

(a) Nasik

(b) Pune

(c) Ahamadabad

(d) Kolhapur

446. At which among the following places,

National Research Centre for Banana is

located?

(a) Madurai

(b) Trichy

(c) Tirupur

(d) Thiruvanthapuram

447. National Research Centre for Litchi is

located at which among the following

places?

(a) Muzaffarnagar

(b) Muzaffarpur

(c) Patna

(d) Gaya

448. All India Coordinated Research Project

on Tropical Fruits is located at which

among the following places?

(a) Bangalore

(b) Mysore

(c) Indore

(d) Jabalpur

449. All India Coordinated Research Project

on Sub-Tropical Fruits is located at which

among the following places?

(a) Jodhpur

(b) Gurgaon

(c) Lucknow

(d) Kolkata

450. Karnal Bunt affects which among the

following cereal crops?



(a) Rice

(b) Wheat

(c) Maize

(d) Bajra

451. In which year National Seed Policy was

announced?

(a) 2000

(b) 2002

(c) 2003

(d) 2004

452. Maximum Jute mills in India are in

______ ?

(a) Private sector

(b) Public sector (Central Governments)

(c) Cooperative Sector

(d) Under State Governments

453. Which among the following variety

accounts for maximum production of silk in

India?

(a) Mulberry

(b) Muga

(c) Eli

(d) Tasar

454. Maximum wool produced in India is of

which of the following grade?

(a) Coarse Grade

(b) Apparel Grade

(c) Carpet Grade

(d) Export Grade

455. Sant Kabir Award has been launched for

the people who are related to _______?

(a) Cotton Textile Industry

(b) Woolen Industry

(c) Handloom Industry

(d) Village Industries



Answer Key

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d)

6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)

11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a)

16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)

21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a)

26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (a)

31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (a)

36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c)

41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (b)

46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (c)

51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (d)

56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (d)

61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (b) 65. (b)

66. (d) 67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (d) 70. (d)

71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (b)

76. (b) 77. (d) 78. (d) 79. (d) 80. (d)

81. (a) 82. (d) 83. (c) 84. (d) 85. (b)

86. (b) 87. (b) 88. (d) 89. (b) 90. (b)

91. (b) 92. (c) 93. (d) 94. (a) 95. (a)

96. (d) 97. (d) 98. (b) 99. (c) 100. (b)

101. (c) 102. (a) 103. (b) 104. (a) 105. (c)

106. (d) 107. (b) 108. (c) 109. (d) 110. (a)

111. (d) 112. (a) 113. (d) 114. (a) 115. (d)

116. (c) 117. (b) 118. (d) 119. (b) 120. (a)

121. (b) 122. (b) 123. (a) 124. (c) 125. (b)

126. (a) 127. (d) 128. (d) 129. (d) 130. (c)

131. (a) 132. (b) 133. (b) 134. (b) 135. (d)

136. (c) 137. (a) 138. (b) 139. (d) 140. (a)

141. (c) 142. (c) 143. (d) 144. (c) 145. (a)

146. (b) 147. (c) 148. (a) 149. (d) 150. (c)



151. (a) 152. (d) 153. (c) 154. (d) 155. (c)

156. (d) 157. (b) 158. (c) 159. (a) 160. (d)

161. (b) 162. (a) 163. (a) 164. (d) 165. (b)

166. (c) 167. (d) 168. (d) 169. (b) 170. (b)

171. (d) 172. (c) 173. (c) 174. (d) 175. (d)

176. (c) 177. (b) 178. (d) 179. (b) 180. (b)

181. (?) 182. (b) 183. (a) 184. (c) 185. (c)

186. (d) 187. (c) 188. (b) 189. (c) 190. (b)

191. (c) 192. (b) 193. (b) 194. (c) 195. (a)

196. (b) 197. (a) 198. (d) 199. (d) 200. (c)

201. (c) 202. (b) 203. (c) 204. (a) 205. (d)

206. (d) 207. (a) 208. (b) 209. (b) 210. (b)

211. (d) 212. (c) 213. (b) 214. (d) 215. (a)

216. (d) 217. (c) 218. (a) 219. (d) 220. (c)

221. (b) 222. (d) 223. (b) 224. (c) 225. (c)

226. (a) 227. (b) 228. (d) 229. (a) 230. (b)

231. (c) 232. (b) 233. (c) 234. (d) 235. (c)

236. (d) 237. (d) 238. (b) 239. (b) 240. (a)

241. (c) 242. (d) 243. (a) 244. (a) 245. (c)

246. (a) 247. (c) 248. (c) 249. (a) 250. (b)

251. (d) 252. (d) 253. (c) 254. (c) 255. (c)

256. (b) 257. (a) 258. (d) 259. (d) 260. (d)

261. (b) 262. (c) 263. (a) 264. (a) 265. (c)

266. (a) 267. (d) 268. (b) 269. (a) 270. (d)

271. (b) 272. (d) 273. (a) 274. (b) 275. (b)

276. (d) 277. (c) 278. (b) 279. (d) 280. (d)

281. (b) 282. (a) 283. (d) 284. (b) 285. (d)

286. (d) 287. (c) 288. (b) 289. (d) 290. (a)

291. (c) 292. () 293. (b) 294. (a) 295. (d)

296. (c) 297. (b) 298. (d) 299. (c) 300. (a)

301. (d) 302. (d) 303. (a) 304. (d) 305. (b)



306. (a) 307. (b) 308. (a) 309. (d) 310. (d)

311. (a) 312. (a) 313. (c) 314. (b) 315. (d)

316. (d) 317. (c) 318. (a) 319. (b) 320. (d)

321. (d) 322. (b) 323. (d) 324. (c) 325. (d)

326. (d) 327. (a) 328. (c) 329. (b) 330. (d)

331. (c) 332. (a) 333. (a) 334. (a) 335. (a)

336. (d) 337. (b) 338. (a) 339. (a) 340. (c)

341. (c) 342. (d) 343. (b) 344. (b) 345. (c)

346. (b) 347. (b) 348. (c) 349. (d) 350. (a)

351. (c) 352. (a) 353. (b) 354. (d) 355. (a)

356. (a) 357. (a) 358. (a) 359. (d) 360. (b)

361. (a) 362. (a) 363. (a) 364. (a) 365. (d)

366. (c) 367. (a) 368. (c) 369. (d) 370. (d)

371. (d) 372. (d) 373. (d) 374. (a) 375. (c)

376. (c) 377. (b) 378. (b) 379. (a) 380. (d)

381. (d) 382. (a) 383. (d) 384. (c) 385. (d)

386. (b) 387. (c) 388. (c) 389. (c) 390. (a)

391. (b) 392. (c) 393. (c) 394. (d) 395. (c)

396. (c) 397. (a) 398. (b) 399. (d) 400. (b)

401. (a) 402. (d) 403. (d) 404. (c) 405. (d)

406. (a) 407. (b) 408. (d) 409. (a) 410. (c)

411. (d) 412. (d) 413. (b) 414. (c) 415. (d)

416. (a) 417. (c) 418. (d) 419. (d) 420. (a)

421. (a) 422. (d) 423. (d) 424. (a) 425. (c)

426. (b) 427. (c) 428. (a) 429. (a) 430. (c)

431. (d) 432. (d) 433. (b) 434. (a) 435. (a)

436. (b) 437. (d) 438. (c) 439. (b) 440. (b)

441. (b) 442. (a) 443. (b) 444. (d) 445. (b)

446. (b) 447. (b) 448. (a) 449. (c) 450. (b)

451. (b) 452. (a) 453. (a) 454. (c) 455. (c)

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