Caves Southampton

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Notes from the underground: Caves and people in the Mesolithic and Neolithic Karst Dimitrij Mlekuž Ghent University Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Transcript of Caves Southampton

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Notes from the underground: Caves and people in the Mesolithic

and Neolithic Karst

Dimitrij Mlekuž Ghent University

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

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COURTY AND VALLVERDU

472 VOL. 16, NO. 5

short

standard

GEA(Wiley) LEFT BATCH

Figure 2. Schematic representation of a cave system showing the different processes involved in cavesediment formation and their sensitivity to climatic factors.

The context of these three sites during three periods allows us to develop amethod for recognizing diagnostic criteria for abrupt climate changes that allowsthese changes to be identified in the field and interpreted in terms of cause, dura-tion, and seasonal trend. These criteria relate to the properties of the sedimentfabrics that have recorded the combined effects of the climate-dependant sedi-mentary and pedogenic processes. In most cases, their significance in terms ofhydrologic and thermal regimes is unequivocal because both sets of processes arestrongly constrained by well-defined chemical and physical laws.

The petrography, mineralogy, and particle-size distribution of the fraction ! 20!m have been used to estimate the rate and nature of allogenic eolian input versusthe accumulation of locally eroded soils. This provides information on the type ofsoil cover in the wider landscape and, with the associated vegetation, the geomor-phic processes in action on these landscapes and the regional climatic factors(wind and rainfall regime). The rate of endogenous sediment production by cry-oclastic and freeze–thaw processes versus those resulting from biogenic coloni-zation of the cave walls, roof, and floor has been used to characterize the seasonalthermal regime. In addition, the intensity of evapotranspiration, an indicator ofseasonality, has also been estimated from the intensity of carbonate dissolutionversus precipitation of the sedimentation by-products accumulating on the cavefloor. The nature of the hydrologic regime has been interpreted from the properties

Caves: just sedimentary environments?

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What makes caves special?

How they act back on people?

What makes them different to open air locales?

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Affordances

”...the affordances of the environment are what it

offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill.

(Gibson 1979:127)

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from Binford 1980

Mobile individuals move across the landscape on their daily schedule. As they move they perceive

affordances...

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Hall, E. T. (1966) The Hidden Dimension.

Garden City (NY), Doubleday.

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Personal space/interpersonal distance

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from Binford 1978

intepresonal distance structures archaeological record!

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652 HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

are listed. More-detailed accounts can be found inthe review articles and chapters mentioned earlier.

A P P L I C A T I O N S

In addition to studies in the technical literature, an-other test of the importance and durability of a con-cept lies in its application. How have professionalswhose concerns include interpersonal distance usedthe concept during the past 30 years? Several areasof application are identified.

DESIGN USES

Studies have attempted to define the optimal lay-out of furnishings for maintaining individuals’feelings of adequate space and for allowing peopleto regulate their interaction distance from others toreduce unwanted closeness. The PS concept hasbeen used in the design of offices, stores, banks,and other building types, but its greatest applica-bility is in mass transit and institutional settingswith fixed seating and little opportunity for per-sonal mobility. The U.S. space agency NASA used

Table 40.2Influences upon Interpersonal Distance: Summary of Research Findings

(!) decreases distance (+) increases distance(A > B) A has larger space than B

attractiveness: (!) (Gifford, 1996)acquaintanceship, friendship: (!) (Bell, Kline, & Barnard, 1988; Gifford, 1996)cooperation: (!) (Mehrabian, 1968; Tedesco & Fromme, 1974)similarity: (!) (Gifford, 1996)family cohesion: (!) (DeCarlo, Sandler, & Tit tler, 1981)dark glasses or eyes closed: (!) (Argyle & Dean, 1965)stigma: (+) (Conigliaro, Cullerton, Flynn, & Roeder, 1989; Stephens & Clark, 1987)threat, anxiety, insult: (+) (D. Albas & Albas, 1989; OÕNeal, Brunault, Carifio, Troutwine, & Epstein, 1980;Skorjanc, 1991)inappropriate staring: (+) (Tobiasen & Allen, 1983)mental disorder: (+) (Srivastava & Mandal, 1990; Gifford, 1996)child’s age: (+) (Larson & Lowe, 1990; Sigelman & Adams, 1990)smoking: (+) (Kunzendorf & Denny, 1982)approach angle: Side < front in terms of preferred distance in invasion studies; long distances in approach from therear are particularly marked in studies with violent offenders (Wormith, 1984).cultural factors: Most studies support HallÕs contention that people from contact cultures (Mediterranean and Latinbackgrounds) sit and stand closer together than people from noncontact Anglo Saxon cultures (Aiello, 1987).gender: Female pairs < male pairs (Daigle, 1996; Gifford, 1996). Findings with opposite sex pairs appear to dependon level of acquaintance or relationship (Bell et al., 1988).participants’ height: (+) (Caplan & Goldman, 1981)isolation: (+) (Worchel, 1986; Gifford & Sacilotto, 1993)environmental variables: Studies have been done on the effects of room size and shape, location in the room, androom density (Evans, Lepore, & Schroeder, 1996), ceiling height (Cochran & Urbanczyk, 1982), indoors versus out-doors (Cochran, Hale, & Hissam, 1984), and lighting (Adams & Zuckerman, 1991).personality variables: Researchers have examined the relationship between PS and numerous personality variables.Gifford (1996) provides a good review of the studies. Probably the most consistent findings are that people who are ex-troverted, field dependent, affiliative, and cooperative tend to interact at a closer distance than those who areanxious, maladjusted, and introverted. A favorable attitude toward touching is also associated with reduced personalspace (Andersen & Sull, 1985).

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Caves are 3D environments and

they impose certain constraint on how people occupy space,

move and interact with other people.

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from Turnbull 1965

Flexibility of an open air camp

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House

after Bourdieu 1972

By erecting architecture, people build their social

relations in material form.

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Maltese temples

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Predjama Castle, Slovenia

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Adriatic

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The Karst plateau (Kras in Slovenian, Karst in German

and Carso in Italian) is a limestone

landscape that rises above the Trieste

bay (in the Adriatic Sea).

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Adriatic

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Pejca na Sedlu/Grotta Benussi

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Grotta Benussi/Pejca na Sedlu

What does it afford that an open air locale

do not?

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Animal PeopleJanet Kigusiuq

Baker Lake, 1981Wednesday, March 2, 2011

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Miracle 2001, 2002

Mesolithic feast in Pupićina Cave (Istria)

! 61 !

Darko KOM!O THE MESOLITHIC IN CROATIA Opusc.archaeol. 30, 55-92, 2006.

koji se interpretiraju kao dio lovnog inventara (oko 10%), te visoka u!estalost transformacijskih alatki. Relativno se !esto javljaju mikrodubila.

tools, dispersed remains of human bones, consider-able animal remains, 100 pierced marine and fresh water shells, pierced animal teeth used as amulets and numerous other materials were collected.

Another reason for the importance of Pupi"ina Cave is the high number of absolute dates,4 which establish human residence at this site during the early Mesolithic, i.e. between 10000 and 7500 BP (calibrated).A characteristic lithic assemblage is the low fre-quency of backed points and backed bladelets, interpreted as a component of the hunting inven-tory (approximately 10%), and the high frequency of maintenance tools. Microburins appear quite frequently. #e raw materials used to make stone tools were gathered regionally, in the Reka Valley in Slovenia. Analysis of faunal remains indicates the existence of various subsistence strategies which were based on hunting game and gathering terres-trial and marine snails, marine shellfish and plants.

Slika 1. Ulaz u Pupi"inu pe" (fotografija: Preston T. Miracle).Figure 1. Entrance to Pupi"ina Cave (photograph: Preston T. Miracle).

Slika 3. Pupi"ina pe" – sjeverni profil (izrada: Preston T. Miracle).Figure 3. Pupi"ina Cave – northern profile (drawn by: Preston T. Miracle).

Slika 2. Tlocrt i presjek Pupi"ine pe"i (izrada: Preston T. Miracle).Figure 2. Layout and cross-section of Pupi"ina Cave (drawn by: Preston T. Miracle).

4 I would like to thank Preston T. Miracle, Ph.D. for granting permission to publish the as-yet unreleased absolute date of 8660±130 BP (Beta-188920) for layer 610 B.

opuscula 30 book.indb 61 25.2.2008 13:42:05

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David Lewis-Williams 2004.The Mind in the

Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art.

Thames and Hudson

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Neolithic caves

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Neolithic: 5500-4000 BCE

Specialised herds80 %

5 %

3 %

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0 20 40 60

020

40

60

80

100

Caput Adriae Combined

age in months

% s

urv

ived

inf iuv subadult adult

milk

meat

Phase 1 (N=10)

Phase 2 (N=61)

Phase 3 (N=49)

Phase 4 (N=6)

Mainly meat

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Domestic herd

at least 120 animals

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Stenašca

Mitrej

?

Yearly round

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stones can make people docile and knowable

M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 1977

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Corrals, pens, folds ...containers for animals (and sometimes people) are technology of power

from Cribb 1991Wednesday, March 2, 2011

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sensory motor conducts associated with

containment: entering, leaving, maintaining the limits, forming a queue,

forming a group, preventing the transit of

substances ...

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Mala Triglavca

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2m

N

Dry stone wall (Eneolithic?)

Dry stone wall

Mala Triglavca

a flock of around 120 sheep can fit with enough

space for several

people to sleep or perform

daily activities

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unintended consequence: new hybrid society emerge, consisting of humans and non humans alike.

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7500 cal BP

Podmol

from Turk et al. 1993

Life history of a cave: unfolding of the relations with humans and non

humans

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from Montagnari Kokelj et al. 2002

deposition practices:control of flow of

substance into and out of cave, separating things that belong

together from those which do not

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Brochier 2002

a b c d

practical reasons for burning dung: to reduce the volume of manure deposits, or the disinfection of caves to protect

the animals from parasites in the dung

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Miracle 2006

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!"#$%&'!()!*'+,!-,.'!/-&0,1#,23!45,6'&78,9':!facies3!/;'1&#8!<,=>!#=!8?23!

The stuff of memory

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caves: places of condensed sociality

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